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It's all part of the $52 billion do..."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","https://youtu.be/x88ff-pb5js"],["replyRequests",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","3ltwhvfy4bbx7__j4S8C_B6fo4tldviZE97abK0HODBtDbahT1zs66l8JAv_-PAU__RUMORS_LINE_BOT"],["reason",""],["positiveFeedbackCount",0],["negativeFeedbackCount",0]]}]}],["id","3ltwhvfy4bbx7"],["createdAt","2023-08-19T10:19:10.193Z"]]}],["replyConnections",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["relatedArticles",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",6],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_IUMt3Kz-515IJtp_OyV19u-7JMWY8u-IAJd63v0Pz1I"],["name","積極的員山查德"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Mississippi power plant's shutdown confirms that 'clean coal' as an industry savior is a myth"],["url","http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-clean-coal-20170705-story.html"],["summary","Southern Co.'s Kemper County, Miss., coal plant, shown under construction last year. (Southern Co.) The faith of coal advocates in the doctrine of \"clean coal\"— technology that would allow utilities to burn coal for electricity without somehow poisoning the environment — has suffered a possibly fatal blow. Southern Co., which has been building a \"clean coal\" plant in eastern Mississippi since 2010, has just pulled the plug on the project and is preparing to take a loss of as much as $3.4 billion. The company and its utility subsidiary Mississippi Power didn't actually have much choice. The state's utility regulators, the Public Service Commission, said late last month that they wouldn't allow the company to charge electricity customers for the plant. They said discussions about what to do with the plant, including whether to convert it to all-natural gas fuel, should begin as soon as Thursday. Costs began increasing almost immediately, especially once ... the company discovered that many of the original designs needed major changes. An MIT report describing the problems of a Mississippi \"clean coal\" plant Share quote & link In part, the Public Service Commission decision reflected the plant's history of design miscalculations, cost overruns and breakdowns. A flagship of the American \"clean coal\" fleet, the Kemper County plant originally was estimated to cost less than $3 billion. \"But costs began increasing almost immediately,\" a survey by Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported, \"especially once construction began in 2010 and the company discovered that many of the original designs needed major changes.\" The current estimate is $7.5 billion. \"Clean coal\" technology involves turning coal into synthetic gas before burning it to produce electricity. The Kemper plant was designed to strip carbon dioxide out of the exhaust and pump it underground so it couldn't contribute to climate change. The Obama administration showed great interest in clean coal technology, and it's a centerpiece of the Trump administration's promise to save the coal mining industry — a goal that many energy experts consider hopeless. Expectations for the Kemper plant, which is located next to a mine for lignite, the dirtiest form of coal, always were ambitious; coal gasification never had been used to produce commercial electricity, according to climate experts. The Kemper project was based on the estimate that natural gas would be higher than $5 per million BTU. But prices that high haven't been seen since 2014. (Business Insider) Southern Co. disclosed last month that some of the equipment was leaking and would have to be redesigned and replaced, a process that could take up to two years. More critically, the entire plant has been shown to be uneconomical. That's largely because the price of natural gas has remained well below the cost of clean-coal generation. In a presentation to investors last February, Southern Chairman and CEO Thomas Fanning said the Kemper project was based on an estimate that natural gas prices would be higher than $5 per million BTU, or British thermal units, by 2020 and keep moving higher. But prices haven't reached that level since a spike in early 2014; gas currently is listed at about $2.83 on the spot market. Government forecasters don't expect it to settle above $5 until 2030 at the earliest. Fanning argued then against charging Southern for the cost of the plant since the main culprit, in his view, was the low price of gas. \"As a matter of fairness, I cannot imagine that the company is going to be held accountable for changing gas price forecasts,\" he said. \"Just because you have this more recent snapshot of what we believe about the future, which we all know has changed dramatically over time, that does not mean anything about the imprudency of costs incurred.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Hiltzik writes a daily blog appearing on latimes.com. His business column appears in print every Sunday, and occasionally on other days. As a member of the Los Angeles Times staff, he has been a financial and technology writer and a foreign correspondent. He is the author of six books, including “Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age” and “The New Deal: A Modern History.” Hiltzik and colleague Chuck Philips shared the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for articles exposing corruption in the entertainment industry."],["topImageUrl","https://www.latimes.com/resizer/1MEmL3HQf7WgXUhzRo3W0fGCnlg=/1200x0/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-tronc.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2DLG54VFMFEADHOZ5ABRZ5JC7E.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉發: (我朋友的同學的原作請轉發) 美國密西西比州的Kemper 火力發廠號稱是美國的”最乾淨燃煤電廠”，於2010年開始興建，具有540MegaWatt 的發電量，是將煤氣化後燃燒，再將燒後的癈氣二氧化碳送往附近油田，打入油井來幫助更有效抽取石油。這個最乾淨的燃煤電廠，投入75億美金後，終於在2017 年6月宣布失敗，從此改用天然氣為燃料。民進党要深澳建”,全世界最乾淨”的燃煤電廠，兩期各一個600 MegaWatt 的發電容量，這又是一個騙局，除非台電有超越美國的技術與資金。否則將是對北部居民的一大災難。\n參考資料: 這是洛杉磯時報報導的:http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-clean-coal-20170705-story.html 證明他寫的是真的事情."],["id","2l1ikvavxozri"],["createdAt","2018-04-24T13:32:05.208Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s-edTXPzIgWtyOG8MYSxOYwF3KlGNPV7dQv4LroFUuU"],["name","儉樸的六腳奧德莉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years"],["url","https://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["summary","In January 2020, Taiwan will hold elections for its president and legislature. Campaigning for the presidency has long since commenced, and the prosperity of Taiwan's economy and the continuance of democratic freedoms might depend on whether voters will give President Tsai Ing-wen another four years or elect Kuomintang (KMT) candidate Han Kuo-yu.\nThe electoral campaign has entered a crucial moment; the developments of the farce of the Communist Spy Case became the talk of the town in Taiwan. Its dramatic developments have exceeded the tension of a \"farce of espionage,\" making people associate it with the Bullet Gate Shooting Incident Case of 2004.\nThe Tsai government is indeed forcefully playing the anti-China card. With the catalysis of the protests and demonstrations over the extradition bill, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, in Hong Kong, it has all the more been pandering \"a sense of losing one’s country,\" while commenting here and there on the Hong Kong question. Thus, it is being considered by the other side of the Strait as \"external forces\" on a par with the United States. Cross-Strait relations will be destined to further deteriorate, and Taiwan's economy and democracy will be in the doldrums as a result.\nFirst, let's scrutinize Taiwan's economic relationship with China. Since the Tsai government came to office, it has restricted cross-Strait investments, coupled with the New Southward Policy, proclaiming to reduce economic reliance on China, but after implementing the policies for close to four years, the effect is zero, as the reliance of Taiwan’s exports on China has inversely increased to 41 percent. As seen from this, Tsai’s plan to use political force for reducing the reliance of Taiwan's economy on China can never succeed. The pragmatic approach is to handle cross-Strait relations properly, never allowing the economy to be impacted by negative cross-Strait ties.\nCertain fundamentalist faction members believe the international trade war will devastate China's economy, thus delinking Taiwan’s economy with that of China. However, this kind of thing will not happen because the structure of China’s economy has changed, with exports occupying less than 20 percent of GDP, and exports to the United States occupying 20 percent of the entire export volume, coupled with the fact that large scale economies themselves have greater room for maneuvering. Therefore, although the trade war is impactful, it won’t devastate China’s economy.\nConversely, in the unlikely event that China’s economy really collapsed, it would truly be a disaster for Taiwan’s economy, because Taiwan’s economy is destined to rely on China’s economy. The scales of the cross-Strait economies are 20 to 1; China’s market occupies 40 percent of Taiwan’s exports, while Taiwan enjoys a trade surplus of more than US$80 billion. If a similar trade war should occur across the Strait, there is no doubt whatsoever that the Taiwan economy would immediately be mired in decline, while the effect on China would be minimal.\nSecondly, we need to recognize that Taiwan's democracy is worth defending. Today, the existing Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba and North Korea. These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building toward the establishment of socialism in their countries and utilizing the evil tactics of democracy to realize political objectives. If the Taiwanese people could not see through the Tsai's government despicable political approaches, they would quickly become subjects of existing Communist states, regretting in the end, but too late. \nPeople might doubt that today’s Taiwan, under the rule of the Tsai government, though with rampant political patronage and abuses of power, should still be a democratic society, which after all could be similar to the communist states. In fact, a democratic system relies on the esteem of the participants and self-restraint; otherwise, various kinds of distortions and abuses would erode the democratic spirit, leaving it in an empty shell. The original spirit of Taiwan’s evolving democratic system has long been hollowed out, step by step, by the Tsai government, devoid of democratic culture.\nThe democratic system relies on the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with checks and balances amongst them, plus the preservative represented by the oversight of the media and public opinion. However, in its three and a half years of governance, Tsai, nevertheless, has blatantly, through the grasp of the Supreme Court, the Grand Justices and the Central Election Commission, firmly controlled “judicial power” in her hand. In addition, through various types of monetary means, the absolute majority of important media outlets have been one-sidedly slanted towards the ruling party, all day long scrutinizing and criticizing the opposition parties in violation of the normal state of democracy, causing the virtual “succumbing” of the media.\nBecause the Tsai government’s massive electioneering practices through issuing “attractive policies” have befuddled the Taiwanese people’s vision—just like Communist states’ march toward dictatorship—the general public may be bought by these short-sighted policies and elect a president and majority of legislators of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) affiliation. If this occurs, then Tsai will take a further step to firmly grasp the Executive Yuan and legislative power, meaning the so-called \"four powers of democracy\" will entirely belong to Tsai. According to the experiences of the past few years, Tsai will substantively terminate Taiwan’s democratic system.\nFor the electoral campaign, the Tsai government has been publicizing that Taiwan's economy is performing extremely well, but in reality, the situation is absolutely not as the Tsai government has said. This year, Taiwan’s export growth rate is negative, and private sector investments are in the doldrums, with its a little over 2 percent growth rate belonging to the lower bracket growth. In the cross-Strait economic race, Taiwan has lost; in order to sustain growth, it should seek complementarity with China’s economy. To win the election, Tsai is using cross-Strait relations as a sacrificial offering; in fact, it is using the future of Taiwan’s economy as a burial sacrifice.\nSince Tsai took complete control of the government, she has thoroughly used her powers to the extreme, concentrating power in the name of democracy. In the forthcoming general elections, she has been exhausting all means to safeguard her political powers. Under the atmospherics of \"hating the DPP\" permeating society last year, the DPP suffered heavy setbacks; however, facing electoral defeat, she did not stop using anti-China rhetoric, but conversely used it as the strongest medicine, even dispensing the maximum dosage at the crucial moment of the electoral campaign, catalyzing the public’s Sinophobic sentiments in order to help preserve political power. \nOver the past several months, national security agencies have repeatedly released news about \"China’s interference in elections\"; now the time has arrived, verily a veritable human spy has appeared before our eyes, and does so through an international connection format. How fantastic! \"Cutting the throat of one’s political foe to the end” has always been the DPP's approach to election campaigning and through these approaches, it has accumulated many successes. However, this time, by tossing out a fraudster communist spy, whether it could harvest the intended shocking and intimidating effect, all depends on whether the public would take the bait.\nTaiwan is now situated in a critical moment: Are we going to allow Tsai to further grasp the executive and legislative powers, and then, through various chilling effects, allow the natural duty of oversight on the part of the opposition parties to encounter suppression and withering, creating one-party rule, or should we make Tsai step down, allowing cross-Strait exchanges and reconciliation, thus winning the opportunity for mutual respect and joint development? The voters must not give Tsai four more years.\nKent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.\nImage: Reuters."],["topImageUrl","https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/main_images/RTS2LY2C%20%281%29_0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國人風向變了!?\n傳遞特殊訊息!?\n\n經查證\n美國The National Interest官網\n轉載～～～\n\n5日剛出刊的美國國家利益期刊\n標題就是\n台灣不可以讓蔡連任四年\n\nhttps://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["id","2ur7b3otw74jg"],["createdAt","2020-01-07T10:54:53.580Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_aLDBZJEJGJ3Lomo6A8o19GrR6GUdFQCvgDYGuuvVirc"],["name","乂忠厚的田中姬瑪乂"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/media-galleries"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/press-kit"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Suspected phishing site | Cloudflare"],["url","https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/"],["summary","What is phishing?\n\n This link has been flagged as phishing. Phishing is an attempt to acquire personal information such as passwords and credit card details by pretending to be a trustworthy source.\n \n \n \n What can I do?\n\n If you're a visitor of this website\n The website owner has been notified and is in the process of resolving the issue. For now, it is recommended that you do not continue to the link that has been flagged.\n\n If you're the owner of this website\n Please log in to cloudflare.com to review your flagged website. If you have questions about why this was flagged as phishing please contact the Trust & Safety team for more information."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Suspected phishing site | Cloudflare"],["url","https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/"],["summary","What is phishing?\n\n This link has been flagged as phishing. Phishing is an attempt to acquire personal information such as passwords and credit card details by pretending to be a trustworthy source.\n \n \n \n What can I do?\n\n If you're a visitor of this website\n The website owner has been notified and is in the process of resolving the issue. For now, it is recommended that you do not continue to the link that has been flagged.\n\n If you're the owner of this website\n Please log in to cloudflare.com to review your flagged website. If you have questions about why this was flagged as phishing please contact the Trust & Safety team for more information."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Deal Shaker"],["url","https://dealshaker.com/en/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","OneForex"],["url","https://oneforex.eu"],["summary","Update, December 16, 2022:Sebastian Greenwood, co-founder of OneCoin Multi-Billion-Dollar Cryptocurrency Pyramid Scheme “OneCoin” Pleads Guilty.Department of Justice U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New YorkFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEFriday, December 16, 2022 \n OneCoin\n Was a Fraudulent Cryptocurrency Marketed and Sold to Millions of \nVictims Around the World, Resulting in Billions of Dollars in Losses\n Damian\n Williams, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New \nYork, announced today that KARL SEBASTIAN GREENWOOD, who co-founded \nOneCoin with RUJA IGNATOVA, a/k/a “the Cryptoqueen,” pled guilty today \nin Manhattan federal court to wire fraud and money laundering charges in\n connection with his participation in the massive OneCoin fraud scheme. \n OneCoin, which began operations in 2014 and was based in Sofia, \nBulgaria, marketed and sold a fraudulent cryptocurrency by the same name\n through a global multi-level-marketing (“MLM”) network. As a result of\n misrepresentations that GREENWOOD, IGNATOVA, and others made about \nOneCoin, victims invested over four billion dollars worldwide in the \nfraudulent cryptocurrency. Today, District Judge Edgardo Ramos accepted\n GREENWOOD’s guilty plea. IGNATOVA, who was added to the Federal Bureau\n of Investigation’s Top Ten Most Wanted List in June 2022, remains at \nlargeU.S. Attorney Damian Williams said: “As a founder and leader of OneCoin,\n Karl Sebastian Greenwood operated one of the largest international \nfraud schemes ever perpetrated. Greenwood and his co-conspirators, \nincluding fugitive Ruja Ignatova, conned unsuspecting victims out of \nbillions of dollars, claiming that OneCoin would be the ‘Bitcoin \nkiller.’ In fact, OneCoins were entirely worthless. Greenwood’s lies \nwere designed with one goal, to get everyday people all over the world \nto part with their hard-earned money — real money — and to line his own \npockets to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars.https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/co-founder-multi-billion-dollar-cryptocurrency-pyramid-scheme-onecoin-pleads-guilty Update, June 30, 2022: OneCoin's founder Ruja Ignatova has been added to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. FBI is offering up to $ 100,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of Ruja Ignatova.FBI has created a special landing page for the public, victims and media: https://fbi.gov/rujaLive video footage of the FBI/SDNY press conference on June 30, 2022 regarding the addition of OneCoin founder Ruja Ignatova to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. FBI posters of Ruja Ignatova on FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list:Englishباللغة العربيةНА РУССКОМНа българскиNë shqipΣτην ελληνικήAuf Deutsch Update, May 11, 2022:Ruja Ignatova has been added to the public side of the INTERPOL RED NOTICE -list. \"Dr Ruja IGNATOVA, Doctor of Law, is suspected of having, as the driving force and intellectual inventor of the alleged cryptocurrency \"OneCoin\", induced investors all over the world to invest in this actually worthless \"currency\".\"German Nordrhein-Westfalen police has released a warrant for Ruja Ignatova.Update, April 18, 2022: Bulgarian Ministry of Interior announced on April 18, 2022, that Ruja Ignatova has been declared internationally wanted at the request of the authorities in Germany. She has been reported to the Schengen Information System (SIS) and is set to be arrested and extradited on the basis of a European Arrest Warrant issued by the Bielefeld Court in Germany. Ignatova is wanted for criminal activity related to commercial fraud, progressive customer recruitment and money laundering by creating and distributing OneCoin virtual currency. She has been released from Bulgarian citizenship according to the Ministry of Interior. Update, October 8,2021:Attorney Johannes Bender who represents OneCoin victims in the secondary suit in the Münster OneCoin trial in Germany which starter on September 18, 2021, wrote about the OneCoin blockchain and fraud questions covered in court. MUST READ FOR ALL ONECOIN MEMBERS!----------------------------------------OneCoin company is a Bulgarian scam company operating without any regulatory financial or virtual currency licenses. OneCoin virtual currency is a fake-value coin existing only on OneCoin's OneEcosystem MLM website. Its fake \"value\" is announced by anonymous Bulgarians on exactly this 1 MLM website. This virtual coin is claimed to be a cryptocurrency by its marketing, but Onecoin has no cryptocurrency properties what so ever; no secure wallets, no public/private keys, no valid blockchain for users to verify their transactions. The scam concept is quite simple:Declare a fake value for OneCoin on OneEcosystem web site. Lure people to join this so called \"financial revolution\", and sell them MLM \"education packages\" which contain different amounts of promotional tokens depending on the MLM package price. Promotional tokens are multiplied via promotions and \"splits\". Then on the member BackOffice \"mine\" the promotional tokens to OneCoin (\"mining\" is a simple automatic division calculation). This results OneCoins for the member's OneEcosystem account with purported value even 10-200x higher than the MLM package price.This exactly same concept has been in use since OneCoin started in late 2014.But in reality OneCoin has no real value and it can't be exchanged to any crypto or fiat currency, or to any valued asset consistently. The time when OneCoin is finally supposed to become real is always \"coming soon\". OneCoin accounts are totally at the mercy of the Bulgarian OneCoin criminals, who\n can freeze member accounts any time they want, which they have done \nnumerous times to members who critisized Onecoin. \"Mining\" of coins in the OneCoin fraud scheme means just an exchange of intermediary \"promotional\" tokens from MLM packages (tokens are multiplied in numerous \"splits\", Wonder Wheel etc. promotions) to Onecoins using a certain ratio called \"difficulty factor\" by doing a division calculation. This is not the concept of a real cryptocurrency mining. OneCoin uses lexicon from the real cryptocurrency space in order to defraud members making them falsely believe that they are profitably \"mining\" a crypto coin.. An expert witness said at the German Münster trial in October 2021 :\"OneCoin does not consist of [promotional] tokens and is not created with the help of [promotional] tokens\". The members have been lied to from the beginning.OneEcosystem recently announced their White Paper, which doesn't explain in detail how promotional tokens from the MLM packages become Onecoins. They leave out the key fact that OneCoin \"mining\" is a simple division calculation, not any cryptocurrency mining. The White Paper further lies that the values are based on supply and demand, while in reality OneCoin's \"value\" is just proclaimed internally by the Bulgarian OneCoin criminals. There's obviously also no logical explanation for the promotional token multiplying via splits and promotions, which after \"mining\" create purported profit in fake value Onecoins.While OneCoin may have finally a working blockchain after 6-7 years, based on the Ethereum codebase running on their private server, it's all irrelevant what comes to the fraud; storing play money coins which have a fake euro value to any ledger, be it a blockchain or any other ledger, doesn't make it real money. By concentrating on explaining about the private Ethereum codebased blockchain in the White Paper, the Bulgarian OneCoin criminals conveniently avoid touching the core issues which make OneCoin/OneEcosystem a clear scam.OneCoin recently appointed a new Bulgarian CEO, Ventsislav Zlatkov. Marketing and promotion of the scam is operated by OneEcosystem/OneLife MLM network, which is led by convicted criminal robber Cordel \"KingJayms\" James from Trinidad & Tobago.Contrary to any legit European financial or virtual currency service company, OneCoin operates totally unlicensed and unregulated and is warned by countless financial regulatory agencies around the world. OneCoin is stated to be a \"massive international fraud scheme\" by the United States Department of Justice. Ex-head of OneCoin, Konstantin Ignatov, has testified in US court, testifying that OneCoin is worthless and a fraud scheme. The Bulgarian OneCoin scam operators announce OneCoin fake value as 42.5€ and a fake market-cap of (ridiculous) Trillions of Euros on their MLM Portal, promoters claiming it to be bigger project than Apple.In reality, OneCoin doesn't have a market defined value, there's no exchange where OneCoin could be exchanged to any real currency. Thus OneCoin has no real market-capitalization. It has Trillions of euros of fake value supply as virtual coins on member accounts, but practically no demand, which means the coin is generally worthless, just as Konstantin Ignatov testified. This makes OneCoin also an already collapsed ponzi, which still has some active promoters left who try to attract gullible people with MLM packages claiming to create a huge value in Dealshaker, or even claiming that OneCoin will become a world currency. Despite continuing efforts OneCoin recruiting has collapsed compared to the levels what it was 3-4 years ago.Unsurprisingly OneCoin company doesn't accept its own coin for service fee payments, but accepts euros and bitcoins. A large percentage of members have account problems, and the company is collecting service fees from them, but still many members can't access their accounts since around September 2020.Dealshaker is OneCoin's low traffic unpopular \"e-commerce\" website only for the OneEcosystem members, but only a small percentage of members have ever used it. Most deals are hybrid Euro+One deals, in which the Euro part already covers or exceeds the actual value of the product. As OneCoin has no real value, by far the most deals are not attractive and require euros as well. Fake deals have plagued Dealshaker, especially fake car and real estate scam deals, where people have lost a lot of money. A pseudo-compliancy of the OneCoin fraud scheme's \"business model\" is claimed with the usual education package explanation. Of course the real reason people have been lured to pay big money for the MLM packages, are the multiplying tokens, and the claimed fake value of Onecoin and its \"amazing future\" which is always \"coming soon\". There's an active indictment against Ruja Ignatova by the US Department of Justice. Ruja faces 85 years in prison. There is an active international arrest warrant for her issued by both USA and more recently by Germany,\"Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Charges Against Leaders Of “OneCoin,” A Multibillion-Dollar Pyramid Scheme Involving The Sale Of A Fraudulent Cryptocurrency.Current Leader Konstantin Ignatov Arrested at Los Angeles International Airport\":https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-announces-charges-against-leaders-onecoin-multibillion-dollarKonstantin Ignatov (brother of Ruja) acted as the head of OneCoin after Ruja disappeared in October 2017, and was arrested on March 6, 2019, has pleaded guilty on 4 charges in United States Southern District New York :1. Count 1 - Conspiracy to Commit Wire fraud2. Count 2 - Wire Fraud3. Count 3 - Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering4. Count 4 - Conspiracy to Commit Bank FraudKonstantin pleaded guilty on these charges by signing a plea agreement letter on October 4, 2019.The letter (Government Exhibit 901) can be seen here: https://www.scribd.com/document/434747259/On-OneCoin-Cooperator-Konstantin-Ignatov-s-Plea-Agreement-for-5K1-letteror here: https://imgur.com/a/noD3dBAAfter that, Konstantin became an active Government witness against OneCoin, which he still today is.On November 5,6 and 7 of 2019, Konstantin testified in Mark Scott trial during 3 days against OneCoin, admitting and confirming in great detail that OneCoin is a scam, the coin is worthless, and there's no valid blockchain.The transcripts of the Mark Scott trial where Konstantin was testifying are freely available for all to read here:November 5,2019: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7829201/187/united-states-v-scott/(starting from PDF page 95)November 6,2019: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7829201/189/united-states-v-scott/(starting from PDF page 14)November 7,2019: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7829201/191/united-states-v-scott/(starting from PDF page 23)At the end of February 2021, after sitting nearly 2 years in different detention centers, Konstantin was able to get to home arrest while waiting for his witness cooperation to end, and eventually his sentencing to take place. Now that Konstantin is in house arrest and can use Internet, he has deleted all OneCoin material from his personal Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/konsti.keks------------------------------ Significant OneCoin USA Federal Court Dates: David Pike sentencing: March 1, 2022 Sentenced - 2 years probation Gilbert Armenta sentencing: February 16, 2023 sentenced to 5 years in prisonSebastian Greenwood has pleaded guilty. Sentenced to 20 years in prisonMark Scott convicted, sentencing date: December 12, 2023Irina Dilkinska pleaded guilty. Sentencing: February 14, 2024Konstantin Ignatov sentencing control (a check if his witness cooperation has been completed. If not, a new control date will be set): February 28, 2024Ruja Ignatova: remains at largeFollow real time OneCoin scam updates: https://twitter.com/CryptoXpose"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Onelife維卡幣同好大會｜Accupass 活動通"],["url","https://www.accupass.com/event/1804041523578575984850#:~:text=%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB,ID%20number%2025023938"],["summary","本次講座，我們將討論Dealshaker 上的支付與OneForex的外匯交易，還有因應10/8後，我們如何用維卡幣環遊世界。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","\"\n分享\nApp 開啟\n\n商業\nOnelife維卡幣同好大會\n1,050\n0\n\n儒易の財富花園\n\n聯絡主辦\n2018.04.15 (日) 13:30 - 16:00 (GMT+8)\n加入行事曆\n新北巿林口區麗園路23號\n公車坐至：麗園國小站\n\n相關連結\n\n臉書活動頁\ncryptocurrency\ndealshaker\n虛擬貨幣\n壹幣\n數位加密貨幣\noneforex\nblockchain\n維卡幣\nonecoin\n萊特幣\n萬幣\n電子商務\n數字貨幣\nlitecoin\n跨境電商\n區塊鏈\nbitcoin\n比特幣\n活動資訊\nOneLife官方介紹-未來的支付-維卡幣onecoin\n\n\n2018 維卡幣商城在義大利的發展\n\n\n維卡幣Dealshaker商城如何進行掃碼支付歐洲的酒店住宿？\n\n\n維卡幣官方資訊\n\n1.關於維卡幣 (onecoin)的介紹：https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/media-galleries\n2.維卡幣Q&A問答集（任何疑問，可在此獲得解答）：https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/press-kit\n3.維卡幣近期各國活動資訊：https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/\n4.One Academy 壹學院—教導客戶金融基礎知識、投資理財觀念、認識虛擬貨幣之線上學習平台：https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/\n5.Dealshaker—第一個電子商務平臺維卡幣生態系統的一部分，該平臺允許企業對客戶和客戶對客戶以現金和新時代的、大眾性的加密貨幣維卡幣結帳的交易。https://dealshaker.com/en/\n6.OneForex —外匯交易平台，通過線上的創新培訓計畫，你將學習如何發現外匯市場的走向和如何利用優勢：https://oneforex.eu\n\n媒體報導【2017/12/17】\n\nCroatia national newspaper is reporting about ONECOIN!!! ONE is conquering all Talking also about all market trend, timing and of course usability of the ONE that has the best potential on the market as being also centralized crypto currency that will come to public market in 2018. Strategy is correct!\n\n克羅地亞國家報紙報導ONECOIN！！！報中討論了市場趨勢、時機和易用性，ONE是市場上最具潛力的，也是將于2018年上市的集中式加密貨幣。 \n\n\n\n澳大利亞商業日報\n\n\n\n\n你可能會喜歡這些活動\n\n\n2023.12.02 (六) - 12.03 (日)\n\n獎勵青年投入地方創生行動成果發表會暨市集\n\n台北市\n#地方創生\n\n1570\n\n19\n\n2023.12.02 (六) - 12.16 (六)\n\n《原嶼伯樂品酩饕宴》\n\n台北市\n#威士忌\n\n24126\n\n98\n\n2023.12.08 (五)\n\n📸KOL 網紅行銷全攻略，打造高效益行銷策略🔮 | 活動通了沒 #3\n\n台北市\n#短影音行銷\n\n5060\n\n93\n\n2023.11.10 (五) - 12.24 (日)\n\n梭織體驗｜12月｜中壢｜手作梭織萬用布墊基礎織布體驗居家裝飾 Art Weaving\n\n桃園市\n#handmade\n\n994\n\n25\n\n2023.10.14 (六) - 12.09 (六)\n\n向自然學習的料理關係\n\n台中市\n#弘道\n\n1166\n\n21\n\n2023.11.24 (五) - 12.16 (六)\n\n旅日小說「東方版的飄－異域紅塵」時空讀書會\n\n台北市\n#導讀會\n\n659\n\n8\n\n2023.11.26 (日)\n\nIN艋舺 · 文化散步\n\n台北市\n#剝皮寮\n\n1000\n\n30\n\n2023.07.29 (六) - 12.23 (六)\n\n2023無限進步教練讀書會\n\n線上活動\n#職場必備技能\n\n2012\n\n18\n\n2023.12.02 (六)\n\n12/02 (六)-周末場【假面舞會-經典版】社交解謎遊戲－一同多人解謎社交遊戲，認識朋友\n\n台北市\n#輕鬆交友\n\n1157\n\n51\n\n2023.11.25 (六)\n\n【產品經理職人系列】新產品開發企劃書撰寫 11/25(六)線上課程\n\n線上活動\n#一頁企劃書書\n\n651\n\n37\n\n2023.12.23 (六)\n\n【NLP+孵化你的職涯發展藍圖】 — 梳理迷惘，聽見潛藏在心底的聲音\n\n台北市\n#COVID-FREE\n\n583\n\n29\n\n2023.11.23 (四)\n\n風傳媒《女性未來力》論壇｜突破傳統・展現自我\n\n台北市\n#性別\n\n16669\n\n82\n主辦\n喜歡\n已結束\n舉辦活動\n常見問題\n首次舉辦活動\n活動上架規範\n活動人社群\n主辦百寶箱\n生活誌\n平台基礎服務\n線上活動相關\n廣告曝光方案\nACCUPAI 雲攝影\n認識我們\n加入我們\n客服中心\nEmail: service@accupass.com\n週一至週五 10:00-18:30\n詢問小幫手\n關於我們\n\n\n\n\n語言\n盈科泛利股份有限公司 © Accuvally Inc. All Rights Reserved. 統一編號 Tax ID number 25023938\"\n https://www.accupass.com/event/1804041523578575984850#:~:text=%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB,ID%20number%2025023938"],["id","nafgyfi8h817"],["createdAt","2023-11-22T11:14:02.672Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_POg6C-xr7AIsQFibzI2nvOvSC_gE1v5bCp4uaOfc75k"],["name","㊣獨立的石門喬伊㊣"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens"],["url","https://www.nature.com/news/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487"],["summary","Wuhan Virology Institute\t\tHazard suits hang at the National Bio-safety Laboratory, Wuhan, the first lab on the Chinese mainland equipped for the highest level of biocontainment.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA laboratory in Wuhan is on the cusp of being cleared to work with the world’s most dangerous pathogens. The move is part of a plan to build between five and seven biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) labs across the Chinese mainland by 2025, and has generated much excitement, as well as some concerns.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSome scientists outside China worry about pathogens escaping, and the addition of a biological dimension to geopolitical tensions between China and other nations. But Chinese microbiologists are celebrating their entrance to the elite cadre empowered to wrestle with the world’s greatest biological threats.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“It will offer more opportunities for Chinese researchers, and our contribution on the BSL‑4-level pathogens will benefit the world,” says George Gao, director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology in Beijing. There are already two BSL-4 labs in Taiwan, but the National Bio-safety Laboratory, Wuhan, would be the first on the Chinese mainland.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe lab was certified as meeting the standards and criteria of BSL-4 by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January. The CNAS examined the lab’s infrastructure, equipment and management, says a CNAS representative, paving the way for the Ministry of Health to give its approval. A representative from the ministry says it will move slowly and cautiously; if the assessment goes smoothly, it could approve the laboratory by the end of June.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBSL-4 is the highest level of biocontainment: its criteria include filtering air and treating water and waste before they leave the laboratory, and stipulating that researchers change clothes and shower before and after using lab facilities. Such labs are often controversial. The first BSL-4 lab in Japan was built in 1981, but operated with lower-risk pathogens until 2015, when safety concerns were finally overcome.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe expansion of BSL-4-lab networks in the United States and Europe over the past 15 years — with more than a dozen now in operation or under construction in each region — also met with resistance, including questions about the need for so many facilities.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t“Viruses don’t know borders.”\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Wuhan lab cost 300 million yuan (US$44 million), and to allay safety concerns it was built far above the flood plain and with the capacity to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, although the area has no history of strong earthquakes. It will focus on the control of emerging diseases, store purified viruses and act as a World Health Organization ‘reference laboratory’ linked to similar labs around the world. “It will be a key node in the global biosafety-lab network,” says lab director Yuan Zhiming.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Chinese Academy of Sciences approved the construction of a BSL-4 laboratory in 2003, and the epidemic of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) around the same time lent the project momentum. The lab was designed and constructed with French assistance as part of a 2004 cooperative agreement on the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases. But the complexity of the project, China’s lack of experience, difficulty in maintaining funding and long government approval procedures meant that construction wasn’t finished until the end of 2014.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe lab’s first project will be to study the BSL-3 pathogen that causes Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever: a deadly tick-borne virus that affects livestock across the world, including in northwest China, and that can jump to people.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuture plans include studying the pathogen that causes SARS, which also doesn’t require a BSL-4 lab, before moving on to Ebola and the West African Lassa virus, which do. Some one million Chinese people work in Africa; the country needs to be ready for any eventuality, says Yuan. “Viruses don’t know borders.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGao travelled to Sierra Leone during the recent Ebola outbreak, allowing his team to report the speed with which the virus mutated into new strains1. The Wuhan lab will give his group a chance to study how such viruses cause disease, and to develop treatments based on antibodies and small molecules, he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tMuyi Xiao for Nature\t\tThe central monitor room at China’s National Bio-safety Laboratory.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe opportunities for international collaboration, meanwhile, will aid the genetic analysis and epidemiology of emergent diseases. “The world is facing more new emerging viruses, and we need more contribution from China,” says Gao. In particular, the emergence of zoonotic viruses — those that jump to humans from animals, such as SARS or Ebola — is a concern, says Bruno Lina, director of the VirPath virology lab in Lyon, France.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMany staff from the Wuhan lab have been training at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, which some scientists find reassuring. And the facility has already carried out a test-run using a low-risk virus.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut worries surround the Chinese lab, too. The SARS virus has escaped from high-level containment facilities in Beijing multiple times, notes Richard Ebright, a molecular biologist at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. Tim Trevan, founder of CHROME Biosafety and Biosecurity Consulting in Damascus, Maryland, says that an open culture is important to keeping BSL-4 labs safe, and he questions how easy this will be in China, where society emphasizes hierarchy. “Diversity of viewpoint, flat structures where everyone feels free to speak up and openness of information are important,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYuan says that he has worked to address this issue with staff. “We tell them the most important thing is that they report what they have or haven’t done,” he says. And the lab’s international collaborations will increase openness. “Transparency is the basis of the lab,” he adds.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe plan to expand into a network heightens such concerns. One BSL-4 lab in Harbin is already awaiting accreditation; the next two are expected to be in Beijing and Kunming, the latter focused on using monkey models to study disease.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLina says that China’s size justifies this scale, and that the opportunity to combine BSL-4 research with an abundance of research monkeys — Chinese researchers face less red tape than those in the West when it comes to research on primates — could be powerful. “If you want to test vaccines or antivirals, you need a non-human primate model,” says Lina.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut Ebright is not convinced of the need for more than one BSL-4 lab in mainland China. He suspects that the expansion there is a reaction to the networks in the United States and Europe, which he says are also unwarranted. He adds that governments will assume that such excess capacity is for the potential development of bioweapons.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“These facilities are inherently dual use,” he says. The prospect of ramping up opportunities to inject monkeys with pathogens also worries, rather than excites, him: “They can run, they can scratch, they can bite.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrevan says China’s investment in a BSL-4 lab may, above all, be a way to prove to the world that the nation is competitive. “It is a big status symbol in biology,” he says, “whether it’s a need or not.”"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","權威科學雜誌《自然》（Nature）2017年就刊文警告，武漢P4實驗室被注射病毒的實驗動物具有很大危險\nInside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens\n\n\n美生物安全專家2017年警告：武漢P4實驗室病毒可能逃逸。\n“These facilities are inherently dual use,” he says. The prospect of ramping up opportunities to inject monkeys with pathogens also worries, rather than excites, him: “They can run, they can scratch, they can bite.”\n\nhttps://www.nature.com/news/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487"],["id","4c5rn7oq3dhz"],["createdAt","2020-01-28T23:29:25.926Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Edward M. Mautner Oral History"],["url","http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["summary","NASA Johnson Space Center \n Oral History Project\n Edited Oral History Transcript\n Edward \n M. Mautner\n Interviewed by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal\n Chantilly, Virginia – 22 March 2012\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Today is March 22, 2012. This interview with Ed Mautner is being conducted \n at the [Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum] Steven Udvar-Hazy \n Center in Chantilly, Virginia, for the JSC Oral History Project. Interviewer \n is Jennifer Ross-Nazzal, assisted by Rebecca Wright. Thanks again \n for taking time out of your schedule.\n Mautner: \n You’re welcome, it’s my pleasure to do it.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n If you would, tell us about the state of [OV (orbiter vehicle)-101] \n Enterprise in 2003 before she was restored.\n Mautner: \n My familiarity with Enterprise was quite limited before I began work \n on it. When we received it, it had been stored both outdoors and in \n a non-climate-controlled hangar since the mid-80s, and a lot of deterioration \n of the surface coatings—the paint, the markings—had taken \n place. Woodpeckers had gotten up onto the vertical stabilizer and \n pecked a lot of holes into the polyurethane foam that they used as \n a mockup for tiles. I don’t recall the number of holes, but \n there were quite a few of them. \n And then just about every form of creature had made the Enterprise \n their habitat and playground. Birds had gotten into it; bugs had gotten \n into it. Hornets or wasps had made their little mud nests in the landing \n gear wells. They made it out of this beautiful red Virginia clay dirt \n that surrounds the area. In fact, when we started to clean them it \n almost seemed as if the aircraft was bleeding, the soil they made \n those nests out of was so red.\n It had basically suffered a lot of inattention. It hadn’t been \n cleaned or worked on to any great degree. I believe it was outside \n for about two years prior to them building the hangar for it, and \n it had been rained on. There were many ports of entries for water, \n and so water had pooled inside the bottom of the fuselage and it had \n left a lot of staining from dirt, waterlines, etc. and also had caused \n some minor pitting and corrosion. Nothing that would weaken the structure \n of the aircraft but certainly had caused some deterioration.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about that move, when you decided to move her from that hangar \n into this facility.\n Mautner: \n Until I walked in March 1st of 2004, I had never touched Enterprise \n and I had really nothing to do with it. I recall being in the hangar \n the day they moved it in, and just about all the employees who were \n out here took a break to watch them tug it down the tow way from the \n airport and into the building.\n What was noteworthy at the time was that they had cut a notch in the \n back wall of the space hangar in order to permit the vertical [stabilizer] \n to come through. It was the only way to get Enterprise into that building \n without taking the vertical off, which would have been a prohibitively \n difficult task. I came back the next day and the blanking plate had \n been restored as if the building had never changed at all, so that \n was pretty neat. It was a well-prepared move.\n That took place in the early fall of 2003, and while I was aware that \n it was in the building, it was sometime after January 2004 that I \n was notified that I would be working on it in preparation for the \n opening of the space hall [James S. McDonnell Space Hangar].\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What was your expertise prior to working on Enterprise? Were you working \n on aircraft restoration?\n Mautner: \n My background is—the British would describe it as checkered. \n I did a whole lot of things before I got directly involved in airplanes. \n I started out as a kid building model airplanes, and I never gave \n that up. I always built model airplanes, and I continue to do so. \n And I was always a museum rat, an airplane museum rat. Whenever we \n traveled, wherever we went, there was always a stop at an airplane \n museum somewhere.\n Somewhere around the late 80s, my wife and I had moved our children \n to southern California, and I began to volunteer in some aircraft \n museums out there. Planes of Fame in [Air Museum] Chino, and later \n at the Command Museum at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, which \n was right in the town I lived in so it was convenient to work there. \n I started doing structures work.\n In January of 1989 I left a former career and made a great midlife \n career change whereby I wanted to work in an aircraft museum. I had \n enjoyed volunteering on Saturdays so much, I went to Cal [California] \n State University, San Bernardino, for a Museum Studies certificate \n program. My background was in auto mechanics, and I needed to create \n a resume to get into working on aircraft, especially in museums. I \n enjoyed it immensely but had a problem with the hours of class.\n By great good fortune, McDonnell Douglas [Corporation] was hiring \n mechanics in the summer of 1989. Actually they’d been hiring \n prior to that, but that’s when I found out. I went and I applied, \n and they hired me immediately because of my automotive experience. \n I became a structures mechanic on the C-17 [aircraft] program in Long \n Beach, California. That was my first real hands-on experience with \n real aircraft manufacturing.\n I worked at McDonnell Douglas from August of 1989 until June of 1994, \n when there were massive layoffs. They were losing their contracts \n for MD-80s [airliners], and the MD-11 [airliner] never took off. The \n C-17 was in a state of flux because Congress and the Air Force were \n at loggerheads, so I and tens of thousands of others were laid off \n during that year.\n Meanwhile I had gone from my certificate program at Cal State, San \n Bernardino, to a Master’s program at Cal State, Dominguez Hills \n in Historic Preservation. Because John [F.] McDonnell of the McDonnell \n Douglas Corporation was interested in an educated workforce, they \n paid for almost all of my Master’s program, everything but my \n research courses and my thesis. \n I had early on decided that my thesis was going to be in aircraft \n preservation at the National Air and Space Museum. I thought that \n they were the best. They were the ones that were writing about aircraft \n preservation, and I really wanted to write about how they did it, \n because that seemed to be the benchmark.\n In June of 1994 I was laid off, and I immediately contacted the museum \n to do an internship back here so that I could do further research \n for my thesis. In August and September of ’94 I did a 60-day \n volunteer internship. I was outside of their regular program, so there \n was no stipend; I just came in and volunteered. I worked in the restoration \n shop during the day until about 3:30 [p.m.]. I’d then go across \n the river, downtown to the main museum and I would work in the archives.\n The people in the archives—I don’t know why, I was a total \n stranger to them—they let me stay after hours. In fact, at five \n o’clock when they left, they issued me instructions on what \n lights to turn off and how to shut down the computers. I would stay \n there till 8:30 so I’d get all my research. I had one other \n paper and I had my thesis to do, so I spent almost every weekday night \n at the museum doing that.\n They said, “Stay in touch; we’re going to be hiring.” \n The hiring was going to ramp up for this facility, this new Udvar-Hazy \n Center, so I stayed in touch. Every month I contacted somebody associated \n with the restoration facility, and finally in 1997 they said, “Something’s \n going to happen. Get back here; be nearby.” So I stayed with \n relatives and I hung out and I volunteered, and finally in February \n of 1998 they hired me. They did it because I had the academic background, \n but I also had, from McDonnell Douglas and my volunteer efforts, the \n mechanical background as well. I was very fortunate that the timing \n worked out. \n My background is chiefly in aircraft structures, which would be the \n main metal pieces that form the basis of the aircraft upon which everything \n else is hung. After I get through with my work, then the hydraulics \n people and the fuel people and the electrical people and the power \n plant people take over.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What sort of planes have you worked on since you began working here?\n Mautner: \n The first one that I started working on was a Japanese single-engine \n floatplane bomber, [the Aichi M6A1 Seiran]. It looks more like a fighter \n with floats, but it was in fact a strategic bomber that the Japanese \n designed to fold up into an 11-foot diameter circle and fit into the \n tube on a submarine. This submarine was an aircraft carrier, literally, \n and it carried three of these. Very significant aircraft, because \n it was designed to bomb the Panama Canal locks. \n The submarine was probably more technologically advanced than the \n aircraft. It was designed to go 27,000 miles without refueling, and \n they actually did have plans to use these small bombers to bomb New \n York [City, New York] and possibly even Boston [Massachusetts]. It \n was a metal airplane, and my sheet metal experience came to good use \n there. \n After that, they put me on a World War I bomber, a twin-engine fabric-and-wood \n bomber. That airplane was a Caudron G.4, a French bomber that the \n United States tested but never purchased. Because we had no combat \n aircraft in World War I, we had to go to the French and the British \n and the Italians. That was an excellent experience because that broadened \n out my sheet metal and structures experience to wood and fabric. That \n airplane is also currently on display here.\n The next aircraft is one I’m still working on. We have a limited \n number of people here, so we get shifted off of whatever project we’re \n on to take care of other things in the museum, such as creating a \n display or working on the Enterprise for nine months in 2004. From \n about 2000 until this year, I’m still working on a World War \n II German night fighter, the Heinkel 219, a huge metal twin-engine \n aircraft, where again my airframe and sheet metal experience has come \n into use.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us what lessons you learned from working on those aircraft that \n you applied to the Enterprise.\n Mautner: \n In my case, precious few. It was a great departure from what we call \n restoration, where you actually have to fabricate or replicate or \n repair structural pieces of an aircraft. This was largely a massive \n clean-up and painting effort, so it falls under the role of preservation. \n That’s really our role here, preservation. Everybody talks about \n restoration, but restoration is the court of last resort when everything \n has pretty much gone to pot and needs to be drastically repaired or \n replaced.\n What we did on Enterprise fell under the heading of preservation, \n but we called it a refurbishment because we didn’t do anything \n to repair it. It was still considered to be NASA’s aircraft, \n and it came to us in such good structural condition that there really \n was nothing to repair on it except for the paint work.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Would you tell us about working with NASA and USA [United Space Alliance] \n on this project? I understand they were involved.\n Mautner: \n Yes, they were. When we first began on March 1, 2004, we were pretty \n much on our own. There were just three of us: myself, Anne [C.] McCombs, \n and Steve Kautner. We walked into this big empty hangar. The only \n thing that was in it at the time was Enterprise, and it didn’t \n even have a barrier around it because the public wasn’t allowed \n in that building yet. We just kind of stood there and wondered, “Where \n the heck are we going to start on this thing?” \n We had no high-lift equipment—all we had access to were ladders—so \n we decided to start working on the landing gear. We had no contact \n with NASA outside of certain parameters that they gave us in cleaning \n and painting it, that we were given by the curator, Valerie Neal. \n Without anything else but ourselves, we began the cleaning process \n at the lowest part of the Space Shuttle, areas that were accessible \n initially to us.\n Our experience with NASA and USA came a little bit later, and [their] \n big project was the removal of all of the cockpit windscreens, the \n front ones. I believe that there were three panels in them, and there \n were some engineering discussions as to whether they could get away \n with just two panels. The challenge for us was to provide them with \n the platforms to get up there and work off of. \n Anne and I were involved, and at that point we had a lot of mechanics \n from United Airlines [Inc.] come in to assist us. Their bosses permitted \n them to give us some high-lift platforms that were attached to trucks. \n We could maneuver a truck in and then raise a platform and extend \n it out over the nose of Enterprise in order for the USA guys to remove \n those windshields. The other problem was these windscreens were very, \n very heavy. They required quite a bit of effort to crane off of the \n Shuttle.\n At that point, I began to get to meet some of the guys, most specifically \n from USA. One of them was a fellow named Tom [Thomas W.] Roberts, \n and Tom’s my friend now. He was back here for the last visit. \n There were several other mechanics that came up from KSC [NASA Kennedy \n Space Center, Florida] who I would count as really good acquaintances, \n friends, who we worked with. Got to meet Kevin [C.] Templin. He was \n always there, very personable fellow, and always a go-to guy for information \n and leadership. \n Whenever they came back, we dropped what we were doing and became \n assistants to them, to the point where in this last visit we were \n almost considered more one of their group than as a separate entity, \n which was kind of neat. The things I saw from everybody in NASA and \n USA was enthusiasm, expertise, positive attitude, and great great \n teamwork. The first thing we noticed is how well they worked as a \n team. \n Many times we didn’t know that these guys had never worked together \n before, and yet it was a seamless effort. You got to talking to them, \n you got to know them, and you realized, this guy never worked on the \n back end of the aircraft. He always worked on the front and didn’t \n even know the guys that they were working with. That was inspiring \n to us to see that kind of effort that they used to put in.\n Some of my recollection of my efforts with NASA and USA get a little \n bit confused, because some of their efforts were during that nine-month \n period when we worked on preparing Enterprise for the opening of the \n space hangar, but several of them came later. They would ask Anne \n or myself or others from the previous team to come back and assist \n them. I believe that the windshield effort was made during that nine \n months we were there, but our other efforts with them came later, \n so they’d be outside the parameters of my work on the Enterprise.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n I also read that you had to replace the OMS [orbital maneuvering system] \n pods because they had rotted.\n Mautner: \n Yes, we did. One of the first things we did was to remove those. Tony \n [Anthony W.] Carp was the team lead for the lifting of the OMS pods. \n They were a large aluminum plate that mated up to the surface of the \n Shuttle, but everything above that aluminum plate was basically wood. \n Plywood flooring, then 2 x 4 and 4 x 4 framework, and then they put \n a fiberglass cover over the top of that.\n We discovered how weak the structure was when we started to tighten \n up the fittings for the lifting rings. We’d gotten a guy inside \n to tighten the nuts up inside because they seemed loose, and he kept \n tightening and tightening and tightening. We suddenly realized that \n wood was so soft from moisture that he was just tightening the nut \n and the washer right into the wood. We had to be very, very careful \n lifting those OMS pods off.\n The OMS pods were never planned to be on the Shuttle when the space \n hall opened. That was something that we were going to install later, \n so our job now was to focus just on the Shuttle, and guys back in \n the shop worked on the OMS pods.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are they on there now, have they been replaced?\n Mautner: \n They were put on I think in 2005, 2006 time range, and before the \n last visit to get Enterprise ready we removed them. They’re \n out in the shop, on the floor. The guys from USA put the ALTA [Approach \n and Landing Test Article] pods on. Those are the travel pods. They \n look like OMS pods, but they’re real metal. They’re real \n structural, flightworthy, and the tail cone fits up to those components.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about cleaning and painting the vehicle. That sounded like \n a very large chore.\n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. I started on March 1st to clean the right main \n landing gear bay and ultimately the landing gear and tires. Steve \n Kautner took the left bay and did the same, and Anne McCombs worked \n on the nose gear and the nose gear bay. It wasn’t until March \n 22nd that Tony [Carp] came on the team, and his job was to clean the \n entire vertical surface with the ultimate purpose of coring or filling \n the holes that the woodpeckers had made.\n Somebody might at this point ask, why would woodpeckers go after polyurethane \n foam? The explanation we got—I’m not an ornithologist—is \n that woodpeckers make the noise they do as a mating call, not just \n to get to bugs inside of the tree. Once they got through that polyurethane \n foam, they were banging on an aluminum surface. It made quite a noise, \n and it was far-reaching. There were about 75 holes ranging from very \n small, smaller than your pinky, to much bigger than your thumb. \n We were using, on NASA’s recommendation, Amway LOC [liquid organic \n cleaner] cut, one part LOC to ten parts water, to wash everything. \n It’s a mild organic detergent, and it’s biodegradable. \n This was what USA used, so this was what we used. And this is where, \n in the wheel wells, I found most of the hornet nests. Once you got \n the water into them they just started running down the beautiful epoxy \n white paint panels inside.\n At that point, once Steve had finished his wheel well, he started \n working on the bottom. He started up at the nose where he could reach, \n because you couldn’t get a ladder under there. He’s all \n scrunched up, just scrubbing away—and he was a bear of a guy. \n He had a lot of strength, and he just kept working down the bottom \n of the aircraft, all of the black-painted area of the aircraft. \n At that point we started using some lift equipment, JLG [Industries, \n Inc.] lifts and scissor lifts, to get up on the wing. We began cleaning \n the wing while Tony is cleaning the vertical, and we did this day \n after day after day. Then sometime in the summer, I believe in July, \n we began prepping the center fuselage for paint. The center fuselage \n does not have polyurethane foam on it, and that center fuselage extends \n from just behind the cockpit to back underneath the OMS pods. We also \n had to clean the payload bay doors. At this point we finally were \n able to get scaffolding in. We had a local company contracted to put \n scaffolding all up the sides and then bridge the top of the Shuttle. \n \n This is where things kind of got interesting. Initially it was doing \n just a lot of sanding on the side. Apparently the aircraft had been \n painted with aerospace quality polyurethane or epoxy paint and primer, \n but when it went on tour in 1984 it had started to look a little bit \n secondhand. They used a latex house paint to give it a quick repaint \n to make it appear better at the [New Orleans, Louisiana] World’s \n Fair here in the United States, and then they went to the Paris Air \n Show with it. This was all prior to delivering it to us.\n This paint over the years had become very brittle and very hard and \n would be quite a challenge to remove. Taking it off the sides was \n pretty easy. We were able to use electric sanders or pneumatic sanding \n devices, hand-held devices, and literally sand all of that down to \n the original paint. The sanding gave the surface a real good surface \n for paint to adhere to once we finished it and cleaned it up, but \n the real challenge came with the payload bay doors. We were instructed \n by NASA to not use any metal tools, any caustic chemicals, or any \n abrasives to remove the paint.\n We got up there, and they thought it would be really easy because \n a lot of the paint on the payload bay doors had flaked off, and some \n of it was literally sitting up. They said, “Just use duct tape \n and press it down real hard and pull it off, and that paint will pull \n up.” Well, that didn’t work at all. \n All of our communications with them were through Valerie Neal, the \n curator. The other thing we weren’t supposed to use was heat, \n so we went to Valerie and said, “The duct tape just isn’t \n cutting it.” They said, “Use plexiglas scrapers.” \n Plexiglas is a real hard plastic. We would cut up sections of it, \n rectangles of it, and then make a sharp edge at one end with a grinding \n wheel. That wasn’t cutting it either.\n One day I’m sitting on the scaffolding, trying to get this stuff \n off, and I see to my left this movement from about chest height over \n the curvature of the door. I look over, and it’s Steve Kautner \n with a metal scraper and a heat gun. I’m going, “Steve, \n what are you doing?” He goes, “This is the only way it’s \n coming off.” I said, “Okay, stop. Let’s talk about \n this.” \n We went back to our conservator, and I asked him, “Do you have \n a surface temperature gauge?” We went back and attached this \n temperature surface gauge to the area that we were putting the heat \n on, and we got some heat parameters. We were getting heat in the range \n of about 175 degrees [Fahrenheit] if we kept the heat gun moving, \n so we went back to NASA and they said, “Okay, you can do that, \n but no temperatures over 200,” or 250.\n All of a sudden this became easy, but we now found out very quickly \n why they didn’t want heat up there. The doors are made of carbon \n graphite, or carbon–carbon. It’s skinned with an almost \n aluminum-foil thickness coating of aluminum. It’s not like sheet \n metal, it’s more like a foil, and if you left the heat on there \n too much it would blister. We got a couple of thumb-sized blisters; \n we damaged the door. This concerned us, and we kept talking to each \n other. We’d just make sure we’d keep that heat gun moving \n and don’t overheat one spot.\n It became very evident very quickly why they didn’t want heat \n up there. They had done the same thing at some time in the past, only \n their blisters were much bigger than ours. That told us a) it’s \n been done this way before, and b) there’s a repair for it. We \n did make a few more blisters, an inevitable result of what we were \n doing, but we knew that if they needed those doors, they could be \n made flightworthy. \n Then, because there was still a lot of paint residue clinging to the \n surface, we got down and used acetone. We were all garbed up with \n double-canister air masks. There’s terrific pictures of us all \n down on our hands and knees on the door, all tied off because we’re \n high up on the top of the Shuttle, scrubbing with Scotch-Brite scrubbers \n and acetone to get the surface completely clean and ready for paint.\n That was another thing they told us, “You can’t stand \n on the doors.” So we had these four bridges across, and we’re \n all leaning off these bridges and working off of them. Again, Steve \n Kautner’s the first one to step off right on the doors. There’s \n no other way to get out there, there was no way. I said, “Okay, \n stop. Let’s talk this over.” We went down inside the Shuttle, \n and we looked up at the doors and we could see the latching system. \n \n We knew that those doors in zero gravity could open without any support, \n but we knew that they had big supports on them when they opened them \n in the hangar down in KSC. We looked at those supports, and we looked \n at how the doors fit together. It’s built like a bridge as long \n as they’re closed and locked, so four, five, six of us all were \n out on our hands and knees on the doors, scrubbing away to get the \n last residue and make a really good surface for paint.\n That brings up another aspect for me. I couldn’t wait every \n single day to come in. I’m not a space guy, I’m an airplane \n guy. In truth, the Shuttle is probably more like an aircraft than \n a spacecraft, and that one [Enterprise] never did go into space so \n it really was just an aircraft. I never followed space, I never got \n excited about it, but I got excited by this project. I couldn’t \n wait to get in every single day. Every day was interesting and exciting, \n and we were making progress—slow—but we were making progress. \n \n When they put the scaffolding up in July, we now had to climb this \n scaffolding. We had our harnesses on and we had our tethers, but we \n couldn’t tether off anywhere on the way up. We’re climbing \n 30, 35, almost 40 feet in the air every morning, every break time, \n every time you had to leave, and then when we got up there we would \n tie off and secure ourselves. But that little element of danger made \n it exciting, and we talked about that a lot too.\n We had two injuries, but only one on Enterprise. One of our guys did \n abrade his hand, but working on something else while we were out there, \n nothing to do with the Shuttle. One injury, very minor, on the Shuttle. \n One of our members fell off the payload bay doors, but he was tethered \n and it stopped him, and all he did was bang up his knee. I think we \n lost him one day, but that was it. The fact that we talked almost \n every day about the safety issue, that he was tethered off—we \n didn’t have more issues. \n The other thing that made it interesting and fun is that we were on \n this huge, very obvious artifact in the middle of this totally empty \n hall, and the public could come in to the front of the hall—there’s \n an overlook up above—and watch us. I think the element of being \n on stage made it exciting and interesting, too.\n There were some stresses. We always seemed short of personnel. At \n one point I realized there were a whole bunch of guys working on the \n OMS pods, and I had to convince my management that the OMS pods aren’t \n needed by October 19th, but the Shuttle is, so can I have more guys? \n And I got more guys.\n Once we had sanded down the sides and had removed the paint from the \n doors, it was time for a final prep and primer and paint. We had four \n guys do that, and we had a couple of issues that we had to deal with. \n One, it had to be an aerospace quality paint. PPG, Pittsburgh Paint \n and Glass, has always supplied us with our paint system that we’ve \n used exclusively for 20 years back at the [Paul E.] Garber [Preservation, \n Restoration, and Storage Facility, Suitland, Maryland], our restoration \n shop. Dave Wilson got in touch with them, and they turned him over \n to their aerospace division. They donated what amounted to about $15,000 \n worth of white polyurethane aerospace paint and primer.\n Our next challenge was we could not spray in the building because \n the building had an open port, and some of the ventilation systems \n functioned with the aircraft hangar. Also, the filters in the ventilation \n system would get clogged up with any paint residue and dust, so we \n had to either brush or roll it. Dave talked with the people from PPG, \n and they had an additive that allowed the paint to flow so that it \n would not appear to be rolled-out paint. It wouldn’t be textured, \n it would be nice and smooth.\n We got the paint on September 17th—keeping in mind that this \n hall is supposed to open on October 19th of 2004. They had to rest \n assured that all the fumes would have dissipated by 10 o’clock \n opening the next day, so we painted at night. It was Tony, Dave, myself, \n and a fellow by the name of Bob Weihrauch who did it. We would come \n in, and that hall was completely black except for the Klieg lights \n that we worked under. We rolled out the primer, and then we rolled \n out the white. [We rolled out two coats of primer and two coats of \n white.]\n I love working here at night because there’s no people here, \n the lighting is all dim, and it’s like going into a great cathedral \n at night when nobody’s around. It’s just beautiful. It’s \n quiet. You’ve got all these objects that you love, many of which \n you’ve worked on, and there’s just a neat thing about \n working here at night. We had a really good time. We had a really \n good crew. I don’t recollect ever having any arguments or disagreements \n or problems, we just really had a good time.\n One outstanding recollection is this facility is used by organizations—police \n organizations, FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation], the MWAA, Metropolitan \n Washington Airport Authority. They have their own SWAT [special weapons \n and tactics] team and security forces. They do a lot of work in here \n at night, but we didn’t know that. One night three of us are \n up on this scaffolding, and Dave Wilson is on a scissor lift bringing \n paint up to us, and all the sudden there’s movement in the hangar. \n \n Keep in mind that outside of this cone of light that we’re in, \n everything’s dark out there, but there’s movement. We \n look down, and there’s 20 or 30 guys in black helmets, black \n outfits carrying guns, and they’re swarming like ants through \n our hangar. Well, I immediately was not concerned because none of \n them are looking at us or pointing the gun at us. We’re in white \n bunny suits, paper coveralls, and the Klieg lights are on us. We’re \n out there, very obvious.\n One guy kind of moved up to Dave, and he goes, “Have you seen \n her?” And Dave goes, “Seen who?” He goes, “Have \n you seen her?” and then he had to move, because you’re \n not supposed to look for hints. Apparently they were on an exercise, \n and one of their supervisors came in two hours ahead of time and hid \n herself somewhere in the museum, and they had to find her. Nobody \n told us; our security had not advised us that this was going to happen. \n \n Another time, during the day, I was working on the Shuttle and nobody \n else was around. Security came up to me and said, “We have a \n congressman or a senator here with his daughter back from college, \n and he’s got his office manager and his security detail. Would \n you come down and talk to them?” So I walk inside of this circle \n of Secret Service people, and they’ve got their radios and they \n all look very, very official, and I started to talk to them. I said, \n “What state do you represent, sir?” He goes, “Oh, \n one of your neighbors.” Meanwhile, his handler, his office guy, \n did all the talking. \n I went back that night and I looked all over the Internet for our \n neighboring senators and congressmen, and I did not find him—because \n you can get the photos of all of them. I went back to security the \n next day and I said, “What was that all about?” He says, \n “Oh, it’s just a test.” It was Secret Service in \n a practice run, and these guys were just members of the Secret Service \n that were playing a role to make it seem realistic. There are a lot \n of activities that go on here that are very interesting. But again, \n I was not forewarned of that. \n The other two events that were really interesting—Joe [H.] Engle, \n one of the test pilots for Enterprise, came back and spent a day with \n us. He is just a prince of a guy, just a super guy. We got to tour \n him around and show him what we were doing, and he was just the friendliest \n guy and was very very grateful to us restoring “his” bird \n back to its original condition. A couple weeks later, we all got an \n 8 x 10 of him standing by Enterprise out at Palmdale [California] \n back in’77, ’78, with a beautiful handwritten note and \n one of the original patches from his missions. It was just neat, a \n neat thing. \n The other very very interesting visitor to us was Colonel Pamela Ann \n Melroy. She’s a two mission pilot and one mission command pilot \n [commander]. She was also on the Columbia [STS-107 accident] investigation \n team, and she led the cockpit reconstruction area. My recollection, \n she was about five-foot-five, five-foot-six. I immediately made a \n connection, because she was a test pilot on the C-17 program. As I \n had worked on it, we had some things to talk about. \n I got to tour her around, and the thing I recollect so well is that \n she made a comment when we were in the cockpit. The cockpit of Enterprise \n is for the most part empty. The dashboard is there, but there’s \n only about three instruments, and they’re all old analog instruments. \n The seats are not there. She looked at that dashboard and marveled \n at the fact that it was the first time she’d seen one in a long \n time that wasn’t bits and pieces, because she had been looking \n and reviewing and trying to reassemble pieces of Columbia’s \n instrument panel.\n This diminutive colonel in the Air Force—always at the end the \n photographer comes in and takes a picture of us with the VIP [very \n important person]. Anne and I were there at that time, and we’re \n all standing off to the side, a foot away or something. She says, \n “Hey, we’ve been together all day. Come here!” She \n pulled us in right next to her to take the picture. We also got an \n 8x10 from her, signed, with a thank you and mission patches. Those \n are two of my favorite treasures from that whole time there. \n Ross-Nazzal: \n Nice recollections of that time period. \n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. We got it done. Everything seemed late—getting \n personnel, the scaffolding came late, the paint came late—but \n we got it done. We got it done on October 18th, and October 19th was \n the day the media and the museum VIPs and everybody showed up to see \n it. It was a moment of pride because it really looked good. \n Tony and I stayed after October 19th. Tony had some more work up on \n the vertical to do, and the one area that we hadn’t really addressed \n was the propulsion bay. I would work in the propulsion bay; he’d \n work up top. We did this at night because the gallery was open to \n the public, so we did a lot of night work from October until we went \n away on Christmas vacation.\n Most of cleanup in the propulsion bay—there was some FOD [Foreign \n Object Debris], there was old hardware. It went back to when it was \n delivered to us. There were some sections of insulating aluminum, \n nuts, bolts, washers, things like that. A lot of water had been back \n there, and the floor panel structure was a huge, thick piece of aluminum \n that they had milled out to look almost like a waffle. The floor looked \n like a large waffle pattern, so there’s all these thousands \n of little pockets that had held water, and I had to clean them.\n We had some nights where we had events, and the events usually allowed \n people to roam into the space hangar, so I would take my knapsack \n and my coffee and my lunch, my snacks, up into the propulsion bay. \n Something you don’t normally do around artifacts, but I didn’t \n think I could come out because of the events they had going on. I’d \n stay up there for eight hours. Well, there’d be a potty break.\n We finished before our Christmas break, and then both of us reported \n back to the Garber Facility the first week in January 2005. It was \n rewarding every day, but they also rewarded our team with the Museum’s \n Peer Award. The [museum] gives two Peer Awards every year, and the \n Enterprise Preservation Team was awarded [one of them] for 2004. It \n was a great experience.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What are you working on now that Enterprise is getting ready to take \n a new journey in its history to go to the Intrepid [Sea, Air & \n Space Museum in New York City]? Are you working on that?\n Mautner: \n I did work on it. I don’t know what my role will be in April \n when they come back, but the whole month of February I was assigned \n out here, along with Anne and one or two other folks, to escort NASA, \n USA, and some folks from [the] Boeing [Company]. “Escort” \n has a kind of static sound to it. We were essentially here to open \n doors that they couldn’t get into, including getting to the \n restrooms, and we were able to get them discounts in our shop and \n at McDonalds. \n And then pretty soon it was, “Oh my gosh. We don’t have \n this; do you have this tool?” So we’re running for tools. \n Later, as our professional relationship evolved, we were forklifting \n equipment for them. They had forklifts, but we were able to help them \n with that. We had a JLG man lift that we were able to take them and \n some of their equipment up to different places on the Shuttle, and \n also on the tail cone, which they assembled right out here in this \n shop. As to my role when they come back on the 19th, I have not been \n told what that is yet. I hope [I] do, I have some friends I’d \n like to hang out with again.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are you preparing in any way to accept [OV-103] Discovery, or are \n you primarily working with the Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I’m not. My responsibility is to work on this German night fighter. \n We still have a wing to complete. The airframe fuselage is out in \n the museum right here now, but the wing has to be done and a lot of \n other details. Between escort duties and whatnot, I’m working \n on that. We’re told that with everything else that’s going \n on, we’re going to be moving our shop from Maryland out here. \n I don’t know how that’s going to work out with the Discovery–Enterprise \n exchange, that’s yet to be determined.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n It must have been rewarding to receive that from your peers, that’s \n wonderful.\n Mautner: \n Very, yes. I think Valerie Neal, former NASA and our curator, was \n probably instrumental in getting that for us. It was pretty neat.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Rebecca, did you have any questions for Ed?\n Wright: \n Just one, and I think you might have already answered it. Did you \n ever come back and do anything else with Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I have once or twice, but it was generally just escort duty. Those \n were times where it was just sit around and wait for whatever the \n folks, predominately USA, needed. I did come back, and we did reinstall \n the OMS pods. That was pretty much the original team again that did \n that, and we brought a couple of other people in to assist because \n you need spotters and tag line holders. \n Wright: \n You mentioned that you would escort for whatever they needed. What \n were the types of things that they would be coming back for?\n Mautner: \n Every time USA came here, they had a lot of supplies. Rather than \n transport them back, they would leave them out and we would store \n them in our barn, which is out in the back corner of the property. \n So the first thing we’d have to do is get their supplies, and \n that ran anywhere from tape to paints to epoxy glues.\n Recently, within the past year, they came back and we took them up \n on a JLG man lift. They did the work, and I would just maneuver it \n around to a position that helped them. Like I said, “escort” \n sounds very static, and sometimes it is, but a lot of times there’s \n a dynamic component, which is the most fun of all. That’s how \n you get to know these guys and get to see what they do.\n Wright: \n Were they doing types of restoration themselves?\n Mautner: \n Yes, about last April they came back to begin the process of making \n Enterprise airworthy. That involved making an assessment of all systems, \n and they also did the [landing gear] retracts. The main job was to \n get the hydraulic system working so they could retract the landing \n gear. Part of our position as escort was to shut down areas of that \n hall to keep the public away, because the machine, what they call \n the mule, fires up the hydraulics system, makes a lot of noise. Also \n there’s part of the retract that there’s noise involved \n as well.\n We did a lot of work stanchioning off. Moving stanchions back, and \n then when it was all done, moving the stanchions closer. We were trying \n to do this juggle between making sure people were safe and USA had \n enough room to work in, and also still keeping the hall open to the \n public. Our whole purpose is to let them get as close to this stuff \n as we can.\n There were a couple of times where, yes, it was pretty static, but \n other times we were pretty involved in helping them. And everything \n back here is secured. You can’t get into the restrooms without \n our badge, so we were escorting to the restrooms. Eventually, and \n especially in this last trip in February where they did the final \n preparation for flight, the security office provided them with badges \n that allowed them to open all the things they had to get into. They \n had the same access employees had. \n I think that speaks of the type of relationship that we’ve always \n felt we had with NASA, that they weren’t an alien organization \n that comes in and invades our space but rather cohorts, colleagues \n that we feel—not exactly one with, our roles are different—but \n certainly very good friends with.\n Wright: \n Is this a very unique exhibit here compared to all the rest? Do you \n have any other kind of associations with other groups that come in \n and work on their planes?\n Mautner: \n No, there’s no other organization that has the relationship \n that NASA has with us. I think that’s historically because we’ve \n been the repository of first choice for NASA, but also because Valerie \n Neal, who came from NASA, has maintained a very, very good relationship \n with all the leadership there. It’s been a very collegial relationship \n from the very beginning. Because of that, your relationship personally \n to these people is much more relaxed, so it’s much much easier \n to make friends. I have a couple buddies that I email once in a while \n back at the Cape [Canaveral, Florida]. It’s a good relationship.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any other last thoughts? \n Mautner: \n I think I’ve covered the important aspects of my relationship \n with the Shuttle Enterprise and with the folks from NASA and USA. \n We had a good team. I think it was kind of neat because management \n left us alone; they left us to make a lot of our own decisions. Everybody \n worked with the goal in mind, and we reached the goal. We finished \n Enterprise, it really looks beautiful. It took us nine months to get \n it in the shape that it’s in right now, and I have to say I \n am quite proud of how it came out. \n I do recollect one of the stories that I’ll tell you. When we \n began to strip all the paint off, we traced all of the markings—the \n NASA worm, the “United States” on the side, the “Enterprise” \n itself—so that after we painted it we could restore those. We \n noted and photographed the fact that these had been hand-brushed. \n Somebody had done a stencil, and then they hand-brushed in the black \n color. As we began to strip the aircraft, we realized that there were \n other markings, other NASA worms and another “Enterprise” \n and another “United States” underneath that exterior coat \n of latex house paint. \n We traced those as well, and at that point the curator had to make \n a decision. Are we going to restore it to when it was originally painted \n and lettered, or are we going to paint it as it was presented to us \n in 1985? The decision was made to paint it as it was delivered to \n us. Those letters were all in black, and the letters we found underneath \n were in lighter shades of dark gray. \n At the time that we traced them back on the aircraft, the question \n was asked, “Well, who feels comfortable painting them back on?” \n I mean, none of us are professional sign painters. Out of the five \n of us there, four chose to do it. So what you’ll see out there \n is our hand-lettered letters, and they are letter perfect. They came \n out really, really well. Three employees and one volunteer painted \n them all in. That too raised our level of pride and involvement and \n attachment to the Enterprise. \n I have mixed feelings about it going. On the one hand, it’s \n very important for us to have an orbiter, and Discovery is a much \n more significant vehicle to have in our collection, so I’m happy \n about that. On the other hand, all of our handwork is being sent off \n to somebody else. I’m not going to lose sleep over it, but I \n will think, how are they taking care of it? Is that beautiful paint \n job still squeaky clean and nice, and are all those tiles in good \n condition? So yes, I am concerned to some degree at it going off to \n other hands.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any plans to go to New York and see her once she’s in her permanent \n location?\n Mautner: \n No plans at this time, no.\n Wright: \n And will you be working on Discovery when it comes?\n Mautner: \n We’re not going to touch Discovery. This is another aspect that’s \n pretty neat about getting Discovery. The ideal airplane or spacecraft \n to get into our collection is the one that just went on its last mission. \n If we could get a Boeing B-17 [aircraft] that flew a mission from \n England in August or September of 1944, and then was transferred right \n back into our hall out front, that’s the idea. You don’t \n want to touch it. You want to mount it in such fashion that you preserve \n the tires and take any other stresses out of it, but it would be great \n if it had the gunpowder stains and the engine stains and the oil stains \n and the rough-hewn patches that the mechanics put on the planes back \n in those days. \n And that’s how Discovery is coming to us. They haven’t \n cleaned it, outside of taking out the toxic materials in all the tanks \n and systems, so it’s not going to look like Enterprise at all. \n In fact, one of the people from NASA commented that Enterprise looked \n like a toy. I think what she meant was it looked like a model, and \n Discovery looks like a real orbiter. So we’re happy about that.\n Wright: \n Well, thank you.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Thank you for spending some time with us this morning. We appreciate \n it.\n Mautner: \n You’re very welcome. It’s my pleasure to do it.\n [End \n of interview]\n \n \n Return \n to JSC Oral History Website"],["topImageUrl","https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/head_images/sc.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國太空總署員工表示，\n他們是使用太空總署建議的\n【安麗 LOC】以「1:10」濃度\n拿來清洗太空梭及所有東西。\n\n這就是表示該產品是【極度安全】的！\n\n這樣，還有什麼安麗產品是需要擔心呢？\n\n\nhttp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["id","5484461227031-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-11T01:17:00.000Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_AY_bfUIh51k7PShFN0PxL9WUoR7dPq0WRMcUCrCIopY"],["name","自立的北門派翠西亞"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新頭殼 | 再創20字新金句韓國瑜演說全文曝光"],["url","https://today.line.me/TW/article/PyW7nj?utm_source=lineshare"],["summary","高雄市長韓國瑜訪美，台北時間12日凌晨在在哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心進行閉門演講，演說後與學者進行交流。圖：高雄市政府提供新頭殼newtalk高雄市長韓國瑜訪美，台北時間今天(12日)凌晨在在哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心進行閉門演講，演說後與學者進行交流。韓國瑜在演講中除了重申對九二共識、兩岸和平共存的看法外，在座談會中再新創「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己」20字口號金句。韓國瑜這次在哈佛大學演講主題為「The Power of Down to Earth —They Talk the Talk, I Walk the Walk」，即為「腳踏實地的力量—他們說，我實行」。內容以2018年高雄市長勝選為例，描述一開始沒有人認為他會獲勝，但最後贏得高雄市長選舉的關鍵原因。演講中廣泛提到「韓流」現象、兩岸情勢、九二共識等，強調他所支持的「九二共識」內涵是「一個中國，各自表述」，並提到「美國是中華民國非常重要的朋友，一直是我們在經濟、安全、軍事、政治方面的盟友，我們不能也不應該因為無法妥善處理兩岸關係，而『拖累』我們的美國朋友」。至於「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己」的新金句，是由參與座會的一名黃姓語言學教授透露轉傳，等同定位台灣在美、日、中多角關係的角色，只是怎麼落實？又多是取決於人的狀況，會不會流於空話？就十分耐人尋味。韓國瑜哈佛演講稿全文：The Power of Down to Earth —They Talk the Talk, I Walk the WalkGood afternoon, Director Szonyi, Director Goldstein, ladies and gentlemen, this is my greatest honor and pleasure to be here today and to begin with, I would like to express my appreciation for the long term friendship between the United States and the R. O. C., and for the support from the US government and its people, so we can engage and cooperate closely. I am more than honored to have this amazing opportunity standing at this podium, in front of the distinguished scholars at the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, the most esteemed institution of Chinese Studies in the world, to share my story and to talk about what I think and what I want to do as Mayor of Kaohsiung.In Taiwan, there are a lot of people calling me a “produce vendor.” Mainly because I worked in a local agricultural products marketing company before I ran in the Mayor election. The media often describes me with the term “down to earth,” and few individuals even name me “country bumpkin” for my humble origins, and my rather direct and unrefined language. Well today, this bald country bumpkin from Taiwan is standing before you, on the campus of one of the most prestigious universities in the world: Harvard! A few months ago, many could not have imagined this, even in their wildest dreams!What brings me to Harvard today, is the fact that last November, I won an election in Southern Taiwan that nobody thought I could possibly win. Besides, people are saying that I single-handedly reshaped the politics of Taiwan. They are calling this wide-spread political current the “hanliu” or “Han wave.”However, I don’t believe in “hanliu” or “Han Wave” because I know very well that what brings me to the Mayor position and to speak to you today, is not me as an individual, but is the will of the people. People in Taiwan, especially in Kaohsiung, have had enough of the unproductive government, enough of all the nonsense of ideological manipulation, and enough of pathetic politicians who only talk without making worthy actions.The reason behind our success, is not because I am at any rate a great person. It is because Taiwan's current ruling party is not doing a good job. They have disappointed the people, so the people want something different. In fact, the people of Taiwan dislike not just the DPP, but they are tired of all of traditional politicians. Especially those politicians who come up with fancy slogans and empty promises. They don't know, and they don't care what the people really need. They only talk the talk, but me, I walk the walk.I walk to the people from all walks of life, with an emphasis on socially vulnerable groups. I insist to stay overnight in different folks’ places once a month, to get close to their real life. I have stayed in an orphanage, a fisherman’s association, a taxi driver’s home and will stay in many others’ places as well. I also walk to the world, to Mainland China, to Southeast Asia, to America and hopefully to more other places in the world. This is not because I like to be Mr. Fogg who travelled around the world in 81 days, but because Kaohsiung deserves more visibility and opportunities. Kaohsiung has been isolated and closed off for too long. As a result, the economy and population are sadly declining. We need to walk out to the world to promote our produce and products, to attract more visitors, and to carry out what I advocate loudly for, “Export Goods Out, Welcome People In, Let Kaohsiung Prosper!” 貨出得去、人進得來、高雄發大財！You might be curious how come I am so down to earth and not a stereotypical politician. Actually, once, I was one of the politicians people look down on. I had been councilor and congressman for over 10 years. And one day, I came to face the truth that I didn’t do a good job as a politician, so I just decided not to run for the next round of elections. Therefore, I fell out of the upper down to the earth. I have been down to earth ever since and stayed on it as a Mayor now. I know what the people really want – I was one of them, I had hope for the government, that the people in power can do good things for us. I know deep down people's needs are simple and humble. People want to enjoy peace and security; want a government that can get things done; want to make money; and most importantly, want to have good life.When I first settled in Kaohsiung, I worked as Director of KMT's Kaohsiung Chapter and we had no funding at all. The DPP had ruled Kaohsiung for more than 20 years, so no one thought I was even close to winning. I had a very hard time raising campaign funds. So when I announced to run for the Mayor election, I went with the slogan “one bottle of water and one bowl of pork rice.” That was all I could provide to the supporters at rallies and gatherings – and most of the time, no pork rice, only a bottle of water! Yet, the reason I did that was not only because we were short of money, but also because I would like to do things differently. I will not be the politician that people dislike anymore. “One bottle of water” is totally against the traditional way of campaigning. There's an old saying that “you don't need to learn how to win an election as long as you have money.” Back then a lot of people in Kaohsiung warned me that it would be impossible to win the election. I had nothing and my hands were empty, so that made me a non-stereotypical candidate. I was down to earth, down with the crowd and got closer to them. The people who came to my rallies and gatherings were not there for give-away gifts or buffets, they came to support!What did I give them in return for their support? A response, a response to their worries and anxiety, a response so outspoken that only a country bumpkin would say it out loud to the people: we want to make big money! You are probably familiar with my campaign slogan, “Export Goods Out, Welcome People In, Let Kaohsiung Prosper.” And “100% for better economy and 0 % for political calculations.” Right now, Taiwan is full of political calculations especially in the Cross Straits policies. As a sad result, Taiwan's economy has been totally compressed with no room to grow. I have listened to the people, and that is not what they want! What people really want are better incomes, good livings, peace with Mainland China, and mutual respect. That is why I am doing 100% for a better economy and 0% for political calculations.In the meantime, as a region that is heavily trade oriented, our worst nightmare is to be marginalized. When countries around the world are actively promoting free trade, signing free trade agreements and engaging in regional economic integrations, Taiwan is excluded, and that is not okay for our economic development. The complications and difficulties of achieving regional economic integration is based on the relationship across the Taiwan Straits. To any political leader of Taiwan, the biggest challenge is to maintain peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, and to ensure Taiwan is not excluded from important international activities.No one wishes to live in instability and chaos. We are all very clear that the only military threat to Taiwan comes from Beijing. Like I've said time and again, we have no doubt that the people of Taiwan are determined to strive for democracy. Yet at the same time, we must not doubt the Beijing’s determination for unification. While it is important to strengthen our defense capabilities, we must not blind ourselves to the fact that Beijing has immense military powers. What we must to do is to strive for peaceful coexistence with Mainland China, and to use wisdom to avoid potential conflicts. This is what the people of Taiwan need. We need to face the fact that Mainland China has risen, and to avoid unnecessary confrontations. After all, “War has no winners and peace, no losers.”Yet in these 3 short years, the international community is once again worried that conflict may erupt in the Taiwan Straits. Beijing is once again threatening unification by military force. President Tsai is talking about how many days Taiwan can hold out until international aid arrives. The Premier of our Executive Yuan is talking about taking the battles into the streets and fighting with fists and broomsticks. These scenarios of violence and bloodshed are not what the people of Taiwan are wishing for!I believe “Export Goods Out, Welcome People In, Let Kaohsiung Prosper,” is what Kaohsiung people wishing for, and in this sense I see the '92 Consensus is practical and realistic. My view on the '92 Consensus is naturally “One China, Respective Interpretations” based on Constitution and The Act, certainly not “One Country Two Systems,” like Macau or Hong Kong. Some people say that the Beijing does not recognize “One China, Respective Interpretations.” I would like to point out that in the 8 years under KMT’s rule, Beijing certainly did not refuse to interact with us because of KMT’s stance on '92 Consensus. In fact, during those 8 years, we signed many agreements, participated in many international activities, and more countries had granted us visa-waiver status.In the course of my campaign as Mayor of Kaohsiung, I stressed the importance of economy. My basis for Cross Straits Relations is the ‘92 Consensus. My winning the election showed that the people of Taiwan did not reject my stance on this matter. I openly shout out to President Tsai and her administration. If they are not willing to recognize the ‘92 Consensus, then they must conceive some new ideals and concrete measures so that they can sustain peace and security in the Taiwan Straits and ensure Taiwan's economic development. They must somehow enable the people of Taiwan to continuously live in freedom and democracy. So far, they have come up empty.The United States is without a doubt a very important friend to Taiwan ROC. The US has been our ally in terms of economics, security, military, and politics. We had the Mutual Defense Treaty, and afterwards we have the Taiwan Relations Act, which provides Taiwan with military defense capabilities. The US is also our important trade partner, and our mutual collaborations over the years have given Taiwan a secure and peaceful environment that allowed for our great economic and political developments. We cannot, and should not, drag our American friends down because we are not able to handle the Cross Straits relations effectively. It is one thing to befriend our American allies but it's something else to take the American friendship for granted. We must assume our share of the responsibility to secure peace in the Taiwan Straits so that our people can live in democracy and prosperity.To conclude, the reason I won the election is because the Kaohsiung people agree with my down to earth call for revitalizing the economy and upholding the stability. Actually most of the people in Taiwan all want, in my down to earth expression, “Taiwan is safe, and people are rich.” Since this is Harvard and there must be a lot of Christian friends here today, I would like to take a verse from the Bible's Book of Philippians as my closing remark. “Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal.”I pressed on walking the walk and that is the power of being down to earth. Without feet on the ground, we cannot walk.Thanks again for inviting me and thank you all very much for listening. Thank you!延伸閱讀：美媒點名2親中準候選人：相信中國是愚蠢高潮哈佛演講嗆小英韓國瑜：不願承認九二共識且兩岸政策空洞高雄市長韓國瑜訪美，台北時間12日凌晨在在哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心進行閉門演講，演說後與學者進行交流。圖：高雄市政府提供\n \n \n 查看原始文章"],["topImageUrl","https://obs.line-scdn.net/0hqSxjr4-jLnxFEwSrWi9RK39FLRN2fz1_ISV_fwZ9cEg6cGgqenIyEmYadBk7I2kiLHRjEmEWNU1gdzsocXEy/w580"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","再創20字新金句韓國瑜演說全文曝光 #LINETODAY\n\nhttps://today.line.me/TW/article/PyW7nj?utm_source=lineshare"],["id","2xnji9has0hku"],["createdAt","2019-04-12T13:06:37.188Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",3],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_xpwMw-S2qE1Jd4f6AwjPh8KqzGLPCQD1innQ2hucGeE"],["name","意志堅強的芎林維拉妮卡"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","The Tip of the Iceberg: Virologist David Ho (BS '74) Speaks About COVID-19"],["url","https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ))"],["summary","As of March 20, more than 8,700 people worldwide had died of COVID-19, the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Caltech trustee David Ho (BS '74) of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, says that this is just the tip of the iceberg. Ho, an expert on viral epidemics, has spent decades researching HIV/AIDS, having begun his career in Los Angeles, \"ground zero\" of the first outbreak, in the early 1980s. On March 18, Ho sat down with members of the Caltech community to discuss the novel coronavirus and the future of our society in the light of this global pandemic.Walk us through the spread of the virus in the United States. What does the country look like right now?Let me just give you a picture of what I see here in New York. About two weeks ago, we had our initial case, and now in New York City newly diagnosed confirmed cases are tripling every two days. In our New York Presbyterian Hospital, approximately 25 percent of the swab samples that are submitted for testing are positive. In the suburban communities outside of New York, approximately 10 percent of the swabs submitted are positive. So, the virus is everywhere. And in New York, we know that we are in the exponential growth phase of the epidemic.Looking back at what has transpired throughout the world, we saw the first wave hit China; the second wave hit South Korea, Italy, and Iran; and then, trailed by only about a week or so, France, Germany, Spain, and the U.S. We all know that China went through a period of great devastation. It has over 80,000 cases. Italy is rapidly catching up, with over 31,000 cases. We suspect that in the U.S. this will rapidly sweep from the coastal regions and it will hit middle America. It is already there, but we will see exponential growth very, very soon. Then of course we are all worried about what would happen when this epidemic strikes places like Africa and India where the health care system is less developed.Can you tell us about the pathology of the disease?COVID-19 typically causes fever and a dry cough. One may have aches in the body—the muscles—and if it's severe enough, there would be shortness of breath due to pneumonia.Gastrointestinal symptoms can occur and are an indication of more severe disease. It's not very common to have a runny nose or the sniffles, and a sore throat is not common either.The incubation period from exposure to onset of symptoms is between four and six days; and if you want to cover 95–98 percent of the cases it is between three and 10 days. It's pretty rare to have an incubation period outside of that range.What in particular makes this virus so dangerous?What is disturbing is that virus shedding, as detected in the mouth or nose, is very, very common and could be there prior to onset of symptoms. That's why transmission could occur from asymptomatic individuals. And virus shedding could continue for days up to three weeks after a person recovers. That is extremely worrisome for the spread of this virus. Furthermore, the stability of this virus is worrisome as well. If you put it in aerosol form and keep it in the air, the half-life is several hours; if you drop it on surfaces of copper or cardboard, it could survive about a day. But if it's on steel or plastic surfaces, you could still detect infectious virus after 72 hours, although the infectivity decreases with time.What do we know about the biology of the virus?The virus is highly related to another coronavirus called SARS coronavirus. That was another outbreak that occurred worldwide 17-18 years ago, and largely in China and Asia.The two viruses are about 80 percent identical. We know the origin of SARS was from a bat through an intermediary animal called the civet cat.Another virus called Middle Eastern Respiratory Virus, MERS, also originated in bats and infected camels, and camels passed it to humans. For COVID-19, we believe the original host must be a bat species, because that animal carries a virus that's 97 percent identical to what we're seeing now.Because of the SARS outbreak and the MERS outbreak, and research done on those two pathogens, we actually know quite a bit about coronaviruses.The outbreak began in China; how have they been dealing with the virus?This epidemic was first identified in a few cases with pneumonia in December 2019. In retrospect, there were scattered cases in November according to Chinese officials. I would say that initially there were missteps and lack of transparency that contributed to the explosive outbreak in the city of Wuhan in the central province of Hubei. That epidemic in central China accounts for 85 percent of the confirmed cases in China. It led Beijing officials to quarantine the entire province of 50 million people. The epidemic peaked in early February with 4,000 newly diagnosed cases each day. But since the lockdown and the various draconian measures applied, the number of new cases each day has been declining by half every week, and remarkably it's now down to about 20 per day. The rest of China's other provinces also applied very harsh measures and they indeed successfully flattened the curve outside of Hubei province.We know what they've done is not sustainable and the question is: What is China going to do now if it relaxes the infection control measures? Some of the recovered patients are still shedding virus and now China is surrounded by sick neighbors. Surely if they open up their borders, infection will come in the same way it came into the U.S. The world is waiting to see what China is going to do.Now in terms of the U.S., we obviously are undergoing exponential growth. The 10,400 confirmed cases is a gross underestimate. The lack of testing is embarrassing. It's an outright failure in leadership.What are the tests we need to detect coronavirus infection?Everybody's talking about testing and that's actually referring to PCR [polymerase chain reaction] testing, looking for viral RNA to determine whether a person is infected. But there's still no talk of antibody testing to determine which people have had it and are immune, and that is another crucial tool we need to combat this epidemic. Many research labs throughout the country—I'm sure at Caltech too—could be running antibody tests right now to survey the population and tell us what the real penetrance of this pathogen is in our communities. We are, on a research basis, embarking on that to understand the degree of infection in New York City and outside of New York City.How long before the U.S. sees test availability similar to what South Korea has implemented?The PCR testing, which is the one that's approved, is now ramping up very, very rapidly in state and local labs as well as in academic medical centers and in the commercial sector. Their production will grow tremendously. Roche has a machine that will run 1,000 samples at a time. If you go to a commercial lab, they take a swab, they package it, they quite often send it to another facility somewhere else. The turnaround time is typically 72 hours. In that period, it's very, very hard to manage patients and their contacts. It's a nightmare for the healthcare worker.We need point-of-care tests. Those kinds of tests are available for HIV and for many other diseases; you use a finger stick, drop the blood on a small device, and have a readout in 15 minutes. These tests measure antibody response to the virus and are extremely useful. Yet we don't have a single test licensed in the U.S. In China, in South Korea, and in Europe, those tests are used. The manufacturer for this rapid test is producing a million a day. It's there. But in the name of protecting the public, the FDA has moved very, very slowly. That delay, in my view, has caused more harm than good.Can you elaborate on point-of-care testing?It's almost like a home pregnancy test or home HIV test. These tests have been around for a long time. The test that I'm specifically referring to, coming out of China, South Korea, and approved in Europe, is an antibody test. You put a drop of blood on a plastic slide, add another drop of the buffer that comes with the test, and you let it sit for 15 minutes. Then, you look at the bands. You're negative if you have just one band, or you're positive if you have more than one band. The test also tells you type of antibody. There's a type of antibody called IgG [immunoglobulin G] and another type called IgM [immunoglobulin M]. Typically, when a person is infected, the IgM response is earlier and the IgG response is later. The two bands indicate the course of the infection.This kind of test is available all over the world for HIV. The technology is there, the tests are there. But they're not FDA approved. While I think they are fairly close to being approved, we have let several weeks go by and to me that's tragic.Will this coronavirus be seasonal?Everyone is asking whether this virus is here to stay. Initially, just based on what China did with SARS long ago, there was hope that warmer weather and more sunlight would help kill the virus in our environment and therefore lower the probability of transmission.But now this virus has gained such a strong foothold in the human population. It's already 25 times larger than SARS and it's already embedded in the Southern hemisphere. If you look at Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, there are cases there already, and community transmission is occurring. As the weather changes, perhaps the Northern hemisphere will gain an advantage. But the epidemic in the Southern hemisphere is going to accelerate.The long-term outcome may resemble influenza so that we have seasonal bouts, with the virus bouncing back and forth between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is of course just speculation, but that's what we see with influenza.Why does COVID-19 have less impact on children and more impact on the elderly?Well, the latter part is easy. Older people generally do less well with all sorts of respiratory infections, including influenza and SARS. So that's just the typical scenario we see. The children, however, are a mystery. As you know, children typically get flu or other respiratory viruses very quickly and bring them home to infect the parents. But in this particular case, the number of children infected in China, after extensive studies, don't seem to indicate that this is the case for this coronavirus.Some people seem to show mild symptoms while others have a more severe experience. Has the virus already mutated?RNA viruses all replicate with low fidelity. Mutations occur at pretty similar rates and these viruses typically don't have proofreading functions. In contrast, we replicate our DNA with high fidelity and we have a proofreading function to fix the errors. So, every time they replicate, there's a fixed rate of mutation. This virus is mutating but it has mutated very little so far. There are differences but probably they are functionally not important, so that's not the explanation for why you see different disease courses among the infected.For HIV it's the same thing: 10 people could be infected by the same strain but you have very different outcomes. With HIV, genetics and environmental factors play a role. Some of the genetics has been worked out; we know that there are certain tissue types that would protect and others that would harm. I suspect it's the same here.Once you become infected with the virus, can you get it again?There are a few anecdotes from China about re-infection but, if you look at those reports carefully, they're not well-documented. It could be that folks just continued to shed virus from the initial infection. Only one study was formally done and it is not a human study. It's a macaque study. They infected macaques with this virus, then waited until the monkeys recovered and tried to re-infect them. They could not. This just came out in the past few days. That bodes well for human immunity.We have now looked at a lot of serum from convalescent individuals and those serum samples have antibodies against the so-called spike protein of the virus. That's the protein that sits on the surface of the virus particle. By tightly binding, the antibody could neutralize the virus. Once an infected person develops antibodies, there should be protective immunity for quite some time. That's why we need to buy time for immunity to develop in the population.After a person recovers from the virus, how long are they still contagious?That's a very important question. We're not sure; one individual in China was shown to have persistent virus shedding for over a month. But typically, we're looking at a three-week period from onset of symptoms.What should we be doing to limit the spread of this epidemic?The social distancing and good hygiene strategies have been successfully applied, in South Korea for example, to bring their epidemic down. They're the only other country that has flattened the curve—slowed down the number of new infections to not overwhelm the healthcare system—and gradually brought this epidemic under control. There are many places that have done a pretty good job of not allowing the epidemic to explode, such as Taiwan and Hong Kong. These are places that had quite a bit of experience in fighting SARS, 17 years ago.Are you optimistic that these measures combined with research will be enough to combat the coronavirus?I personally believe we will blunt this epidemic, but I think we wasted a good four to six weeks largely because of lack of testing and lack of a certain preparedness. But I think we could still make a difference and bring it under control with very harsh measures.But again, are these measures sustainable? We've got to expect that businesses must reopen and schools must teach again. Whether it's travel or sports or live entertainment, we're going to have to return to some semblance of normalcy. But what are the measures that are effective and sustainable? That's a question we as a society have to deal with. We need to buy time so that gradually the population will have a degree of immunity.Most importantly, we need to buy time to allow science to deliver solutions. We're going to have to develop drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. I think the mobilization by the scientific community, from my perspective, is amazing. So many people have mobilized and jumped on this and are contributing, from discovering small-molecule drugs that could block various enzymes of this virus to coming up with antibodies that could neutralize the virus. Researchers have already come up with a few promising chemicals that could be a good start to drug development. There are already a few neutralizing antibodies isolated from infected individuals; my own group is in the midst of doing all that.And, of course, people are working on vaccines. A lot of companies are working on vaccines and those vaccines are at various stages. A couple are within weeks of entering human testing and that's quite, quite remarkable. There is one thing about vaccines, though: Some of the experiments previously done on SARS suggested that when animals developed antibodies and then were given the virus, they had greater lung injury due to the presence of the antibodies. The scientific community would have to resolve that issue quickly and its resolution would either halt the current approaches or unleash them to move full speed ahead. We certainly will take a part in doing that. I think we have the real possibility that COVID-19 may become a fact of life until science comes through as it has done for past epidemics.This is going to take some time. But I'm very confident that the science will rise to the task and provide a solution. But it's not going to be a few months as our president suggests. It's going to be much longer than that. I would say 18 months, or 24 months. I think we are all facing tough challenges ahead."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","一位北醫畢業目前在紐約當住院醫師的張銘凱醫師寫照顧COVID-19經驗，寫得非常棒，跟大家分享這篇文章：\n[經驗分享]\n我在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓，七月開始會做美國感染科次專訓練。目前紐約災情慘重，我所在醫院確診加疑似病人就超過一百人，我這段其間都在顧ICU因此對於重症COVID的照顧也算有心得，我至少照顧過超過20位以上之住院病人，因為在ICU的關係大部分病人都插管，到目前為止，我應該比許多台灣醫生有武漢新冠肺炎治療之實戰經驗。因為台灣目前防疫做的非常好，多半輕症或無症狀隔離，但是我們隨時要準備如果已經是社區流行，那作為醫生該如何care這些病人，因此做個簡單的分享與教學，所以講解的對象應該是以臨床第一線之醫師或NP為主。但我要說很多evidence都不斷更新，以下是盡量有所依據的臨床處理方式，reference就不一一列舉，有些我可能覺得是一般臨床工作者應有的基本概念也許就沒有多加說明，如造成閱讀上不順暢，也請多多包涵。\n\n#流病學:相信台灣臨床醫生現在非常仰賴旅遊史畢竟沒有大規模社區感染，但是我要提醒的是如果有天已經大流行，旅遊史可能不是那麼重要了，懷疑就該驗。美國之前CDC一直很在意旅遊史而不隨意驗，結果後來發現根本大流行已經來不及了。在大爆發之前，可能會有一個空窗期就是很多原本我們以為低感染風險而沒有驗到的人，他們其實已經可能被感染。此外年輕人或沒有病史病人也非常多，這是在過去醫院前所未見的。在美國輕症就算陽性也不會住院讓他們回家，所以我所看到是真正的病人，我們已經擴充非常多病房了，但是病人真的很多，感染力真的很強要小心！至今我們已經有三個住院醫師中獎了。\n\n#臨床表現:除了發燒咳等呼吸道症狀，還常有拉肚子等GI症狀，我要特別提醒很多病人會有\"味覺失調或消失\"的症狀，這不是鼻塞引起的味覺降低。很多文獻少提味覺問題，但是一定要注意，這可能是一個sign就該檢驗。此外有些病人會表達胸痛，不一定就是很嚴重的myocarditis，就純粹是無法解釋的胸痛，但還是會建議驗一下CPK/Trop。這個病毒的潛伏期根據我看到的paper，大概平均是五天多，當然最長可能兩個禮拜，不過我現在講的是一個常態分佈的結果，你要算到最嚴苛標準，也許就兩個禮拜，但是平均還是五天多，所以你如果有接觸史，過了一個禮拜還是沒發病，你大概就safe了。\n\n#抽血:CBC(不一定會leukocytosis，反而容易lymphocytopenia and or thrombocytopenia), 常transaminitis(GOT/GPT高)。我們會大概三天監測一次Ferritin, ESR/CRP, LDH, D-dimer來觀察對藥物反應。基本blood culture, HIV, urine Legionella/strep pneumonia最好也住院時驗一下排除其他問題。\n\n#影像:CXR bilateral infiltrations。相信大家一定常常不知道病人什麼問題但是看到CXR有點白白髒髒就當肺炎收進來打抗生素住院(其實可能根本不明顯)。我要說的是這些COVID住院病人，不會只是CXR微微白白髒髒，而是一看就是明顯兩側蔓延，在我住院醫師期間真的從來沒有看到那麼多CXR都是長這個樣子的，現在我幾乎可以看到CXR就診斷。至於CT chest雖然比較清楚，但是我認為不需要，因為大部分CXR就很明顯了，加上抽血上述markers等等就算PCR還沒有等到就可以很有把握診斷了。安排CT chest只會讓醫院感控暴露風險(因為機器要大消毒，浪費時間也可能使真正需要CT的人沒辦法照到)\n\n#氧氣治療方面:如果有SOB or hypoxia，當然要監測O2 sat.一開始nasal cannula, simple mask 下一個nonrebreather mask，中間不要試BiPAP/CPAP/High flow NC你就要early intubation了！因為BiPAP等會有把病毒釋放出來空氣傳播的風險。而且COVID病人desaturation or decompensation進展真的非常快！sat keep不住就要early intubation。另外不要使用neubulizer等會霧化的藥物治療，如需支氣管闊張劑可以用MDI手壓的pump。另外ARDS常用的臥趴姿勢prone position效果感覺非常好，病人一prone血氧真的會稍微提升，有些病人甚至沒有被插管的，血氧稍微差一點的我們就會叫他趕快趴著!還真的很有用。很多插管病人我們也會給他prone，我看討論串好像台灣不是很喜歡prone因為很耗費護理師人力，不過至少我在我們醫院我看到是一大早三個主治醫師就一起合力把病人翻姿勢，其實美國醫師工作也是很辛苦的。\n\n#藥物治療:\n\n1.我知道很多診所喜歡開類固醇給\"感冒\"的病人，但是絕對要避免因為類固醇有延長viral shedding的副作用，之前在MERS等病人的研究也是類固醇壞處大於好處，因此使用類固醇除非是有其indication才用(例如septic shock等等)。\n\n2.高劑量Statin似乎有研究對防止病毒結合有幫助，因此如果LFT, CK允許可以考慮使用(lipitor 40 or 80, etc)。\n\n3.Litonavir愛滋病藥物nejm已經發表確定沒用。\n\n4.在美國我們幾乎每個病人都會給hydroxychloroquine(400mg bid for a day, then 200mg bid for 4 days)會影響lysosome fusion抑制病毒, 使用藥物前一定要EKG，如果QTc>500就不要用。我們醫院現在不加azithromycin了因為兩個一起用會延長QTc就有致死案例。對於法國研究Hydroxychloroquine+azithro很好但是我保持樂觀態度，那個研究病人量很少(n=21)，而且我實際臨床經驗覺得幫助好像有限，但是因為in vitro研究有效，我們還是會給病人就是了！\n\nCOVID似乎會跟其他呼吸道病毒一起co-infection所以還是要驗一下flu, 但是如果flu negative也不需要給tamiflu因為對covid無效。除了病毒還常bacterial superinfection，所以我們幾乎還是會給抗細菌抗生素，macrolide or levofloxacin擔心prolong QT所以我們醫院現在給doxycycline。記得驗一下Urine Legionella因為跟covid一樣都常有GI症狀。\n\n5.Remdesivir在美國第一個case就是靠這個治好的，各國都在臨床試驗中，我個人很看好，我們醫院也要開始實驗這個了...\n\n6.日本藥favipiravir聽說也很成功但是因為我在美國比較不熟。\n\n7.很多COVID病人為什麼這麼sick，明明年輕人卻full blown ARDS比老人更嚴重，因為很多是cytokine release syndrome的關係。所以IL-6 inhibitor如tocilizumab or sarilumab本來治rheumatoid arthritis的生物製劑或許也有用。現階段也還在臨床試驗中，可以抽血IL-6監測。聽說MGH用tocilizumab，而我的醫院也要開始臨床試驗sarilumab\n\n#Code status：COVID大部分還是胸腔性疾病，很多就是插管呼吸器ARDS mode來治療，因此插管是很重要的環節。但是有些運氣不是很好的病人，多重器官衰竭等等突然coded需要CPR的情況，這對醫療團隊來說是暴露極高風險甚至多半可能徒勞。我認為有必要一開始就要跟病人談好DNR，這不代表就要DNI，該插管還是要插管，但是真的不幸心跳停止等，要量力而為。\n\n#醫院管理：至少在紐約我們的物資設備都輸台灣很多也嚴重不足，不過也許可以給台灣要是不幸疫情大爆發做個借鏡。現在醫院幾乎都是COVID病人，也不可能一人一間病房了，因此直接把COVID病人直接放在同一間房間，反正都得病了也不怕被感染了。不過還是建議最好病房的門是有窗戶的至少從外面看進去可以知道病人好不好，而且就我剛剛所說，病人原本可能好好的就突然血氧掉非常喘需要趕快插管，每個住院病人真的像未爆彈。另外ICU病人因為常常有很多pump點滴，護理師要一直進出隔離房不方便穿脫PPE，可以考慮直接把pump放在房間外面，點滴線延長出去就好，這樣如果護理師要調sedation or pressors等等就可以不用進入房間更改設定。\n\n#國家防疫：現階段台灣防疫做很好，還在containment的階段，就是把最有可能的人抓出來隔離，但是對於平均每個個案的隔離成本很高，國家也很不容易控制，目前台灣有兩百多的個案，但是某天要是慢慢累積好幾百個病人甚至破千，我們也許就要調整策略，因為把全部只要是陽性的病人都抓到醫院關那是不可能的，台灣沒有那麼多的醫療能量，也不能這樣浪費，而且輕症染病的病人，要多久PCR會轉陰性，我還沒看到研究統計出來，應該也很少人會做這樣研究，因為很少國家會像台灣如此嚴格標準檢疫隔離的，就好像今天得influenza A，如果不太嚴重也是讓病人回家，病癒就是病癒，一般醫師也不會再重複flu swab；同樣如果有C.diff病人，把PO Vanc的療程吃完沒有再拉肚子，你也是當作好了不會再去驗糞便。個人覺得台灣可以把輕症病人平均多久時間PCR轉陰性做個統計發表研究。我最近看了世界著名病毒學專家何大一博士的專訪([https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ)) 個人覺得這篇寫得不錯，裡面他就有寫到目前也不知道陽性的病人過多久後才不會有傳染力，他說猜測大概三週。至於已經得過COVID的病人之後會不會再重複感染，他是覺得應該是不會，也就是現在所有的防疫工作，就是在爭取時間讓疫苗可以製造出來讓群體都可以有保護效果。現階段幾乎的國家都大爆發，就不可能像台灣還在containment的防疫階段，因為你要假設所有人都有可能是病人，那能做的就是#緩和曲線了flatten the curve，我覺得這個概念相當重要\n\n，基本上就是拖延戰術，減少不必要的社交和聚集，要social distancing，不必要的商業活動要停止，電影院酒吧夜店要關，餐廳只能外帶等等，這可以避免加速接觸感染，讓病人增加量不要達這麼快一下超出醫療能負荷的數量避免醫療崩壞，很多國家都在這麼做了，目前聽起來表現比較好的國家像是南韓，雖然他們一開始防疫沒有做好導致非常多人得病，但是經過大規模檢驗，還有避免出門要待在家等等，目前疫情也有和緩的趨勢，算是亡羊補牢，也不是不行。台灣目前表現全球數一數二，但是我們總是要做最壞的準備跟打算。\n\n#後記：沒想到一下就寫這麼多，這算是我第一線醫療工作者的紀實與經驗分享，目前紐約疫情雖然已嚴重崩壞，但實際上還只是開始而已不見緩和。不過美國參戰之後相信會有更多醫學研究與臨床治療準則可以參考，實際上也不完全是壞事。你問我會不會怕我每天也是提心吊膽的，都很怕生病，每天都要很注意自己的身體狀態，但偏偏美國住院醫師工時非常長(週休一日而已也沒有PM off)又不斷把我們明明不是在病房rotate的時候抓來上班取消我們的門診等等，我都盡量多休息有時間就睡覺保持免疫力。現在在醫院其實也是看到很多恐慌的面孔，我們醫院是公立醫院，平常病人多為社會最底層的人，吸毒的、遊民的、酗酒的，總之各種問題台灣一個比較健康的社會大概很難想像是一個怎麼樣的場所。不過最近因為COVID病人大爆發，我發現很多可能社會上的一般人或中產階級，他們可能是警察、可能是清潔工、就某天感染病毒生病了，這時候醫護站起來照顧他們治療他們，讓他們免於恐懼，這是作為醫學生涯也算比較榮光的時候，因為我們平常的訓練，就在這時候派上用場，也算是找到一點點行醫的意義跟價值。可以平安地活著其實就很好。目前台灣社會可以安全的生活著也真的很好。"],["id","ioxspw9mf0sf"],["createdAt","2020-03-29T01:46:42.817Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_srUvTD2tm44GicAp_KzCgtkqY4QZqRlZoB75flP-5Ig"],["name","體貼的長濱魯賓"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Tai... | Taiwan News"],["url","https://pse.is/E7W8H"],["summary","It is not surprising that many, perhaps most, people around the world do not know about Taiwan. After all, China -- with the support of more and more countries -- has isolated Taiwan diplomatically for more than forty years, and recently China has been campaigning to eliminate even the name of Taiwan as a global destination. Following the demise of Mao Zedong, China increasingly prospered and attracted business people, tourists, and students from around the world, who too often have bypassed Taiwan. Once, for example, almost everyone wishing to learn Mandarin came to Taiwan, but most now go to China.\n\nWhat is more surprising, however, is that many Taiwanese themselves do not sufficiently appreciate their own country. Taiwanese often ask me with a puzzled look, why I live in Taiwan. Over time, I have come to believe this reflects both a native modesty, but also perhaps a misperception of Taiwan’s place in the world, a lack of knowledge of the extraordinary accomplishments of their own country, and to some extent therefore a lack of confidence in Taiwan. Such attitudes need to change.\n\nTAIWAN IS A MIDDLE POWER\n\nAs Professor Bruce Jacobs, the leading Australian expert on Taiwan, first argued, Taiwan is a “Middle Power” in the world. As a country with some 23.5 million people, Taiwan has in fact more people than 77% of the world’s countries and territories, according to the CIA’s World Factbook (WF). Although Taiwan’s land area is relatively small, it is still larger than 46% of the world’s nations and territories.\n\nTaiwan’s economic strength also ranks it as a “Middle Power.” Although under the influence of China, the World Bank states “Taiwan, China, is not listed as a separate country for World Development Indicators,” we know from other sources that, according to 2017 estimates, Taiwan ranked 22nd in the world in total GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. In per capita GDP (PPP) – which many economists regard as a better measure of an economy’s strength -- Taiwan ranked 28th in the world, better than Australia (29), Canada (34), the UK (39), France (40), Japan (42), South Korea (46), Israel (55), and China (105) (WF).\n\nTAIWAN’S GREAT ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUCCESS\n\nTaiwan’s other economic rankings are equally, if not more impressive. As of October 2018, Taiwan was the 11th largest U.S. trading partner (U.S. Census Bureau). In the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom for 2019, Taiwan ranked 10th out of 186 countries, ahead of Germany (25), South Korea (27) Japan (30), Israel (31), France (71), and China (110). In the Global Economic Forum Competitiveness Report for 2018-19, Taiwan ranked 13th, ahead of Australia (14), South Korea (15), France (17), Israel (20), and China (28). In the World Bank’s 2019 “Ease of Doing Business” rankings, “Taipei, China” earned 13th place, ahead of Australia (18), Canada (22), Germany (24), France (32), Netherlands (36), Japan (39), and China (46).\n\nAlthough Taiwanese often complain about their country’s wealth gap, Taiwan’s GINI Index (which measures the gap between the rich and the poor) indicates it actually ranks in the top third of countries with the smallest gaps. Out of 156 countries and territories ranked in the WF, Lesotho and South Africa are in 1st and 2nd place respectively with the greatest gaps, but other places not doing well either are Hong Kong (9), China (31), Malaysia (32), Singapore (38), and the U.S. (41). Taiwan, however, ranks in 112th place.\n\nTAIWAN IS ALSO A LEADER IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION\n\nThe U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) reports that Taiwan ranked 5th in the world in 2015 and 2016 and 6th in the world in 2017 and 2018 in the number of patents granted by the USPTO. Only the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Germany, and more recently China, surpassed Taiwan. This is all the more remarkable considering Taiwan’s much smaller population.\n\nTaiwan is also a world leader in new technologies like nanotechnology. It ranked 4th in 2016 and in 5th in the world in 2017 (the last year for which statistics have been published) in USPTO nanotechnology patents. According to Taiwan Today on February 16, 2019, Taiwan maintained its global lead in integrated circuit 200mm-equivalent wafer fab capacity for the 4th consecutive year. Based on a report by the semiconductor research firm IC Insights Inc., as of December 2018, Taiwan enjoyed a global share of 21.8%, ahead of South Korea (21.3%), Japan (16.8%), North America (12.8%), and China (12.5%).\n\nTaipei itself ranked 1st in Asia and 5th among the world’s most technologically advanced 85 cities, according to a study commissioned by Business Insider published on Aug. 8, 2017 based on such factors as the number of patents filed per capita, number of startups, and the level of smartphone use. Taipei, the only Asian city in the top 5, led other cities in industrial design, hardware, the number of headquarters of some of the largest PC companies, and the number of venture capitalists.\n\nAside from its many excellent universities, Taiwan has also scored 4th is the world in science and math in the influential “Program for International Student Assessment” test rankings in 2015. The exams, run by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, are given every three years to 15-year-olds in more than 70 countries.\n\nFREE, DEMOCRATIC, AND HAPPY….\n\nEconomic and technological achievements are not, however, the only reasons why Taiwan is such a great success and such a great place to live. Taiwan is also a vibrant democracy, where freedom, rule of law, and human rights are all fostered and protected. This is something which the U.S. officials who negotiated establishing relations with the PRC never foresaw. In fact, while the seeds of democracy were always here, Taiwan’s transition to democracy really only took 10 years -- from 1986 to 1996 -- an amazingly quick transition. It is hardly surprising therefore that since 1996 Taiwan’s democracy has only grown stronger. In Freedom House’s 2018 survey of global freedom, Taiwan ranked tied for 8th place in freedom out of 210 countries in the world. Embarrassingly enough, the United States only ranked tied for 15th place. Taiwan’s aggregate freedom score was 93 out of 100; the U.S. 86; Hong Kong 59; and the PRC 14.\n\nFreedom indeed plays a key role in the quality of life in Taiwan. In the annual, originally UN-initiated World Happiness Report for 2018, Taiwan ranked 1st in Asia in “happiness,” ahead of Singapore (34), Japan (54), South Korea (57), Hong Kong (76), and China (86), and ranked 26th in the world overall among 156 countries and territories. The six key variables on which the rankings are based are those found to support a sense of well-being: freedom to make life choices, per capita income, social support (caring and having someone to count on in times of trouble), healthy life expectancy at birth, generosity, and perceptions of corruption (which indicates good governance, honesty and trust).\n\nAND VERY FRIENDLY\n\nWhile Taiwanese generally appreciate the benefits their country affords them -- whether virtually free health care, free or very inexpensive education, convenient transportation, accessible cities, excellent restaurants, wonderful cultural opportunities, and great scenery -- they don’t always appreciate how attractive life in Taiwan also is to foreigners. But there is considerable evidence that foreigners really like Taiwan as well.\n\nAmong all the countries in the world where expatriates live, Taiwan Ranked 1st in 2016, 4th in 2017, and 2nd in 2018 in the online “InterNations Expat Insider” survey of “Best Countries for Expats.” In 2018 Taipei also ranked 1st in the quality of urban living, and also scored in the top five for all indices in InterNations expat city ranking. The report highly praised Taipei, saying that no expats in the other ranked cities were as satisfied with the availability, affordability, and quality of medical care, as well as local transportation and personal safety. (Numbeo’s Crime Index for 2019, based on online surveys, similarly ranked Taiwan as the 4th safest country in the world, after Qatar, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.)\n\nThe InterNations survey also gave Taipei a 1st place ranking in 2018 for the general friendliness of the Taiwanese and their positive attitude toward foreign residents. An overwhelming 94% highly rated the general friendliness of locals in Taipei. Likewise, customers of Booking.com -- one of the largest e-commerce travel companies -- selected Taiwan as the 5th most friendly country in the world in 2018.\n\nAs the Taiwanese people consider the future of their country, it is necessary that they appreciate and value the extraordinary success they have already achieved.\n\nIt is also necessary that those who are too willing to dismiss Taiwan as a country worth helping to support and defend also understand Taiwan’s unique achievements.\n\n\n\nWilliam A. Stanton has served since 2017 at National Taiwan University (NTU) as a Professor at the Center for General Education and subsequently also as the Chief Advisor to NTU's International College Provisional Office. Dr. Stanton previously worked for four years as the founding Director of the Center for Asia Policy at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). From October 2014 through January 2016, he was also NTHU's Senior Vice President for Global Affairs. Dr. Stanton previously served for 34 years as a U.S. diplomat. His final posting was as Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2009-2012)."],["topImageUrl","https://tnimage.taiwannews.com.tw/photos/shares/5c6b9858ebfdb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國在台協會前臺北辦事處處長司徒文投稿英文原文：Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Taiwan: William Stanton\nhttps://pse.is/E7W8H\n(以下是中文節選翻譯)\n學會欣賞一個近代的奇蹟：台灣\n世界上大多數的人並不了解台灣。畢竟中國在許多國家的支持下，已孤立台灣四十多年了。更令人驚訝的是，許多台灣人也不了解自己的國家，台灣人常常疑惑地問我：「你怎會選擇來台灣？」漸漸的我了解這反應了台灣人的謙虛，以及對於台灣國際地位的誤解。台灣人並不太知道自己國家的非凡成就，也因而缺乏一些自信。但是，這種心態必須改變。\n就如澳洲之臺灣專家 Bruce Jacobs 所說的，台灣是中等強國，在國際上有一定的影響力。美國中情局的“世界現況”提及台灣的人口已超越世界上77%的國家，而土地面積也大於世界上46%的國家。台灣的經濟實力是屬中等強國的水準。而在技術創新方面，台灣是領導者，美國USPTO報導台灣的奈米技術專利在 2017年排全球第五名。此外，台灣的220 mm 晶圓製造能力則連續四年排名全球第一。台灣在購買力平價指數、經濟自由度、科技創新與所得分配平均度等，比起很多我們羨慕的歐、美、日、韓、以色列等國毫不遜色。\n台灣是一個熱愛民主、法制、人權的國家。在2018年Freedom House的各項評比之中，台灣在全球自由度排名第八、幸福度排名亞洲第一。 InterNations Expat Insider調查還顯示台北市排名世界第一，為最適合外國人居住的城市。\n當台灣人思考自己國家的未來時，他們必須學會欣賞並且重視台灣的非凡成就。而那些願意支持台灣的人也需要了解台灣的獨特成就。"],["id","2i2kv8vdtlis"],["createdAt","2019-10-19T05:25:41.993Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_pwU8fZF4fUS1TIaB5J6Xk4U4lQhpckfhMjI84GGhdqI"],["name","含蓄的白河希伯來"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拯救蜜蜂：農藥禁令表決倒數中"],["url","https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252"],["summary","拯救蜜蜂：表決倒數計時中 \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n 我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2,066,744 已簽名。讓我們達到 5,500,000\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n 更新: 27 四月 2018好消息，我們贏了!! 經過我們的史上規模最大的守護蜜蜂連署，以及對各國部長發送的數千封訊息；歐盟通過這項農藥禁令了！這是個重大進展，為更為永續的農業開啟了新時代。但我們仍須凝聚力量持續施壓 -- 接下來，這場戰役將在美國、加拿大以及世界其餘國家登場。請持續分享並邀請更多人加入連署！\n\n 發佈日期： 25 四月 2018致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n \"我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\"\n \n \n 更多資訊：現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去！"],["topImageUrl","https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/35906_35891_22741_22719_cutebee_5_600x315.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拯救蜜蜂：農藥禁令表決倒數中"],["url","https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252"],["summary","拯救蜜蜂：表決倒數計時中 \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n 我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2,066,744 已簽名。讓我們達到 5,500,000\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n 更新: 27 四月 2018好消息，我們贏了!! 經過我們的史上規模最大的守護蜜蜂連署，以及對各國部長發送的數千封訊息；歐盟通過這項農藥禁令了！這是個重大進展，為更為永續的農業開啟了新時代。但我們仍須凝聚力量持續施壓 -- 接下來，這場戰役將在美國、加拿大以及世界其餘國家登場。請持續分享並邀請更多人加入連署！\n\n 發佈日期： 25 四月 2018致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n \"我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\"\n \n \n 更多資訊：現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去！"],["topImageUrl","https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/35906_35891_22741_22719_cutebee_5_600x315.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拯救蜜蜂：農藥禁令表決倒數中"],["url","https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252"],["summary","拯救蜜蜂：表決倒數計時中 \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n 我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2,066,744 已簽名。讓我們達到 5,500,000\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n 更新: 27 四月 2018好消息，我們贏了!! 經過我們的史上規模最大的守護蜜蜂連署，以及對各國部長發送的數千封訊息；歐盟通過這項農藥禁令了！這是個重大進展，為更為永續的農業開啟了新時代。但我們仍須凝聚力量持續施壓 -- 接下來，這場戰役將在美國、加拿大以及世界其餘國家登場。請持續分享並邀請更多人加入連署！\n\n 發佈日期： 25 四月 2018致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n \"我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\"\n \n \n 更多資訊：現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去！"],["topImageUrl","https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/35906_35891_22741_22719_cutebee_5_600x315.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","歐盟最新草案類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂預計全面禁用 | 上下游News&Market"],["url","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93253/"],["summary","英國衛報報導，歐盟執委會提出條例草案，預計全面禁用世界上使用最廣的類尼古丁殺蟲劑（或稱新菸鹼類殺蟲劑，如台灣也有使用的益達胺），理由是「對蜜蜂具急劇高風險」。這份文件若獲得大多數成員國批准，最快可能於今年（2017）實施禁令。\n科學共識：類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂 \n蜜蜂等授粉昆蟲對糧食作物的重要性不言可喻，但數十年來由於棲地喪失、疾病與農藥使用，族群數量持續下降。使用了二十多年的類尼古丁殺蟲劑，被認為嚴重危害蜜蜂生存。\n2013年歐盟曾暫時禁用三種主要的類尼古丁殺蟲劑，如今新的禁令是全面性禁止在田間使用，只有溫室例外。這份提議將在五月進行投票，如果通過，可能在數月後即實施。\n「這些殺蟲劑毒害的科學證據已如此之多，沒道理繼續出現在市場上。」歐洲農藥行動網（Pesticide Action Network Europe）的Martin Dermine表示，他們將繼續奮戰，爭取更多會員國的支持。\n類尼古丁農藥會嚴重危害蜜蜂已有強烈的科學共識，但只有少數證據顯示蜜蜂整體族群數量是因此而下降，預計很快會有大規模的田間試驗。儘管如此，歐盟執委會根據歐洲食品安全局的風險評估，仍決定實施全面禁令。\n拜耳製造「益達胺」將被禁用\n由拜耳公司製造的益達胺（imidacloprid）和可尼丁（clothianidin），被歐盟執委會認為「對蜜蜂具急劇高風險」，而先正達製造的賽速安（thiamethoxam），歐盟執委會也認為公司所提供的證據不足以排除風險。\n不過，代表農藥製造商的作物保護協會執行長Sarah Mukherjee表示，「我們對歐盟執委會的提議感到失望，這似乎是政治判斷而非根據科學。」她批評歐洲食品安全局的評估所根據的資料，是未經正式許可的「蜜蜂指導文件」。\n非營利環保組織Buglife執行長Matt Shardlow則樂見禁令，「歐洲食品安全局已確認，經過類尼古丁農藥處理的種子，造成的風險超過70種，」他並認為溫室也應一併禁止，因為農藥會殘存在土壤中。\n今年三月初，聯合國糧食與污染專家發佈了關於農藥的重要報告，認為必須使用農藥才能餵飽人類是「一個迷思」，並呼籲應發起全球性公約來控制農藥使用。Shardlow認同表示，「有鑑於我們未能解決、甚至充分認識類尼古丁農藥所造成的生態災難，建立新的全球公約有其急迫必要。」\n延伸閱讀：\nEurope poised for total ban on bee-harming pesticides\n\n每年有約20萬人死於急性農藥中毒，聯合國報告譴責行業寡頭不道德營銷\n蜜蜂中毒日趨嚴重農委會多頭馬車無專責機構\n蝙蝠大量消失農藥益達胺導致迷航糞便含超量農藥重金屬\n全球首次證實 1ppb農藥益達胺讓蜜蜂幼蟲腦崩壞\n農藥惹禍？蜂群死亡案例大增防治荔枝椿象平腹小蜂取代農藥"],["topImageUrl","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/files/2017/03/5000.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","終結嘉磷塞，歐盟關鍵一戰│法義支持德國搖擺，百萬歐洲公民連署禁用│上下游"],["url","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/101270/"],["summary","美國農化大廠孟山都在歐盟陷入苦戰。全球除草劑龍頭「年年春」主要成分「嘉磷塞」在歐盟的許可證將在今年底到期，即使有超過130萬公民連署、民調顯示三成二民眾希望禁用，但歐盟執委會仍堅持提案延長十年核可。\n28個成員國日前開會討論，支持與反對者經過兩天的針鋒相對，無法達成共識。歐盟將在10底再度聚會，但最終的投票可能拖延到12月。如果孟山都無法順利更新許可證，今年12月底到期後，依歐盟法規將自動開始嘉磷塞（glyphosate）禁令。\n嘉磷塞為「系統性除草劑」，葉片吸收後可快速由上往下移行直達根部，使全株死亡。嘉磷塞的急毒性低，但有害動物與人體健康的研究報告層出不窮，IARC在 2015年將嘉磷塞歸為很可能致癌的 2A等級致癌物，嘉磷塞代謝物AMPA亦具毒性，殘留時間可達一百多天，研究指出，長期施用對蚯蚓的生長速率及總生物量造成明顯下降的趨勢。\n歐盟執委會擬延長嘉磷塞許可，但限縮使用範圍\n歐盟執委會（European Commission，猶如歐盟行政院）提出的最新草案，雖然同意延長嘉磷塞許可，卻也提出但書，要求不得再搭配界面活性劑聚乙氧基化牛脂胺（POEA），也提醒成員國必須考慮水源會受到嘉磷塞污染。\n米蘭所在的倫巴底大區監測結果顯示，31.8%的表面水域監測站驗出嘉磷塞殘留，而更有高達56.6%測出有嘉磷塞的降解物AMPA。「義大利環境保護研究院」（ISPRA）去年5月發布的「2013與2014年水域農藥殘留報告」則指出，嘉磷塞與其降解物是全國河川湖泊中最常見的農藥殘留。\n歐盟執委會同時建議，必須保護使用者免受嘉磷塞的副作用影響，在施用時也要降低對非目標作物、脊椎動物的傷害。此外，公園、綠地、運動場、校園和遊樂園等地都要最小限度使用，並禁止在作物採收前施用嘉磷塞。\n嘉磷塞被葉片吸收，往下運行到枝條與根部，從根部滲入土壤、或殘存於死亡的根部，被土中生物和微生物分解。也可能轉移而被非目標植物吸收，造成藥害，作物殘留則可能進入食物鏈；或經土壤侵蝕而淋溶進入水體，影響水中生態。（資料來源：Glyphosate in northern ecosystems. Marjo Helander , Irma Saloniemi and Kari Saikkonen. Plant Science Conferences in 2012）\n法國與義大利反對延長十年，德國態度不明\n嘉磷塞的許可證在2016年6月底到期後，更新過程一波三折。隸屬世界衛生組織（WHO）的國際癌症研究所（IARC）在2015年3月將嘉磷塞列為極可能致癌的2A等級後，禁用這款熱銷除草劑的聲音高漲。贊成與反對的意見激烈交鋒，執委會去年的三次提案都無法得到多數成員國支持，最後單方暫時延長18個月。\n儘管執委會的最新提案已經列入更嚴格條件，但在10月5、6日的會議上，仍舊無法說服多數成員國支持。\n在45個公民團體的「反嘉磷塞」推特風暴洗版下，去年宣布嚴加管理嘉磷塞的義大利政府由農業部長馬堤納（Maurizio Martina）出面回應：「反對歐盟的延長提案，我們依照科學與環境證據做出這個決定，義大利應該作為永續農業的表率。」\n歐洲公民團體積極鼓吹，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞圖片來源：https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/glyphosate/\n更新許可需要歐盟16國、達人口65%雙重多數\n而早先表態反對嘉磷塞的法國政府，在農民的抗議後採取折衷立場，「將在未來5到7年間逐步禁用，」農業部長特維爾（Stéphane Travert）指出，同時會協助農人尋找嘉磷塞的替代品。\n可能反對延長核可的國家還有瑞典、奧地利、盧森堡與荷蘭。經常被台灣視為環保尖兵的德國，則是舉棋不定。總理梅克爾今年7月在大選前向農民承諾將支持嘉磷塞更新，但德國公民強烈質疑，加上聯合政府左右派意見不同，最終可能選擇缺席、不投票。\n更新許可需要得到歐盟28國的16國支持，而且代表的人口數必須超過65%的雙重多數。當法國與義大利反對執委會延長10年的提案，德國的態度成為關鍵，因為這三國的人口總數佔歐盟整體的41%。\n歐盟禁嘉磷塞事小，危及孟山都基改種子損失大\n去年出價660億美金（約2兆台幣）收購孟山都的德國拜耳（Bayer）表示，無論嘉磷塞是否取得歐盟的更新許可，都不會影響併購的意願。\n瑞士科學家在1950年代就已經合成出嘉磷塞，孟山都在1974年推出含有嘉磷塞的年年春，並取得專利。抗嘉磷塞的基改作物在1996年開始商業種植後，這款除草劑迎來最繁盛的春天，主宰全球市場。\n由於嘉磷塞的專利已經在2001年過期，根據伯恩斯坦（Bernstein）投資公司估計，即使無法在歐盟取得新的核可，孟山都約損失一億美金的利潤，在全球48億的嘉磷塞營收中比例並不高。直接受到衝擊的，將是在歐洲生產嘉磷塞的中國農藥廠。\n孟山都憂心的是，嘉磷塞被禁用後，危及與之配套銷售、年營收達100億美金的基改種子市場，動搖公司的命脈。\n以其他有效成分製成除草劑的巴斯夫（BASF）、拜耳與先正達（Syngenda）等歐洲大廠，甚至可能在嘉磷塞禁用後得利。然而，這些全球農化市場的領頭羊沒有幸災樂禍，因為他們擔憂，嘉磷塞的禁用並非單一個案，而是象徵著農藥管理制度都將全面緊縮。\n嘉磷塞便宜，用量大，全球嘉磷塞用量在1995年是67,078公噸，不到10年，2014年增加到825,804公噸，成長為12.3倍。嘉磷塞為台灣三大除草劑銷售量之冠，2016佔42.67%。\n\n百萬歐盟公民反嘉磷塞，孟山都在美國、法國面臨訴訟\n上百個公民團體聯合發起的「反嘉磷塞」在5個月內衝破百萬人連署門檻，依照規範，歐盟執委會必須對強大的民意做出反應。7月初正式遞交名單後，連署人數仍持續攀升。「歐洲公民不會被農藥廠的遊說或是假科學愚弄。政治人物們要聽聽這些響亮而清楚的聲音：禁用這危險的除草劑，保護公民和環境，並邁向無農藥的未來。」連署發起人舒瓦茲（David Schwartz）表示。\n歐盟成員國開會之際，美國加州的酪梨農人麥考兒（Teri McCall）來到歐盟總部所在的布魯塞爾。她指出，丈夫傑克因為長年噴灑嘉磷塞而罹患非何杰金氏淋巴癌去世，「他以為這是安全的，因此只噴這個除草劑，不用其他化學藥劑。」\n除了在美國面臨非何杰金氏淋巴癌患者與家人的集體訴訟，法國農夫葛塔蘿普（Sabine Grataloup）也決定控告孟山都，「他們造成我的孩子殘缺，必須要負起責任。」因為相信嘉磷塞宣稱可生物溶解的低毒性廣告，她在懷孕期間繼續使用，導致胎兒在子宮中未能發展出健全的喉嚨與食道。\nEESC 邀請David Schwartz及綠色和平Herman van Bekkem說明為何要發起禁用嘉磷賽提案（圖片來源：http://bit.ly/2xxIhZ6）\n農民擔憂禁用嘉磷塞後成本大增\n儘管禁種基改作物，嘉磷塞仍是歐盟使用最廣的除草劑。「禁用嘉磷塞意謂著保育型農業（Conservation agriculture）的終結，」法國製油公會主席羅梭（Arnaud Rousseau）發出警訊。聯合國糧農組織以永續之名推廣的保育型農業為了遏止土壤退化，採收後殘株留在原地，覆蓋土地並形成有機質，但同時仰賴除草劑解決雜草橫生的問題，種植向日葵的法國農民通常選擇便宜、好用的嘉磷塞。\n「不只保育型農業，連慣行農法也會受到影響。」歐洲保育農業公會主席巴許（Gottlieb Basch）應和。\n在健康、環境的考量外，農夫也要評估勞力與成本。法國是歐盟最大的小麥生產國，「如果不能使用嘉磷塞，栽種穀物的農人整體而言每年要多支出9億歐元。」麥農協會主席品塔（Philippe Pinta）算了一筆帳。\n目前在歐盟的除草劑選擇還有拜耳的巴試達（Basta）和先正達的Reglone，但農人抱怨價格高出約二成，而且效果不如嘉磷塞。\n義大利農牧協會則表示，可以支持禁令，「但同時也要禁止進口施用嘉磷塞的作物，否則本國農民將面臨不公平競爭。」\n罔顧民意與民主程序，孟山都被禁止進入歐洲議會\nYouGov去年的民調顯示，三成二的歐洲公民支持禁用嘉磷塞，其中義大利高達75%，德國70%、法國60%，政策長期親美的英國也有56%。\n面對排山倒海而來的民意，孟山都副總裁米勒（Philip Miller）批評：「我們注意到，歐盟更新嘉磷塞的程序越來越政治化。這應該是科學的過程，如今卻遭到民粹主義的駭客襲擊。」\n孟山都也罔顧民主的制度，拒絕出席聽證會釐清操弄科學研究、收買新聞記者的指控，歐洲議員在9月底一致通過，禁止孟山都說客進入議會大廈，這是議會首次動用這類禁令。「那些漠視民主規則的人，也失去遊說的權力。美國企業必須遵守議會監督的職責，孟山都也不例外。」綠黨議員蘭博特斯（Philippe Lamberts）表示。\n仿效過去菸商的劇本，孟山都操弄科學研究\n說是要遵守科學決定，但國際癌症研究所在2015年3月將嘉磷塞列為極可能致癌的2A等級後，孟山都毫無風度表示：「這是垃圾科學」，並指責參與審核的小組專家是「外行人。」\n爾後歐盟食品安全局（EFSA）和歐盟化學管理局（ECHA）陸續指出，嘉磷塞可能不會致癌。可是歐盟食品安全局的審核報告被揭露大量複製、貼上孟山都提供的材料。「根據歐盟規範，農藥風險審核的第一步就是要有申請者提供的檔案，」該局執行長烏爾（Bernhard Url）解釋，「因此報告中有申請公司的檔案是理所當然，也是必要的。」\n陸續曝光的資料還顯示，孟山都收買科學家，代筆撰寫報告後，掛上專家名字發表，重創科學的公信力。\n「40年前，許多研究都說吸菸有益，」代表500多位非何杰金氏淋巴癌患者與家人控訴孟山都的美國律師魏司納（Brent Wisner）表示，持反對意見的科學家則遭到菸商攻擊，「如今孟山都用的是一樣劇本，操弄科學。」無須一言堂支持，只要科學家相互攻訐，在一旁煽風點火的孟山都，就有機會坐收漁翁之利。（本文待續）\n延伸閱讀：\n加州決議除草劑年年春須標示含致癌物，歐洲百萬人連署反嘉磷塞\n寸草不留 ─ 除草劑過量衝擊土壤生態增罹癌隱憂\n歐盟拼農藥減半不減產，禁用類尼古丁救蜜蜂，百萬連署反嘉磷塞\n義大利加嚴管制嘉磷塞採收前、人多聚集處不得使用"],["topImageUrl","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/files/2017/10/20170920_eesc_plenary_481_plenary_september_2017_-_photo_presentation_ban_glyphosate-1.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","歐盟拼農藥減半不減產，禁用類尼古丁救蜜蜂，百萬連署反嘉磷塞 | 上下游News&Market"],["url","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93773/"],["summary","每到春來，農人忙著播種之際，也是歐洲各國串連的「農藥行動週」（Pesticide Action Week），連續十二年來，在農忙時節，推廣減少農業用藥與另類農法。歐洲農藥行動網（PAN Europe）表示，農藥減半並非天方夜譚，多位農友挺身見證。法國的研究也證明，少用農藥不代表農民收入減少。\n農藥週海報\n西西里農夫：有機農業不只是「可能」，而是「必要」\n知名酒鄉波爾多往北一百公里，德康堤（François de Conti）在塔納克（Thénac）的葡萄園只施用天然物質，像是異株蕁麻。先前使用化學藥劑時，部分葡萄風味不佳，只有四成可以釀酒，轉型有機生產後，攀升到了八成。「一些轉為有機生產的葡萄農發現，因為品質提升，結果是比慣行農法收入更好。」德康堤說。\n有機的精神不在農藥零檢出，而是更理解作物生態，及早發現問題。「我密切觀察葡萄園裡的所有生態，一些周邊植物會先出現異樣，而這些病徵隨後也可能會發生在葡萄藤上。」德康堤解釋，「這需要精確的觀察能力、知識與技術，但好處是不再仰賴農藥或是化學藥物，這可以保護整個生態體系。」\n西西里島的農人柯波拉（Mimmo Coppola）則認為：「另類農法或有機農業不只是『可能』，而是『必要』，我原本是個農業技師，很明白慣行農法中化學藥物的害處。」如今他在一百公頃的土地上，輪耕著古老的小麥品種、番茄、哈密瓜、蠶豆、大蒜與扁豆。「我熱愛被所謂『進步』毀掉的一切，傳統和古老的智慧能夠把我們從現代的集體中毒解救出來。」\n柯波拉同樣承認，有機農法更加費時費力，需要更多的耐心。然而，「如果不是工業化農業過量生產，導致價格暴跌，我們有機農就能存活下來，並證明不用農藥，尊重環境與健康也能夠有足夠的產量。」\n農藥行動週的海報點出，農藥氣味讓農村風味不再\n法國研究：少用四成農藥，不影響收成或收入\n單獨的個案外，系統化的研究也顯示，農藥減量未必會減產。\n法國「國家農業研究院」（INRA）與「農業解答」公司（Agrosolution）年初共同發表在《自然植物》（Nature Plants）期刊的報告指出，針對946家法國農業企業的研究顯示，近六成的企業減少四成的農藥用量時，不會減少產量或收入。而受到影響的，是原本就極度仰賴農藥的高附加價值作物，像是馬鈴薯與甜菜。\n不過，研究也提醒，即使不會面臨損失，少用農藥並非農友理所當然的選擇，因為有相當的難度而且需要有專家引導。\n歐洲農藥行動網：須落實農藥永續使用的目標\n事實上，歐洲議會與歐洲理事會在2009年就達成共識，要求歐盟執委會（European Commission，猶如歐盟的行政院）研擬促使會員國農藥永續使用的架構。然而事隔7年，執委會遲遲未推出提案，而成員國中也只有丹麥自行積極行動。原本計畫在2018年農藥用量減半的法國，也推遲到2025年才能達到目標。\n更令人沮喪的是，歐盟的農藥銷售量不減反增。即使扣除在2013年才加入歐盟的克羅埃西亞用量，根據歐洲統計局的資料，農藥有效成分在2014年的銷售量達39萬3825公噸，仍高於成員國須開始推動農藥永續使用時，2011年的38萬1261公噸。\n歐洲農藥行動網要求加快推動農藥永續使用，「成員國必須釐清，農藥的專業使用者要遵守哪些規則，以及政府會如何在技術和財政協助農民轉向『害物綜合管理』。」資深政策顧問克莉絲婷尚（Henriette Christensen）進一步指出，「促使農民轉型的最佳政策工具，就是租稅誘因。」可是，一些可能危害環境的農藥，例如嘉磷塞，至今在部分歐洲地區仍享有補貼。\n歐盟成員國平均每公頃農業用地的農藥用量，剛好與歐盟農業補助金呈現正相關。換句話說，農藥用愈多，補助領愈多。「我們要問，用納稅人的錢補助農藥高消耗的國家，這是什麼道理？」克莉絲婷尚質疑，並建議歐盟農業政策必須協助農民轉向低用藥的農法。\n艱難戰役中的小勝利，歐盟可望永遠禁止類尼古丁農藥\n在對抗農藥濫用的艱難戰役中，總算有一則令人鼓舞的消息。\n當台灣仍在爭論益達胺（imidacloprid）對蜜蜂的影響時，歐盟計畫長久禁止類尼古丁（neonicotinoids）農藥。\n根據歐盟執委會在三月初向成員國提交的草案，預計禁用拜耳生產的益達胺、可尼丁（clothianidin）以及先正達的賽速安（thiamethoxam）等三種危及蜜蜂生存的類尼古丁殺蟲劑在田間使用，但密閉的溫室系統例外。\n這項提案最快將在五月投票，需要代表65%歐盟公民的55%會員國支持，才能通過。2013年歐盟決定暫時禁用類尼古丁兩年，當時反對最力的英國脫歐後，可望迎來永久的禁令。\n義大利禁用類尼古丁殺蟲劑，結果是蜜蜂健康、玉米大豐收\n由於出現蜜蜂族群崩潰症（CCD），義大利提前在2008年下令禁止使用益達胺、可尼丁、賽速安，以及巴斯夫（BASF）生產的芬普尼（Fipronil）。\n禁令頒佈的一年後，義大利養蜂與養蠶研究中心在2009年的報告指出，當年春天有10起蜜蜂集體中毒的案例，其中8起與違規使用類尼古丁殺蟲劑有關。相較之下，前一年度春天則有185起蜜蜂集體死亡，其中的132起案例都偵測到類尼古丁殺蟲劑。\n農民一度強烈抗議禁令，擔憂收成銳減，尤其是習慣使用類尼古丁農藥處理玉米種子的農人。米蘭大學農業專家也預測，禁令可能造成農民1.5億歐元的損失。\n不只蜜蜂重拾生機，結果也出乎玉米農意料。即使沒有依照往年的慣習使用類尼古丁農藥處理玉米種子，2010與2011年的玉米切根蟲危害程度並沒有加劇，而2011年更是大豐收，農民反而要擔心「榖賤傷農」。\n然而，蜜蜂並非從此高枕無憂，義大利蜜蜂採集的花粉上仍有多種農藥殘留。全國蜂農協會副主席巴拉卡尼（Giorgio Baracani）說：「我們無意對農民開戰，而是希望雙方合作，找出雙贏策略。畢竟蜜蜂受苦時，授粉過程也不會順利。」\n歐盟拼百萬連署，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞\n類尼古丁農藥可望淡出歐盟農田時，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞（glyphosate）仍是一場硬戰。繼歐洲食品安全局（EFSA）在2015年指出，嘉磷塞「可能不會」致癌後，歐洲化學管理局（ECHA）也在今年三月中表示，嘉磷塞不會致癌或是引發基因變異、影響生殖能力。\n這兩項評估報告，為歐盟再度延長嘉磷塞使用剷除了障礙。然而，綠色和平歐洲分部主任李斯（Jorgo Riss）指出，風險評估委員有利益衝突，波蘭與芬蘭代表都在化學業界工作。\n奧地利環保組織「全球2000」（Global 2000）與農藥行動聯盟等團體則批評，孟山都（Monsanto）等多家農化廠，多年來贊助宣稱嘉磷塞對公共衛生無害的報告，而這些研究常有科學缺陷，像是刻意刪除個案或是引用無關的數據。\n歐洲公民團體積極鼓吹，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞\n孟山都操弄「科學」研究\n美國聯邦法院解密的孟山都電子郵件更顯示，毒物與疾病註冊局（ATSDR）在2015年調查嘉磷塞的風險時，美國環保局（EPA）資深官員羅蘭德（Jess Rowland）私下向孟山都表示：「如果我可以扼殺這份報告，應該得個獎章。」而孟山都也在郵件中提及，可以由該公司代筆「嘉磷塞安全」的論文後，再由其他科學家掛名發表。\n「全球2000」也批評，歐洲與美國的管理機構大量使用由農化大廠贊助的有利嘉磷塞而且未公開發表的產業研究，以此淡化由同儕審查、發表在科學期刊上的論文重要性。\n二十多個歐洲公民團體發起百萬人連署，要求永久禁用嘉磷塞，此外也呼籲改革農藥審核的程序，研究報告必須是由企業出錢，但由主管機關委託，並正式發表在期刊上，而不是像現在，由企業直接贊助研究。\n儘管科學日新月異，農藥對健康影響的研究仍有其侷限。「多數是實驗室裡的毒理學研究，像是可以找出對免疫系統的影響，但也必須納入流行病學研究。可是，因為很難找到完全沒有受農藥影響的人群當對照組，而農藥殘留也存在空氣和水源，加上相關研究必須長時進行，成本很高。」在帕瑪大學教授環境與健康的莫多奈希（Carlo Modonesi）解釋。\n資訊不對稱，禁令總是姍姍來遲\n儘管農化大廠沒有操弄科學研究過程，仍有「資訊不對稱」（information asymmetry）的問題，沒有向受到農藥影響的農民、消費者，乃至主管機關揭露所有的訊息，將風險轉嫁到他者身上。\n最近在台灣鬧得滿城風雨的氟派瑞（fluopyram），雖以食藥署廢止在茶類的容許值暫時收場。但拜耳從2014年遞件申請以來，未自行揭露氟派瑞2015年在歐洲造成葡萄減產，並導致酒商損失慘重的訊息。在台灣，負責審核的農委會也沒有察覺這項風險，未曾在台灣實驗的情況下，便核准含有氟派瑞的三氟派瑞延伸使用在葡萄上。\n拜耳與先正達也被指控隱瞞關於類尼古丁殺蟲劑對蜜蜂影響的研究，而美國環保署知情不報，同樣被環保團體告上法院。\n以科學大旗掩護，加上龐大的金錢攻勢與產官學關係，資訊不對稱衍申為權力不對稱，讓民眾對農化大廠充滿疑心。而總在受害人數與環境惡化嚴重到足以證明「統計顯著性」並提出「科學證據」時，禁令才姍姍來遲。\n延伸閱讀：\n歐盟最新草案類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂預計全面禁用\n氟派瑞在歐洲惹禍多國葡萄受損數十億台幣拜耳低調賠償\n紐約時報對於農化大廠影響科學界的報導\n歐洲環保團體指出農化大廠「收買科學」\n德國《時代週刊》Die Ziet 對嘉磷塞的調查報導\n【餐桌下的交易】拜耳與孟山都攜手向前加速的火車開往何方？"],["topImageUrl","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/files/2017/04/pan-europe-glyphosat-grafik-1200x630.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",null],["url","https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/180228"],["summary",null],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",null],["url","https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/pressure-mounts-on-commission-to-put-neonics-ban-to-a-vote/"],["summary",null],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","The bitter battle over the world’s most popular insecticides"],["url","https://www.nature.com/news/the-bitter-battle-over-the-world-s-most-popular-insecticides-1.22972"],["summary","Lucy Hulmes/CEH\t\tResearchers have monitored the health of the red mason bee (Osmia bicornis-rufa), which nests in hollow cavities.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaj Rundlöf remembers the moment she changed her mind about neonicotinoids. In December 2013, in her office at Lund University in Sweden, she and postdoc Georg Andersson were peering at data from their latest study. It was designed to test what would happen to bees if they fed on crops treated with neonicotinoids — the world's most widely used insecticides. “I didn't expect to see any effect at all, to be honest,” says Rundlöf.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHives of honeybees (Apis mellifera) weren't greatly affected by the chemicals in their pollen and nectar, the study suggested1. But the data on bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) told a different story. Bumblebee colonies that hadn't fed on the treated crops looked normal: they were packing on weight to survive the winter. But in the colonies exposed to neonicotinoids, the growth chart was a flat line.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhen the Swedish study was published in April 2015, it made headlines around the world. It was the first to show that neonicotinoid chemicals — known as neonics — could harm bees in a real-world farming situation.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBee populations are declining in many parts of the globe, a worrying sign for the crops and wild plants that rely on these pollinators for their survival. Parasites, disease and shrinking food resources are all prime suspects. But a link to neonics has become a major flashpoint.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEven before Rundlöf's results were revealed, the European Union had placed heavy restrictions on the three most widely used neonics in flowering crops — plants that might be attractive to bees — amid rising concerns that the chemicals might harm pollinators. The restricted neonics were imidacloprid and clothianidin, made by agrochemical giant Bayer, and thiamethoxam, made by Syngenta. But farmers, the agrochemical industry and some scientists pointed out that the moratorium was precautionary and based on limited evidence, gathered mostly from lab tests.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSince Rundlöf's paper, studies showing real-world evidence of harm from pesticides in the field have been mounting — and environmental organizations have demanded wide-ranging bans. Regulatory agencies will soon decide what to do about neonics, which have a global market worth more than US$1.5 billion per year. This month, the EU's European Food Safety Authority is due to complete a re-evaluation of evidence for restricting neonics; the EU will then need to decide what action to take. The US Environmental Protection Agency is expected to complete its own review of the insecticides next year. France's parliament has passed a law that would ban neonics in 2018, although some exemptions will be allowed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut industry groups and some scientists say the evidence still isn't conclusive. The picture is complicated: some studies show harm to some bees in some circumstances, whereas others find no harm. The results seem to be affected by many factors, including the species of bee and the kinds of crops involved. Scientists working on the question say the subject has become toxic: any new study is instantly and furiously picked at by entrenched advocates on both sides. Even the results of the largest study on the matter, funded by the agrochemical industry, failed to produce a consensus. Published this year2, it launched another round of recriminations — including complaints from funders who criticized the paper that they had paid for. Ultimately, it's likely that political or regulatory decisions will settle the matter before opposing parties agree, says Sainath Suryanarayanan, an entomologist and sociologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison who has studied the bee-health issue. “It is a common pattern for highly contentious and polarized debates,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe world's favourite insecticide\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn the early 1980s, scientists at Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo in Tokyo, an arm of Bayer, started to play around with nithiazine, an insecticide created in California a decade earlier. They discovered a new compound that was more than 100 times as effective at killing crop pests, such as aphids. Named imidacloprid, the chemical was launched onto the market in the 1990s, and it quickly became one of the most widely used insecticides in the world. By the mid-2000s, imidacloprid and similar compounds made up one-quarter of all insecticides (see 'Rising tide'). The compounds damage insects' nervous systems by causing the nerves to fire continually until they fail, eventually leading to death. Many neonics are applied directly to seeds, and are taken up by growing plants. If the plant flowers, the chemicals find their way into pollen and nectar.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tSource: USGS/CalPIP\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn France, where sunflower seeds coated with imidacloprid came on the market in 1994, beekeepers raised the alarm. They said that their honeybees were failing to make it home after foraging flights, and they pinned the blame on the sunflowers. The concerns triggered a 1999 French ban on imidacloprid-coated sunflower seeds, which continues to this day — although it was based on the precautionary principle, rather than formal proofs of harm, says Axel Decourtye, a researcher at the Institute for Bees in Avignon, France.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScientists hurried to find those proofs — or evidence that the concern was overblown. Researchers quickly discovered that honeybees fed high doses of neonicotinoids died. And even sub-lethal doses triggered unusual behaviour: exposed honeybees changed their dining habits, foraging less often but for longer periods3. Other research showed4 that neonics act on parts of a bee's brain associated with memory and learning. Honeybees trained to respond to particular scents by sticking out their tongues, for example, performed worse — or failed to learn the task at all — when dosed with a neonic.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAt every stage, critics raised new queries about how realistic the experiments were, says Decourtye. “How do we know if the neonicotinoid doses are realistic? Does the effect on the individual have any effect on the colony?”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOut in the field\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAs work continued in the laboratory, researchers also began to turn to the fields. In 2012, Decourtye and his colleagues published a paper5 showing that what they called “thiamethoxam intoxication” seemed to interfere with the ability of honeybees to return to their hives after looking for food in a realistic, outdoor setting. Yet that study still dosed bees' food with neonics, rather than allowing them to feed on treated crops.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAround the same time, a UK team found6 that it was not just honeybees that could be at risk. They reported that colonies of bumblebees exposed to “field-realistic” levels of imidacloprid in the lab and then left to grow in field conditions grew slower than controls. They also produced 85% fewer new queens to carry on their line. That work was led by Dave Goulson, a bee researcher now at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK. In 2006, Goulson had started a charity dedicated to conserving bumblebees, and people began telling him their concerns about neonics. “To start with, I was pretty dubious,” he says. But by 2014, the Task Force on Systemic Pesticides (TFSP) — a group of 30 scientists, including Goulson — announced that it had analysed 800 peer-reviewed studies on neonics and bees, and found “clear evidence of harm sufficient to trigger regulatory action”8.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRundlöf's study set out to be the most realistic yet. Her team sowed eight Swedish fields with oilseed-rape seeds coated in clothianidin, and eight with untreated seeds. They found1 not only that bumblebee colonies in treated fields grew less well than the controls, but also that the numbers of wild bees in the treated fields fell. Industry spokespeople noted that honeybee colonies weren't affected, and also quibbled with the study — arguing, for example, that the researchers had only placed a small number of wild bees into fields, so findings might not be statistically robust. Rundlöf, however, points out that the researchers also surveyed wild bees flying around, and had the bumblebee-colony data to draw on. “I know we have robust evidence,” she says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tMaj Rundlöf\t\tResearchers examine the health of honeybees during a field study led by Maj Rundlöf in Sweden.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn mid-2017, the largest field study yet — funded with some $3 million from industry — reported its long-awaited results2. Scientists from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) near Wallingford, UK, had put honeybees, mason bees (Osmia bicornis) and bumblebees in 33 oilseed-rape fields in the United Kingdom, Germany and Hungary. This time, the seeds, sown in winter, had been coated with either clothianidin or thiamethoxam, or with a neonicotinoid-free pesticide treatment.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t“A lot of farmers do fundamentally rely on neonicotinoids.”\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe researchers, led by CEH entomologist Ben Woodcock, found that bumblebees and mason bees fared less well the more neonics they were exposed to. The honeybee picture was more complicated: in some cases, neonics seemed to affect bee health, but in others, they didn't. In the United Kingdom and Hungary, neonic compounds seemed to reduce worker-bee numbers in honeybee hives; in Hungary, researchers also saw fewer egg cells in these hives, an indication of reduced reproductive success. In Germany, however, the honeybee hives exposed to neonics had more egg cells — a puzzling result. Overall, the CEH study concluded that neonicotinoids reduced bees' ability to establish new colonies after winter. The journal editor's summary of the paper came under the headline: “Damage confirmed”.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe agrochemical firms that funded the study don't agree. At a press conference in June, when CEH scientists presented their results — without Woodcock, who was overseas — spokespeople from Syngenta and Bayer told reporters that both the study's analysis and its conclusions were questionable. They noted that Woodcock's team had analysed more than 200 pieces of information about honeybees; 9 showed a negative effect from neonicotinoids, whereas 7 were positive. “The one-line simplistic summary conclusion published does not reflect the data presented in this paper,” argued Peter Campbell, an environmental specialist at Syngenta in Reading, UK, in a separate statement released to the media.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWoodcock was incensed by the criticism. In an interview with environmental group Greenpeace, he said that industry had accused him of being a liar. Now, he says, he regrets that choice of words, but he still thinks industry took a blinkered view of the results. “I do feel that the sentiment of what I implied, while inappropriate, was not an unreasonable reaction,” he says. The negative effects were in key areas related to bee health, he says, adding that for industrial firms to deny that neonics are having an effect on bees is “probably naive”.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMany of the academics Nature talked to agree. “I think the majority of researchers highlight that the weakening of bee populations caused by neonicotinoids is proved,” says Decourtye. But not everyone is so certain. “The question of whether the damage to bees is translated to an effect in fields on whole populations of bees is much harder to show,” says Linda Field, head of the department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection at Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK. Mature colonies may survive even if individual bees are impaired, because other worker bees compensate, notes Nigel Raine, a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada. But solitary bees, such as wild bees and queen bumblebees emerging from hibernation, might be at greater risk.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampbell thinks that many academics are “neutral” on the matter, but are not vocal about it. Studies showing harm to bees tend to garner media attention, and are published in widely read journals, whereas those showing no impact are relegated to less highly cited publications, he says. But Goulson and Woodcock say some of the studies that industry cites as showing no harm are statistically dubious, and more flawed than the headline-garnering trials that show harm.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristian Maus, global lead scientist for bee care at Bayer in Monheim am Rhein, Germany, picks his words carefully. “I think it is clear and undebated that neonicotinoids do have some intrinsic toxicity to bees,” he says. “But under realistic conditions, as prevailing in the field and agricultural practice, we have not seen any evidence that they would be harming honeybee colonies, for instance, when they are correctly applied.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCombinatorial effects\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tResearchers are looking beyond simple relationships between a single pesticide and bee harm. In a 2012 paper8, Raine and his colleagues showed that exposing bumblebees to a neonicotinoid in combination with a pesticide called a pyrethroid hampered their ability to collect pollen. Colonies exposed to both compounds experienced higher losses of worker bees than did controls, or colonies dosed with only one. The study was the first to show combinatorial effects, Raine says — which is important, because bees will be exposed to multiple compounds in the wild. And this year, in a paper9 published alongside Woodcock's, a Canadian team studying honeybee colonies near maize (corn) plants found that the presence of the fungicide boscalid halved the dose of neonics needed to cause death.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThat work also suggested that neonic chemicals can migrate away from the plants that they are supposed to protect: by identifying the sources of pollen grains in the hives, the researchers showed that bees were exposed to neonics mainly through pollen from untreated plants. Neonicotinoids are water-soluble — which is how they move from seeds into growing plant tissues. “But that also means they can be washed off the seed, into the soil, and maybe into other plants,” says Christian Krupke, an entomologist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn one study10, Krupke found that just 1.34% of clothianidin applied as seed treatment to maize ended up in the crop’s tissues. Neonics that get into the wider environment might cause other, more indirect problems. A 2014 study11 in the Netherlands, for instance, reported a fall in populations of insect-eating birds in areas with high concentrations of neonicotinoids in the water. It suggested that the chemicals might have depleted the birds’ food resource.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSome researchers are now questioning whether there is any benefit to using neonicotinoids at all. In another study12, Krupke’s group found no benefits on maize yield from the use of neonicotinoids in Indiana. In this crop, he says, the prophylactic use of neonicotinoids — which are often part of a bundle of pesticides sold pre-applied to seeds — is foolish.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“The way they’re used doesn’t make any sense,” he says. “It only makes sense from one motive. That is the profit motive for the manufacturer.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampbell insists that neonicotinoids do provide yield increases, but much of the evidence is proprietary and unpublished. Since the EU neonicotinoid restrictions, Maus says, research suggests there has been a 4% decline in oilseed-rape yield. Whether or not the restrictions have had any effect, farmers have furiously protested against losing the ability to use neonics. Anecdotal reports suggest many are attempting to compensate by applying increasing amounts of pyrethroids, which are sprayed over crops, rather than applied to seeds; these chemicals may bring their own health risks if used in large quantities, because they are toxic to fish and aquatic insects.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe B word\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRegulators in some countries will soon decide whether to take further action to restrict neonics — and here, researchers are split. Some campaign groups, such as Greenpeace and the Pesticide Action Network, have argued for a ban on the use of neonics on all outdoor crops, not just those that might be attractive to bees, such as the bright-yellow flowers of oilseed rape.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“A lot of farmers do fundamentally rely on neonicotinoids,” says Woodcock. And clamping down severely on one chemical might mean that greater amounts of other damaging substances are used. “If people can't use neonicotinoids and they go to other insecticides, is that any better? There are lots of knock-on effects,” says Field.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThat concern points to wider doubts about the regulatory systems that allowed agrichemicals such as neonics onto the market in the first place, says Goulson. Many researchers are hesitant to advocate outright bans. Some, such as Rundlöf, say it isn't their job to make policy recommendations. But Goulson says his view has changed as the evidence has mounted. In 2014 — at the time of the TFSP's first synthesis report — he thought that there might be certain situations in which neonics were the best option. But since then, he says, there's been even stronger evidence of collapsing insect populations — and it is hard to regulate partial bans. “I think now I'd vote for a complete ban,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhatever regulators do, Goulson says, he is growing increasingly downbeat about the chances of any consensus forming between industry and academia on the issue. “I'm starting to come to the conclusion there will never be a game-changer,” he says. “There is nothing I think any scientist could do at this point to make people all sit down and have any answer.”"],["topImageUrl","http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.47588.1510137647!/image/LucyHulmes_OsmiaBicornis-rufa_DSC_0165_WEB.jpg_gen/derivatives/nature_homepage/LucyHulmes_OsmiaBicornis-rufa_DSC_0165_WEB.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","親愛的朋友，\n\n您好！現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！\n\n頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。\n\n目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去：\n\nhttps://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252\n\n致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：\n\n「我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。」\n\nhttps://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252\n\n美國和歐洲都面臨蜜蜂族群急速消亡，我們需要蜜蜂為農作物授粉，因此牠們的死亡也將對整個食物鏈帶來危機！\n\n銷售這些農藥的化學公司正竭力遊說歐盟延後施行禁令；歐洲各國的Avaaz成員紛紛致電他們的官員、刊登廣告，以累積支持禁令的民意。\n\n現在，我們需要全世界一起串連史上最大規模的保護蜜蜂連署！請立刻加入，並幫忙分享給親朋好友：\n\nhttps://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252\n\nAvaaz多年來持續推動禁用類尼古丁農藥；現在，距離成功在歐洲通過永久禁令只剩下幾天了 -- 讓我們凝聚龐大的全球聲浪，給蜜蜂一線生機。\n\n滿懷希望的Alice, Antonia, Lisa, Nick 以及 Avaaz 全體團隊敬上\n\n更多資訊：\n\n歐盟最新草案類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂預計全面禁用\nhttps://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93253/\n\n終結嘉磷塞，歐盟關鍵一戰│法義支持、德國搖擺，百萬歐洲公民連署禁用https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/101270/\n\n歐盟拼農藥減半不減產，禁用類尼古丁救蜜蜂，百萬連署反嘉磷塞https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93773/\n\n更多資訊（英文）：\n\nNeonicotinoids: risks to bees confirmed (EFSA)\nhttps://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/180228\n\nPressure mounts on Commission to put neonics ban to a vote (Euractiv)\nhttps://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/pressure-mounts-on-commission-to-put-neonics-ban-to-a-vote/\n\nThe bitter battle over the world’s most popular insecticides (Nature)\nhttps://www.nature.com/news/the-bitter-battle-over-the-world-s-most-popular-insecticides-1.22972"],["id","1i95bq4c279wv"],["createdAt","2018-04-26T15:40:55.717Z"]]}]}],["relatedReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","fmI82G8Bd3n3h-WY3-mA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是反疫苗的陰謀論。\n\n古彥男醫師以古今中外案例表示，當疫苗接種率過低，會造成 (1) 傳染病爆發、 (2) 疫苗預算下修而導致藥廠不賣、疫苗短缺、(3) 增加病毒變異機會、(4) 醫療需求壓垮醫療系統。因此，不接種疫苗不只是影響個人，其後果是全國人民共同承擔。\n\n聯合國也譴責這些反疫苗接種的訊息，已經造成了海島國家麻疹的惡化；聯合國兒童基金會表示，這類在推特、臉書、Instagram 等網路平台上的反疫苗言論「極不負責任」。"],["reference","2016/10/25 如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相\nhttp://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html\n\n2019/12/6 聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化\nhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相 | 古彥男醫師｜兒科醫師的分享室"],["url","http://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html"],["summary","作者：古彥男醫師\n\n病毒的全境擴散\n\n2011 年上映的電影『全境擴散』，是身為醫護人員的我看過最寫實也最貼近我們生活的傳染病電影。片中有包括麥特戴蒙、葛妮絲派特蘿、凱特溫絲蕾，以及裘德洛等好萊塢巨星，但電影本身想表達給觀眾的內容，並沒有因為演員的星光熠熠而顯得黯淡（不過評價兩極，很多人覺得劇情過於沉悶而看到睡著）。\n\n故事描述著一種病毒，在蝙蝠跟豬之間交互傳染後產生了變異，對人的傳染力大增，迅速造成了全球的大流行以及節節高升的死亡人數。電影中對於政府官員、醫護人員、平民百姓，以及先進與落後國家的社會，面對來勢洶洶的疫情的各種反應，有深刻的刻劃。\n\n\n其實這部電影主要是根據 2003 年令全球陷入恐慌的 SARS 疫情改編而成，電影中病毒的變異模式與散播途徑，也跟我們熟悉的流感病毒十分相像......\n接種率最低的公費疫苗\n\n\n\n對台灣的民眾來說，我們擁有方便就醫的醫療環境，醫療費用也非常便宜，近幾年來一些原本很昂貴的自費疫苗，也慢慢被列入公費施打的計畫之中（如肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）。然而在眾多高接種率的公費疫苗中，流感疫苗的接種率可說是一枝獨秀的低。\n\n由於流感病毒變異的速度快，每年流行的病毒株都不一樣，世界衛生組織只能預測每一年度可能流行的病毒株，以此製作成疫苗。這樣會產生兩個讓大家不想接種疫苗的原因：一是每年都必須接種，無法注射一兩劑後就有長久的保護力；二是萬一預測錯誤，挨了針最後還是得了流感，許多人在情感上無法接受。\n\n再加上媒體對流感疫苗不良反應個案的重點報導，以及對 2009 年 H1N1 流感疫苗安全性的質疑，導致台灣近幾年的接種率幾乎都是在谷底徘徊。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n根據民國 104 年疾病管制署的統計資料，符合公費疫苗接種的對象，其接種率不到五成，如果放大到全國人口來看，接種率甚至連兩成都不到。當大家因為擔心疫苗的不良反應選擇不接種，且因為短期內沒有重大疫情發生而漸漸忘記傳染病的恐怖時，就在同一年，流感病毒給台灣的民眾與醫療系統帶來了沉重的負擔......\n不接種疫苗的結果－全國人民共同承擔\n\n\n\n\n\n我們可以看到，從 2011 年之後，流感病毒在台灣並沒有造成太重大的疫情。然而這不代表危機不在我們身邊－就在 2015 年 (民國 104 年)，流感病毒讓我們體驗到，傳染病的傳播與爆發，可以在短短的幾個月內，造成重症病例數破千，死亡人數破百！而且根據統計，95% 以上流感重症患者未接種疫苗！\n\n你覺得這只是單一年度或單一疾病的狀況，不代表每一年的疫情或其他傳染病？你覺得等到疫情要升溫了再接種也不遲？還是你覺得自己身強體壯，不怕傳染病侵襲，就算染病了在台灣這種便宜又方便的醫療環境也不怕沒得醫？\n\n讓我來告訴你甚麼是『醜陋的真相』。\n\n真相一：疫苗接種率過低，造成傳染病爆發，中外皆然。\n\n除了上述台灣的流感疫情，歐美國家早發生過更為知名的狀況。 1998 年一位英國醫師發表了一篇論文，內容指出接種三合一疫苗（麻疹、腮腺炎、德國麻疹）會造成小孩自閉症的發生率上升，雖然該論文最後被證實是假造的無稽之談，但仍造成歐美國家興起一股反疫苗運動，三合一疫苗的接種率更是逐年下降。\n\n疫苗接種率過低的結果永遠只有一個：傳染病的爆發。英國從 2000 年開始感染麻疹的人數逐漸上升，到現在仍是麻疹流行地區；美國曾經在 2000 年宣布麻疹病毒已在其境內絕跡，結果在 2014~2015 年加州爆發大流行。\n\n那你說台灣安全嗎？如果你的小孩有接種疫苗，那大可放心，但如果沒有怎麼辦？那就不要出國、不要去機場、不要坐高鐵、不要坐捷運、不要......\n\n\n真相二：你不打疫苗，政府下修預算，藥廠寧願不賣。\n\n由於疫苗這種生物製劑，在運輸及保存上的要求相當高，也有一定的保存期限，此外如流感疫苗，其內含的病毒株每年不一樣，今年的疫苗無法留到隔年再使用。當政府買得太多會增加運輸及保存的成本，用不完而過期的疫苗更是浪費已經捉襟見肘的疫苗預算。\n\n因此衛服部疾管署會根據各種公費疫苗施打的比率，以及未來需要接種的人口數，來編列預算。當施打人數下降時，預算金額就可能會下修，如果剛好遇到購買數量下降而需求又突然暴增，就會發生有人打不到疫苗的狀況（2015 年流感疫情爆發後，一直到隔年三月都還有家屬帶小孩來打早就用完的疫苗）。\n\n再來是台灣的市場跟歐美等大國比已經很小了，如果政府購買的數量一直在減少，我們又拿不出有力的購買價格跟別人競爭，最後就是落得疫苗搶輸人家，以及民眾有錢也打不到疫苗的後果。真相三：疫情升溫，病毒快速變異，補打疫苗也沒效。\n\n流感疫苗之所以每年都要接種才有效，就是因為流感病毒非常容易產生變異，讓我們的免疫系統無法在感染過後，或是接種一次疫苗後就能提供終身的保護力。\n\n病毒的變異從哪裡來？一個方式是當病毒在宿主體內大量複製時，本身的基因發生突變，另一個則是當同一個宿主（可以是人、豬、或是禽鳥類），體內有兩種以上的流感病毒時，不同的病毒間會互換基因，重組出一個新的病毒（如 2009 年的 H1N1）。這樣的變異都可以使我們的免疫系統與疫苗失效，造成大流行。\n\n因此當疫情升溫了，代表病毒在大量的傳播與複製，大大的增加了變異的機會，一旦產生變異，就算補打了本來有效的疫苗，也擋不住已經變身的病毒。所以先接種疫苗預防感染，不給病毒有大流行且變異的機會，才是最好的防治策略。真相四：醫療系統早已負擔沉重，疫情爆發醫院一床難求。\n\n當很多人因為健保的福利，以為醫療本來就是這麼便宜與便利時，台灣的醫療系統早就因為政策問題以及民眾的就醫習慣而負擔沉重，一旦因天災人禍或是傳染病流行，在短時間內造成大量的醫療需求，往往成為壓倒駱駝的最後一根稻草。\n\n從過去的八仙塵爆，以及流感疫情的爆發，各大醫學中心急診及加護病房都被塞爆，有的醫院兩度關閉急診，有的醫學中心重症病人多到連救命的葉克膜都不夠用，急診等住院病床的人數節節高升，醫護人員跟病人都叫苦連天。\n\n然而政府相關單位不僅連政策的調整不夠迅速，連對疫情的嚴重度還有醫療資源的分配都掌握不住，你還認為台灣的醫療在你生病的時候真能萬無一失？\n疫苗並不完美，但仍是預防疾病的有效方法\n\n我們知道有打疫苗不是每個人都會產生可以對抗疾病的抗體，我們也知道沒有疫苗可以百分之百不會有不良反應，然而疫苗從問世以來，也被證實是可以有效預防疾病，挽救許多生命的重要方法。當不良反應造成的損失大於預防疾病的利益時，這種疫苗就會被停止施打或是根本不會上市。\n\n在我們的社會中有許多人可能因為年紀太小、對疫苗有過敏反應、或是有其他禁忌症無法藉由接種疫苗獲得對疾病的保護力，他們也常常是傳染病造成重症的高風險群。如果我們接種疫苗的比率夠高，不僅獲得保護自己的抗體，同時也因為疾病不容易傳播而可以間接保護到這些容易被感染的族群。\n\n今年的公費流感疫苗已經開始施打，請問『你』會怎麼選擇呢？"],["topImageUrl","https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ77tZgdWE/WAJSVTbVolI/AAAAAAAABnY/Q5S7SQ1Dz_Ahnkupi8xzzdP1bFvqbPuJQCLcB/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/vaccinedeniedtitlepicture.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化 | 國際 | 中央社 CNA"],["url","https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["summary","（中央社威靈頓5日綜合外電報導）聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）太平洋島嶼負責人今天表示，社群媒體巨頭必須嚴厲取締反疫苗接種貼文，這些貼文助長薩摩亞（Samoa）致命麻疹疫情惡化。UNICEF地區代表耶特（Sheldon Yett）表示，推特（Twitter）、臉書（Facebook）和Instagram（IG）等網路平台上「極不負責任」的反疫苗接種訊息，加劇了薩摩亞爆發的麻疹疫情，自10月中旬以來已造成62人死亡。耶特告訴法新社：「很明顯地它們必需負起企業責任並展開行動，確保那些人民，特別是弱勢族群能獲得正確資訊，讓孩童得以存活。」在麻疹疫情爆發前，薩摩亞的疫苗接種率降至只剩略超過30%，遠低於公認最佳接種率90%，這也使得該海島國家極易受到感染。世界衛生組織（WHO）把矛頭指向反疫苗宣傳運動。耶特表示，這項運動主要是由海外倡議人士在網路上展開。「很不幸的是，這項運動在薩摩亞找到願意相信的民眾，那裡有一部分人懷疑醫療保健服務品質，且可能不信任當地（疫苗）供應者。」他說，來自諸如美國和澳洲等富裕已開發國家的運動人士，在網路上張貼反疫苗訊息，他們必須意識到自己的所作所為會對開發中國家帶來衝擊。他在薩摩亞首都阿庇亞（Apia）表示：「這對薩摩亞孩童來說可能形同死刑，因為當地除了低疫苗接種率，可能還面臨其他健康問題。」（實習編譯：趙珮宇/核稿：劉學源）1081205"],["topImageUrl","https://imgcdn.cna.com.tw/www/website/img/pic_fb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-03-01T09:07:27.741Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",6],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_IUMt3Kz-515IJtp_OyV19u-7JMWY8u-IAJd63v0Pz1I"],["name","積極的員山查德"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Mississippi power plant's shutdown confirms that 'clean coal' as an industry savior is a myth"],["url","http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-clean-coal-20170705-story.html"],["summary","Southern Co.'s Kemper County, Miss., coal plant, shown under construction last year. (Southern Co.) The faith of coal advocates in the doctrine of \"clean coal\"— technology that would allow utilities to burn coal for electricity without somehow poisoning the environment — has suffered a possibly fatal blow. Southern Co., which has been building a \"clean coal\" plant in eastern Mississippi since 2010, has just pulled the plug on the project and is preparing to take a loss of as much as $3.4 billion. The company and its utility subsidiary Mississippi Power didn't actually have much choice. The state's utility regulators, the Public Service Commission, said late last month that they wouldn't allow the company to charge electricity customers for the plant. They said discussions about what to do with the plant, including whether to convert it to all-natural gas fuel, should begin as soon as Thursday. Costs began increasing almost immediately, especially once ... the company discovered that many of the original designs needed major changes. An MIT report describing the problems of a Mississippi \"clean coal\" plant Share quote & link In part, the Public Service Commission decision reflected the plant's history of design miscalculations, cost overruns and breakdowns. A flagship of the American \"clean coal\" fleet, the Kemper County plant originally was estimated to cost less than $3 billion. \"But costs began increasing almost immediately,\" a survey by Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported, \"especially once construction began in 2010 and the company discovered that many of the original designs needed major changes.\" The current estimate is $7.5 billion. \"Clean coal\" technology involves turning coal into synthetic gas before burning it to produce electricity. The Kemper plant was designed to strip carbon dioxide out of the exhaust and pump it underground so it couldn't contribute to climate change. The Obama administration showed great interest in clean coal technology, and it's a centerpiece of the Trump administration's promise to save the coal mining industry — a goal that many energy experts consider hopeless. Expectations for the Kemper plant, which is located next to a mine for lignite, the dirtiest form of coal, always were ambitious; coal gasification never had been used to produce commercial electricity, according to climate experts. The Kemper project was based on the estimate that natural gas would be higher than $5 per million BTU. But prices that high haven't been seen since 2014. (Business Insider) Southern Co. disclosed last month that some of the equipment was leaking and would have to be redesigned and replaced, a process that could take up to two years. More critically, the entire plant has been shown to be uneconomical. That's largely because the price of natural gas has remained well below the cost of clean-coal generation. In a presentation to investors last February, Southern Chairman and CEO Thomas Fanning said the Kemper project was based on an estimate that natural gas prices would be higher than $5 per million BTU, or British thermal units, by 2020 and keep moving higher. But prices haven't reached that level since a spike in early 2014; gas currently is listed at about $2.83 on the spot market. Government forecasters don't expect it to settle above $5 until 2030 at the earliest. Fanning argued then against charging Southern for the cost of the plant since the main culprit, in his view, was the low price of gas. \"As a matter of fairness, I cannot imagine that the company is going to be held accountable for changing gas price forecasts,\" he said. \"Just because you have this more recent snapshot of what we believe about the future, which we all know has changed dramatically over time, that does not mean anything about the imprudency of costs incurred.\" Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Hiltzik writes a daily blog appearing on latimes.com. His business column appears in print every Sunday, and occasionally on other days. As a member of the Los Angeles Times staff, he has been a financial and technology writer and a foreign correspondent. He is the author of six books, including “Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age” and “The New Deal: A Modern History.” Hiltzik and colleague Chuck Philips shared the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for articles exposing corruption in the entertainment industry."],["topImageUrl","https://www.latimes.com/resizer/1MEmL3HQf7WgXUhzRo3W0fGCnlg=/1200x0/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-tronc.s3.amazonaws.com/public/2DLG54VFMFEADHOZ5ABRZ5JC7E.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉發: (我朋友的同學的原作請轉發) 美國密西西比州的Kemper 火力發廠號稱是美國的”最乾淨燃煤電廠”，於2010年開始興建，具有540MegaWatt 的發電量，是將煤氣化後燃燒，再將燒後的癈氣二氧化碳送往附近油田，打入油井來幫助更有效抽取石油。這個最乾淨的燃煤電廠，投入75億美金後，終於在2017 年6月宣布失敗，從此改用天然氣為燃料。民進党要深澳建”,全世界最乾淨”的燃煤電廠，兩期各一個600 MegaWatt 的發電容量，這又是一個騙局，除非台電有超越美國的技術與資金。否則將是對北部居民的一大災難。\n參考資料: 這是洛杉磯時報報導的:http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-clean-coal-20170705-story.html 證明他寫的是真的事情."],["id","2l1ikvavxozri"],["createdAt","2018-04-24T13:32:05.208Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","nB4_H2MBSH_MLFhIT15N"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","我國是否需要仰賴核能的部分，社會尚無共識。\n根據《自然》雜誌（Nature）發表研究顯示，全球最危險的三座核電廠，台灣佔了兩座。\n我國缺乏天然資源，充分開發運用再生能源為當前政府積極推動方向，除可帶動綠色能源產業發展外，更可降低我國對外能源依存度及裨益環境永續發展，在相關推動計畫及電業法等相關法規修正上路後，再生能源可望加速成長。"],["reference","http://environmentalprogress.org/taiwan-letter-chinese\nTaiwan Letter in Chinese\n\nhttp://technews.tw/2017/03/07/taiwan-energy-2016/\n去年台灣核能發電比例降至新低，再生能源持續成長\n\nhttp://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5032772\n台灣核電廠全停掉電都夠用"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Letter in Chinese 致蔡英文總統公開信中文翻譯"],["url","http://environmentalprogress.org/taiwan-letter-chinese"],["summary","令人尊敬的蔡英文總統總統府10048中華民國台北市中正區重慶南路一段122號親愛的蔡總統：作為獨立的科學家、天然資源保護論者、以及能源專家，我們為您對環境保護及以民主方式決策的決心喝采。我們尤其強烈地支持您對減緩致命的空氣污染以及達成臺灣在2015年聯合國氣候會談期間所做的減碳承諾。我們寫下這封信來向您表達我們十分關切臺灣正走向捨棄潔淨的核能轉而使用石化能源，並且想要警示您注意由利益團體所散佈的錯誤資訊，而且鼓勵您採用更民主的方法來對抗臺灣的能源危機。八月發生在臺灣的大停電無疑是一個對廢核的戲劇化警示。臺灣有半數的家戶失去了電力供應，並造成了超過150間公司數百萬美金的損失。有些人將這場大停電歸咎於發生在臺灣最大天然氣電廠的人為疏失，但這次停電的供給與需求差異幾乎與目前臺灣停擺機組所能供應的電力是相同的。能源界的專家皆表示臺灣是無法使用再生能源來替換核能與石化燃料的。去年太陽能與風力加起來提供臺灣不足5%的電力。相反地核能提供了近13％的電力，而且這個比例在所有的核能機組運轉時將達到23％。作為一個國土狹小，人口密集且有96％的能源仰賴進口的國家，臺灣特別不適合使用像太陽能與風力這些再生能源。臺灣將需要再花費700億美金來建立617座跟目前島內最大的太陽能電廠一樣大的太陽能電廠才能替代現有核能電廠。而這些驚人的數字還不包括為了應付沒有陽光時必須儲存這些能源的高昂成本以及需要幾乎要跟八成台北市面積一樣大的土地成本。用化石燃料取代臺灣的核能電廠已經增加了因為空氣污染而死的風險。去年耶魯大學所做的研究指出以民眾暴露在不安全空氣污染的比例來看，臺灣是世界上最糟的10個國家之一。用天然氣取代核能也可能危及大眾安全。三年前，高雄市的瓦斯氣爆造成25人死亡以及267人受傷。相反地，根據知名的醫學期刊「柳葉刀」指出，核能是產生電力最安全的方式，而且至今已經拯救了高達一百八十萬人的性命。由於與核能有競爭關係的能源還有利益團體舉辦許多活動傳播相同的錯誤訊息，因此核能卓越的安全記錄並不為多數的臺灣人民所理解。而在臺灣，由錯誤資訊導致的恐懼已經造成了財務與環境上的高昂成本。用天然氣來替代臺灣現存運轉中與封存的核電廠將導致在目前天然氣價格低迷的情況下，每年依然必須花28.5億美金來購買天然氣。這些錢用臺灣的人均年收入23,916美金來計算等於119,000個新工作機會。獨立的專家已經警告，如果臺灣依照現有的2025年非核的規劃，電費將成長10％或更多而嚴重傷害臺灣的半導體產業。近年來，臺灣社會一直呼籲對臺灣的核能未來進行公投。南韓最近進行了公民審議以向總統建議目前正在興建中的兩個核電廠該如何處置。我們也建議您考慮類似的民主作法。像南韓這樣的公民審議允許大型的、具代表性的民眾抽樣學習到相關的科學知識，聽取不同的聲音並提出建議。透過提供比南韓經驗的三天更長的時間來讓公民審議團學習到相關的事實，臺灣將可以比南韓的經驗做得更好。做為外人，我們尊重臺灣的主權與民主，也因此提供這封信來鼓勵您採用您所承諾的民主決策與環保來對抗臺灣的能源危機。臺灣的未來發展以及自然環境與氣候是如此重要，因此絕不能夠讓利益團體透過販售迷信與恐懼來使得這些珍貴的事物變得脆弱不堪。真誠的,麥可薛蘭柏格（Michael Shellenberger），時代雜誌所選「環境英雄」，環境進展機構主席詹姆士漢森（James Hansen），哥倫比亞大學地球研究所，環境科學家凱瑞伊曼紐（Kerry Emanuel），麻省理工學院大氣科學家普希克科赫查（Pushker Kharecha），哥倫比亞大學，美國航太總署理查羅德斯（Richard Rhodes），普立茲獎得主，「核能復興」與「如何製造原子彈」等書的作者愛爾青（Erle C. Ellis）博士，馬里蘭大學地理與環境系統教授克里斯多福福爾曼（Christopher Foreman）, 馬里蘭大學公共政策學院，「環境正義的承諾與危險」作者諾里斯麥當勞（Norris McDonald），環境希望與正義機構主席喬書亞 S. 高斯登（Joshua S. Goldstein），美利堅大學國際關係名譽退休教授喬拉西特（Joe Lassiter），哈佛商學院教授大衛利亞（David Lea），加州大學地球科學教授馬丁路易斯（Martin Lewis），史丹福大學地理系史蒂芬平克（Stephen Pinker），哈佛大學認知科學家薩米爾薩蘭（Samir Saran），印度德里觀察家研究基金會副總裁傑夫泰瑞（Jeff Terry），伊利諾理工學院物理教授巴雷特沃克（Barrett Walker），亞列士 C. 沃克基金會"],["topImageUrl","http://static1.squarespace.com/static/56a45d683b0be33df885def6/t/5a6fa4e2e2c48387dfe4f430/1517266152908/logo2.png?format=1000w"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","去年台灣核能發電比例降至新低，再生能源持續成長"],["url","http://technews.tw/2017/03/07/taiwan-energy-2016/"],["summary","經濟部統計處公布台灣去年發電現況，總發電量達2641億度，火力發電占82%，核能發電為12%。發電量維持穩定成長，近10年平均成長1.2%，其中以火力發電量2,164億度，占逾8成居首。核能發電降至12% 僅次於火力發電者為核能發電量的317億度，占比由96年之16.7%降至12.0%。核能發電比例降低主要與目前核1、核2機組暫停運轉有關。未來為符合2025非核家園目標，加上非核電發電逐漸提高。核能發電比例將會繼續降低。目前核電廠3個廠6部機組，只有核3廠正常運轉。如果6部機組都正常運作，發電量可達400億度。核1廠2號機6月份燃料將用完，下半年無法繼續發電。核1廠1號機以及及核2廠1、2號機目前都處於暫停運轉的狀態。再生能源以慣常水力及太陽光電增幅較大再生能源隨環保意識抬頭及政府政策支持，發電量占比則由3.5%升至4.8%，近10年平均年增5.2%，尤以105年年增21.2%最為快速。再生能源發電量於101年至104年之間每年均在100億度左右，105年達126.9億度創歷史新高，以慣常水力發電65.6億度占再生能源發電量51.6%最多，主要是以台電公司大型水力發電廠發電為主；其次為廢棄物發電量32.6億度(占25.7%)；風力發電因相關示範獎勵措施推廣，105年發電量14.5億度(占11.4%)；而太陽光電在設備補貼、優惠價格收購等措施激勵下快速成長，自100年以來平均每年成長74.4%，105年發電量11.3億度占再生能源發電量8.9%，較100年之占比0.8%，上升8.1個百分點。再生能源成長可期我國缺乏天然資源，充分開發運用再生能源為當前政府積極推動方向，除可帶動綠色能源產業發展外，更可降低我國對外能源依存度及裨益環境永續發展，在相關推動計畫及電業法等相關法規修正上路後，再生能源可望加速成長。首圖來源：flickr/Selamat \t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t \n\t\t \n \n \n\n \n \n\n\n \n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tPost navigation\n\t\t\t\t\t← AWS 公開服務故障原因，員工除錯時輸入錯誤指令\n\t\t\t\t\tGoogle 深度學習 AI 將可以幫助病理學家辨識癌細胞 →"],["topImageUrl","http://img.technews.tw/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/27190131/5077410064_38d8e109df_z.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","台灣核電廠全停掉電都夠用｜天下雜誌"],["url","http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5032772"],["summary","精華簡文\n \n \n \n 圖片來源：黃明堂\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 台灣核電廠全停掉電都夠用\n \n \n \n\n \n 2012-05-11\n \n\n \n 福島核災後，「不要核電，就得省電」成為日本社會的民意共識。參照日本，台灣是否也能走向零核時代？\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n 以供應來說，台電所有的發電廠，如果全都同時發電，3座核電廠發的電只佔12.4％。但台電真正發的電，核電比率高達19％，原因是台電把核能發電極大化，因為若只看發電本身，核電最便宜。證據：從天然氣、燃油及風力發電的產能利用率最高只有3成，而3座核電廠的產能利用率卻高達93％，全球第2，只小輸羅馬尼亞，且1年半才歲修1次（日本為1年）。【核電廠全停電都夠用】以需求來說，台灣就算是用電高峰的7、8月，台電的備用率超過20％，也就是指在用電最高峰的7、8月，還有20％的發電產能閒置。如果核一、核二、核三全都停爐，而其他電廠機組不故障、不同時歲修，也還有6％的備用產能。以成本來說，台電每度電的發電成本，核能0.69元，天然氣發電是核能的4.7倍，而每度電成本高達5.96元的燃油，更是核能的8.6倍，台電因此依賴核能，而閒置其他發電機組。【全球最可怕的3座核電廠台灣有2座】日本福島核災讓世人知道，核電廠的安全性除了本身設計，還要考慮周邊疏散群眾的密度。根據《自然》雜誌（Nature）發表研究顯示，全球最危險的三座核電廠，台灣佔了兩座。核一跟核二距離台北都會區直線距離在30公里以內，兩座周邊的人口數達500萬人。全球第一危險的是巴基斯坦的卡拉齊港邊的Kanupp核電廠，人口超過800萬。但台灣兩座電廠相加的裝置容量是Kanupp的23倍，存放超過萬組燃料棒。大台北地區處在全球最高的核災風險。人口稠密的北台灣，一旦核災發生，將有超過800萬人需疏散或撤離。【選擇廢核日電費比台貴近3倍】日本原本對核電的依賴程度，比台灣高將近10個百分點。福島核災後，日本政府做出「不興建新廠，舊廠不延役」，慢慢淘汰核電的決定。台灣也能嗎？從日本看台灣，也許更該問，不要核電，台灣會付出什麼代價？全民願不願意？核電的好處大家都懂：便宜、無眼前的污染，前提是「只要」不出事。要不要核電，就看每一個國家願意為了那個「萬一」，承受多少風險，付出多少代價。去年311地震以來，日本逐一停掉核電廠，並以大量的火力發電，來彌補電力缺口，尤其是天然氣發電。據日本政府推算，2011年，9家電力公司的燃料費，較前1年增加了超過1倍，也就是每天，日本付給中東買天然氣的錢，就超過100億日圓。因此，今年4月，東京電力已調漲17％的企業電費，在日本的民生電價比台灣貴2.7倍之上，7月，東京電力還將調漲家庭用電10％。【台灣人均用電量世界第2】和台灣不同的是，節電已經是整個日本社會的共識。而台灣的人均用電量，在世界各主要國家中，只比美國低，比日本、南韓、新加坡還高。在政府的政策工具中，有電費折扣獎勵節能措施，只要本期電費較去年同期減少5％到10％以上，台電就會給予5％到20％的電費折扣。但這措施在過去低價電費時，沒有明顯誘因，電費再折扣，反而讓原本賣1度電虧1度的台電，虧損更加劇。去年，台電400億的虧損中，有79億的虧損來自電費折扣。該是台灣社會理性、清楚辯證各種能源選項，短中長期的代價和風險的時候了。惟有透過公民普遍參與的辯證，才能夠逐步形成共識。有共識，才會有社會普遍支持的政策方向和全民參與的行動，輔以政策工具，目標才有實現的一天。【核四停建的五大風險】1.電力供給風險核一、二、三廠2025年完成除役，備用容量率將降至2.9％，低於法定的15％。備容率太低，只要機組故障，就可能缺電。2.電價風險三座核電廠完成退役，完全以新燃氣機組替代發電，則每度售電成本將增加1.36元。若完全反映在售價上，則比目前平均每度電價2.79元增加40％。3. 經濟發展風險電價若漲四成，首年國內生產毛額可能減少608億元。4. 碳排放量風險電力缺口由燃氣或燃煤發電替代，可能額外增加750至1,620萬公噸二氧化碳排放量，不利台灣產品的碳足跡，影響國際競爭力。5.台電呆帳、全民買單風險迄今核四投資總額2,736億元，台電將無法回收，面臨破產。若政府概括承受巨額呆帳，需全民買單。研究整理：周原資料來源：台電、經濟部能源局、各媒體報導【核四續建的五大風險】1.安全風險離山腳斷層約60公里，面對地震、海底火山群和海嘯風險。施工過程中，台電遭原能會糾正18項缺失，仍未完全改善。2.成本風險據環保團體估算，包含追加預算，以及未來40年核電廠運轉、除役和廢料處理等經費，合計超過1.1兆台幣，每人平均負擔至48,000元。3.核災處理風險如果出現日本福島規模的核災，距離核四30公里內的疏散人口至少74萬人。環保團體推估，處理居民健康、土壤、水源受影響的後續費用，約需2兆元，比政府一年總預算還要高。4.核廢料處理風險核四運轉40年後，預計產生24萬桶低階核廢料、2,430噸核燃料棒等高階核廢料。目前全球並無永久處置場成功的案例，近年德國、美國都發生核廢料外洩事件。5.社會動盪風險反核四民眾人數逐年增加，就算公投贊成續建核四，反核四運動也不會因此停止。研究整理：高有智資料來源：原能會、綠盟延伸閱讀：如果核四停建／沒有核四的日子　怎麼過？如果核四續建／法、德、日　都解決不了的難題法國能源專家：核電只會愈來愈貴吳叡人：尚未死滅的，以及已經降生的─為林義雄第二次禁食而寫【特別企劃】關於核四，你非懂不可的事！\n \n \n\n \n 關鍵字：\n \n 電廠\n 電費\n 核電\n 核能\n 電力\n 天然氣\n 調漲\n \n \n \n \n\n \n 文章下載\n PDF下載\n \n \n 付費閱讀\n \n \n 下一篇\n 直擊美國奇異最新技術：大潭電廠新機組誕生地，零件直接3D列印"],["topImageUrl","https://cw1.tw/CW/images/article/C1336716793570.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-05-02T05:07:12.851Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s-edTXPzIgWtyOG8MYSxOYwF3KlGNPV7dQv4LroFUuU"],["name","儉樸的六腳奧德莉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years"],["url","https://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["summary","In January 2020, Taiwan will hold elections for its president and legislature. Campaigning for the presidency has long since commenced, and the prosperity of Taiwan's economy and the continuance of democratic freedoms might depend on whether voters will give President Tsai Ing-wen another four years or elect Kuomintang (KMT) candidate Han Kuo-yu.\nThe electoral campaign has entered a crucial moment; the developments of the farce of the Communist Spy Case became the talk of the town in Taiwan. Its dramatic developments have exceeded the tension of a \"farce of espionage,\" making people associate it with the Bullet Gate Shooting Incident Case of 2004.\nThe Tsai government is indeed forcefully playing the anti-China card. With the catalysis of the protests and demonstrations over the extradition bill, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, in Hong Kong, it has all the more been pandering \"a sense of losing one’s country,\" while commenting here and there on the Hong Kong question. Thus, it is being considered by the other side of the Strait as \"external forces\" on a par with the United States. Cross-Strait relations will be destined to further deteriorate, and Taiwan's economy and democracy will be in the doldrums as a result.\nFirst, let's scrutinize Taiwan's economic relationship with China. Since the Tsai government came to office, it has restricted cross-Strait investments, coupled with the New Southward Policy, proclaiming to reduce economic reliance on China, but after implementing the policies for close to four years, the effect is zero, as the reliance of Taiwan’s exports on China has inversely increased to 41 percent. As seen from this, Tsai’s plan to use political force for reducing the reliance of Taiwan's economy on China can never succeed. The pragmatic approach is to handle cross-Strait relations properly, never allowing the economy to be impacted by negative cross-Strait ties.\nCertain fundamentalist faction members believe the international trade war will devastate China's economy, thus delinking Taiwan’s economy with that of China. However, this kind of thing will not happen because the structure of China’s economy has changed, with exports occupying less than 20 percent of GDP, and exports to the United States occupying 20 percent of the entire export volume, coupled with the fact that large scale economies themselves have greater room for maneuvering. Therefore, although the trade war is impactful, it won’t devastate China’s economy.\nConversely, in the unlikely event that China’s economy really collapsed, it would truly be a disaster for Taiwan’s economy, because Taiwan’s economy is destined to rely on China’s economy. The scales of the cross-Strait economies are 20 to 1; China’s market occupies 40 percent of Taiwan’s exports, while Taiwan enjoys a trade surplus of more than US$80 billion. If a similar trade war should occur across the Strait, there is no doubt whatsoever that the Taiwan economy would immediately be mired in decline, while the effect on China would be minimal.\nSecondly, we need to recognize that Taiwan's democracy is worth defending. Today, the existing Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba and North Korea. These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building toward the establishment of socialism in their countries and utilizing the evil tactics of democracy to realize political objectives. If the Taiwanese people could not see through the Tsai's government despicable political approaches, they would quickly become subjects of existing Communist states, regretting in the end, but too late. \nPeople might doubt that today’s Taiwan, under the rule of the Tsai government, though with rampant political patronage and abuses of power, should still be a democratic society, which after all could be similar to the communist states. In fact, a democratic system relies on the esteem of the participants and self-restraint; otherwise, various kinds of distortions and abuses would erode the democratic spirit, leaving it in an empty shell. The original spirit of Taiwan’s evolving democratic system has long been hollowed out, step by step, by the Tsai government, devoid of democratic culture.\nThe democratic system relies on the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with checks and balances amongst them, plus the preservative represented by the oversight of the media and public opinion. However, in its three and a half years of governance, Tsai, nevertheless, has blatantly, through the grasp of the Supreme Court, the Grand Justices and the Central Election Commission, firmly controlled “judicial power” in her hand. In addition, through various types of monetary means, the absolute majority of important media outlets have been one-sidedly slanted towards the ruling party, all day long scrutinizing and criticizing the opposition parties in violation of the normal state of democracy, causing the virtual “succumbing” of the media.\nBecause the Tsai government’s massive electioneering practices through issuing “attractive policies” have befuddled the Taiwanese people’s vision—just like Communist states’ march toward dictatorship—the general public may be bought by these short-sighted policies and elect a president and majority of legislators of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) affiliation. If this occurs, then Tsai will take a further step to firmly grasp the Executive Yuan and legislative power, meaning the so-called \"four powers of democracy\" will entirely belong to Tsai. According to the experiences of the past few years, Tsai will substantively terminate Taiwan’s democratic system.\nFor the electoral campaign, the Tsai government has been publicizing that Taiwan's economy is performing extremely well, but in reality, the situation is absolutely not as the Tsai government has said. This year, Taiwan’s export growth rate is negative, and private sector investments are in the doldrums, with its a little over 2 percent growth rate belonging to the lower bracket growth. In the cross-Strait economic race, Taiwan has lost; in order to sustain growth, it should seek complementarity with China’s economy. To win the election, Tsai is using cross-Strait relations as a sacrificial offering; in fact, it is using the future of Taiwan’s economy as a burial sacrifice.\nSince Tsai took complete control of the government, she has thoroughly used her powers to the extreme, concentrating power in the name of democracy. In the forthcoming general elections, she has been exhausting all means to safeguard her political powers. Under the atmospherics of \"hating the DPP\" permeating society last year, the DPP suffered heavy setbacks; however, facing electoral defeat, she did not stop using anti-China rhetoric, but conversely used it as the strongest medicine, even dispensing the maximum dosage at the crucial moment of the electoral campaign, catalyzing the public’s Sinophobic sentiments in order to help preserve political power. \nOver the past several months, national security agencies have repeatedly released news about \"China’s interference in elections\"; now the time has arrived, verily a veritable human spy has appeared before our eyes, and does so through an international connection format. How fantastic! \"Cutting the throat of one’s political foe to the end” has always been the DPP's approach to election campaigning and through these approaches, it has accumulated many successes. However, this time, by tossing out a fraudster communist spy, whether it could harvest the intended shocking and intimidating effect, all depends on whether the public would take the bait.\nTaiwan is now situated in a critical moment: Are we going to allow Tsai to further grasp the executive and legislative powers, and then, through various chilling effects, allow the natural duty of oversight on the part of the opposition parties to encounter suppression and withering, creating one-party rule, or should we make Tsai step down, allowing cross-Strait exchanges and reconciliation, thus winning the opportunity for mutual respect and joint development? The voters must not give Tsai four more years.\nKent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.\nImage: Reuters."],["topImageUrl","https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/main_images/RTS2LY2C%20%281%29_0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國人風向變了!?\n傳遞特殊訊息!?\n\n經查證\n美國The National Interest官網\n轉載～～～\n\n5日剛出刊的美國國家利益期刊\n標題就是\n台灣不可以讓蔡連任四年\n\nhttps://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["id","2ur7b3otw74jg"],["createdAt","2020-01-07T10:54:53.580Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","Zl8_lG8Bd3n3h-WYDgBK"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","qTquemUBbZnN2I-Em5wS"],["name","Zzzz"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f4fda727ca69d01ed09b0e7e41453fee?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",15]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","1. 這篇文章只是《國家利益》的一篇投書。\n2. 台灣事實查核中心向《國家利益》求證，《國家利益》表示，該篇投書不代表《國家利益》立場。"],["reference","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/1944"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","【部分錯誤】網傳文章「美媒丟震撼彈籲：台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年」？"],["url","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/1944"],["summary","網傳文章「美媒丟震撼彈籲：台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年」，經查：\n一、網傳引述自美國媒體《國家利益》的評論文章。此文並不是社論，而是撰稿人投稿文章。\n二、查核中心向《國家利益》求證，據其指出，《國家利益》接受不同意見的來稿，該篇投書不代表《國家利益》立場。網傳文章是引自《國家利益》雜誌，但翻譯誤讀此文為代表《國家利益》立場的評論和分析，因此，為「部分錯誤」。\n\n背景\n\n近期於社群平台、通訊軟體流傳一則網站文章，標題為「美媒丟震撼彈籲：台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年」，內文指出：\n\n「2020總統立委大選倒數4天，美國媒體《國家利益》雜誌卻丟出震撼彈，發出題為〈台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年〉的評論，稱在蔡政府執政下，宣稱減少對中國的依賴，但台灣對中國及香港市場的出口仍高達41%。...\n\n長期關注國際事務與外交的美國媒體《國家利益》，5日刊出評論稱，台灣選舉活動已進入關鍵時刻，共產黨間諜案的鬧劇發展，成為台灣的話題。...\n\n《國家利益》稱，蔡英文確實在強力打出「反中牌」。在針對香港《逃犯條例》的抗議和示威活動催化下，蔡英文在對香港問題發表評論時，一直給予人民「亡國感」。...」\n\n該篇文章亦出現圖文版本，在社群平台、通訊軟體流傳。\n\n\n圖1：網傳文章擷圖\n\n\n圖2：該篇文章指出，美國媒體《國家利益》批評總統蔡英文。\n\n\n圖3：網傳文章被做成圖文版本，在社群平台上流傳。\n\n查核\n\n爭議點一、這篇文章從何而來？\n\n（一）查核中心查證，文章是引述美國《國家利益》雜誌於2020年1月5日刊登的投書〈台灣不應該再給蔡英文四年〉（Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years）。\n\n根據《國家利益》官網，《國家利益》雜誌是美國智庫「國家利益中心（Center for the National Interest）」旗下的刊物。\n\n\n圖4：美國《國家利益》雜誌投書擷圖\n\n（二）查核中心檢視此文章，此文章為評論文章，撰稿作者為「Kent Wang」，文末介紹如下：\n\n「Kent Wang 是台美關係研究中心的研究員，他撰寫亞太安全及戰略事務，其中，特別關注美台中三邊關係的台灣議題，以及東亞國際政治與區域安全的相關議題。」\n\n（原文：Kent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.）\n\n\n圖5：該篇投書文末的作者介紹擷圖\n\n查核中心進一步查證，在台美關係研究中心的網站上找到「Kent Wang」的介紹，確認他是該研究單位的成員。\n\n爭議點二、這篇文章是否代表《國家利益》的立場？\n\n（一）查核中心向《國家利益》雜誌執行編輯Harry Kazianis求證，他透過電子郵件回覆：\n\n「《國家利益》是一本主要以意見為主的雜誌，我們在過去一年出版許多關於台灣的文章，過去也曾舉辦跟台灣議題相關的討論會。我們對台灣並沒有任何社論立場，無論如何，這篇文章不代表我們的編輯立場。我們歡迎並鼓勵在任何國際議題有價值且有重要貢獻的任何內容。我們的任務是出版所有意見和想法，而非推銷單一想法，或單獨挑出某一種意見，說長道短。」\n\n\n圖6：《國家利益》執行編輯Harry Kazianis回信擷圖。\n\n因此，台灣報導引述〈台灣不應該再給蔡英文四年〉一文時，將作者Kent Wang的個人評論文章，誤寫為美媒《國家利益》雜誌撰文表示，並不準確。\n\n（二）查核中心檢視《國家利益》的台灣系列文章，在2019年全年到2020年1月8日，共刊登163篇文章，大多數為探討台灣和兩岸的軍事武器和戰略問題，僅有少數幾篇為政治分析。其中，在2019年2月21日刊登的評論文章〈美國為何應該邀請台灣總統到華盛頓〉，撰稿人為Gary Sands。\n\n如執行編輯Harry Kazianis介紹，《國家利益》雜誌致力於引介不同意見。\n\n\n圖7：《國家利益》在2019年2月有評論文章指出〈美國為何應該邀請台灣總統到華盛頓〉\n\n結論\n\n一、網傳引述自美國媒體《國家利益》的評論文章。此文並不是社論，而是撰稿人投稿文章。\n\n二、查核中心向《國家利益》求證，據其指出，《國家利益》接受不同意見的來稿，該篇投書不代表《國家利益》立場。\n\n因此，網傳文章是引自《國家利益》雜誌，但翻譯誤讀此文為代表《國家利益》立場的評論和分析，為「部分錯誤」。\n\n參考資料\n\n〈Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years〉台美關係研究中心網站The National Interest: Taiwan"],["topImageUrl","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/sites/default/files/upload/node/field_blog_images/259_01.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-11T10:55:58.068Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s-edTXPzIgWtyOG8MYSxOYwF3KlGNPV7dQv4LroFUuU"],["name","儉樸的六腳奧德莉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years"],["url","https://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["summary","In January 2020, Taiwan will hold elections for its president and legislature. Campaigning for the presidency has long since commenced, and the prosperity of Taiwan's economy and the continuance of democratic freedoms might depend on whether voters will give President Tsai Ing-wen another four years or elect Kuomintang (KMT) candidate Han Kuo-yu.\nThe electoral campaign has entered a crucial moment; the developments of the farce of the Communist Spy Case became the talk of the town in Taiwan. Its dramatic developments have exceeded the tension of a \"farce of espionage,\" making people associate it with the Bullet Gate Shooting Incident Case of 2004.\nThe Tsai government is indeed forcefully playing the anti-China card. With the catalysis of the protests and demonstrations over the extradition bill, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, in Hong Kong, it has all the more been pandering \"a sense of losing one’s country,\" while commenting here and there on the Hong Kong question. Thus, it is being considered by the other side of the Strait as \"external forces\" on a par with the United States. Cross-Strait relations will be destined to further deteriorate, and Taiwan's economy and democracy will be in the doldrums as a result.\nFirst, let's scrutinize Taiwan's economic relationship with China. Since the Tsai government came to office, it has restricted cross-Strait investments, coupled with the New Southward Policy, proclaiming to reduce economic reliance on China, but after implementing the policies for close to four years, the effect is zero, as the reliance of Taiwan’s exports on China has inversely increased to 41 percent. As seen from this, Tsai’s plan to use political force for reducing the reliance of Taiwan's economy on China can never succeed. The pragmatic approach is to handle cross-Strait relations properly, never allowing the economy to be impacted by negative cross-Strait ties.\nCertain fundamentalist faction members believe the international trade war will devastate China's economy, thus delinking Taiwan’s economy with that of China. However, this kind of thing will not happen because the structure of China’s economy has changed, with exports occupying less than 20 percent of GDP, and exports to the United States occupying 20 percent of the entire export volume, coupled with the fact that large scale economies themselves have greater room for maneuvering. Therefore, although the trade war is impactful, it won’t devastate China’s economy.\nConversely, in the unlikely event that China’s economy really collapsed, it would truly be a disaster for Taiwan’s economy, because Taiwan’s economy is destined to rely on China’s economy. The scales of the cross-Strait economies are 20 to 1; China’s market occupies 40 percent of Taiwan’s exports, while Taiwan enjoys a trade surplus of more than US$80 billion. If a similar trade war should occur across the Strait, there is no doubt whatsoever that the Taiwan economy would immediately be mired in decline, while the effect on China would be minimal.\nSecondly, we need to recognize that Taiwan's democracy is worth defending. Today, the existing Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba and North Korea. These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building toward the establishment of socialism in their countries and utilizing the evil tactics of democracy to realize political objectives. If the Taiwanese people could not see through the Tsai's government despicable political approaches, they would quickly become subjects of existing Communist states, regretting in the end, but too late. \nPeople might doubt that today’s Taiwan, under the rule of the Tsai government, though with rampant political patronage and abuses of power, should still be a democratic society, which after all could be similar to the communist states. In fact, a democratic system relies on the esteem of the participants and self-restraint; otherwise, various kinds of distortions and abuses would erode the democratic spirit, leaving it in an empty shell. The original spirit of Taiwan’s evolving democratic system has long been hollowed out, step by step, by the Tsai government, devoid of democratic culture.\nThe democratic system relies on the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with checks and balances amongst them, plus the preservative represented by the oversight of the media and public opinion. However, in its three and a half years of governance, Tsai, nevertheless, has blatantly, through the grasp of the Supreme Court, the Grand Justices and the Central Election Commission, firmly controlled “judicial power” in her hand. In addition, through various types of monetary means, the absolute majority of important media outlets have been one-sidedly slanted towards the ruling party, all day long scrutinizing and criticizing the opposition parties in violation of the normal state of democracy, causing the virtual “succumbing” of the media.\nBecause the Tsai government’s massive electioneering practices through issuing “attractive policies” have befuddled the Taiwanese people’s vision—just like Communist states’ march toward dictatorship—the general public may be bought by these short-sighted policies and elect a president and majority of legislators of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) affiliation. If this occurs, then Tsai will take a further step to firmly grasp the Executive Yuan and legislative power, meaning the so-called \"four powers of democracy\" will entirely belong to Tsai. According to the experiences of the past few years, Tsai will substantively terminate Taiwan’s democratic system.\nFor the electoral campaign, the Tsai government has been publicizing that Taiwan's economy is performing extremely well, but in reality, the situation is absolutely not as the Tsai government has said. This year, Taiwan’s export growth rate is negative, and private sector investments are in the doldrums, with its a little over 2 percent growth rate belonging to the lower bracket growth. In the cross-Strait economic race, Taiwan has lost; in order to sustain growth, it should seek complementarity with China’s economy. To win the election, Tsai is using cross-Strait relations as a sacrificial offering; in fact, it is using the future of Taiwan’s economy as a burial sacrifice.\nSince Tsai took complete control of the government, she has thoroughly used her powers to the extreme, concentrating power in the name of democracy. In the forthcoming general elections, she has been exhausting all means to safeguard her political powers. Under the atmospherics of \"hating the DPP\" permeating society last year, the DPP suffered heavy setbacks; however, facing electoral defeat, she did not stop using anti-China rhetoric, but conversely used it as the strongest medicine, even dispensing the maximum dosage at the crucial moment of the electoral campaign, catalyzing the public’s Sinophobic sentiments in order to help preserve political power. \nOver the past several months, national security agencies have repeatedly released news about \"China’s interference in elections\"; now the time has arrived, verily a veritable human spy has appeared before our eyes, and does so through an international connection format. How fantastic! \"Cutting the throat of one’s political foe to the end” has always been the DPP's approach to election campaigning and through these approaches, it has accumulated many successes. However, this time, by tossing out a fraudster communist spy, whether it could harvest the intended shocking and intimidating effect, all depends on whether the public would take the bait.\nTaiwan is now situated in a critical moment: Are we going to allow Tsai to further grasp the executive and legislative powers, and then, through various chilling effects, allow the natural duty of oversight on the part of the opposition parties to encounter suppression and withering, creating one-party rule, or should we make Tsai step down, allowing cross-Strait exchanges and reconciliation, thus winning the opportunity for mutual respect and joint development? The voters must not give Tsai four more years.\nKent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.\nImage: Reuters."],["topImageUrl","https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/main_images/RTS2LY2C%20%281%29_0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國人風向變了!?\n傳遞特殊訊息!?\n\n經查證\n美國The National Interest官網\n轉載～～～\n\n5日剛出刊的美國國家利益期刊\n標題就是\n台灣不可以讓蔡連任四年\n\nhttps://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["id","2ur7b3otw74jg"],["createdAt","2020-01-07T10:54:53.580Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","JV0-gG8Bd3n3h-WYuMFn"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","Cv1am2YBP8WrztivvG8z"],["name","Puzzle"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=100&d=mp"],["level",9]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是國民黨智庫董事投書美國媒體的評論文章，而不是該媒體自己的新聞報導。芋傳媒報導，《國家利益》這篇文章的作者Kent Wang，中文名字是王福權，學歷為美國加州州立大學電機工程碩士，經歷為國民黨黨營報紙中央日報海外版專欄作家，現職是「台美關係研究中心（The Institute For Taiwan-American Studies）」的董事。"],["reference","https://taronews.tw/2020/01/07/580233/"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","獨家》扯台灣後腿！藍瘋傳「國家利益」雜誌批蔡文章作者是國民黨智庫寫手 | 芋傳媒 TaroNews"],["url","https://taronews.tw/2020/01/07/580233/"],["summary","（芋傳媒記者陳宇義報導）「自己人」去投書美國期刊，然後說美國政府對台灣態度改變，這種愚蠢的事情，大概只有國民黨做得出來，也只有國民黨支持者才會傻傻的相信。近期藍營群組瘋傳一則訊息，內容是引用一篇《國家利益（The National Interest）》期刊上的文章，認為美國政府不支持蔡英文總統。但本傳媒記者深入調查，發現該篇文章的作者是國民黨智庫董事，整起事件根本是國民黨在海外扯台灣後腿！不但可恥，而且還很國民黨。\n《國家利益》刊載的這篇文章，標題非常聳動：「台灣絕對不能再給蔡英文四年」。內容大意為蔡英文要減少台灣對中國的經濟依賴是不可能成功的。\n作者將近期立法院通過的《反滲透法》和前總統陳水扁的「兩顆子彈事件」相提並論，暗示都是政治操作；此外，作者也指控蔡英文藉由香港反送中示威大打「反中牌」、將中國定義成「境外勢力」，這些將會讓台灣的經濟與民主陷入停滯。文章的最後，作者強調台灣正處於關鍵階段，是要讓蔡英文繼續掌握行政與立法權，造成寒蟬效應，創造一黨獨統治，還是要讓海峽兩岸的關係進行和解，以便贏得相互尊重與共同發展的機會？\n一般來說，要判斷文章能否代表政府的態度，文章作者的身份是關鍵。例如中國官媒環球時報總編輯胡錫進，言論在一定程度上可以判斷是中國政府的意思。然而，《國家利益》這篇文章的作者Kent Wang，中文名字是王福權，學歷為美國加州州立大學電機工程碩士，經歷為國民黨黨營報紙中央日報海外版專欄作家，現職是「台美關係研究中心（The Institute For Taiwan-American Studies）」的董事。\n「台美關係研究中心」的性質又是什麼呢？記者進一步追查，發現是國民黨不分區立委候選人陳以信擔任執行長的機構，網站首頁還大刺刺地放上陳以信的競選廣告與一些談話片段影片，與其說是智庫，更像是競選官網。\n圖片來源：截自台美關係研究中心網頁\n總結目前所得知的資訊，顯然可見，這篇文章並不是什麼「美國政府態度改變」的訊號。事實上，這篇文章跟美國政府一點關係都沒有，只不過是國民黨的智庫，找了之前黨營報紙的寫手，用英文投書在海外罵蔡英文而已。\n雖然說民主國家，人人都有評論政治的言論自由，但明明就是國民黨智庫的意見，還要牽拖給美國政府，未免也太敢做不敢當？還是說國民黨心知肚明，自己說的話連支持者都不太會買單，才要用這種方式，來提高一點公信力？背刺還不敢承認，實在有夠母湯。\n國民黨副發言人黃心華和不分區立委參選人李貴敏、陳以信。圖片來源：中央社\n\n芋傳媒專欄徵稿時事・藝文・財經・生活・運動"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.taronews.tw/files/2020/01/截圖-2020-01-07-下午4.12.57.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-07T13:43:50.347Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_aLDBZJEJGJ3Lomo6A8o19GrR6GUdFQCvgDYGuuvVirc"],["name","乂忠厚的田中姬瑪乂"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/media-galleries"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/press-kit"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Suspected phishing site | Cloudflare"],["url","https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/"],["summary","What is phishing?\n\n This link has been flagged as phishing. Phishing is an attempt to acquire personal information such as passwords and credit card details by pretending to be a trustworthy source.\n \n \n \n What can I do?\n\n If you're a visitor of this website\n The website owner has been notified and is in the process of resolving the issue. For now, it is recommended that you do not continue to the link that has been flagged.\n\n If you're the owner of this website\n Please log in to cloudflare.com to review your flagged website. If you have questions about why this was flagged as phishing please contact the Trust & Safety team for more information."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Suspected phishing site | Cloudflare"],["url","https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/"],["summary","What is phishing?\n\n This link has been flagged as phishing. Phishing is an attempt to acquire personal information such as passwords and credit card details by pretending to be a trustworthy source.\n \n \n \n What can I do?\n\n If you're a visitor of this website\n The website owner has been notified and is in the process of resolving the issue. For now, it is recommended that you do not continue to the link that has been flagged.\n\n If you're the owner of this website\n Please log in to cloudflare.com to review your flagged website. If you have questions about why this was flagged as phishing please contact the Trust & Safety team for more information."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Deal Shaker"],["url","https://dealshaker.com/en/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","OneForex"],["url","https://oneforex.eu"],["summary","Update, December 16, 2022:Sebastian Greenwood, co-founder of OneCoin Multi-Billion-Dollar Cryptocurrency Pyramid Scheme “OneCoin” Pleads Guilty.Department of Justice U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New YorkFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEFriday, December 16, 2022 \n OneCoin\n Was a Fraudulent Cryptocurrency Marketed and Sold to Millions of \nVictims Around the World, Resulting in Billions of Dollars in Losses\n Damian\n Williams, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New \nYork, announced today that KARL SEBASTIAN GREENWOOD, who co-founded \nOneCoin with RUJA IGNATOVA, a/k/a “the Cryptoqueen,” pled guilty today \nin Manhattan federal court to wire fraud and money laundering charges in\n connection with his participation in the massive OneCoin fraud scheme. \n OneCoin, which began operations in 2014 and was based in Sofia, \nBulgaria, marketed and sold a fraudulent cryptocurrency by the same name\n through a global multi-level-marketing (“MLM”) network. As a result of\n misrepresentations that GREENWOOD, IGNATOVA, and others made about \nOneCoin, victims invested over four billion dollars worldwide in the \nfraudulent cryptocurrency. Today, District Judge Edgardo Ramos accepted\n GREENWOOD’s guilty plea. IGNATOVA, who was added to the Federal Bureau\n of Investigation’s Top Ten Most Wanted List in June 2022, remains at \nlargeU.S. Attorney Damian Williams said: “As a founder and leader of OneCoin,\n Karl Sebastian Greenwood operated one of the largest international \nfraud schemes ever perpetrated. Greenwood and his co-conspirators, \nincluding fugitive Ruja Ignatova, conned unsuspecting victims out of \nbillions of dollars, claiming that OneCoin would be the ‘Bitcoin \nkiller.’ In fact, OneCoins were entirely worthless. Greenwood’s lies \nwere designed with one goal, to get everyday people all over the world \nto part with their hard-earned money — real money — and to line his own \npockets to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars.https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/co-founder-multi-billion-dollar-cryptocurrency-pyramid-scheme-onecoin-pleads-guilty Update, June 30, 2022: OneCoin's founder Ruja Ignatova has been added to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. FBI is offering up to $ 100,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of Ruja Ignatova.FBI has created a special landing page for the public, victims and media: https://fbi.gov/rujaLive video footage of the FBI/SDNY press conference on June 30, 2022 regarding the addition of OneCoin founder Ruja Ignatova to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. FBI posters of Ruja Ignatova on FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list:Englishباللغة العربيةНА РУССКОМНа българскиNë shqipΣτην ελληνικήAuf Deutsch Update, May 11, 2022:Ruja Ignatova has been added to the public side of the INTERPOL RED NOTICE -list. \"Dr Ruja IGNATOVA, Doctor of Law, is suspected of having, as the driving force and intellectual inventor of the alleged cryptocurrency \"OneCoin\", induced investors all over the world to invest in this actually worthless \"currency\".\"German Nordrhein-Westfalen police has released a warrant for Ruja Ignatova.Update, April 18, 2022: Bulgarian Ministry of Interior announced on April 18, 2022, that Ruja Ignatova has been declared internationally wanted at the request of the authorities in Germany. She has been reported to the Schengen Information System (SIS) and is set to be arrested and extradited on the basis of a European Arrest Warrant issued by the Bielefeld Court in Germany. Ignatova is wanted for criminal activity related to commercial fraud, progressive customer recruitment and money laundering by creating and distributing OneCoin virtual currency. She has been released from Bulgarian citizenship according to the Ministry of Interior. Update, October 8,2021:Attorney Johannes Bender who represents OneCoin victims in the secondary suit in the Münster OneCoin trial in Germany which starter on September 18, 2021, wrote about the OneCoin blockchain and fraud questions covered in court. MUST READ FOR ALL ONECOIN MEMBERS!----------------------------------------OneCoin company is a Bulgarian scam company operating without any regulatory financial or virtual currency licenses. OneCoin virtual currency is a fake-value coin existing only on OneCoin's OneEcosystem MLM website. Its fake \"value\" is announced by anonymous Bulgarians on exactly this 1 MLM website. This virtual coin is claimed to be a cryptocurrency by its marketing, but Onecoin has no cryptocurrency properties what so ever; no secure wallets, no public/private keys, no valid blockchain for users to verify their transactions. The scam concept is quite simple:Declare a fake value for OneCoin on OneEcosystem web site. Lure people to join this so called \"financial revolution\", and sell them MLM \"education packages\" which contain different amounts of promotional tokens depending on the MLM package price. Promotional tokens are multiplied via promotions and \"splits\". Then on the member BackOffice \"mine\" the promotional tokens to OneCoin (\"mining\" is a simple automatic division calculation). This results OneCoins for the member's OneEcosystem account with purported value even 10-200x higher than the MLM package price.This exactly same concept has been in use since OneCoin started in late 2014.But in reality OneCoin has no real value and it can't be exchanged to any crypto or fiat currency, or to any valued asset consistently. The time when OneCoin is finally supposed to become real is always \"coming soon\". OneCoin accounts are totally at the mercy of the Bulgarian OneCoin criminals, who\n can freeze member accounts any time they want, which they have done \nnumerous times to members who critisized Onecoin. \"Mining\" of coins in the OneCoin fraud scheme means just an exchange of intermediary \"promotional\" tokens from MLM packages (tokens are multiplied in numerous \"splits\", Wonder Wheel etc. promotions) to Onecoins using a certain ratio called \"difficulty factor\" by doing a division calculation. This is not the concept of a real cryptocurrency mining. OneCoin uses lexicon from the real cryptocurrency space in order to defraud members making them falsely believe that they are profitably \"mining\" a crypto coin.. An expert witness said at the German Münster trial in October 2021 :\"OneCoin does not consist of [promotional] tokens and is not created with the help of [promotional] tokens\". The members have been lied to from the beginning.OneEcosystem recently announced their White Paper, which doesn't explain in detail how promotional tokens from the MLM packages become Onecoins. They leave out the key fact that OneCoin \"mining\" is a simple division calculation, not any cryptocurrency mining. The White Paper further lies that the values are based on supply and demand, while in reality OneCoin's \"value\" is just proclaimed internally by the Bulgarian OneCoin criminals. There's obviously also no logical explanation for the promotional token multiplying via splits and promotions, which after \"mining\" create purported profit in fake value Onecoins.While OneCoin may have finally a working blockchain after 6-7 years, based on the Ethereum codebase running on their private server, it's all irrelevant what comes to the fraud; storing play money coins which have a fake euro value to any ledger, be it a blockchain or any other ledger, doesn't make it real money. By concentrating on explaining about the private Ethereum codebased blockchain in the White Paper, the Bulgarian OneCoin criminals conveniently avoid touching the core issues which make OneCoin/OneEcosystem a clear scam.OneCoin recently appointed a new Bulgarian CEO, Ventsislav Zlatkov. Marketing and promotion of the scam is operated by OneEcosystem/OneLife MLM network, which is led by convicted criminal robber Cordel \"KingJayms\" James from Trinidad & Tobago.Contrary to any legit European financial or virtual currency service company, OneCoin operates totally unlicensed and unregulated and is warned by countless financial regulatory agencies around the world. OneCoin is stated to be a \"massive international fraud scheme\" by the United States Department of Justice. Ex-head of OneCoin, Konstantin Ignatov, has testified in US court, testifying that OneCoin is worthless and a fraud scheme. The Bulgarian OneCoin scam operators announce OneCoin fake value as 42.5€ and a fake market-cap of (ridiculous) Trillions of Euros on their MLM Portal, promoters claiming it to be bigger project than Apple.In reality, OneCoin doesn't have a market defined value, there's no exchange where OneCoin could be exchanged to any real currency. Thus OneCoin has no real market-capitalization. It has Trillions of euros of fake value supply as virtual coins on member accounts, but practically no demand, which means the coin is generally worthless, just as Konstantin Ignatov testified. This makes OneCoin also an already collapsed ponzi, which still has some active promoters left who try to attract gullible people with MLM packages claiming to create a huge value in Dealshaker, or even claiming that OneCoin will become a world currency. Despite continuing efforts OneCoin recruiting has collapsed compared to the levels what it was 3-4 years ago.Unsurprisingly OneCoin company doesn't accept its own coin for service fee payments, but accepts euros and bitcoins. A large percentage of members have account problems, and the company is collecting service fees from them, but still many members can't access their accounts since around September 2020.Dealshaker is OneCoin's low traffic unpopular \"e-commerce\" website only for the OneEcosystem members, but only a small percentage of members have ever used it. Most deals are hybrid Euro+One deals, in which the Euro part already covers or exceeds the actual value of the product. As OneCoin has no real value, by far the most deals are not attractive and require euros as well. Fake deals have plagued Dealshaker, especially fake car and real estate scam deals, where people have lost a lot of money. A pseudo-compliancy of the OneCoin fraud scheme's \"business model\" is claimed with the usual education package explanation. Of course the real reason people have been lured to pay big money for the MLM packages, are the multiplying tokens, and the claimed fake value of Onecoin and its \"amazing future\" which is always \"coming soon\". There's an active indictment against Ruja Ignatova by the US Department of Justice. Ruja faces 85 years in prison. There is an active international arrest warrant for her issued by both USA and more recently by Germany,\"Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Charges Against Leaders Of “OneCoin,” A Multibillion-Dollar Pyramid Scheme Involving The Sale Of A Fraudulent Cryptocurrency.Current Leader Konstantin Ignatov Arrested at Los Angeles International Airport\":https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-announces-charges-against-leaders-onecoin-multibillion-dollarKonstantin Ignatov (brother of Ruja) acted as the head of OneCoin after Ruja disappeared in October 2017, and was arrested on March 6, 2019, has pleaded guilty on 4 charges in United States Southern District New York :1. Count 1 - Conspiracy to Commit Wire fraud2. Count 2 - Wire Fraud3. Count 3 - Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering4. Count 4 - Conspiracy to Commit Bank FraudKonstantin pleaded guilty on these charges by signing a plea agreement letter on October 4, 2019.The letter (Government Exhibit 901) can be seen here: https://www.scribd.com/document/434747259/On-OneCoin-Cooperator-Konstantin-Ignatov-s-Plea-Agreement-for-5K1-letteror here: https://imgur.com/a/noD3dBAAfter that, Konstantin became an active Government witness against OneCoin, which he still today is.On November 5,6 and 7 of 2019, Konstantin testified in Mark Scott trial during 3 days against OneCoin, admitting and confirming in great detail that OneCoin is a scam, the coin is worthless, and there's no valid blockchain.The transcripts of the Mark Scott trial where Konstantin was testifying are freely available for all to read here:November 5,2019: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7829201/187/united-states-v-scott/(starting from PDF page 95)November 6,2019: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7829201/189/united-states-v-scott/(starting from PDF page 14)November 7,2019: https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7829201/191/united-states-v-scott/(starting from PDF page 23)At the end of February 2021, after sitting nearly 2 years in different detention centers, Konstantin was able to get to home arrest while waiting for his witness cooperation to end, and eventually his sentencing to take place. Now that Konstantin is in house arrest and can use Internet, he has deleted all OneCoin material from his personal Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/konsti.keks------------------------------ Significant OneCoin USA Federal Court Dates: David Pike sentencing: March 1, 2022 Sentenced - 2 years probation Gilbert Armenta sentencing: February 16, 2023 sentenced to 5 years in prisonSebastian Greenwood has pleaded guilty. Sentenced to 20 years in prisonMark Scott convicted, sentencing date: December 12, 2023Irina Dilkinska pleaded guilty. Sentencing: February 14, 2024Konstantin Ignatov sentencing control (a check if his witness cooperation has been completed. If not, a new control date will be set): February 28, 2024Ruja Ignatova: remains at largeFollow real time OneCoin scam updates: https://twitter.com/CryptoXpose"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Onelife維卡幣同好大會｜Accupass 活動通"],["url","https://www.accupass.com/event/1804041523578575984850#:~:text=%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB,ID%20number%2025023938"],["summary","本次講座，我們將討論Dealshaker 上的支付與OneForex的外匯交易，還有因應10/8後，我們如何用維卡幣環遊世界。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","\"\n分享\nApp 開啟\n\n商業\nOnelife維卡幣同好大會\n1,050\n0\n\n儒易の財富花園\n\n聯絡主辦\n2018.04.15 (日) 13:30 - 16:00 (GMT+8)\n加入行事曆\n新北巿林口區麗園路23號\n公車坐至：麗園國小站\n\n相關連結\n\n臉書活動頁\ncryptocurrency\ndealshaker\n虛擬貨幣\n壹幣\n數位加密貨幣\noneforex\nblockchain\n維卡幣\nonecoin\n萊特幣\n萬幣\n電子商務\n數字貨幣\nlitecoin\n跨境電商\n區塊鏈\nbitcoin\n比特幣\n活動資訊\nOneLife官方介紹-未來的支付-維卡幣onecoin\n\n\n2018 維卡幣商城在義大利的發展\n\n\n維卡幣Dealshaker商城如何進行掃碼支付歐洲的酒店住宿？\n\n\n維卡幣官方資訊\n\n1.關於維卡幣 (onecoin)的介紹：https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/media-galleries\n2.維卡幣Q&A問答集（任何疑問，可在此獲得解答）：https://www.onecoin.eu/zh/press-kit\n3.維卡幣近期各國活動資訊：https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/\n4.One Academy 壹學院—教導客戶金融基礎知識、投資理財觀念、認識虛擬貨幣之線上學習平台：https://www.onelifeevents.eu/en/\n5.Dealshaker—第一個電子商務平臺維卡幣生態系統的一部分，該平臺允許企業對客戶和客戶對客戶以現金和新時代的、大眾性的加密貨幣維卡幣結帳的交易。https://dealshaker.com/en/\n6.OneForex —外匯交易平台，通過線上的創新培訓計畫，你將學習如何發現外匯市場的走向和如何利用優勢：https://oneforex.eu\n\n媒體報導【2017/12/17】\n\nCroatia national newspaper is reporting about ONECOIN!!! ONE is conquering all Talking also about all market trend, timing and of course usability of the ONE that has the best potential on the market as being also centralized crypto currency that will come to public market in 2018. Strategy is correct!\n\n克羅地亞國家報紙報導ONECOIN！！！報中討論了市場趨勢、時機和易用性，ONE是市場上最具潛力的，也是將于2018年上市的集中式加密貨幣。 \n\n\n\n澳大利亞商業日報\n\n\n\n\n你可能會喜歡這些活動\n\n\n2023.12.02 (六) - 12.03 (日)\n\n獎勵青年投入地方創生行動成果發表會暨市集\n\n台北市\n#地方創生\n\n1570\n\n19\n\n2023.12.02 (六) - 12.16 (六)\n\n《原嶼伯樂品酩饕宴》\n\n台北市\n#威士忌\n\n24126\n\n98\n\n2023.12.08 (五)\n\n📸KOL 網紅行銷全攻略，打造高效益行銷策略🔮 | 活動通了沒 #3\n\n台北市\n#短影音行銷\n\n5060\n\n93\n\n2023.11.10 (五) - 12.24 (日)\n\n梭織體驗｜12月｜中壢｜手作梭織萬用布墊基礎織布體驗居家裝飾 Art Weaving\n\n桃園市\n#handmade\n\n994\n\n25\n\n2023.10.14 (六) - 12.09 (六)\n\n向自然學習的料理關係\n\n台中市\n#弘道\n\n1166\n\n21\n\n2023.11.24 (五) - 12.16 (六)\n\n旅日小說「東方版的飄－異域紅塵」時空讀書會\n\n台北市\n#導讀會\n\n659\n\n8\n\n2023.11.26 (日)\n\nIN艋舺 · 文化散步\n\n台北市\n#剝皮寮\n\n1000\n\n30\n\n2023.07.29 (六) - 12.23 (六)\n\n2023無限進步教練讀書會\n\n線上活動\n#職場必備技能\n\n2012\n\n18\n\n2023.12.02 (六)\n\n12/02 (六)-周末場【假面舞會-經典版】社交解謎遊戲－一同多人解謎社交遊戲，認識朋友\n\n台北市\n#輕鬆交友\n\n1157\n\n51\n\n2023.11.25 (六)\n\n【產品經理職人系列】新產品開發企劃書撰寫 11/25(六)線上課程\n\n線上活動\n#一頁企劃書書\n\n651\n\n37\n\n2023.12.23 (六)\n\n【NLP+孵化你的職涯發展藍圖】 — 梳理迷惘，聽見潛藏在心底的聲音\n\n台北市\n#COVID-FREE\n\n583\n\n29\n\n2023.11.23 (四)\n\n風傳媒《女性未來力》論壇｜突破傳統・展現自我\n\n台北市\n#性別\n\n16669\n\n82\n主辦\n喜歡\n已結束\n舉辦活動\n常見問題\n首次舉辦活動\n活動上架規範\n活動人社群\n主辦百寶箱\n生活誌\n平台基礎服務\n線上活動相關\n廣告曝光方案\nACCUPAI 雲攝影\n認識我們\n加入我們\n客服中心\nEmail: service@accupass.com\n週一至週五 10:00-18:30\n詢問小幫手\n關於我們\n\n\n\n\n語言\n盈科泛利股份有限公司 © Accuvally Inc. All Rights Reserved. 統一編號 Tax ID number 25023938\"\n https://www.accupass.com/event/1804041523578575984850#:~:text=%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB,ID%20number%2025023938"],["id","nafgyfi8h817"],["createdAt","2023-11-22T11:14:02.672Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","Sl1EbpcBfs35m9Mi7cnu"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text"," 假的，此為詐騙，詐騙集團一開始會讓投資人嚐到一點甜頭，讓他們持續投錢。現金被吸乾後，就會用各種理由，要投資人再想辦法借到更多錢投進來。社群成員平時大多閒話家常，偶爾才會貼出高額獲利對帳單，降低被害人戒心，進而決定小額入金嘗試。但其實這些成員九成以上都是集團安排好的暗樁，所有與獲利相關的對話，都是為了強化被害人的從眾心態。入金後，投資者就獲得了加入進階方案的資格，並可接受投資顧問的指導，在特定平台上操作交易。當帳面獲利累積到一定金額，投資人開始想取回款項時，原本穩定的平台就狀況頻頻，顧問甚至會指責其操作錯誤害帳戶被凍結，必須額外付款才能解鎖。不懂的金融商品不要碰，也不要輕信來源不明的網路資訊。\n "],["reference","https://www.tph.moj.gov.tw/4421/4475/632364/1189852/post\n近期常見的「投資詐騙」手法與徵兆\n\nhttps://money.udn.com/money/story/5635/6476957\n投資詐騙　揭開偽金融科技騙局\n\nhttps://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/投資詐騙-老鼠會-加密貨幣-新興幣-052946564.html\n投資詐騙\n\nhttps://www.thenewslens.com/article/168417\n虛擬貨幣詐騙的常見情境、迴避策略\n\nhttps://www.businessweekly.com.tw/business/blog/3009034\n資金盤和龐氏騙局"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.tph.moj.gov.tw/4421/4475/632364/1189852/post"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","UNKNOWN_UNFURL_ERROR"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「連房子都沒了……」投資詐騙　揭開偽金融科技騙局 | 熱門亮點 | 商情 | 經濟日報"],["url","https://money.udn.com/money/story/5635/6476957"],["summary","後疫情時代，宅經濟成主流趨勢，金融科技也跟著蓬勃發展，加密貨幣、區塊鏈等新興投資市場熱絡，卻也讓投資詐騙更加猖獗。然而「顧問帶進門，詐騙在個人」，不少人跟著「顧問老師」操作，取得小幅獲利後就信以為真，"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","投資詐騙盛行！如何防範！"],["url","https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/投資詐騙-老鼠會-加密貨幣-新興幣-052946564.html"],["summary","隨著時代的進步，個資也越來越難以不被外流，許多不肖廠商都會販賣個資來賺取想要的報酬，而在這樣的環境下詐騙手段一直再推陳出新，利用人的慾望與貪婪來達成詐騙的目的，所以如何辨別自己是否正遭受到詐騙的話術或手法就極其重要。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","投資比特幣之前，你確定你不是被詐騙嗎？虛擬貨幣詐騙的常見套路與迴避策略 - The News Lens 關鍵評論網"],["url","https://www.thenewslens.com/article/168417"],["summary","在社群軟體上被帥哥美女搭訕？看到「我爸爸從負債100萬、變成天天開BMW」的廣告？決定開始投資加密貨幣之前，先看看這些常見的幾種詐騙，讓大家在投資之前先防雷！"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","換湯不換藥！投資加密貨幣常見的5種詐騙手法，你都很熟悉－非讀BOOK｜商周"],["url","https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/business/blog/3009034"],["summary","1.投資加密貨幣，除了受到漲跌幅波動影響可能一舉賠光，也有許多不同型態的詐騙。2.常見的5種詐騙類型分別是：假投資平台／假交易所、假投資、假設群／假官方、龐式騙局、授權智能合約詐騙。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2025-06-14T11:48:20.596Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_POg6C-xr7AIsQFibzI2nvOvSC_gE1v5bCp4uaOfc75k"],["name","㊣獨立的石門喬伊㊣"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens"],["url","https://www.nature.com/news/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487"],["summary","Wuhan Virology Institute\t\tHazard suits hang at the National Bio-safety Laboratory, Wuhan, the first lab on the Chinese mainland equipped for the highest level of biocontainment.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA laboratory in Wuhan is on the cusp of being cleared to work with the world’s most dangerous pathogens. The move is part of a plan to build between five and seven biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) labs across the Chinese mainland by 2025, and has generated much excitement, as well as some concerns.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSome scientists outside China worry about pathogens escaping, and the addition of a biological dimension to geopolitical tensions between China and other nations. But Chinese microbiologists are celebrating their entrance to the elite cadre empowered to wrestle with the world’s greatest biological threats.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“It will offer more opportunities for Chinese researchers, and our contribution on the BSL‑4-level pathogens will benefit the world,” says George Gao, director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology in Beijing. There are already two BSL-4 labs in Taiwan, but the National Bio-safety Laboratory, Wuhan, would be the first on the Chinese mainland.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe lab was certified as meeting the standards and criteria of BSL-4 by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January. The CNAS examined the lab’s infrastructure, equipment and management, says a CNAS representative, paving the way for the Ministry of Health to give its approval. A representative from the ministry says it will move slowly and cautiously; if the assessment goes smoothly, it could approve the laboratory by the end of June.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBSL-4 is the highest level of biocontainment: its criteria include filtering air and treating water and waste before they leave the laboratory, and stipulating that researchers change clothes and shower before and after using lab facilities. Such labs are often controversial. The first BSL-4 lab in Japan was built in 1981, but operated with lower-risk pathogens until 2015, when safety concerns were finally overcome.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe expansion of BSL-4-lab networks in the United States and Europe over the past 15 years — with more than a dozen now in operation or under construction in each region — also met with resistance, including questions about the need for so many facilities.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t“Viruses don’t know borders.”\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Wuhan lab cost 300 million yuan (US$44 million), and to allay safety concerns it was built far above the flood plain and with the capacity to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, although the area has no history of strong earthquakes. It will focus on the control of emerging diseases, store purified viruses and act as a World Health Organization ‘reference laboratory’ linked to similar labs around the world. “It will be a key node in the global biosafety-lab network,” says lab director Yuan Zhiming.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Chinese Academy of Sciences approved the construction of a BSL-4 laboratory in 2003, and the epidemic of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) around the same time lent the project momentum. The lab was designed and constructed with French assistance as part of a 2004 cooperative agreement on the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases. But the complexity of the project, China’s lack of experience, difficulty in maintaining funding and long government approval procedures meant that construction wasn’t finished until the end of 2014.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe lab’s first project will be to study the BSL-3 pathogen that causes Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever: a deadly tick-borne virus that affects livestock across the world, including in northwest China, and that can jump to people.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuture plans include studying the pathogen that causes SARS, which also doesn’t require a BSL-4 lab, before moving on to Ebola and the West African Lassa virus, which do. Some one million Chinese people work in Africa; the country needs to be ready for any eventuality, says Yuan. “Viruses don’t know borders.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGao travelled to Sierra Leone during the recent Ebola outbreak, allowing his team to report the speed with which the virus mutated into new strains1. The Wuhan lab will give his group a chance to study how such viruses cause disease, and to develop treatments based on antibodies and small molecules, he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tMuyi Xiao for Nature\t\tThe central monitor room at China’s National Bio-safety Laboratory.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe opportunities for international collaboration, meanwhile, will aid the genetic analysis and epidemiology of emergent diseases. “The world is facing more new emerging viruses, and we need more contribution from China,” says Gao. In particular, the emergence of zoonotic viruses — those that jump to humans from animals, such as SARS or Ebola — is a concern, says Bruno Lina, director of the VirPath virology lab in Lyon, France.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMany staff from the Wuhan lab have been training at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, which some scientists find reassuring. And the facility has already carried out a test-run using a low-risk virus.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut worries surround the Chinese lab, too. The SARS virus has escaped from high-level containment facilities in Beijing multiple times, notes Richard Ebright, a molecular biologist at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. Tim Trevan, founder of CHROME Biosafety and Biosecurity Consulting in Damascus, Maryland, says that an open culture is important to keeping BSL-4 labs safe, and he questions how easy this will be in China, where society emphasizes hierarchy. “Diversity of viewpoint, flat structures where everyone feels free to speak up and openness of information are important,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYuan says that he has worked to address this issue with staff. “We tell them the most important thing is that they report what they have or haven’t done,” he says. And the lab’s international collaborations will increase openness. “Transparency is the basis of the lab,” he adds.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe plan to expand into a network heightens such concerns. One BSL-4 lab in Harbin is already awaiting accreditation; the next two are expected to be in Beijing and Kunming, the latter focused on using monkey models to study disease.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLina says that China’s size justifies this scale, and that the opportunity to combine BSL-4 research with an abundance of research monkeys — Chinese researchers face less red tape than those in the West when it comes to research on primates — could be powerful. “If you want to test vaccines or antivirals, you need a non-human primate model,” says Lina.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut Ebright is not convinced of the need for more than one BSL-4 lab in mainland China. He suspects that the expansion there is a reaction to the networks in the United States and Europe, which he says are also unwarranted. He adds that governments will assume that such excess capacity is for the potential development of bioweapons.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“These facilities are inherently dual use,” he says. The prospect of ramping up opportunities to inject monkeys with pathogens also worries, rather than excites, him: “They can run, they can scratch, they can bite.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrevan says China’s investment in a BSL-4 lab may, above all, be a way to prove to the world that the nation is competitive. “It is a big status symbol in biology,” he says, “whether it’s a need or not.”"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","權威科學雜誌《自然》（Nature）2017年就刊文警告，武漢P4實驗室被注射病毒的實驗動物具有很大危險\nInside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens\n\n\n美生物安全專家2017年警告：武漢P4實驗室病毒可能逃逸。\n“These facilities are inherently dual use,” he says. The prospect of ramping up opportunities to inject monkeys with pathogens also worries, rather than excites, him: “They can run, they can scratch, they can bite.”\n\nhttps://www.nature.com/news/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487"],["id","4c5rn7oq3dhz"],["createdAt","2020-01-28T23:29:25.926Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","DEWuQXABHjv_5zI2_ttA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","_1YnAG8BV0DITCqGm7go"],["name","uienwt"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",18]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","專家指出，〈A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence〉，2015年刊登於《Nature》期刊，研究者之一為中國科學院武漢病毒研究所成員石正麗。這項研究確實人為合成了一個具有人類感染力的SARS-like病毒，但這與新型冠病毒不同，無法推論新型冠狀病毒為此研究團隊所製造。\n"],["reference","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/2500?fbclid=IwAR2xzYykA7zwgkjaV8Wj0fOjc2L7KPR97A82IvamM-xqnVCZvmdkFyqj6r4"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","【錯誤】傳言引述研究指稱「武漢新型冠狀肺炎完全是人造出來的，就是她石正麗造的」？"],["url","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/2500?fbclid=IwAR2xzYykA7zwgkjaV8Wj0fOjc2L7KPR97A82IvamM-xqnVCZvmdkFyqj6r4"],["summary","傳言引述研究指稱「武漢新型冠狀肺炎完全是人造出來的，就是她石正麗造的」，經查：\n\n一、傳言引述的研究為〈A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence〉，2015年刊登於《Nature》期刊，研究者之一確實為中國科學院武漢病毒研究所成員石正麗。\n\n二、專家指出，這項研究確實人為合成了一個具有人類感染力的SARS-like病毒，但這與新型冠病毒不同，無法推論新型冠狀病毒為此研究團隊所製造。\n\n因此，傳言為「錯誤」訊息。\n\n背景\n\n社群平台流傳訊息指出：「重磅！重磅！武漢新型冠狀肺炎完全是人造出來的，就是她石正麗造的！2015年就把整個人造病毒實驗過程發表在美國\"自然\"雜誌上了，鐵證如山...」此傳言亦附上《Nature》的一項研究。\n\n\n圖1：社群平台流傳訊息擷圖\n\n查核\n\n爭議點一、傳言引述的研究文獻為何？\n\n查核中心查證，傳言引述的研究為〈A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence.〉，2015年刊登於《Nature》期刊，研究者之一確實為中國科學院武漢病毒研究所成員石正麗。\n\n爭議點二、這項研究是否指出「武漢新型冠狀肺炎完全是人造出來的」？\n\n查核中心透過新興科技媒體中心，諮詢長庚大學新興病毒感染研究中心主任施信如，以及中興大學獸醫病理生物學研究所教授吳宏毅。\n\n（一）施信如指出：\n\n這項研究是在瞭解2015年當時盛行於中華菊頭蝠（Chinese horseshoe bat）間的SARS-like 病毒「SHC014-CoV」在人類間傳播的可能性。研究團隊透過反轉基因法（reverse genetics），以SARS小鼠適應株（mouse-adapted SARS-CoV）作為骨架，將S蛋白基因置換成SHC014的S蛋白基因，做出一個重組病毒株（chimeric virus），再並利用此重組病毒株探討「SHC014-CoV」的S蛋白基因是否能感染人類。\n\n這項研究發現，該重組病毒株對於感人類呼吸道上皮細胞以及小鼠的感染力與無異，說明當時在蝙蝠中盛行的SHC014 SARS-like病毒，可能會再次出現SARS-CoV的潛在風險。\n\n雖然該研究利用反轉基因法的方式製造了一個具有人類感染力的SARS-like 病毒，但畢竟與武漢冠狀病毒不是同一種病毒，光就這篇研究就定論「武漢冠狀病毒是該團隊所製造出來」沒有直接證據。\n\n（二）吳弘毅指出：\n\n這項研究是將SARS病毒的S蛋白基因置換成中華菊頭蝠的S蛋白基因，形成重組病毒株「SHC014-MA15」。因此，「SHC014-MA15」的基因序列，除了S蛋白基因序列以外，其餘都來自SARS冠狀病毒的基因序列。\n\n其次，SARS病毒的基因序列與新型冠狀病毒的基因序列，在S蛋白基因之外，相似度只有80％至90％，並無高度的相似度。事實上，冠狀病毒的基因體很大，以80到90%的相似度來看，大概有3000到6000個基因序列不一樣，而這些基因序列是散落在整個基因體當中。如果是人工合成的病毒，應是針對某一段去突變，不可能針對一段一段基因序列去突變。\n\n因此，SHC014-MA15為人為合成的SARS冠狀病毒株是事實，但SHC014-MA15是新型冠狀病毒的可能性非常低。\n\n結論\n\n一、傳言引述的研究為〈A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence〉，2015年刊登於《Nature》期刊，研究者之一確實為中國科學院武漢病毒研究所成員石正麗。\n\n二、專家指出，這項研究確實人為合成了一個具有人類感染力的SARS-like病毒，但這與新型冠病毒不同，無法推論新型冠狀病毒為此研究團隊所製造。\n\n因此，傳言為「錯誤」訊息。\n\n參考資料\n\nMenachery, V. D., Yount, B. L., Debbink, K., Agnihothram, S., Gralinski, L. E., Plante, J. A., … Baric, R. S. (2015). A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nature Medicine, 21(12), 1508–1513. doi: 10.1038/nm.3985"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-02-14T03:12:32.335Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_POg6C-xr7AIsQFibzI2nvOvSC_gE1v5bCp4uaOfc75k"],["name","㊣獨立的石門喬伊㊣"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens"],["url","https://www.nature.com/news/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487"],["summary","Wuhan Virology Institute\t\tHazard suits hang at the National Bio-safety Laboratory, Wuhan, the first lab on the Chinese mainland equipped for the highest level of biocontainment.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA laboratory in Wuhan is on the cusp of being cleared to work with the world’s most dangerous pathogens. The move is part of a plan to build between five and seven biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) labs across the Chinese mainland by 2025, and has generated much excitement, as well as some concerns.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSome scientists outside China worry about pathogens escaping, and the addition of a biological dimension to geopolitical tensions between China and other nations. But Chinese microbiologists are celebrating their entrance to the elite cadre empowered to wrestle with the world’s greatest biological threats.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“It will offer more opportunities for Chinese researchers, and our contribution on the BSL‑4-level pathogens will benefit the world,” says George Gao, director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology in Beijing. There are already two BSL-4 labs in Taiwan, but the National Bio-safety Laboratory, Wuhan, would be the first on the Chinese mainland.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe lab was certified as meeting the standards and criteria of BSL-4 by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January. The CNAS examined the lab’s infrastructure, equipment and management, says a CNAS representative, paving the way for the Ministry of Health to give its approval. A representative from the ministry says it will move slowly and cautiously; if the assessment goes smoothly, it could approve the laboratory by the end of June.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBSL-4 is the highest level of biocontainment: its criteria include filtering air and treating water and waste before they leave the laboratory, and stipulating that researchers change clothes and shower before and after using lab facilities. Such labs are often controversial. The first BSL-4 lab in Japan was built in 1981, but operated with lower-risk pathogens until 2015, when safety concerns were finally overcome.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe expansion of BSL-4-lab networks in the United States and Europe over the past 15 years — with more than a dozen now in operation or under construction in each region — also met with resistance, including questions about the need for so many facilities.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t“Viruses don’t know borders.”\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Wuhan lab cost 300 million yuan (US$44 million), and to allay safety concerns it was built far above the flood plain and with the capacity to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, although the area has no history of strong earthquakes. It will focus on the control of emerging diseases, store purified viruses and act as a World Health Organization ‘reference laboratory’ linked to similar labs around the world. “It will be a key node in the global biosafety-lab network,” says lab director Yuan Zhiming.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Chinese Academy of Sciences approved the construction of a BSL-4 laboratory in 2003, and the epidemic of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) around the same time lent the project momentum. The lab was designed and constructed with French assistance as part of a 2004 cooperative agreement on the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases. But the complexity of the project, China’s lack of experience, difficulty in maintaining funding and long government approval procedures meant that construction wasn’t finished until the end of 2014.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe lab’s first project will be to study the BSL-3 pathogen that causes Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever: a deadly tick-borne virus that affects livestock across the world, including in northwest China, and that can jump to people.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFuture plans include studying the pathogen that causes SARS, which also doesn’t require a BSL-4 lab, before moving on to Ebola and the West African Lassa virus, which do. Some one million Chinese people work in Africa; the country needs to be ready for any eventuality, says Yuan. “Viruses don’t know borders.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGao travelled to Sierra Leone during the recent Ebola outbreak, allowing his team to report the speed with which the virus mutated into new strains1. The Wuhan lab will give his group a chance to study how such viruses cause disease, and to develop treatments based on antibodies and small molecules, he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tMuyi Xiao for Nature\t\tThe central monitor room at China’s National Bio-safety Laboratory.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe opportunities for international collaboration, meanwhile, will aid the genetic analysis and epidemiology of emergent diseases. “The world is facing more new emerging viruses, and we need more contribution from China,” says Gao. In particular, the emergence of zoonotic viruses — those that jump to humans from animals, such as SARS or Ebola — is a concern, says Bruno Lina, director of the VirPath virology lab in Lyon, France.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMany staff from the Wuhan lab have been training at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, which some scientists find reassuring. And the facility has already carried out a test-run using a low-risk virus.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut worries surround the Chinese lab, too. The SARS virus has escaped from high-level containment facilities in Beijing multiple times, notes Richard Ebright, a molecular biologist at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. Tim Trevan, founder of CHROME Biosafety and Biosecurity Consulting in Damascus, Maryland, says that an open culture is important to keeping BSL-4 labs safe, and he questions how easy this will be in China, where society emphasizes hierarchy. “Diversity of viewpoint, flat structures where everyone feels free to speak up and openness of information are important,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYuan says that he has worked to address this issue with staff. “We tell them the most important thing is that they report what they have or haven’t done,” he says. And the lab’s international collaborations will increase openness. “Transparency is the basis of the lab,” he adds.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe plan to expand into a network heightens such concerns. One BSL-4 lab in Harbin is already awaiting accreditation; the next two are expected to be in Beijing and Kunming, the latter focused on using monkey models to study disease.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLina says that China’s size justifies this scale, and that the opportunity to combine BSL-4 research with an abundance of research monkeys — Chinese researchers face less red tape than those in the West when it comes to research on primates — could be powerful. “If you want to test vaccines or antivirals, you need a non-human primate model,” says Lina.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut Ebright is not convinced of the need for more than one BSL-4 lab in mainland China. He suspects that the expansion there is a reaction to the networks in the United States and Europe, which he says are also unwarranted. He adds that governments will assume that such excess capacity is for the potential development of bioweapons.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“These facilities are inherently dual use,” he says. The prospect of ramping up opportunities to inject monkeys with pathogens also worries, rather than excites, him: “They can run, they can scratch, they can bite.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTrevan says China’s investment in a BSL-4 lab may, above all, be a way to prove to the world that the nation is competitive. “It is a big status symbol in biology,” he says, “whether it’s a need or not.”"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","權威科學雜誌《自然》（Nature）2017年就刊文警告，武漢P4實驗室被注射病毒的實驗動物具有很大危險\nInside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens\n\n\n美生物安全專家2017年警告：武漢P4實驗室病毒可能逃逸。\n“These facilities are inherently dual use,” he says. The prospect of ramping up opportunities to inject monkeys with pathogens also worries, rather than excites, him: “They can run, they can scratch, they can bite.”\n\nhttps://www.nature.com/news/inside-the-chinese-lab-poised-to-study-world-s-most-dangerous-pathogens-1.21487"],["id","4c5rn7oq3dhz"],["createdAt","2020-01-28T23:29:25.926Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","smTf7m8Bd3n3h-WYwCjh"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","kMzVlWwBqwaEkHKweY5K"],["name","Lopez"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/751f376f9925146f9752ec17ea482d64?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",13]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","1. 原文為真，2015 刊登在自然雜誌的新聞欄。原文對於中國擁有新的 BSL-4 實驗室表示未來有危險憂慮，乃為個人意見，並不表示實驗室已經真的出問題了。\n2. BSL-4 為第四級生物安全實驗室，此級別需要處理危險且未知的病原體。目前美國有 13個，台灣有2個（國防醫學院，衛福部），中國有2個 (武漢生物安全四級實驗室，哈爾濱大動物生物安全四級實驗室）"],["reference","維基：生物安全防護水平 Biosafety level\nhttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/生物安全防护水平#最高防护实验室_——_四级生物安全水平"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","生物安全防护水平 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"],["url","https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/生物安全防护水平#最高防护实验室_——_四级生物安全水平"],["summary","此條目需要精通或熟悉相关主题的编者参与及协助编辑。請邀請適合的人士改善本条目。更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁。\n\n\n生物安全实验室，也就是生物实验室，是进行与生物科相关实验的场所。一般学校裡都会有生物实验室，医院的验血实验室也是生物安全实验室。通常进到生物实验室裡都是为了学习和研究，而按照研究对象的不同而进行分级，一共分为四级。\n\n\n\n生物安全水平[编辑]\n与微生物危险度等级相对应的生物安全水平、操作和设备对照表[编辑]\n\n\n\n危险度\n生物安全水平\n实验室类型\n实验室操作\n安全设施\n\n\n1 级\n基础实验室——一级生物安全水平\n基础的教学、研究\nGMT\n不需要；开放实验台\n\n\n2 级\n基础实验室——二级生物安全水平\n初级卫生服务；诊断、研究\nGMT 加防护服、生物危害标志\n开放实验台，此外需生物安全柜用于预防可能生成的气溶胶\n\n\n3 级\n防护实验室——三级生物安全水平\n特殊的诊断、研究\n在二级生物安全防护水平上增加特殊防护服、进入制度、定向气流\nBSC 和／或其他所有实验室工作所需要的基本设备\n\n\n4 级\n最高防护实验室—— 四级生物安全研究水平\n危险病原体研究\n在三级生物安全防护水平上增加气锁入口、出口淋浴、污染物品的特殊处理\nⅢ级 BSC 或Ⅱ级 BSC并穿着正压服、双开门高压灭菌器（穿过墙体）、空气过滤设备\n\n注:BSC：生物安全柜；GMT：微生物学操作技术规范\n\n基础实验室 —— 一级生物安全水平[编辑]\n这种类的实验室适用于已经确定不会使成年人立即感染任何疾病或是对于实验人员及实验室的人员造成最小的危险的病原体(美国疾病管制局，1997)。[1]这类的实验室可以处理较多种类的普通病原体，例如犬传染性肝炎、非感染性的埃西里氏大肠杆菌，以及对于非传染性的病菌与组织进行培养。在这个水平中需要的用于防范生物危害的措施是微乎其微的，只需要手套和一些面部防护。不像其他种类的特殊实验室，这类的实验室并不一定需和大众交通分隔，而且在这类实验室中仅需要再开放实验台上依循微生物学操作技术规范(GMT)即可。在一般情况下，被污染的材料都留在开放（但分别注明）废弃物容器中。除此之外，这类型的实验后洗净程序与我们在现代日常生活对于微生物的大部分预防措施皆相同（例如：用抗菌肥皂洗涤一个人的手，以消毒剂清洗实验室的所有暴露表面等），但实验室环境中使用的所有细胞和/或细菌所使用的所有材料都必须经过高压釜的灭菌消毒处理。实验室人员在实验室中进行的程序中必须经由普通微生物学或相关科学训练的科学家监督且必须事先训练之。\n\n基础实验室 —— 二级生物安全水平[编辑]\n这类实验室与生物安全级别1水平类似，但其研究的病原体为对于人员和环境具有潜在危险的中度病原体。 [1]这类实验室较能处理较多种的病菌，且该病菌仅能对人类造成轻微的疾病，或者是难以在实验室环境中的气溶胶中生存， [1]如艰难梭菌、大部分的衣原体门、A;B与C型肝炎、 A型流感、莱姆病、沙门氏菌、腮腺炎病毒, 麻疹病毒,羊搔痒症, 抗药性金黄色葡萄球菌,与VRSA. BSL-2 BSL-1不同之处在于:\n\n實驗人員與處理病原體人員需為特定培訓和高級培訓的科學家\n實驗時限制特定人士的出入\n采取极端的防治污染物品预防措施; 需要生物安全柜或其他物理遏制设备\n可能产生造成传染性气融胶或喷雾的实验必须在二级生物安全柜进行\n防护实验室 —— 三级生物安全水平[编辑]\n该级别实验室适用于临床、诊断、教学、科研、或生产药物，这类实验室专门处理本地或外来的病原体且这些病原体可能会藉由吸入而导致严重的或潜在的致命疾病。 [1]这些病原体包括目前已经有治疗法但可能导致人类患严重的致命性疾病的各种细菌，寄生虫和病毒，包括但不局限于炭疽杆菌、结核杆菌、利什曼原虫、鹦鹉热衣原体, 西尼罗河病毒, 委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒, 东部马脑炎病毒, SARS冠状病毒、伤寒杆菌、贝纳氏立克次体、裂谷热病毒、立克次氏体与黄热病毒。\n实验室工作人员必须接受有关致病性和潜在的致命或致病性病原体的具体培训，且必须被对于此方面有经验之适任科学家监督。这被认为是中性或暖区(neutral or warm zone)。\n所有涉及感染性材料的操作过程是在生物安全柜，专门设计的通风柜内进行，或由备有其他物理抑制装置/穿着适当的个人防护衣物和设备的人员进行操作。该实验室具有特殊的工程和设计特点。\n虽然上述配备是被公认为必须设施，然而，一些现有的设施可能没有都符合生物安全3级的（例如：双门进入区和密封零渗透力配备(sealed penetrations)）建议。在这种情况下，在可供接受的安全水平下进行例行程序的行为（例如：涉及鉴定病原体与人传播的诊断程序、分类，药物过敏试验等），可在生物安全2级（P2）设施中实施提供，例如：\n\n将从实验室里过滤后的废气排放到室外\n实验室的通风平衡提供定向气流进入室内\n在工作正在进行时限制进入实验室的人士\n严格遵循推荐的标准微生物的实践与特别的做法，并配有生物安全3级安全设备\n但实施这一生物安全水平3建议修改的决定只能由实验室主任批准。\n\n最高防护实验室 —— 四级生物安全水平[编辑]\n\n\n此級別需要處理危險且未知的病原體，且該病原體可能造成經由氣溶膠傳播之病原體或造成高度個人風險，且該病原體至今仍無任何已知的疫苗或治療方式，如阿根廷出血熱與剛果出血熱、埃博拉病毒，馬爾堡病毒，拉薩熱，克里米亞-剛果出血熱，天花，以及其他各種出血性疾病。當處理這類生物危害病原體時，實驗人員需強制性地穿戴獨立供氧的正壓防護衣。生物實驗室的四個出入口將配置多個淋浴設備。同時有真空室與紫外線光室，及其他旨在摧毀所有的生物危害的痕跡之安全防範措施。同時，所有出入口都為氣密式，並且被以電腦控制上鎖，以防止在同一時間打開兩個門。所有的廢氣及廢水的排放，使用生物安全4級（或P4）實驗室進行類似的消毒程序，以減少意外釋放的可能性。\n當一個病原體被懷疑或可能有抗藥性時都必須在BSL-4實驗室進行處理，直到有足夠的數據確認前，都必須在該等級之實驗室持續工作。\n實驗人員必須對於他們在處理極其危險的傳染性有具體和深入的培訓，同時理解嚴格的標準、特殊的措施、防護配備及工作目標。他們會被與受過訓練或曾實際處理這些病原體的合格科學家監督。且實驗室的出入受到實驗室主任的嚴格控制。四級生物安全實驗室是在一個單獨的建築物或在控制區域內的建築物，同時與該區域內其他建築物完全隔離。且該實驗室必須建立防止污染的計畫，需要經常使用負加壓設備並準備或採用一個特定設備操作手冊。如此一來即使實驗室受到損害，也能抑制透過氣膠傳播之病原體在環境中的爆發。而實驗室內的所有實驗活動只限於在III級生物安全櫃中進行，或II級生物安全櫃，且只有裝備生命支持系統及通過正壓通風的實驗者才能使用。\n\n生物安全第四等級實驗室 (BSL-4)[编辑]\n\n有高级生物安全实验室出现的电影及剧集[编辑]\n《危機總動員》\n《生化危机》\n《传染病》\n《L：最終的23日》（死亡筆記）\n《雙螺旋Helix》\n《恐怖地带》\n《血疫》\n《破案神手》\n参考文献[编辑]\n引用[编辑]\n\n来源[编辑]\n\n延伸閱讀[编辑]\nWHO\nLaboratory Biosafety Manual - Third Edition\nUS\nBiosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition, Feb 2007 USA\nCanada\nLaboratory Biosafety Guidelines 3rd Edition–2004 Canada\n参见[编辑]\n生物性危害"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-29T01:17:18.952Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Edward M. Mautner Oral History"],["url","http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["summary","NASA Johnson Space Center \n Oral History Project\n Edited Oral History Transcript\n Edward \n M. Mautner\n Interviewed by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal\n Chantilly, Virginia – 22 March 2012\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Today is March 22, 2012. This interview with Ed Mautner is being conducted \n at the [Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum] Steven Udvar-Hazy \n Center in Chantilly, Virginia, for the JSC Oral History Project. Interviewer \n is Jennifer Ross-Nazzal, assisted by Rebecca Wright. Thanks again \n for taking time out of your schedule.\n Mautner: \n You’re welcome, it’s my pleasure to do it.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n If you would, tell us about the state of [OV (orbiter vehicle)-101] \n Enterprise in 2003 before she was restored.\n Mautner: \n My familiarity with Enterprise was quite limited before I began work \n on it. When we received it, it had been stored both outdoors and in \n a non-climate-controlled hangar since the mid-80s, and a lot of deterioration \n of the surface coatings—the paint, the markings—had taken \n place. Woodpeckers had gotten up onto the vertical stabilizer and \n pecked a lot of holes into the polyurethane foam that they used as \n a mockup for tiles. I don’t recall the number of holes, but \n there were quite a few of them. \n And then just about every form of creature had made the Enterprise \n their habitat and playground. Birds had gotten into it; bugs had gotten \n into it. Hornets or wasps had made their little mud nests in the landing \n gear wells. They made it out of this beautiful red Virginia clay dirt \n that surrounds the area. In fact, when we started to clean them it \n almost seemed as if the aircraft was bleeding, the soil they made \n those nests out of was so red.\n It had basically suffered a lot of inattention. It hadn’t been \n cleaned or worked on to any great degree. I believe it was outside \n for about two years prior to them building the hangar for it, and \n it had been rained on. There were many ports of entries for water, \n and so water had pooled inside the bottom of the fuselage and it had \n left a lot of staining from dirt, waterlines, etc. and also had caused \n some minor pitting and corrosion. Nothing that would weaken the structure \n of the aircraft but certainly had caused some deterioration.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about that move, when you decided to move her from that hangar \n into this facility.\n Mautner: \n Until I walked in March 1st of 2004, I had never touched Enterprise \n and I had really nothing to do with it. I recall being in the hangar \n the day they moved it in, and just about all the employees who were \n out here took a break to watch them tug it down the tow way from the \n airport and into the building.\n What was noteworthy at the time was that they had cut a notch in the \n back wall of the space hangar in order to permit the vertical [stabilizer] \n to come through. It was the only way to get Enterprise into that building \n without taking the vertical off, which would have been a prohibitively \n difficult task. I came back the next day and the blanking plate had \n been restored as if the building had never changed at all, so that \n was pretty neat. It was a well-prepared move.\n That took place in the early fall of 2003, and while I was aware that \n it was in the building, it was sometime after January 2004 that I \n was notified that I would be working on it in preparation for the \n opening of the space hall [James S. McDonnell Space Hangar].\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What was your expertise prior to working on Enterprise? Were you working \n on aircraft restoration?\n Mautner: \n My background is—the British would describe it as checkered. \n I did a whole lot of things before I got directly involved in airplanes. \n I started out as a kid building model airplanes, and I never gave \n that up. I always built model airplanes, and I continue to do so. \n And I was always a museum rat, an airplane museum rat. Whenever we \n traveled, wherever we went, there was always a stop at an airplane \n museum somewhere.\n Somewhere around the late 80s, my wife and I had moved our children \n to southern California, and I began to volunteer in some aircraft \n museums out there. Planes of Fame in [Air Museum] Chino, and later \n at the Command Museum at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, which \n was right in the town I lived in so it was convenient to work there. \n I started doing structures work.\n In January of 1989 I left a former career and made a great midlife \n career change whereby I wanted to work in an aircraft museum. I had \n enjoyed volunteering on Saturdays so much, I went to Cal [California] \n State University, San Bernardino, for a Museum Studies certificate \n program. My background was in auto mechanics, and I needed to create \n a resume to get into working on aircraft, especially in museums. I \n enjoyed it immensely but had a problem with the hours of class.\n By great good fortune, McDonnell Douglas [Corporation] was hiring \n mechanics in the summer of 1989. Actually they’d been hiring \n prior to that, but that’s when I found out. I went and I applied, \n and they hired me immediately because of my automotive experience. \n I became a structures mechanic on the C-17 [aircraft] program in Long \n Beach, California. That was my first real hands-on experience with \n real aircraft manufacturing.\n I worked at McDonnell Douglas from August of 1989 until June of 1994, \n when there were massive layoffs. They were losing their contracts \n for MD-80s [airliners], and the MD-11 [airliner] never took off. The \n C-17 was in a state of flux because Congress and the Air Force were \n at loggerheads, so I and tens of thousands of others were laid off \n during that year.\n Meanwhile I had gone from my certificate program at Cal State, San \n Bernardino, to a Master’s program at Cal State, Dominguez Hills \n in Historic Preservation. Because John [F.] McDonnell of the McDonnell \n Douglas Corporation was interested in an educated workforce, they \n paid for almost all of my Master’s program, everything but my \n research courses and my thesis. \n I had early on decided that my thesis was going to be in aircraft \n preservation at the National Air and Space Museum. I thought that \n they were the best. They were the ones that were writing about aircraft \n preservation, and I really wanted to write about how they did it, \n because that seemed to be the benchmark.\n In June of 1994 I was laid off, and I immediately contacted the museum \n to do an internship back here so that I could do further research \n for my thesis. In August and September of ’94 I did a 60-day \n volunteer internship. I was outside of their regular program, so there \n was no stipend; I just came in and volunteered. I worked in the restoration \n shop during the day until about 3:30 [p.m.]. I’d then go across \n the river, downtown to the main museum and I would work in the archives.\n The people in the archives—I don’t know why, I was a total \n stranger to them—they let me stay after hours. In fact, at five \n o’clock when they left, they issued me instructions on what \n lights to turn off and how to shut down the computers. I would stay \n there till 8:30 so I’d get all my research. I had one other \n paper and I had my thesis to do, so I spent almost every weekday night \n at the museum doing that.\n They said, “Stay in touch; we’re going to be hiring.” \n The hiring was going to ramp up for this facility, this new Udvar-Hazy \n Center, so I stayed in touch. Every month I contacted somebody associated \n with the restoration facility, and finally in 1997 they said, “Something’s \n going to happen. Get back here; be nearby.” So I stayed with \n relatives and I hung out and I volunteered, and finally in February \n of 1998 they hired me. They did it because I had the academic background, \n but I also had, from McDonnell Douglas and my volunteer efforts, the \n mechanical background as well. I was very fortunate that the timing \n worked out. \n My background is chiefly in aircraft structures, which would be the \n main metal pieces that form the basis of the aircraft upon which everything \n else is hung. After I get through with my work, then the hydraulics \n people and the fuel people and the electrical people and the power \n plant people take over.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What sort of planes have you worked on since you began working here?\n Mautner: \n The first one that I started working on was a Japanese single-engine \n floatplane bomber, [the Aichi M6A1 Seiran]. It looks more like a fighter \n with floats, but it was in fact a strategic bomber that the Japanese \n designed to fold up into an 11-foot diameter circle and fit into the \n tube on a submarine. This submarine was an aircraft carrier, literally, \n and it carried three of these. Very significant aircraft, because \n it was designed to bomb the Panama Canal locks. \n The submarine was probably more technologically advanced than the \n aircraft. It was designed to go 27,000 miles without refueling, and \n they actually did have plans to use these small bombers to bomb New \n York [City, New York] and possibly even Boston [Massachusetts]. It \n was a metal airplane, and my sheet metal experience came to good use \n there. \n After that, they put me on a World War I bomber, a twin-engine fabric-and-wood \n bomber. That airplane was a Caudron G.4, a French bomber that the \n United States tested but never purchased. Because we had no combat \n aircraft in World War I, we had to go to the French and the British \n and the Italians. That was an excellent experience because that broadened \n out my sheet metal and structures experience to wood and fabric. That \n airplane is also currently on display here.\n The next aircraft is one I’m still working on. We have a limited \n number of people here, so we get shifted off of whatever project we’re \n on to take care of other things in the museum, such as creating a \n display or working on the Enterprise for nine months in 2004. From \n about 2000 until this year, I’m still working on a World War \n II German night fighter, the Heinkel 219, a huge metal twin-engine \n aircraft, where again my airframe and sheet metal experience has come \n into use.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us what lessons you learned from working on those aircraft that \n you applied to the Enterprise.\n Mautner: \n In my case, precious few. It was a great departure from what we call \n restoration, where you actually have to fabricate or replicate or \n repair structural pieces of an aircraft. This was largely a massive \n clean-up and painting effort, so it falls under the role of preservation. \n That’s really our role here, preservation. Everybody talks about \n restoration, but restoration is the court of last resort when everything \n has pretty much gone to pot and needs to be drastically repaired or \n replaced.\n What we did on Enterprise fell under the heading of preservation, \n but we called it a refurbishment because we didn’t do anything \n to repair it. It was still considered to be NASA’s aircraft, \n and it came to us in such good structural condition that there really \n was nothing to repair on it except for the paint work.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Would you tell us about working with NASA and USA [United Space Alliance] \n on this project? I understand they were involved.\n Mautner: \n Yes, they were. When we first began on March 1, 2004, we were pretty \n much on our own. There were just three of us: myself, Anne [C.] McCombs, \n and Steve Kautner. We walked into this big empty hangar. The only \n thing that was in it at the time was Enterprise, and it didn’t \n even have a barrier around it because the public wasn’t allowed \n in that building yet. We just kind of stood there and wondered, “Where \n the heck are we going to start on this thing?” \n We had no high-lift equipment—all we had access to were ladders—so \n we decided to start working on the landing gear. We had no contact \n with NASA outside of certain parameters that they gave us in cleaning \n and painting it, that we were given by the curator, Valerie Neal. \n Without anything else but ourselves, we began the cleaning process \n at the lowest part of the Space Shuttle, areas that were accessible \n initially to us.\n Our experience with NASA and USA came a little bit later, and [their] \n big project was the removal of all of the cockpit windscreens, the \n front ones. I believe that there were three panels in them, and there \n were some engineering discussions as to whether they could get away \n with just two panels. The challenge for us was to provide them with \n the platforms to get up there and work off of. \n Anne and I were involved, and at that point we had a lot of mechanics \n from United Airlines [Inc.] come in to assist us. Their bosses permitted \n them to give us some high-lift platforms that were attached to trucks. \n We could maneuver a truck in and then raise a platform and extend \n it out over the nose of Enterprise in order for the USA guys to remove \n those windshields. The other problem was these windscreens were very, \n very heavy. They required quite a bit of effort to crane off of the \n Shuttle.\n At that point, I began to get to meet some of the guys, most specifically \n from USA. One of them was a fellow named Tom [Thomas W.] Roberts, \n and Tom’s my friend now. He was back here for the last visit. \n There were several other mechanics that came up from KSC [NASA Kennedy \n Space Center, Florida] who I would count as really good acquaintances, \n friends, who we worked with. Got to meet Kevin [C.] Templin. He was \n always there, very personable fellow, and always a go-to guy for information \n and leadership. \n Whenever they came back, we dropped what we were doing and became \n assistants to them, to the point where in this last visit we were \n almost considered more one of their group than as a separate entity, \n which was kind of neat. The things I saw from everybody in NASA and \n USA was enthusiasm, expertise, positive attitude, and great great \n teamwork. The first thing we noticed is how well they worked as a \n team. \n Many times we didn’t know that these guys had never worked together \n before, and yet it was a seamless effort. You got to talking to them, \n you got to know them, and you realized, this guy never worked on the \n back end of the aircraft. He always worked on the front and didn’t \n even know the guys that they were working with. That was inspiring \n to us to see that kind of effort that they used to put in.\n Some of my recollection of my efforts with NASA and USA get a little \n bit confused, because some of their efforts were during that nine-month \n period when we worked on preparing Enterprise for the opening of the \n space hangar, but several of them came later. They would ask Anne \n or myself or others from the previous team to come back and assist \n them. I believe that the windshield effort was made during that nine \n months we were there, but our other efforts with them came later, \n so they’d be outside the parameters of my work on the Enterprise.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n I also read that you had to replace the OMS [orbital maneuvering system] \n pods because they had rotted.\n Mautner: \n Yes, we did. One of the first things we did was to remove those. Tony \n [Anthony W.] Carp was the team lead for the lifting of the OMS pods. \n They were a large aluminum plate that mated up to the surface of the \n Shuttle, but everything above that aluminum plate was basically wood. \n Plywood flooring, then 2 x 4 and 4 x 4 framework, and then they put \n a fiberglass cover over the top of that.\n We discovered how weak the structure was when we started to tighten \n up the fittings for the lifting rings. We’d gotten a guy inside \n to tighten the nuts up inside because they seemed loose, and he kept \n tightening and tightening and tightening. We suddenly realized that \n wood was so soft from moisture that he was just tightening the nut \n and the washer right into the wood. We had to be very, very careful \n lifting those OMS pods off.\n The OMS pods were never planned to be on the Shuttle when the space \n hall opened. That was something that we were going to install later, \n so our job now was to focus just on the Shuttle, and guys back in \n the shop worked on the OMS pods.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are they on there now, have they been replaced?\n Mautner: \n They were put on I think in 2005, 2006 time range, and before the \n last visit to get Enterprise ready we removed them. They’re \n out in the shop, on the floor. The guys from USA put the ALTA [Approach \n and Landing Test Article] pods on. Those are the travel pods. They \n look like OMS pods, but they’re real metal. They’re real \n structural, flightworthy, and the tail cone fits up to those components.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about cleaning and painting the vehicle. That sounded like \n a very large chore.\n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. I started on March 1st to clean the right main \n landing gear bay and ultimately the landing gear and tires. Steve \n Kautner took the left bay and did the same, and Anne McCombs worked \n on the nose gear and the nose gear bay. It wasn’t until March \n 22nd that Tony [Carp] came on the team, and his job was to clean the \n entire vertical surface with the ultimate purpose of coring or filling \n the holes that the woodpeckers had made.\n Somebody might at this point ask, why would woodpeckers go after polyurethane \n foam? The explanation we got—I’m not an ornithologist—is \n that woodpeckers make the noise they do as a mating call, not just \n to get to bugs inside of the tree. Once they got through that polyurethane \n foam, they were banging on an aluminum surface. It made quite a noise, \n and it was far-reaching. There were about 75 holes ranging from very \n small, smaller than your pinky, to much bigger than your thumb. \n We were using, on NASA’s recommendation, Amway LOC [liquid organic \n cleaner] cut, one part LOC to ten parts water, to wash everything. \n It’s a mild organic detergent, and it’s biodegradable. \n This was what USA used, so this was what we used. And this is where, \n in the wheel wells, I found most of the hornet nests. Once you got \n the water into them they just started running down the beautiful epoxy \n white paint panels inside.\n At that point, once Steve had finished his wheel well, he started \n working on the bottom. He started up at the nose where he could reach, \n because you couldn’t get a ladder under there. He’s all \n scrunched up, just scrubbing away—and he was a bear of a guy. \n He had a lot of strength, and he just kept working down the bottom \n of the aircraft, all of the black-painted area of the aircraft. \n At that point we started using some lift equipment, JLG [Industries, \n Inc.] lifts and scissor lifts, to get up on the wing. We began cleaning \n the wing while Tony is cleaning the vertical, and we did this day \n after day after day. Then sometime in the summer, I believe in July, \n we began prepping the center fuselage for paint. The center fuselage \n does not have polyurethane foam on it, and that center fuselage extends \n from just behind the cockpit to back underneath the OMS pods. We also \n had to clean the payload bay doors. At this point we finally were \n able to get scaffolding in. We had a local company contracted to put \n scaffolding all up the sides and then bridge the top of the Shuttle. \n \n This is where things kind of got interesting. Initially it was doing \n just a lot of sanding on the side. Apparently the aircraft had been \n painted with aerospace quality polyurethane or epoxy paint and primer, \n but when it went on tour in 1984 it had started to look a little bit \n secondhand. They used a latex house paint to give it a quick repaint \n to make it appear better at the [New Orleans, Louisiana] World’s \n Fair here in the United States, and then they went to the Paris Air \n Show with it. This was all prior to delivering it to us.\n This paint over the years had become very brittle and very hard and \n would be quite a challenge to remove. Taking it off the sides was \n pretty easy. We were able to use electric sanders or pneumatic sanding \n devices, hand-held devices, and literally sand all of that down to \n the original paint. The sanding gave the surface a real good surface \n for paint to adhere to once we finished it and cleaned it up, but \n the real challenge came with the payload bay doors. We were instructed \n by NASA to not use any metal tools, any caustic chemicals, or any \n abrasives to remove the paint.\n We got up there, and they thought it would be really easy because \n a lot of the paint on the payload bay doors had flaked off, and some \n of it was literally sitting up. They said, “Just use duct tape \n and press it down real hard and pull it off, and that paint will pull \n up.” Well, that didn’t work at all. \n All of our communications with them were through Valerie Neal, the \n curator. The other thing we weren’t supposed to use was heat, \n so we went to Valerie and said, “The duct tape just isn’t \n cutting it.” They said, “Use plexiglas scrapers.” \n Plexiglas is a real hard plastic. We would cut up sections of it, \n rectangles of it, and then make a sharp edge at one end with a grinding \n wheel. That wasn’t cutting it either.\n One day I’m sitting on the scaffolding, trying to get this stuff \n off, and I see to my left this movement from about chest height over \n the curvature of the door. I look over, and it’s Steve Kautner \n with a metal scraper and a heat gun. I’m going, “Steve, \n what are you doing?” He goes, “This is the only way it’s \n coming off.” I said, “Okay, stop. Let’s talk about \n this.” \n We went back to our conservator, and I asked him, “Do you have \n a surface temperature gauge?” We went back and attached this \n temperature surface gauge to the area that we were putting the heat \n on, and we got some heat parameters. We were getting heat in the range \n of about 175 degrees [Fahrenheit] if we kept the heat gun moving, \n so we went back to NASA and they said, “Okay, you can do that, \n but no temperatures over 200,” or 250.\n All of a sudden this became easy, but we now found out very quickly \n why they didn’t want heat up there. The doors are made of carbon \n graphite, or carbon–carbon. It’s skinned with an almost \n aluminum-foil thickness coating of aluminum. It’s not like sheet \n metal, it’s more like a foil, and if you left the heat on there \n too much it would blister. We got a couple of thumb-sized blisters; \n we damaged the door. This concerned us, and we kept talking to each \n other. We’d just make sure we’d keep that heat gun moving \n and don’t overheat one spot.\n It became very evident very quickly why they didn’t want heat \n up there. They had done the same thing at some time in the past, only \n their blisters were much bigger than ours. That told us a) it’s \n been done this way before, and b) there’s a repair for it. We \n did make a few more blisters, an inevitable result of what we were \n doing, but we knew that if they needed those doors, they could be \n made flightworthy. \n Then, because there was still a lot of paint residue clinging to the \n surface, we got down and used acetone. We were all garbed up with \n double-canister air masks. There’s terrific pictures of us all \n down on our hands and knees on the door, all tied off because we’re \n high up on the top of the Shuttle, scrubbing with Scotch-Brite scrubbers \n and acetone to get the surface completely clean and ready for paint.\n That was another thing they told us, “You can’t stand \n on the doors.” So we had these four bridges across, and we’re \n all leaning off these bridges and working off of them. Again, Steve \n Kautner’s the first one to step off right on the doors. There’s \n no other way to get out there, there was no way. I said, “Okay, \n stop. Let’s talk this over.” We went down inside the Shuttle, \n and we looked up at the doors and we could see the latching system. \n \n We knew that those doors in zero gravity could open without any support, \n but we knew that they had big supports on them when they opened them \n in the hangar down in KSC. We looked at those supports, and we looked \n at how the doors fit together. It’s built like a bridge as long \n as they’re closed and locked, so four, five, six of us all were \n out on our hands and knees on the doors, scrubbing away to get the \n last residue and make a really good surface for paint.\n That brings up another aspect for me. I couldn’t wait every \n single day to come in. I’m not a space guy, I’m an airplane \n guy. In truth, the Shuttle is probably more like an aircraft than \n a spacecraft, and that one [Enterprise] never did go into space so \n it really was just an aircraft. I never followed space, I never got \n excited about it, but I got excited by this project. I couldn’t \n wait to get in every single day. Every day was interesting and exciting, \n and we were making progress—slow—but we were making progress. \n \n When they put the scaffolding up in July, we now had to climb this \n scaffolding. We had our harnesses on and we had our tethers, but we \n couldn’t tether off anywhere on the way up. We’re climbing \n 30, 35, almost 40 feet in the air every morning, every break time, \n every time you had to leave, and then when we got up there we would \n tie off and secure ourselves. But that little element of danger made \n it exciting, and we talked about that a lot too.\n We had two injuries, but only one on Enterprise. One of our guys did \n abrade his hand, but working on something else while we were out there, \n nothing to do with the Shuttle. One injury, very minor, on the Shuttle. \n One of our members fell off the payload bay doors, but he was tethered \n and it stopped him, and all he did was bang up his knee. I think we \n lost him one day, but that was it. The fact that we talked almost \n every day about the safety issue, that he was tethered off—we \n didn’t have more issues. \n The other thing that made it interesting and fun is that we were on \n this huge, very obvious artifact in the middle of this totally empty \n hall, and the public could come in to the front of the hall—there’s \n an overlook up above—and watch us. I think the element of being \n on stage made it exciting and interesting, too.\n There were some stresses. We always seemed short of personnel. At \n one point I realized there were a whole bunch of guys working on the \n OMS pods, and I had to convince my management that the OMS pods aren’t \n needed by October 19th, but the Shuttle is, so can I have more guys? \n And I got more guys.\n Once we had sanded down the sides and had removed the paint from the \n doors, it was time for a final prep and primer and paint. We had four \n guys do that, and we had a couple of issues that we had to deal with. \n One, it had to be an aerospace quality paint. PPG, Pittsburgh Paint \n and Glass, has always supplied us with our paint system that we’ve \n used exclusively for 20 years back at the [Paul E.] Garber [Preservation, \n Restoration, and Storage Facility, Suitland, Maryland], our restoration \n shop. Dave Wilson got in touch with them, and they turned him over \n to their aerospace division. They donated what amounted to about $15,000 \n worth of white polyurethane aerospace paint and primer.\n Our next challenge was we could not spray in the building because \n the building had an open port, and some of the ventilation systems \n functioned with the aircraft hangar. Also, the filters in the ventilation \n system would get clogged up with any paint residue and dust, so we \n had to either brush or roll it. Dave talked with the people from PPG, \n and they had an additive that allowed the paint to flow so that it \n would not appear to be rolled-out paint. It wouldn’t be textured, \n it would be nice and smooth.\n We got the paint on September 17th—keeping in mind that this \n hall is supposed to open on October 19th of 2004. They had to rest \n assured that all the fumes would have dissipated by 10 o’clock \n opening the next day, so we painted at night. It was Tony, Dave, myself, \n and a fellow by the name of Bob Weihrauch who did it. We would come \n in, and that hall was completely black except for the Klieg lights \n that we worked under. We rolled out the primer, and then we rolled \n out the white. [We rolled out two coats of primer and two coats of \n white.]\n I love working here at night because there’s no people here, \n the lighting is all dim, and it’s like going into a great cathedral \n at night when nobody’s around. It’s just beautiful. It’s \n quiet. You’ve got all these objects that you love, many of which \n you’ve worked on, and there’s just a neat thing about \n working here at night. We had a really good time. We had a really \n good crew. I don’t recollect ever having any arguments or disagreements \n or problems, we just really had a good time.\n One outstanding recollection is this facility is used by organizations—police \n organizations, FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation], the MWAA, Metropolitan \n Washington Airport Authority. They have their own SWAT [special weapons \n and tactics] team and security forces. They do a lot of work in here \n at night, but we didn’t know that. One night three of us are \n up on this scaffolding, and Dave Wilson is on a scissor lift bringing \n paint up to us, and all the sudden there’s movement in the hangar. \n \n Keep in mind that outside of this cone of light that we’re in, \n everything’s dark out there, but there’s movement. We \n look down, and there’s 20 or 30 guys in black helmets, black \n outfits carrying guns, and they’re swarming like ants through \n our hangar. Well, I immediately was not concerned because none of \n them are looking at us or pointing the gun at us. We’re in white \n bunny suits, paper coveralls, and the Klieg lights are on us. We’re \n out there, very obvious.\n One guy kind of moved up to Dave, and he goes, “Have you seen \n her?” And Dave goes, “Seen who?” He goes, “Have \n you seen her?” and then he had to move, because you’re \n not supposed to look for hints. Apparently they were on an exercise, \n and one of their supervisors came in two hours ahead of time and hid \n herself somewhere in the museum, and they had to find her. Nobody \n told us; our security had not advised us that this was going to happen. \n \n Another time, during the day, I was working on the Shuttle and nobody \n else was around. Security came up to me and said, “We have a \n congressman or a senator here with his daughter back from college, \n and he’s got his office manager and his security detail. Would \n you come down and talk to them?” So I walk inside of this circle \n of Secret Service people, and they’ve got their radios and they \n all look very, very official, and I started to talk to them. I said, \n “What state do you represent, sir?” He goes, “Oh, \n one of your neighbors.” Meanwhile, his handler, his office guy, \n did all the talking. \n I went back that night and I looked all over the Internet for our \n neighboring senators and congressmen, and I did not find him—because \n you can get the photos of all of them. I went back to security the \n next day and I said, “What was that all about?” He says, \n “Oh, it’s just a test.” It was Secret Service in \n a practice run, and these guys were just members of the Secret Service \n that were playing a role to make it seem realistic. There are a lot \n of activities that go on here that are very interesting. But again, \n I was not forewarned of that. \n The other two events that were really interesting—Joe [H.] Engle, \n one of the test pilots for Enterprise, came back and spent a day with \n us. He is just a prince of a guy, just a super guy. We got to tour \n him around and show him what we were doing, and he was just the friendliest \n guy and was very very grateful to us restoring “his” bird \n back to its original condition. A couple weeks later, we all got an \n 8 x 10 of him standing by Enterprise out at Palmdale [California] \n back in’77, ’78, with a beautiful handwritten note and \n one of the original patches from his missions. It was just neat, a \n neat thing. \n The other very very interesting visitor to us was Colonel Pamela Ann \n Melroy. She’s a two mission pilot and one mission command pilot \n [commander]. She was also on the Columbia [STS-107 accident] investigation \n team, and she led the cockpit reconstruction area. My recollection, \n she was about five-foot-five, five-foot-six. I immediately made a \n connection, because she was a test pilot on the C-17 program. As I \n had worked on it, we had some things to talk about. \n I got to tour her around, and the thing I recollect so well is that \n she made a comment when we were in the cockpit. The cockpit of Enterprise \n is for the most part empty. The dashboard is there, but there’s \n only about three instruments, and they’re all old analog instruments. \n The seats are not there. She looked at that dashboard and marveled \n at the fact that it was the first time she’d seen one in a long \n time that wasn’t bits and pieces, because she had been looking \n and reviewing and trying to reassemble pieces of Columbia’s \n instrument panel.\n This diminutive colonel in the Air Force—always at the end the \n photographer comes in and takes a picture of us with the VIP [very \n important person]. Anne and I were there at that time, and we’re \n all standing off to the side, a foot away or something. She says, \n “Hey, we’ve been together all day. Come here!” She \n pulled us in right next to her to take the picture. We also got an \n 8x10 from her, signed, with a thank you and mission patches. Those \n are two of my favorite treasures from that whole time there. \n Ross-Nazzal: \n Nice recollections of that time period. \n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. We got it done. Everything seemed late—getting \n personnel, the scaffolding came late, the paint came late—but \n we got it done. We got it done on October 18th, and October 19th was \n the day the media and the museum VIPs and everybody showed up to see \n it. It was a moment of pride because it really looked good. \n Tony and I stayed after October 19th. Tony had some more work up on \n the vertical to do, and the one area that we hadn’t really addressed \n was the propulsion bay. I would work in the propulsion bay; he’d \n work up top. We did this at night because the gallery was open to \n the public, so we did a lot of night work from October until we went \n away on Christmas vacation.\n Most of cleanup in the propulsion bay—there was some FOD [Foreign \n Object Debris], there was old hardware. It went back to when it was \n delivered to us. There were some sections of insulating aluminum, \n nuts, bolts, washers, things like that. A lot of water had been back \n there, and the floor panel structure was a huge, thick piece of aluminum \n that they had milled out to look almost like a waffle. The floor looked \n like a large waffle pattern, so there’s all these thousands \n of little pockets that had held water, and I had to clean them.\n We had some nights where we had events, and the events usually allowed \n people to roam into the space hangar, so I would take my knapsack \n and my coffee and my lunch, my snacks, up into the propulsion bay. \n Something you don’t normally do around artifacts, but I didn’t \n think I could come out because of the events they had going on. I’d \n stay up there for eight hours. Well, there’d be a potty break.\n We finished before our Christmas break, and then both of us reported \n back to the Garber Facility the first week in January 2005. It was \n rewarding every day, but they also rewarded our team with the Museum’s \n Peer Award. The [museum] gives two Peer Awards every year, and the \n Enterprise Preservation Team was awarded [one of them] for 2004. It \n was a great experience.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What are you working on now that Enterprise is getting ready to take \n a new journey in its history to go to the Intrepid [Sea, Air & \n Space Museum in New York City]? Are you working on that?\n Mautner: \n I did work on it. I don’t know what my role will be in April \n when they come back, but the whole month of February I was assigned \n out here, along with Anne and one or two other folks, to escort NASA, \n USA, and some folks from [the] Boeing [Company]. “Escort” \n has a kind of static sound to it. We were essentially here to open \n doors that they couldn’t get into, including getting to the \n restrooms, and we were able to get them discounts in our shop and \n at McDonalds. \n And then pretty soon it was, “Oh my gosh. We don’t have \n this; do you have this tool?” So we’re running for tools. \n Later, as our professional relationship evolved, we were forklifting \n equipment for them. They had forklifts, but we were able to help them \n with that. We had a JLG man lift that we were able to take them and \n some of their equipment up to different places on the Shuttle, and \n also on the tail cone, which they assembled right out here in this \n shop. As to my role when they come back on the 19th, I have not been \n told what that is yet. I hope [I] do, I have some friends I’d \n like to hang out with again.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are you preparing in any way to accept [OV-103] Discovery, or are \n you primarily working with the Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I’m not. My responsibility is to work on this German night fighter. \n We still have a wing to complete. The airframe fuselage is out in \n the museum right here now, but the wing has to be done and a lot of \n other details. Between escort duties and whatnot, I’m working \n on that. We’re told that with everything else that’s going \n on, we’re going to be moving our shop from Maryland out here. \n I don’t know how that’s going to work out with the Discovery–Enterprise \n exchange, that’s yet to be determined.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n It must have been rewarding to receive that from your peers, that’s \n wonderful.\n Mautner: \n Very, yes. I think Valerie Neal, former NASA and our curator, was \n probably instrumental in getting that for us. It was pretty neat.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Rebecca, did you have any questions for Ed?\n Wright: \n Just one, and I think you might have already answered it. Did you \n ever come back and do anything else with Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I have once or twice, but it was generally just escort duty. Those \n were times where it was just sit around and wait for whatever the \n folks, predominately USA, needed. I did come back, and we did reinstall \n the OMS pods. That was pretty much the original team again that did \n that, and we brought a couple of other people in to assist because \n you need spotters and tag line holders. \n Wright: \n You mentioned that you would escort for whatever they needed. What \n were the types of things that they would be coming back for?\n Mautner: \n Every time USA came here, they had a lot of supplies. Rather than \n transport them back, they would leave them out and we would store \n them in our barn, which is out in the back corner of the property. \n So the first thing we’d have to do is get their supplies, and \n that ran anywhere from tape to paints to epoxy glues.\n Recently, within the past year, they came back and we took them up \n on a JLG man lift. They did the work, and I would just maneuver it \n around to a position that helped them. Like I said, “escort” \n sounds very static, and sometimes it is, but a lot of times there’s \n a dynamic component, which is the most fun of all. That’s how \n you get to know these guys and get to see what they do.\n Wright: \n Were they doing types of restoration themselves?\n Mautner: \n Yes, about last April they came back to begin the process of making \n Enterprise airworthy. That involved making an assessment of all systems, \n and they also did the [landing gear] retracts. The main job was to \n get the hydraulic system working so they could retract the landing \n gear. Part of our position as escort was to shut down areas of that \n hall to keep the public away, because the machine, what they call \n the mule, fires up the hydraulics system, makes a lot of noise. Also \n there’s part of the retract that there’s noise involved \n as well.\n We did a lot of work stanchioning off. Moving stanchions back, and \n then when it was all done, moving the stanchions closer. We were trying \n to do this juggle between making sure people were safe and USA had \n enough room to work in, and also still keeping the hall open to the \n public. Our whole purpose is to let them get as close to this stuff \n as we can.\n There were a couple of times where, yes, it was pretty static, but \n other times we were pretty involved in helping them. And everything \n back here is secured. You can’t get into the restrooms without \n our badge, so we were escorting to the restrooms. Eventually, and \n especially in this last trip in February where they did the final \n preparation for flight, the security office provided them with badges \n that allowed them to open all the things they had to get into. They \n had the same access employees had. \n I think that speaks of the type of relationship that we’ve always \n felt we had with NASA, that they weren’t an alien organization \n that comes in and invades our space but rather cohorts, colleagues \n that we feel—not exactly one with, our roles are different—but \n certainly very good friends with.\n Wright: \n Is this a very unique exhibit here compared to all the rest? Do you \n have any other kind of associations with other groups that come in \n and work on their planes?\n Mautner: \n No, there’s no other organization that has the relationship \n that NASA has with us. I think that’s historically because we’ve \n been the repository of first choice for NASA, but also because Valerie \n Neal, who came from NASA, has maintained a very, very good relationship \n with all the leadership there. It’s been a very collegial relationship \n from the very beginning. Because of that, your relationship personally \n to these people is much more relaxed, so it’s much much easier \n to make friends. I have a couple buddies that I email once in a while \n back at the Cape [Canaveral, Florida]. It’s a good relationship.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any other last thoughts? \n Mautner: \n I think I’ve covered the important aspects of my relationship \n with the Shuttle Enterprise and with the folks from NASA and USA. \n We had a good team. I think it was kind of neat because management \n left us alone; they left us to make a lot of our own decisions. Everybody \n worked with the goal in mind, and we reached the goal. We finished \n Enterprise, it really looks beautiful. It took us nine months to get \n it in the shape that it’s in right now, and I have to say I \n am quite proud of how it came out. \n I do recollect one of the stories that I’ll tell you. When we \n began to strip all the paint off, we traced all of the markings—the \n NASA worm, the “United States” on the side, the “Enterprise” \n itself—so that after we painted it we could restore those. We \n noted and photographed the fact that these had been hand-brushed. \n Somebody had done a stencil, and then they hand-brushed in the black \n color. As we began to strip the aircraft, we realized that there were \n other markings, other NASA worms and another “Enterprise” \n and another “United States” underneath that exterior coat \n of latex house paint. \n We traced those as well, and at that point the curator had to make \n a decision. Are we going to restore it to when it was originally painted \n and lettered, or are we going to paint it as it was presented to us \n in 1985? The decision was made to paint it as it was delivered to \n us. Those letters were all in black, and the letters we found underneath \n were in lighter shades of dark gray. \n At the time that we traced them back on the aircraft, the question \n was asked, “Well, who feels comfortable painting them back on?” \n I mean, none of us are professional sign painters. Out of the five \n of us there, four chose to do it. So what you’ll see out there \n is our hand-lettered letters, and they are letter perfect. They came \n out really, really well. Three employees and one volunteer painted \n them all in. That too raised our level of pride and involvement and \n attachment to the Enterprise. \n I have mixed feelings about it going. On the one hand, it’s \n very important for us to have an orbiter, and Discovery is a much \n more significant vehicle to have in our collection, so I’m happy \n about that. On the other hand, all of our handwork is being sent off \n to somebody else. I’m not going to lose sleep over it, but I \n will think, how are they taking care of it? Is that beautiful paint \n job still squeaky clean and nice, and are all those tiles in good \n condition? So yes, I am concerned to some degree at it going off to \n other hands.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any plans to go to New York and see her once she’s in her permanent \n location?\n Mautner: \n No plans at this time, no.\n Wright: \n And will you be working on Discovery when it comes?\n Mautner: \n We’re not going to touch Discovery. This is another aspect that’s \n pretty neat about getting Discovery. The ideal airplane or spacecraft \n to get into our collection is the one that just went on its last mission. \n If we could get a Boeing B-17 [aircraft] that flew a mission from \n England in August or September of 1944, and then was transferred right \n back into our hall out front, that’s the idea. You don’t \n want to touch it. You want to mount it in such fashion that you preserve \n the tires and take any other stresses out of it, but it would be great \n if it had the gunpowder stains and the engine stains and the oil stains \n and the rough-hewn patches that the mechanics put on the planes back \n in those days. \n And that’s how Discovery is coming to us. They haven’t \n cleaned it, outside of taking out the toxic materials in all the tanks \n and systems, so it’s not going to look like Enterprise at all. \n In fact, one of the people from NASA commented that Enterprise looked \n like a toy. I think what she meant was it looked like a model, and \n Discovery looks like a real orbiter. So we’re happy about that.\n Wright: \n Well, thank you.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Thank you for spending some time with us this morning. We appreciate \n it.\n Mautner: \n You’re very welcome. It’s my pleasure to do it.\n [End \n of interview]\n \n \n Return \n to JSC Oral History Website"],["topImageUrl","https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/head_images/sc.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國太空總署員工表示，\n他們是使用太空總署建議的\n【安麗 LOC】以「1:10」濃度\n拿來清洗太空梭及所有東西。\n\n這就是表示該產品是【極度安全】的！\n\n這樣，還有什麼安麗產品是需要擔心呢？\n\n\nhttp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["id","5484461227031-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-11T01:17:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV_TT0CjyCdS-nWhujcr"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV_TJNx9yCdS-nWhujbL"],["name","Victor Cheng"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b0924f092282f5a2cc895e7f4b4c9cbc?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",4]]}],["type","NOT_ARTICLE"],["text","送出文章的人在嘗試與機器人聊天。\n未指定所謂“安全”之範疇，可以拿來洗東西不代表可以拿來吃。\n同理一間公司的其中一項產品安全也不代表所有東西安全，就像Samsung s7好棒棒，不代表Note 7不會爆炸。"],["reference",""],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["createdAt","2017-11-19T08:05:07.366Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_AY_bfUIh51k7PShFN0PxL9WUoR7dPq0WRMcUCrCIopY"],["name","自立的北門派翠西亞"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新頭殼 | 再創20字新金句韓國瑜演說全文曝光"],["url","https://today.line.me/TW/article/PyW7nj?utm_source=lineshare"],["summary","高雄市長韓國瑜訪美，台北時間12日凌晨在在哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心進行閉門演講，演說後與學者進行交流。圖：高雄市政府提供新頭殼newtalk高雄市長韓國瑜訪美，台北時間今天(12日)凌晨在在哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心進行閉門演講，演說後與學者進行交流。韓國瑜在演講中除了重申對九二共識、兩岸和平共存的看法外，在座談會中再新創「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己」20字口號金句。韓國瑜這次在哈佛大學演講主題為「The Power of Down to Earth —They Talk the Talk, I Walk the Walk」，即為「腳踏實地的力量—他們說，我實行」。內容以2018年高雄市長勝選為例，描述一開始沒有人認為他會獲勝，但最後贏得高雄市長選舉的關鍵原因。演講中廣泛提到「韓流」現象、兩岸情勢、九二共識等，強調他所支持的「九二共識」內涵是「一個中國，各自表述」，並提到「美國是中華民國非常重要的朋友，一直是我們在經濟、安全、軍事、政治方面的盟友，我們不能也不應該因為無法妥善處理兩岸關係，而『拖累』我們的美國朋友」。至於「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己」的新金句，是由參與座會的一名黃姓語言學教授透露轉傳，等同定位台灣在美、日、中多角關係的角色，只是怎麼落實？又多是取決於人的狀況，會不會流於空話？就十分耐人尋味。韓國瑜哈佛演講稿全文：The Power of Down to Earth —They Talk the Talk, I Walk the WalkGood afternoon, Director Szonyi, Director Goldstein, ladies and gentlemen, this is my greatest honor and pleasure to be here today and to begin with, I would like to express my appreciation for the long term friendship between the United States and the R. O. C., and for the support from the US government and its people, so we can engage and cooperate closely. I am more than honored to have this amazing opportunity standing at this podium, in front of the distinguished scholars at the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, the most esteemed institution of Chinese Studies in the world, to share my story and to talk about what I think and what I want to do as Mayor of Kaohsiung.In Taiwan, there are a lot of people calling me a “produce vendor.” Mainly because I worked in a local agricultural products marketing company before I ran in the Mayor election. The media often describes me with the term “down to earth,” and few individuals even name me “country bumpkin” for my humble origins, and my rather direct and unrefined language. Well today, this bald country bumpkin from Taiwan is standing before you, on the campus of one of the most prestigious universities in the world: Harvard! A few months ago, many could not have imagined this, even in their wildest dreams!What brings me to Harvard today, is the fact that last November, I won an election in Southern Taiwan that nobody thought I could possibly win. Besides, people are saying that I single-handedly reshaped the politics of Taiwan. They are calling this wide-spread political current the “hanliu” or “Han wave.”However, I don’t believe in “hanliu” or “Han Wave” because I know very well that what brings me to the Mayor position and to speak to you today, is not me as an individual, but is the will of the people. People in Taiwan, especially in Kaohsiung, have had enough of the unproductive government, enough of all the nonsense of ideological manipulation, and enough of pathetic politicians who only talk without making worthy actions.The reason behind our success, is not because I am at any rate a great person. It is because Taiwan's current ruling party is not doing a good job. They have disappointed the people, so the people want something different. In fact, the people of Taiwan dislike not just the DPP, but they are tired of all of traditional politicians. Especially those politicians who come up with fancy slogans and empty promises. They don't know, and they don't care what the people really need. They only talk the talk, but me, I walk the walk.I walk to the people from all walks of life, with an emphasis on socially vulnerable groups. I insist to stay overnight in different folks’ places once a month, to get close to their real life. I have stayed in an orphanage, a fisherman’s association, a taxi driver’s home and will stay in many others’ places as well. I also walk to the world, to Mainland China, to Southeast Asia, to America and hopefully to more other places in the world. This is not because I like to be Mr. Fogg who travelled around the world in 81 days, but because Kaohsiung deserves more visibility and opportunities. Kaohsiung has been isolated and closed off for too long. As a result, the economy and population are sadly declining. We need to walk out to the world to promote our produce and products, to attract more visitors, and to carry out what I advocate loudly for, “Export Goods Out, Welcome People In, Let Kaohsiung Prosper!” 貨出得去、人進得來、高雄發大財！You might be curious how come I am so down to earth and not a stereotypical politician. Actually, once, I was one of the politicians people look down on. I had been councilor and congressman for over 10 years. And one day, I came to face the truth that I didn’t do a good job as a politician, so I just decided not to run for the next round of elections. Therefore, I fell out of the upper down to the earth. I have been down to earth ever since and stayed on it as a Mayor now. I know what the people really want – I was one of them, I had hope for the government, that the people in power can do good things for us. I know deep down people's needs are simple and humble. People want to enjoy peace and security; want a government that can get things done; want to make money; and most importantly, want to have good life.When I first settled in Kaohsiung, I worked as Director of KMT's Kaohsiung Chapter and we had no funding at all. The DPP had ruled Kaohsiung for more than 20 years, so no one thought I was even close to winning. I had a very hard time raising campaign funds. So when I announced to run for the Mayor election, I went with the slogan “one bottle of water and one bowl of pork rice.” That was all I could provide to the supporters at rallies and gatherings – and most of the time, no pork rice, only a bottle of water! Yet, the reason I did that was not only because we were short of money, but also because I would like to do things differently. I will not be the politician that people dislike anymore. “One bottle of water” is totally against the traditional way of campaigning. There's an old saying that “you don't need to learn how to win an election as long as you have money.” Back then a lot of people in Kaohsiung warned me that it would be impossible to win the election. I had nothing and my hands were empty, so that made me a non-stereotypical candidate. I was down to earth, down with the crowd and got closer to them. The people who came to my rallies and gatherings were not there for give-away gifts or buffets, they came to support!What did I give them in return for their support? A response, a response to their worries and anxiety, a response so outspoken that only a country bumpkin would say it out loud to the people: we want to make big money! You are probably familiar with my campaign slogan, “Export Goods Out, Welcome People In, Let Kaohsiung Prosper.” And “100% for better economy and 0 % for political calculations.” Right now, Taiwan is full of political calculations especially in the Cross Straits policies. As a sad result, Taiwan's economy has been totally compressed with no room to grow. I have listened to the people, and that is not what they want! What people really want are better incomes, good livings, peace with Mainland China, and mutual respect. That is why I am doing 100% for a better economy and 0% for political calculations.In the meantime, as a region that is heavily trade oriented, our worst nightmare is to be marginalized. When countries around the world are actively promoting free trade, signing free trade agreements and engaging in regional economic integrations, Taiwan is excluded, and that is not okay for our economic development. The complications and difficulties of achieving regional economic integration is based on the relationship across the Taiwan Straits. To any political leader of Taiwan, the biggest challenge is to maintain peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, and to ensure Taiwan is not excluded from important international activities.No one wishes to live in instability and chaos. We are all very clear that the only military threat to Taiwan comes from Beijing. Like I've said time and again, we have no doubt that the people of Taiwan are determined to strive for democracy. Yet at the same time, we must not doubt the Beijing’s determination for unification. While it is important to strengthen our defense capabilities, we must not blind ourselves to the fact that Beijing has immense military powers. What we must to do is to strive for peaceful coexistence with Mainland China, and to use wisdom to avoid potential conflicts. This is what the people of Taiwan need. We need to face the fact that Mainland China has risen, and to avoid unnecessary confrontations. After all, “War has no winners and peace, no losers.”Yet in these 3 short years, the international community is once again worried that conflict may erupt in the Taiwan Straits. Beijing is once again threatening unification by military force. President Tsai is talking about how many days Taiwan can hold out until international aid arrives. The Premier of our Executive Yuan is talking about taking the battles into the streets and fighting with fists and broomsticks. These scenarios of violence and bloodshed are not what the people of Taiwan are wishing for!I believe “Export Goods Out, Welcome People In, Let Kaohsiung Prosper,” is what Kaohsiung people wishing for, and in this sense I see the '92 Consensus is practical and realistic. My view on the '92 Consensus is naturally “One China, Respective Interpretations” based on Constitution and The Act, certainly not “One Country Two Systems,” like Macau or Hong Kong. Some people say that the Beijing does not recognize “One China, Respective Interpretations.” I would like to point out that in the 8 years under KMT’s rule, Beijing certainly did not refuse to interact with us because of KMT’s stance on '92 Consensus. In fact, during those 8 years, we signed many agreements, participated in many international activities, and more countries had granted us visa-waiver status.In the course of my campaign as Mayor of Kaohsiung, I stressed the importance of economy. My basis for Cross Straits Relations is the ‘92 Consensus. My winning the election showed that the people of Taiwan did not reject my stance on this matter. I openly shout out to President Tsai and her administration. If they are not willing to recognize the ‘92 Consensus, then they must conceive some new ideals and concrete measures so that they can sustain peace and security in the Taiwan Straits and ensure Taiwan's economic development. They must somehow enable the people of Taiwan to continuously live in freedom and democracy. So far, they have come up empty.The United States is without a doubt a very important friend to Taiwan ROC. The US has been our ally in terms of economics, security, military, and politics. We had the Mutual Defense Treaty, and afterwards we have the Taiwan Relations Act, which provides Taiwan with military defense capabilities. The US is also our important trade partner, and our mutual collaborations over the years have given Taiwan a secure and peaceful environment that allowed for our great economic and political developments. We cannot, and should not, drag our American friends down because we are not able to handle the Cross Straits relations effectively. It is one thing to befriend our American allies but it's something else to take the American friendship for granted. We must assume our share of the responsibility to secure peace in the Taiwan Straits so that our people can live in democracy and prosperity.To conclude, the reason I won the election is because the Kaohsiung people agree with my down to earth call for revitalizing the economy and upholding the stability. Actually most of the people in Taiwan all want, in my down to earth expression, “Taiwan is safe, and people are rich.” Since this is Harvard and there must be a lot of Christian friends here today, I would like to take a verse from the Bible's Book of Philippians as my closing remark. “Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal.”I pressed on walking the walk and that is the power of being down to earth. Without feet on the ground, we cannot walk.Thanks again for inviting me and thank you all very much for listening. Thank you!延伸閱讀：美媒點名2親中準候選人：相信中國是愚蠢高潮哈佛演講嗆小英韓國瑜：不願承認九二共識且兩岸政策空洞高雄市長韓國瑜訪美，台北時間12日凌晨在在哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心進行閉門演講，演說後與學者進行交流。圖：高雄市政府提供\n \n \n 查看原始文章"],["topImageUrl","https://obs.line-scdn.net/0hqSxjr4-jLnxFEwSrWi9RK39FLRN2fz1_ISV_fwZ9cEg6cGgqenIyEmYadBk7I2kiLHRjEmEWNU1gdzsocXEy/w580"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","再創20字新金句韓國瑜演說全文曝光 #LINETODAY\n\nhttps://today.line.me/TW/article/PyW7nj?utm_source=lineshare"],["id","2xnji9has0hku"],["createdAt","2019-04-12T13:06:37.188Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","UcPmDWwBqwaEkHKwW9hl"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","中國將調整「捧韓」政策。旺中集團 (中天、中時、旺報) 先前日日捧韓，並非董事長蔡衍明大願，而是直接受命北京。但杜也指出，自「國防靠美國、科技靠日本」之說一出，中南海對台政策已重新評估。 \n高雄市長韓國瑜近日在哈佛大學進行閉門座談時，喊出台灣「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己」的口號，這段話不但惹怒中國網友，中國媒體《央廣網》更撰文批評，稱中國不會「養台獨」，還警告可能祭出「家法」伺候。《NHK》就認為，韓國瑜就任高雄市長不到一年，隨即被提名為總統候選人，讓外界不免對他存在質疑；總言之，如何克服年輕人對中國的戒心，以及如何強化韓國瑜選總統的正當性，都會是國民黨將面臨的棘手問題。\n\n"],["reference","https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/2758757\n\nhttps://buzzorange.com/2019/07/16/foreign-medium-comment-han-kou-yu-pro-china/\nhttps://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-04-16/233884"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","韓國瑜喊國防靠美國、市場靠中國中媒警告「家法」伺候 - 政治 - 自由時報電子報"],["url","https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/2758757"],["summary","2019-04-14 20:10〔即時新聞／綜合報導〕高雄市長韓國瑜近日在哈佛大學進行閉門座談時，喊出台灣「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己」的口號，這段話不但惹怒中國網友，中國媒體《央廣網》更撰文批評，稱中國不會「養台獨」，還警告可能祭出「家法」伺候。\n \n \n \n 高雄市長韓國瑜日前在美國哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心，進行閉門座談時說出「國防靠美國、市場靠中國」等口號，不但惹怒中國網友，中國媒體《央廣網》更警告可能祭出「家法」伺候。（資料照）\n \n中國網站《觀察者網》報導韓國瑜20字口號的新聞後，許多中國網友留言砲轟韓，「陰陽雙面人物」、「騙錢的貨色」，更有人直言，韓國瑜竟然想賺中國的錢去買美國的武器，根本就是個台獨份子。除了中國網友氣炸外，中國《新浪網》也發出一篇名為「韓國瑜稱國防靠美市場靠中國央媒:不養台獨」的報導指出，韓國瑜11日在美重提九二共識、一中各表，台灣安全、人民有錢，以及所謂國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠中國、努力靠自己，而台北市長柯文哲日前曾更露骨說，國防與美合作、經濟與中合作，經濟好了可支援國防。文章宣稱，「兩岸同屬一中，政治分歧固然存在，但可在共謀統一中協商解決。當前聚同化異共發展還來不及，某些人整天『各表』突出異幹嘛？兩岸關係和平發展，方向得正確，不促统、安全、有錢豈不利獨？」文章更警告，「認家人，豈能賺中國錢、上美國貢，吃裡扒外窩裡反？若不認家人、開門揖盜做家賊？家法，不是擺設...家人的善意提醒」。\n\n \n 想看更多新聞嗎？現在用APP看新聞還可以抽獎　\n 點我下載APP　\n 按我看活動辦法"],["topImageUrl","https://img.ltn.com.tw/Upload/liveNews/BigPic/600_phpIov4au.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","【韓國瑜被 4 家外媒認證】稱韓國瑜是「親中且民粹的市長」！《美聯社》《NHK》搶分析韓出線爭議 | BuzzOrange"],["url","https://buzzorange.com/2019/07/16/foreign-medium-comment-han-kou-yu-pro-china/"],["summary","圖片來源：中央社\n國民黨總統初選民調結果出爐，由高雄市長韓國瑜出線，引發外國媒體關注。即便描述與分析角度不盡相同，但對於「韓國瑜親中」倒是高度重疊，至少四家外媒有同樣看法，《美聯社》更直接以「親中」、「民粹」描述韓國瑜。\n《美聯社》對比蔡韓作風！稱韓國瑜：親中且民粹的市長\n《美聯社》在文中首段，直指國民黨選出了一位「親中且民粹的市長」（pro-China populist mayor）做為候選人，將在明年大選中挑戰「經常猛批中國」的現任總統蔡英文。\n此外，《美聯社》也列舉韓國瑜親中案例。《美聯社》在新聞中寫道，韓國瑜曾表態要和北京簽署和平協議，並在 3 月與中國 4 個城市簽訂、約 52 億新台幣的農產品合約，直言韓國瑜的親中立場，顯然和「與北京對峙」的蔡總統截然不同。\n《紐約時報》點出韓國瑜鼓吹「兩岸同屬一中」\n至於《紐約時報》也評論，國民兩黨的候選人對「兩岸關係的立場截然不同」。《紐時》點出韓國瑜今年訪問中國時，鼓吹「兩岸同屬一中」的看法，並稱和中國拉近關係能提升台灣經濟；反觀蔡英文，《紐時》則將她過去嚴厲批評北京、不斷施壓台灣等例子，寫進報導裡。\n同時，對於韓國瑜以市長之姿，在國民黨五位候選人中出線，外媒也點出了他的黨內和黨外挑戰。\n韓國瑜稱一點喜悅都沒有！《金融時報》、《NHK》評：仍需克服黨內外難題\n根據英國《金融時報》分析，韓國瑜必須小心郭台銘脫黨參選。文中指出，韓國瑜提出的中國政策和郭台銘大不相同，郭台銘堅持「北京必須承認中華民國存在的事實」，這讓他較能吸引游離選票，因爲大多數的台灣民眾，傾向希望兩岸維持現狀；此外，郭台銘也被視為，比韓國瑜更能吸引年輕和教育程度較高的選民。\n日媒《NHK》就分析，香港的反送中事件，已經強化台灣年輕世代對中國的戒心。報導中直言，香港反送中事件讓韓國瑜支持度下滑；相反的，採取對抗中國姿態的總統蔡英文，反而支持率上升。換句話說，「跟中國的距離感」可能成為總統大選的爭論點之一。廣告\n此外，韓國瑜不只要處理親中問題，也必須克服「觀感問題」。《NHK》就認為，韓國瑜就任高雄市長不到一年，隨即被提名為總統候選人，讓外界不免對他存在質疑；總言之，如何克服年輕人對中國的戒心，以及如何強化韓國瑜選總統的正當性，都會是國民黨將面臨的棘手問題。\n推薦閱讀\n【小英演講中英對照版】3 千字藏中國對台統戰訊息！外交人員點出蔡總統講稿給美方的「彩蛋」\n【我跑去當韓粉了】潛入 20 個韓粉社團，他總結韓國瑜結合兩種邊緣群體：庶民＋軍公教廣告\n【國民黨記者會逐字重點】「周金易瑋」揪大家做韓國瑜的天龍護法，韓：我面臨的壓力好巨大！\n（本文歡迎合作夥伴轉載分享。首圖來源：中央社）\n想看到每天《報橘》精選好文？趕快把我們加入你的 Line 好友！\n\n\n \n 點關鍵字看更多相關文章：2020 總統大選NHK反送中紐約時報美聯社蔡英文金融時報韓國瑜"],["topImageUrl","https://buzzorange.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/1164x768_144829585663-1024x676.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「國防靠美國」得罪了人？他驚爆：中國將調整捧韓政策 | 政治 | 新頭殼 Newtalk"],["url","https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-04-16/233884"],["summary","高雄市長韓國瑜訪美期間，拋出20字台灣發展金句「國防靠美國、科技靠日本、市場靠大陸、努力靠自己。」此話一出，立即引起各界熱議。不過這次不挺韓的聲量卻高升，特別是連對岸中國網友也大力抨擊。對此，文化大學競爭力研究中心主任杜紫宸今（16）天表示，中國將調整「捧韓」政策。\n韓國瑜20字新口號中的「國防靠美國、市場靠大陸。」，引起中國網友關注。他們認為韓的發言「根本台獨份子」、「市場靠中國，國防靠美國？那些簽給韓國瑜單子的人做何感想？」「養台之策完敗，資台養獨必撞牆」，更有人說「對於這樣的人要警惕，第二個李登輝？」\n韓國瑜的發言引起中國網友不滿，對此杜紫宸在臉書po文指出，前國安系統權威人士告訴他，旺中集團 (中天、中時、旺報) 先前日日捧韓，並非董事長蔡衍明大願，而是直接受命北京。但杜也指出，自「國防靠美國、科技靠日本」之說一出，中南海對台政策已重新評估，短期內或有所調整，「請大家拭目以待。」 \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n 延伸閱讀：郭台銘認真思考選總統盧秀燕：他若參選會得到許多支持郭台銘2天內宣布參選總統與否王金平：優秀企業家參選引發震撼"],["topImageUrl","https://newtalk.tw/resize_action2/s.newtalk.tw/album/news/217/5c81eb1a47568.jpg?imgmax=800"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-07-20T05:41:36.237Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",3],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_xpwMw-S2qE1Jd4f6AwjPh8KqzGLPCQD1innQ2hucGeE"],["name","意志堅強的芎林維拉妮卡"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","The Tip of the Iceberg: Virologist David Ho (BS '74) Speaks About COVID-19"],["url","https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ))"],["summary","As of March 20, more than 8,700 people worldwide had died of COVID-19, the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Caltech trustee David Ho (BS '74) of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, says that this is just the tip of the iceberg. Ho, an expert on viral epidemics, has spent decades researching HIV/AIDS, having begun his career in Los Angeles, \"ground zero\" of the first outbreak, in the early 1980s. On March 18, Ho sat down with members of the Caltech community to discuss the novel coronavirus and the future of our society in the light of this global pandemic.Walk us through the spread of the virus in the United States. What does the country look like right now?Let me just give you a picture of what I see here in New York. About two weeks ago, we had our initial case, and now in New York City newly diagnosed confirmed cases are tripling every two days. In our New York Presbyterian Hospital, approximately 25 percent of the swab samples that are submitted for testing are positive. In the suburban communities outside of New York, approximately 10 percent of the swabs submitted are positive. So, the virus is everywhere. And in New York, we know that we are in the exponential growth phase of the epidemic.Looking back at what has transpired throughout the world, we saw the first wave hit China; the second wave hit South Korea, Italy, and Iran; and then, trailed by only about a week or so, France, Germany, Spain, and the U.S. We all know that China went through a period of great devastation. It has over 80,000 cases. Italy is rapidly catching up, with over 31,000 cases. We suspect that in the U.S. this will rapidly sweep from the coastal regions and it will hit middle America. It is already there, but we will see exponential growth very, very soon. Then of course we are all worried about what would happen when this epidemic strikes places like Africa and India where the health care system is less developed.Can you tell us about the pathology of the disease?COVID-19 typically causes fever and a dry cough. One may have aches in the body—the muscles—and if it's severe enough, there would be shortness of breath due to pneumonia.Gastrointestinal symptoms can occur and are an indication of more severe disease. It's not very common to have a runny nose or the sniffles, and a sore throat is not common either.The incubation period from exposure to onset of symptoms is between four and six days; and if you want to cover 95–98 percent of the cases it is between three and 10 days. It's pretty rare to have an incubation period outside of that range.What in particular makes this virus so dangerous?What is disturbing is that virus shedding, as detected in the mouth or nose, is very, very common and could be there prior to onset of symptoms. That's why transmission could occur from asymptomatic individuals. And virus shedding could continue for days up to three weeks after a person recovers. That is extremely worrisome for the spread of this virus. Furthermore, the stability of this virus is worrisome as well. If you put it in aerosol form and keep it in the air, the half-life is several hours; if you drop it on surfaces of copper or cardboard, it could survive about a day. But if it's on steel or plastic surfaces, you could still detect infectious virus after 72 hours, although the infectivity decreases with time.What do we know about the biology of the virus?The virus is highly related to another coronavirus called SARS coronavirus. That was another outbreak that occurred worldwide 17-18 years ago, and largely in China and Asia.The two viruses are about 80 percent identical. We know the origin of SARS was from a bat through an intermediary animal called the civet cat.Another virus called Middle Eastern Respiratory Virus, MERS, also originated in bats and infected camels, and camels passed it to humans. For COVID-19, we believe the original host must be a bat species, because that animal carries a virus that's 97 percent identical to what we're seeing now.Because of the SARS outbreak and the MERS outbreak, and research done on those two pathogens, we actually know quite a bit about coronaviruses.The outbreak began in China; how have they been dealing with the virus?This epidemic was first identified in a few cases with pneumonia in December 2019. In retrospect, there were scattered cases in November according to Chinese officials. I would say that initially there were missteps and lack of transparency that contributed to the explosive outbreak in the city of Wuhan in the central province of Hubei. That epidemic in central China accounts for 85 percent of the confirmed cases in China. It led Beijing officials to quarantine the entire province of 50 million people. The epidemic peaked in early February with 4,000 newly diagnosed cases each day. But since the lockdown and the various draconian measures applied, the number of new cases each day has been declining by half every week, and remarkably it's now down to about 20 per day. The rest of China's other provinces also applied very harsh measures and they indeed successfully flattened the curve outside of Hubei province.We know what they've done is not sustainable and the question is: What is China going to do now if it relaxes the infection control measures? Some of the recovered patients are still shedding virus and now China is surrounded by sick neighbors. Surely if they open up their borders, infection will come in the same way it came into the U.S. The world is waiting to see what China is going to do.Now in terms of the U.S., we obviously are undergoing exponential growth. The 10,400 confirmed cases is a gross underestimate. The lack of testing is embarrassing. It's an outright failure in leadership.What are the tests we need to detect coronavirus infection?Everybody's talking about testing and that's actually referring to PCR [polymerase chain reaction] testing, looking for viral RNA to determine whether a person is infected. But there's still no talk of antibody testing to determine which people have had it and are immune, and that is another crucial tool we need to combat this epidemic. Many research labs throughout the country—I'm sure at Caltech too—could be running antibody tests right now to survey the population and tell us what the real penetrance of this pathogen is in our communities. We are, on a research basis, embarking on that to understand the degree of infection in New York City and outside of New York City.How long before the U.S. sees test availability similar to what South Korea has implemented?The PCR testing, which is the one that's approved, is now ramping up very, very rapidly in state and local labs as well as in academic medical centers and in the commercial sector. Their production will grow tremendously. Roche has a machine that will run 1,000 samples at a time. If you go to a commercial lab, they take a swab, they package it, they quite often send it to another facility somewhere else. The turnaround time is typically 72 hours. In that period, it's very, very hard to manage patients and their contacts. It's a nightmare for the healthcare worker.We need point-of-care tests. Those kinds of tests are available for HIV and for many other diseases; you use a finger stick, drop the blood on a small device, and have a readout in 15 minutes. These tests measure antibody response to the virus and are extremely useful. Yet we don't have a single test licensed in the U.S. In China, in South Korea, and in Europe, those tests are used. The manufacturer for this rapid test is producing a million a day. It's there. But in the name of protecting the public, the FDA has moved very, very slowly. That delay, in my view, has caused more harm than good.Can you elaborate on point-of-care testing?It's almost like a home pregnancy test or home HIV test. These tests have been around for a long time. The test that I'm specifically referring to, coming out of China, South Korea, and approved in Europe, is an antibody test. You put a drop of blood on a plastic slide, add another drop of the buffer that comes with the test, and you let it sit for 15 minutes. Then, you look at the bands. You're negative if you have just one band, or you're positive if you have more than one band. The test also tells you type of antibody. There's a type of antibody called IgG [immunoglobulin G] and another type called IgM [immunoglobulin M]. Typically, when a person is infected, the IgM response is earlier and the IgG response is later. The two bands indicate the course of the infection.This kind of test is available all over the world for HIV. The technology is there, the tests are there. But they're not FDA approved. While I think they are fairly close to being approved, we have let several weeks go by and to me that's tragic.Will this coronavirus be seasonal?Everyone is asking whether this virus is here to stay. Initially, just based on what China did with SARS long ago, there was hope that warmer weather and more sunlight would help kill the virus in our environment and therefore lower the probability of transmission.But now this virus has gained such a strong foothold in the human population. It's already 25 times larger than SARS and it's already embedded in the Southern hemisphere. If you look at Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, there are cases there already, and community transmission is occurring. As the weather changes, perhaps the Northern hemisphere will gain an advantage. But the epidemic in the Southern hemisphere is going to accelerate.The long-term outcome may resemble influenza so that we have seasonal bouts, with the virus bouncing back and forth between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is of course just speculation, but that's what we see with influenza.Why does COVID-19 have less impact on children and more impact on the elderly?Well, the latter part is easy. Older people generally do less well with all sorts of respiratory infections, including influenza and SARS. So that's just the typical scenario we see. The children, however, are a mystery. As you know, children typically get flu or other respiratory viruses very quickly and bring them home to infect the parents. But in this particular case, the number of children infected in China, after extensive studies, don't seem to indicate that this is the case for this coronavirus.Some people seem to show mild symptoms while others have a more severe experience. Has the virus already mutated?RNA viruses all replicate with low fidelity. Mutations occur at pretty similar rates and these viruses typically don't have proofreading functions. In contrast, we replicate our DNA with high fidelity and we have a proofreading function to fix the errors. So, every time they replicate, there's a fixed rate of mutation. This virus is mutating but it has mutated very little so far. There are differences but probably they are functionally not important, so that's not the explanation for why you see different disease courses among the infected.For HIV it's the same thing: 10 people could be infected by the same strain but you have very different outcomes. With HIV, genetics and environmental factors play a role. Some of the genetics has been worked out; we know that there are certain tissue types that would protect and others that would harm. I suspect it's the same here.Once you become infected with the virus, can you get it again?There are a few anecdotes from China about re-infection but, if you look at those reports carefully, they're not well-documented. It could be that folks just continued to shed virus from the initial infection. Only one study was formally done and it is not a human study. It's a macaque study. They infected macaques with this virus, then waited until the monkeys recovered and tried to re-infect them. They could not. This just came out in the past few days. That bodes well for human immunity.We have now looked at a lot of serum from convalescent individuals and those serum samples have antibodies against the so-called spike protein of the virus. That's the protein that sits on the surface of the virus particle. By tightly binding, the antibody could neutralize the virus. Once an infected person develops antibodies, there should be protective immunity for quite some time. That's why we need to buy time for immunity to develop in the population.After a person recovers from the virus, how long are they still contagious?That's a very important question. We're not sure; one individual in China was shown to have persistent virus shedding for over a month. But typically, we're looking at a three-week period from onset of symptoms.What should we be doing to limit the spread of this epidemic?The social distancing and good hygiene strategies have been successfully applied, in South Korea for example, to bring their epidemic down. They're the only other country that has flattened the curve—slowed down the number of new infections to not overwhelm the healthcare system—and gradually brought this epidemic under control. There are many places that have done a pretty good job of not allowing the epidemic to explode, such as Taiwan and Hong Kong. These are places that had quite a bit of experience in fighting SARS, 17 years ago.Are you optimistic that these measures combined with research will be enough to combat the coronavirus?I personally believe we will blunt this epidemic, but I think we wasted a good four to six weeks largely because of lack of testing and lack of a certain preparedness. But I think we could still make a difference and bring it under control with very harsh measures.But again, are these measures sustainable? We've got to expect that businesses must reopen and schools must teach again. Whether it's travel or sports or live entertainment, we're going to have to return to some semblance of normalcy. But what are the measures that are effective and sustainable? That's a question we as a society have to deal with. We need to buy time so that gradually the population will have a degree of immunity.Most importantly, we need to buy time to allow science to deliver solutions. We're going to have to develop drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. I think the mobilization by the scientific community, from my perspective, is amazing. So many people have mobilized and jumped on this and are contributing, from discovering small-molecule drugs that could block various enzymes of this virus to coming up with antibodies that could neutralize the virus. Researchers have already come up with a few promising chemicals that could be a good start to drug development. There are already a few neutralizing antibodies isolated from infected individuals; my own group is in the midst of doing all that.And, of course, people are working on vaccines. A lot of companies are working on vaccines and those vaccines are at various stages. A couple are within weeks of entering human testing and that's quite, quite remarkable. There is one thing about vaccines, though: Some of the experiments previously done on SARS suggested that when animals developed antibodies and then were given the virus, they had greater lung injury due to the presence of the antibodies. The scientific community would have to resolve that issue quickly and its resolution would either halt the current approaches or unleash them to move full speed ahead. We certainly will take a part in doing that. I think we have the real possibility that COVID-19 may become a fact of life until science comes through as it has done for past epidemics.This is going to take some time. But I'm very confident that the science will rise to the task and provide a solution. But it's not going to be a few months as our president suggests. It's going to be much longer than that. I would say 18 months, or 24 months. I think we are all facing tough challenges ahead."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","一位北醫畢業目前在紐約當住院醫師的張銘凱醫師寫照顧COVID-19經驗，寫得非常棒，跟大家分享這篇文章：\n[經驗分享]\n我在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓，七月開始會做美國感染科次專訓練。目前紐約災情慘重，我所在醫院確診加疑似病人就超過一百人，我這段其間都在顧ICU因此對於重症COVID的照顧也算有心得，我至少照顧過超過20位以上之住院病人，因為在ICU的關係大部分病人都插管，到目前為止，我應該比許多台灣醫生有武漢新冠肺炎治療之實戰經驗。因為台灣目前防疫做的非常好，多半輕症或無症狀隔離，但是我們隨時要準備如果已經是社區流行，那作為醫生該如何care這些病人，因此做個簡單的分享與教學，所以講解的對象應該是以臨床第一線之醫師或NP為主。但我要說很多evidence都不斷更新，以下是盡量有所依據的臨床處理方式，reference就不一一列舉，有些我可能覺得是一般臨床工作者應有的基本概念也許就沒有多加說明，如造成閱讀上不順暢，也請多多包涵。\n\n#流病學:相信台灣臨床醫生現在非常仰賴旅遊史畢竟沒有大規模社區感染，但是我要提醒的是如果有天已經大流行，旅遊史可能不是那麼重要了，懷疑就該驗。美國之前CDC一直很在意旅遊史而不隨意驗，結果後來發現根本大流行已經來不及了。在大爆發之前，可能會有一個空窗期就是很多原本我們以為低感染風險而沒有驗到的人，他們其實已經可能被感染。此外年輕人或沒有病史病人也非常多，這是在過去醫院前所未見的。在美國輕症就算陽性也不會住院讓他們回家，所以我所看到是真正的病人，我們已經擴充非常多病房了，但是病人真的很多，感染力真的很強要小心！至今我們已經有三個住院醫師中獎了。\n\n#臨床表現:除了發燒咳等呼吸道症狀，還常有拉肚子等GI症狀，我要特別提醒很多病人會有\"味覺失調或消失\"的症狀，這不是鼻塞引起的味覺降低。很多文獻少提味覺問題，但是一定要注意，這可能是一個sign就該檢驗。此外有些病人會表達胸痛，不一定就是很嚴重的myocarditis，就純粹是無法解釋的胸痛，但還是會建議驗一下CPK/Trop。這個病毒的潛伏期根據我看到的paper，大概平均是五天多，當然最長可能兩個禮拜，不過我現在講的是一個常態分佈的結果，你要算到最嚴苛標準，也許就兩個禮拜，但是平均還是五天多，所以你如果有接觸史，過了一個禮拜還是沒發病，你大概就safe了。\n\n#抽血:CBC(不一定會leukocytosis，反而容易lymphocytopenia and or thrombocytopenia), 常transaminitis(GOT/GPT高)。我們會大概三天監測一次Ferritin, ESR/CRP, LDH, D-dimer來觀察對藥物反應。基本blood culture, HIV, urine Legionella/strep pneumonia最好也住院時驗一下排除其他問題。\n\n#影像:CXR bilateral infiltrations。相信大家一定常常不知道病人什麼問題但是看到CXR有點白白髒髒就當肺炎收進來打抗生素住院(其實可能根本不明顯)。我要說的是這些COVID住院病人，不會只是CXR微微白白髒髒，而是一看就是明顯兩側蔓延，在我住院醫師期間真的從來沒有看到那麼多CXR都是長這個樣子的，現在我幾乎可以看到CXR就診斷。至於CT chest雖然比較清楚，但是我認為不需要，因為大部分CXR就很明顯了，加上抽血上述markers等等就算PCR還沒有等到就可以很有把握診斷了。安排CT chest只會讓醫院感控暴露風險(因為機器要大消毒，浪費時間也可能使真正需要CT的人沒辦法照到)\n\n#氧氣治療方面:如果有SOB or hypoxia，當然要監測O2 sat.一開始nasal cannula, simple mask 下一個nonrebreather mask，中間不要試BiPAP/CPAP/High flow NC你就要early intubation了！因為BiPAP等會有把病毒釋放出來空氣傳播的風險。而且COVID病人desaturation or decompensation進展真的非常快！sat keep不住就要early intubation。另外不要使用neubulizer等會霧化的藥物治療，如需支氣管闊張劑可以用MDI手壓的pump。另外ARDS常用的臥趴姿勢prone position效果感覺非常好，病人一prone血氧真的會稍微提升，有些病人甚至沒有被插管的，血氧稍微差一點的我們就會叫他趕快趴著!還真的很有用。很多插管病人我們也會給他prone，我看討論串好像台灣不是很喜歡prone因為很耗費護理師人力，不過至少我在我們醫院我看到是一大早三個主治醫師就一起合力把病人翻姿勢，其實美國醫師工作也是很辛苦的。\n\n#藥物治療:\n\n1.我知道很多診所喜歡開類固醇給\"感冒\"的病人，但是絕對要避免因為類固醇有延長viral shedding的副作用，之前在MERS等病人的研究也是類固醇壞處大於好處，因此使用類固醇除非是有其indication才用(例如septic shock等等)。\n\n2.高劑量Statin似乎有研究對防止病毒結合有幫助，因此如果LFT, CK允許可以考慮使用(lipitor 40 or 80, etc)。\n\n3.Litonavir愛滋病藥物nejm已經發表確定沒用。\n\n4.在美國我們幾乎每個病人都會給hydroxychloroquine(400mg bid for a day, then 200mg bid for 4 days)會影響lysosome fusion抑制病毒, 使用藥物前一定要EKG，如果QTc>500就不要用。我們醫院現在不加azithromycin了因為兩個一起用會延長QTc就有致死案例。對於法國研究Hydroxychloroquine+azithro很好但是我保持樂觀態度，那個研究病人量很少(n=21)，而且我實際臨床經驗覺得幫助好像有限，但是因為in vitro研究有效，我們還是會給病人就是了！\n\nCOVID似乎會跟其他呼吸道病毒一起co-infection所以還是要驗一下flu, 但是如果flu negative也不需要給tamiflu因為對covid無效。除了病毒還常bacterial superinfection，所以我們幾乎還是會給抗細菌抗生素，macrolide or levofloxacin擔心prolong QT所以我們醫院現在給doxycycline。記得驗一下Urine Legionella因為跟covid一樣都常有GI症狀。\n\n5.Remdesivir在美國第一個case就是靠這個治好的，各國都在臨床試驗中，我個人很看好，我們醫院也要開始實驗這個了...\n\n6.日本藥favipiravir聽說也很成功但是因為我在美國比較不熟。\n\n7.很多COVID病人為什麼這麼sick，明明年輕人卻full blown ARDS比老人更嚴重，因為很多是cytokine release syndrome的關係。所以IL-6 inhibitor如tocilizumab or sarilumab本來治rheumatoid arthritis的生物製劑或許也有用。現階段也還在臨床試驗中，可以抽血IL-6監測。聽說MGH用tocilizumab，而我的醫院也要開始臨床試驗sarilumab\n\n#Code status：COVID大部分還是胸腔性疾病，很多就是插管呼吸器ARDS mode來治療，因此插管是很重要的環節。但是有些運氣不是很好的病人，多重器官衰竭等等突然coded需要CPR的情況，這對醫療團隊來說是暴露極高風險甚至多半可能徒勞。我認為有必要一開始就要跟病人談好DNR，這不代表就要DNI，該插管還是要插管，但是真的不幸心跳停止等，要量力而為。\n\n#醫院管理：至少在紐約我們的物資設備都輸台灣很多也嚴重不足，不過也許可以給台灣要是不幸疫情大爆發做個借鏡。現在醫院幾乎都是COVID病人，也不可能一人一間病房了，因此直接把COVID病人直接放在同一間房間，反正都得病了也不怕被感染了。不過還是建議最好病房的門是有窗戶的至少從外面看進去可以知道病人好不好，而且就我剛剛所說，病人原本可能好好的就突然血氧掉非常喘需要趕快插管，每個住院病人真的像未爆彈。另外ICU病人因為常常有很多pump點滴，護理師要一直進出隔離房不方便穿脫PPE，可以考慮直接把pump放在房間外面，點滴線延長出去就好，這樣如果護理師要調sedation or pressors等等就可以不用進入房間更改設定。\n\n#國家防疫：現階段台灣防疫做很好，還在containment的階段，就是把最有可能的人抓出來隔離，但是對於平均每個個案的隔離成本很高，國家也很不容易控制，目前台灣有兩百多的個案，但是某天要是慢慢累積好幾百個病人甚至破千，我們也許就要調整策略，因為把全部只要是陽性的病人都抓到醫院關那是不可能的，台灣沒有那麼多的醫療能量，也不能這樣浪費，而且輕症染病的病人，要多久PCR會轉陰性，我還沒看到研究統計出來，應該也很少人會做這樣研究，因為很少國家會像台灣如此嚴格標準檢疫隔離的，就好像今天得influenza A，如果不太嚴重也是讓病人回家，病癒就是病癒，一般醫師也不會再重複flu swab；同樣如果有C.diff病人，把PO Vanc的療程吃完沒有再拉肚子，你也是當作好了不會再去驗糞便。個人覺得台灣可以把輕症病人平均多久時間PCR轉陰性做個統計發表研究。我最近看了世界著名病毒學專家何大一博士的專訪([https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ)) 個人覺得這篇寫得不錯，裡面他就有寫到目前也不知道陽性的病人過多久後才不會有傳染力，他說猜測大概三週。至於已經得過COVID的病人之後會不會再重複感染，他是覺得應該是不會，也就是現在所有的防疫工作，就是在爭取時間讓疫苗可以製造出來讓群體都可以有保護效果。現階段幾乎的國家都大爆發，就不可能像台灣還在containment的防疫階段，因為你要假設所有人都有可能是病人，那能做的就是#緩和曲線了flatten the curve，我覺得這個概念相當重要\n\n，基本上就是拖延戰術，減少不必要的社交和聚集，要social distancing，不必要的商業活動要停止，電影院酒吧夜店要關，餐廳只能外帶等等，這可以避免加速接觸感染，讓病人增加量不要達這麼快一下超出醫療能負荷的數量避免醫療崩壞，很多國家都在這麼做了，目前聽起來表現比較好的國家像是南韓，雖然他們一開始防疫沒有做好導致非常多人得病，但是經過大規模檢驗，還有避免出門要待在家等等，目前疫情也有和緩的趨勢，算是亡羊補牢，也不是不行。台灣目前表現全球數一數二，但是我們總是要做最壞的準備跟打算。\n\n#後記：沒想到一下就寫這麼多，這算是我第一線醫療工作者的紀實與經驗分享，目前紐約疫情雖然已嚴重崩壞，但實際上還只是開始而已不見緩和。不過美國參戰之後相信會有更多醫學研究與臨床治療準則可以參考，實際上也不完全是壞事。你問我會不會怕我每天也是提心吊膽的，都很怕生病，每天都要很注意自己的身體狀態，但偏偏美國住院醫師工時非常長(週休一日而已也沒有PM off)又不斷把我們明明不是在病房rotate的時候抓來上班取消我們的門診等等，我都盡量多休息有時間就睡覺保持免疫力。現在在醫院其實也是看到很多恐慌的面孔，我們醫院是公立醫院，平常病人多為社會最底層的人，吸毒的、遊民的、酗酒的，總之各種問題台灣一個比較健康的社會大概很難想像是一個怎麼樣的場所。不過最近因為COVID病人大爆發，我發現很多可能社會上的一般人或中產階級，他們可能是警察、可能是清潔工、就某天感染病毒生病了，這時候醫護站起來照顧他們治療他們，讓他們免於恐懼，這是作為醫學生涯也算比較榮光的時候，因為我們平常的訓練，就在這時候派上用場，也算是找到一點點行醫的意義跟價值。可以平安地活著其實就很好。目前台灣社會可以安全的生活著也真的很好。"],["id","ioxspw9mf0sf"],["createdAt","2020-03-29T01:46:42.817Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","zQnmKXEBrhVJn3LNnVt-"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","r_6F7mcBP8WrztivFgAI"],["name","Pei-Chi Lo"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",14]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","這篇文章的確是正在紐約市公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師的張凱銘2020年3月27日於FB的貼文，是該住院醫師的臨床實戰經驗分享、醫師間教學交流之用。\n　\n經查，有提及文獻部分皆有對應論文，連結如下。"],["reference","2020年3月20日刊在國際抗微生物劑雜誌的文章，說明法國Hydroxychloroquine+azithro臨床試驗結果：(36人的小型試驗)\nhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996\n　\n2020年3月20日刊在mBio的文章，認為中國與各國應進行研究，確認Statin等可否提高生存率：\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32198163\n　\n2020年3月18日刊在新英格蘭醫學雜誌的文章，說明愛滋用藥lopinavir–ritonavir用於住院重症的COVID-19患者並未觀察到額外益處：\nhttps://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282\n\n2020年2月WHO與中國聯合任務專家組報告，P12提及潛伏期平均是5-6天，最長14天：\nhttps://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf\n\n2020年1月31日刊在新英格蘭醫學雜誌的文章，說明美國第一例確診病人使用Remdesivir：\nhttps://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191\n　\n2018年3月15日刊在美國呼吸和重症監護醫學雜誌的文章，提到MERS病人用類固醇治療可能風險大於益處：\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29227752\n\nFavipiravir的效果在中、日、韓評價不同：\nhttps://cofacts.g0v.tw/article/kdmr185e5ut2\n\n--\n2020年3月27日張凱銘原始FB貼文連結：\nhttps://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3096597913707226"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial"],["url","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857920300996"],["summary","AbstractBackgroundChloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.Patients and methodsFrench Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.ResultsSix patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.ConclusionDespite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.Key words2019-nCoVSARS-CoV-2COVID-19hydroxychloroquineazithomycinclinical trialLoading...View Abstract© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Hiding in Plain Sight: an Approach to Treating Patients with Severe COVID-19 Infection. - PubMed"],["url","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32198163"],["summary","mBio. 2020 Mar 20;11(2). pii: e00398-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00398-20.Author information157, chemin du Lavoir, Sergy Haut, France davidsfedson@gmail.com.2Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.3Fyordgata 59, Trondheim, Norway.AbstractPatients with COVID-19 infection are at risk of acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS) and death. The tissue receptor for COVID-19 is ACE2, and higher levels of ACE2 can protect against ARDS. Angiotensin receptor blockers and statins upregulate ACE2. Clinical trials are needed to determine whether this drug combination might be used to treat patients with severe COVID-19 infection.Copyright © 2020 Fedson et al.KEYWORDS: COVID-19; endothelial dysfunction; generic drugs; host response treatment [Indexed for MEDLINE] Free full textMeSH terms, Substances, Supplementary conceptsMeSH termsAngiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic useBetacoronavirus*Coronavirus Infections/metabolism*Coronavirus Infections/therapy*Coronavirus Infections/virologyHumansHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic usePeptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolismPneumonia, Viral/metabolism*Pneumonia, Viral/therapy*Pneumonia, Viral/virologyReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/biosynthesis*Receptors, Virus/biosynthesis*SubstancesAGTR2 protein, humanAngiotensin II Type 2 Receptor BlockersHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsReceptor, Angiotensin, Type 2Receptors, Viruscoronavirus receptorsPeptidyl-Dipeptidase Aangiotensin converting enzyme 2Supplementary conceptsCOVID-19severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19"],["url","https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282"],["summary","logo-32"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","UNSUPPORTED"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States"],["url","https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191"],["summary","Original ArticleBrief ReportList of authors.Michelle L. Holshue, M.P.H., Chas DeBolt, M.P.H., Scott Lindquist, M.D., Kathy H. Lofy, M.D., John Wiesman, Dr.P.H., Hollianne Bruce, M.P.H., Christopher Spitters, M.D., Keith Ericson, P.A.-C., Sara Wilkerson, M.N., Ahmet Tural, M.D., George Diaz, M.D., Amanda Cohn, M.D., LeAnne Fox, M.D., Anita Patel, Pharm.D., Susan I. Gerber, M.D., Lindsay Kim, M.D., Suxiang Tong, Ph.D., Xiaoyan Lu, M.S., Steve Lindstrom, Ph.D., Mark A. Pallansch, Ph.D., William C. Weldon, Ph.D., Holly M. Biggs, M.D., Timothy M. Uyeki, M.D., and Satish K. Pillai, M.D. for the Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team*\n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n Article\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n Figures/Media\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n Metrics\n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n 20 ReferencesSummary An outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that began in Wuhan, China, has spread rapidly, with cases now confirmed in multiple countries. We report the first case of 2019-nCoV infection confirmed in the United States and describe the identification, diagnosis, clinical course, and management of the case, including the patient’s initial mild symptoms at presentation with progression to pneumonia on day 9 of illness. This case highlights the importance of close coordination between clinicians and public health authorities at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as the need for rapid dissemination of clinical information related to the care of patients with this emerging infection. IntroductionOn December 31, 2019, China reported a cluster of cases of pneumonia in people associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, Hubei Province.1 On January 7, 2020, Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was associated with a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV.2 Although cases were originally reported to be associated with exposure to the seafood market in Wuhan, current epidemiologic data indicate that person-to-person transmission of 2019-nCoV is occurring.3-6 As of January 30, 2020, a total of 9976 cases had been reported in at least 21 countries,7 including the first confirmed case of 2019-nCoV infection in the United States, reported on January 20, 2020. Investigations are under way worldwide to better understand transmission dynamics and the spectrum of clinical illness. This report describes the epidemiologic and clinical features of the first case of 2019-nCoV infection confirmed in the United States. Case Report On January 19, 2020, a 35-year-old man presented to an urgent care clinic in Snohomish County, Washington, with a 4-day history of cough and subjective fever. On checking into the clinic, the patient put on a mask in the waiting room. After waiting approximately 20 minutes, he was taken into an examination room and underwent evaluation by a provider. He disclosed that he had returned to Washington State on January 15 after traveling to visit family in Wuhan, China. The patient stated that he had seen a health alert from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) about the novel coronavirus outbreak in China and, because of his symptoms and recent travel, decided to see a health care provider. Figure 1. Figure 1. Posteroanterior and Lateral Chest Radiographs, January 19, 2020 (Illness Day 4). No thoracic abnormalities were noted. Apart from a history of hypertriglyceridemia, the patient was an otherwise healthy nonsmoker. The physical examination revealed a body temperature of 37.2°C, blood pressure of 134/87 mm Hg, pulse of 110 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute, and oxygen saturation of 96% while the patient was breathing ambient air. Lung auscultation revealed rhonchi, and chest radiography was performed, which was reported as showing no abnormalities (Figure 1). A rapid nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for influenza A and B was negative. A nasopharyngeal swab specimen was obtained and sent for detection of viral respiratory pathogens by NAAT; this was reported back within 48 hours as negative for all pathogens tested, including influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, and four common coronavirus strains known to cause illness in humans (HKU1, NL63, 229E, and OC43). Given the patient’s travel history, the local and state health departments were immediately notified. Together with the urgent care clinician, the Washington Department of Health notified the CDC Emergency Operations Center. Although the patient reported that he had not spent time at the Huanan seafood market and reported no known contact with ill persons during his travel to China, CDC staff concurred with the need to test the patient for 2019-nCoV on the basis of current CDC “persons under investigation” case definitions.8 Specimens were collected in accordance with CDC guidance and included serum and nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens. After specimen collection, the patient was discharged to home isolation with active monitoring by the local health department. On January 20, 2020, the CDC confirmed that the patient’s nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs tested positive for 2019-nCoV by real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. In coordination with CDC subject-matter experts, state and local health officials, emergency medical services, and hospital leadership and staff, the patient was admitted to an airborne-isolation unit at Providence Regional Medical Center for clinical observation, with health care workers following CDC recommendations for contact, droplet, and airborne precautions with eye protection.9 On admission, the patient reported persistent dry cough and a 2-day history of nausea and vomiting; he reported that he had no shortness of breath or chest pain. Vital signs were within normal ranges. On physical examination, the patient was found to have dry mucous membranes. The remainder of the examination was generally unremarkable. After admission, the patient received supportive care, including 2 liters of normal saline and ondansetron for nausea. Figure 2. Figure 2. Symptoms and Maximum Body Temperatures According to Day of Illness and Day of Hospitalization, January 16 to January 30, 2020. On days 2 through 5 of hospitalization (days 6 through 9 of illness), the patient’s vital signs remained largely stable, apart from the development of intermittent fevers accompanied by periods of tachycardia (Figure 2). The patient continued to report a nonproductive cough and appeared fatigued. On the afternoon of hospital day 2, the patient passed a loose bowel movement and reported abdominal discomfort. A second episode of loose stool was reported overnight; a sample of this stool was collected for rRT-PCR testing, along with additional respiratory specimens (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal) and serum. The stool and both respiratory specimens later tested positive by rRT-PCR for 2019-nCoV, whereas the serum remained negative. Treatment during this time was largely supportive. For symptom management, the patient received, as needed, antipyretic therapy consisting of 650 mg of acetaminophen every 4 hours and 600 mg of ibuprofen every 6 hours. He also received 600 mg of guaifenesin for his continued cough and approximately 6 liters of normal saline over the first 6 days of hospitalization. Table 1. Table 1. Clinical Laboratory Results. The nature of the patient isolation unit permitted only point-of-care laboratory testing initially; complete blood counts and serum chemical studies were available starting on hospital day 3. Laboratory results on hospital days 3 and 5 (illness days 7 and 9) reflected leukopenia, mild thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of creatine kinase (Table 1). In addition, there were alterations in hepatic function measures: levels of alkaline phosphatase (68 U per liter), alanine aminotransferase (105 U per liter), aspartate aminotransferase (77 U per liter), and lactate dehydrogenase (465 U per liter) were all elevated on day 5 of hospitalization. Given the patient’s recurrent fevers, blood cultures were obtained on day 4; these have shown no growth to date. Figure 3. Figure 3. Posteroanterior and Lateral Chest Radiographs, January 22, 2020 (Illness Day 7, Hospital Day 3). No acute intrathoracic plain-film abnormality was noted. Figure 4. Figure 4. Posteroanterior Chest Radiograph, January 24, 2020 (Illness Day 9, Hospital Day 5). Increasing left basilar opacity was visible, arousing concern about pneumonia. A chest radiograph taken on hospital day 3 (illness day 7) was reported as showing no evidence of infiltrates or abnormalities (Figure 3). However, a second chest radiograph from the night of hospital day 5 (illness day 9) showed evidence of pneumonia in the lower lobe of the left lung (Figure 4). These radiographic findings coincided with a change in respiratory status starting on the evening of hospital day 5, when the patient’s oxygen saturation values as measured by pulse oximetry dropped to as low as 90% while he was breathing ambient air. On day 6, the patient was started on supplemental oxygen, delivered by nasal cannula at 2 liters per minute. Given the changing clinical presentation and concern about hospital-acquired pneumonia, treatment with vancomycin (a 1750-mg loading dose followed by 1 g administered intravenously every 8 hours) and cefepime (administered intravenously every 8 hours) was initiated. Figure 5. Figure 5. Anteroposterior and Lateral Chest Radiographs, January 26, 2020 (Illness Day 10, Hospital Day 6). Stable streaky opacities in the lung bases were visible, indicating likely atypical pneumonia; the opacities have steadily increased in density over time. On hospital day 6 (illness day 10), a fourth chest radiograph showed basilar streaky opacities in both lungs, a finding consistent with atypical pneumonia (Figure 5), and rales were noted in both lungs on auscultation. Given the radiographic findings, the decision to administer oxygen supplementation, the patient’s ongoing fevers, the persistent positive 2019-nCoV RNA at multiple sites, and published reports of the development of severe pneumonia3,4 at a period consistent with the development of radiographic pneumonia in this patient, clinicians pursued compassionate use of an investigational antiviral therapy. Treatment with intravenous remdesivir (a novel nucleotide analogue prodrug in development10,11) was initiated on the evening of day 7, and no adverse events were observed in association with the infusion. Vancomycin was discontinued on the evening of day 7, and cefepime was discontinued on the following day, after serial negative procalcitonin levels and negative nasal PCR testing for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. On hospital day 8 (illness day 12), the patient’s clinical condition improved. Supplemental oxygen was discontinued, and his oxygen saturation values improved to 94 to 96% while he was breathing ambient air. The previous bilateral lower-lobe rales were no longer present. His appetite improved, and he was asymptomatic aside from intermittent dry cough and rhinorrhea. As of January 30, 2020, the patient remains hospitalized. He is afebrile, and all symptoms have resolved with the exception of his cough, which is decreasing in severity. Methods Specimen Collection Clinical specimens for 2019-nCoV diagnostic testing were obtained in accordance with CDC guidelines.12 Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens were collected with synthetic fiber swabs; each swab was inserted into a separate sterile tube containing 2 to 3 ml of viral transport medium. Serum was collected in a serum separator tube and then centrifuged in accordance with CDC guidelines. The urine and stool specimens were each collected in sterile specimen containers. Specimens were stored between 2°C and 8°C until ready for shipment to the CDC. Specimens for repeat 2019-nCoV testing were collected on illness days 7, 11, and 12 and included nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, serum, and urine and stool samples. Diagnostic Testing for 2019-nCoV Clinical specimens were tested with an rRT-PCR assay that was developed from the publicly released virus sequence. Similar to previous diagnostic assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), it has three nucleocapsid gene targets and a positive control target. A description of this assay13 and sequence information for the rRT-PCR panel primers and probes14 are available on the CDC Laboratory Information website for 2019-nCoV.15 Genetic Sequencing On January 7, 2020, Chinese researchers shared the full genetic sequence of 2019-nCoV through the National Institutes of Health GenBank database16 and the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID)17 database; a report about the isolation of 2019-nCoV was later published.18 Nucleic acid was extracted from rRT-PCR–positive specimens (oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal) and used for whole-genome sequencing on both Sanger and next-generation sequencing platforms (Illumina and MinIon). Sequence assembly was completed with the use of Sequencher software, version 5.4.6 (Sanger); minimap software, version 2.17 (MinIon); and freebayes software, version 1.3.1 (MiSeq). Complete genomes were compared with the available 2019-nCoV reference sequence (GenBank accession number NC_045512.2). Results Specimen Testing for 2019-nCoV Table 2. Table 2. Results of Real-Time Reverse-Transcriptase–Polymerase-Chain-Reaction Testing for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The initial respiratory specimens (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs) obtained from this patient on day 4 of his illness were positive for 2019-nCoV (Table 2). The low cycle threshold (Ct) values (18 to 20 in nasopharyngeal specimens and 21 to 22 in oropharyngeal specimens) on illness day 4 suggest high levels of virus in these specimens, despite the patient’s initial mild symptom presentation. Both upper respiratory specimens obtained on illness day 7 remained positive for 2019-nCoV, including persistent high levels in a nasopharyngeal swab specimen (Ct values, 23 to 24). Stool obtained on illness day 7 was also positive for 2019-nCoV (Ct values, 36 to 38). Serum specimens for both collection dates were negative for 2019-nCoV. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens obtained on illness days 11 and 12 showed a trend toward decreasing levels of virus. The oropharyngeal specimen tested negative for 2019-nCoV on illness day 12. The rRT-PCR results for serum obtained on these dates are still pending. Genetic Sequencing The full genome sequences from oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal specimens were identical to one another and were nearly identical to other available 2019-nCoV sequences. There were only 3 nucleotides and 1 amino acid that differed at open reading frame 8 between this patient’s virus and the 2019-nCoV reference sequence (NC_045512.2). The sequence is available through GenBank (accession number MN985325).16 Discussion Our report of the first confirmed case of 2019-nCoV in the United States illustrates several aspects of this emerging outbreak that are not yet fully understood, including transmission dynamics and the full spectrum of clinical illness. Our case patient had traveled to Wuhan, China, but reported that he had not visited the wholesale seafood market or health care facilities or had any sick contacts during his stay in Wuhan. Although the source of his 2019-nCoV infection is unknown, evidence of person-to-person transmission has been published. Through January 30, 2020, no secondary cases of 2019-nCoV related to this case have been identified, but monitoring of close contacts continues.19 Detection of 2019-nCoV RNA in specimens from the upper respiratory tract with low Ct values on day 4 and day 7 of illness is suggestive of high viral loads and potential for transmissibility. It is notable that we also detected 2019-nCoV RNA in a stool specimen collected on day 7 of the patient’s illness. Although serum specimens from our case patient were repeatedly negative for 2019-nCoV, viral RNA has been detected in blood in severely ill patients in China.4 However, extrapulmonary detection of viral RNA does not necessarily mean that infectious virus is present, and the clinical significance of the detection of viral RNA outside the respiratory tract is unknown at this time. Currently, our understanding of the clinical spectrum of 2019-nCoV infection is very limited. Complications such as severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and cardiac injury, including fatal outcomes, have been reported in China.4,18,20 However, it is important to note that these cases were identified on the basis of their pneumonia diagnosis and thus may bias reporting toward more severe outcomes. Our case patient initially presented with mild cough and low-grade intermittent fevers, without evidence of pneumonia on chest radiography on day 4 of his illness, before having progression to pneumonia by illness day 9. These nonspecific signs and symptoms of mild illness early in the clinical course of 2019-nCoV infection may be indistinguishable clinically from many other common infectious diseases, particularly during the winter respiratory virus season. In addition, the timing of our case patient’s progression to pneumonia on day 9 of illness is consistent with later onset of dyspnea (at a median of 8 days from onset) reported in a recent publication.4 Although a decision to administer remdesivir for compassionate use was based on the case patient’s worsening clinical status, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of remdesivir and any other investigational agents for treatment of patients with 2019-nCoV infection. We report the clinical features of the first reported patient with 2019-nCoV infection in the United States. Key aspects of this case included the decision made by the patient to seek medical attention after reading public health warnings about the outbreak; recognition of the patient’s recent travel history to Wuhan by local providers, with subsequent coordination among local, state, and federal public health officials; and identification of possible 2019-nCoV infection, which allowed for prompt isolation of the patient and subsequent laboratory confirmation of 2019-nCoV, as well as for admission of the patient for further evaluation and management. This case report highlights the importance of clinicians eliciting a recent history of travel or exposure to sick contacts in any patient presenting for medical care with acute illness symptoms, in order to ensure appropriate identification and prompt isolation of patients who may be at risk for 2019-nCoV infection and to help reduce further transmission. Finally, this report highlights the need to determine the full spectrum and natural history of clinical disease, pathogenesis, and duration of viral shedding associated with 2019-nCoV infection to inform clinical management and public health decision making. \n Funding and Disclosures The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.This article was published on January 31, 2020, at NEJM.org.We thank the patient; the nurses and clinical staff who are providing care for the patient; staff at the local and state health departments; staff at the Washington State Department of Health Public Health Laboratories and at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Viral Disease Laboratory; CDC staff at the Emergency Operations Center; and members of the 2019-nCoV response teams at the local, state, and national levels.Author AffiliationsFrom the Epidemic Intelligence Service (M.L.H.), the National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases (A.C., L.F., A.P.), the Division of Viral Diseases (S.I.G., L.K., S.T., X.L., S. Lindstrom, M.A.P., W.C.W., H.M.B.), the Influenza Division (T.M.U.), and the Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections (S.K.P.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; and the Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline (M.L.H., C.D., S. Lindquist, K.H.L., J.W.), Snohomish Health District (H.B., C.S.), Providence Medical Group (K.E.), and Providence Regional Medical Center (S.W., A.T., G.D.), Everett, and Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (C.S.) — all in Washington.Address reprint requests to Ms. Holshue at the Washington State Department of Health Public Health Laboratories, 1610 NE 150th St., Shoreline, WA 98155, or at michelle.holshue@doh.wa.gov. A full list of the members of the Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team is provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org. \n Supplementary Material\n References (20)1. World Health Organization. Pneumonia of unknown cause — China. 2020 (https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/. opens in new tab).2. World Health Organization. Novel coronavirus — China. 2020 (https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/. opens in new tab).3. Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020 January 24 (Epub ahead of print).4. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020 January 24 (Epub ahead of print).5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019 Novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China: 2019-nCoV situation summary. January 28, 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html. opens in new tab).6. Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, et al. Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2001272.7. Johns Hopkins University CSSE. Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) global cases (https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6. opens in new tab).8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for healthcare professionals: criteria to guide evaluation of patients under investigation (PUI) for 2019-nCoV. 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/clinical-criteria.html. opens in new tab).9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infection control. 2019 Novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/infection-control.html. opens in new tab).10. Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2293-2303.11. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR, et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11:222-222.12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidelines for collecting, handling, and testing clinical specimens from patients under investigation (PUIs) for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html. opens in new tab).13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Respiratory Viruses Branch, Division of Viral Diseases. Real-time RT-PCR panel for detection 2019-novel coronavirus. 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/rt-pcr-panel-for-detection-instructions.pdf. opens in new tab).14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Respiratory Viruses Branch, Division of Viral Diseases. 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) real-time rRT-PCR panel primers and probes. 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/rt-pcr-panel-primer-probes.pdf. opens in new tab).15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for laboratories. 2019 novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. 2020 (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/guidance-laboratories.html. opens in new tab).16. National Institutes of Health. GenBank overview (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/. opens in new tab).17. GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) home page (https://www.gisaid.org/. opens in new tab).18. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.19. Washington State Department of Health. Novel coronavirus outbreak 2020 (https://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/Coronavirus. opens in new tab).20. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X Jr, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020 January 30 (Epub ahead of print).Table 1. Clinical Laboratory Results.* MeasureReference RangeIllness Day 6, Hospital Day 2†Illness Day 7, Hospital Day 3Illness Day 9, Hospital Day 5Illness Day 11, Hospital Day 7Illness Day 13, Hospital Day 9Illness Day 14, Hospital Day 10White-cell count (per μl)3800–11,000“Slight decrease”3120‡3300‡540056006500Red-cell count (per μl)4,200,000–5,700,000—4,870,0005,150,0005,010,0004,650,0005,010,000Absolute neutrophil count (per μl)1900–7400—1750‡1700‡370038003200Absolute lymphocyte count (per μl)1000–3900—10701400140014002100Platelet count (per μl)150,000–400,000“Adequate”122,000‡132,000‡151,000150,000239,000Hemoglobin (g/dl)13.2–17.012.2‡14.214.814.813.514.2Hematocrit (%)39.0–50.036.0‡42.043.043.039.342.0Sodium (mmol/liter)136–145134‡136138138135‡138Potassium (mmol/liter)3.5–5.13.3‡3.63.4‡3.64.13.9Chloride (mmol/liter)98–10799101105106100103Calcium (mg/dl)8.7–10.4—8.5‡9.39.08.6‡9.3Carbon dioxide (mmol/liter)20–31—2624252336§Anion gap (mmol/liter)5–16—997129Glucose (mmol/liter)65–14010410312096148§104Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)9–231510131322§18Creatinine (mg/dl)0.7–1.31.01.061.060.881.080.84Total protein (g/dl)5.7–8.2—6.97.16.86.96.8Albumin (g/dl)3.2–4.8—4.24.74.52.9‡4.4Total bilirubin (mg/dl)0.3–1.2—1.01.11.5§0.81.0Procalcitonin (ng/ml)<0.05——<0.05<0.05——Alanine aminotransferase (U/liter)10–49—68§105§119§219§203§Aspartate aminotransferase (U/liter)≤33—37§77§85§129§89§Alkaline phosphatase (U/liter)46–116—5068§88§137§163§Fibrinogen (mg/dl)150–450—477§————Lactate dehydrogenase (U/liter)120–246—250§465§——388§Prothrombin time (sec)12.2–14.6—11.9‡11.9‡——12.7International normalized ratio0.9–1.1—0.90.9——1.0Creatine kinase (U/liter)62–325—353§332§———Venous lactate (mmol/liter)0.4–2.0—1.31.7———Table 2. Results of Real-Time Reverse-Transcriptase–Polymerase-Chain-Reaction Testing for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV).* SpecimenIllness Day 4Illness Day 7Illness Day 11Illness Day 12Nasopharyngeal swabPositive(Ct, 18–20)Positive(Ct, 23–24)Positive(Ct, 33–34)Positive(Ct, 37–40)Oropharyngeal swabPositive(Ct, 21–22)Positive(Ct, 32–33)Positive(Ct, 36–40)NegativeSerumNegativeNegativePendingPendingUrineNTNegativeNTNTStoolNTPositive(Ct, 36–38)NTNT\n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n Article\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n Figures/Media\n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n THIS SITE USES COOKIES to personalize content, to measure website and advertising performance, and to present relevant advertising."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy May Delay Viral Clearance in Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. - PubMed"],["url","https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29227752"],["summary","Search databaseSearch term"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://cofacts.g0v.tw/article/kdmr185e5ut2"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Kai-Ming Chang"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3096597913707226"],["summary","[經驗分享] 我在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓，七月開始會做美國感染科次專訓練。目前紐約災情慘重，我所在醫院確診加疑似病人就超過一百人，我這段其間都在顧ICU因此對於重症COVID的照顧也算有心得，我至少照顧過超過20位以上之住院病人，因為在ICU的關係大部分病人都插管，到目前為止，我應該比許多台灣醫生有武漢新冠肺炎治療之實戰經驗。因為台灣目前防疫做的非常好，多半輕症或無症狀隔離，但是我們隨時要準備如果已經是社區流行，那作為醫生該如何care這些病人，因此做個簡單的分享與教學，所以講解的對象應該是以臨床第一線之醫師或NP為主。但我要說很多evidence都不斷更新，以下是盡量有所依據的臨床處理方式，reference就不一一列舉，有些我可能覺得是一般臨床工作者應有的基本概念也許就沒有多加說明，如造成閱讀上不順暢，也請多多包涵。 #流病學:相信台灣臨床醫生現在非常仰賴旅遊史畢竟沒有大規模社區感染，但是我要提醒的是如果有天已經大流行，旅遊史可能不是那麼重要了，懷疑就該驗。美國之前CDC一直很在意旅遊史而不隨意驗，結果後來發現根本大流行已經來不及了。在大爆發之前，可能會有一個空窗期就是很多原本我們以為低感染風險而沒有驗到的人，他們其實已經可能被感染。此外年輕人或沒有病史病人也非常多，這是在過去醫院前所未見的。在美國輕症就算陽性也不會住院讓他們回家，所以我所看到是真正的病人，我們已經擴充非常多病房了，但是病人真的很多，感染力真的很強要小心！至今我們已經有三個住院醫師中獎了。 #臨床表現:除了發燒咳等呼吸道症狀，還常有拉肚子等GI症狀，我要特別提醒很多病人會有\"味覺失調或消失\"的症狀，這不是鼻塞引起的味覺降低。很多文獻少提味覺問題，但是一定要注意，這可能是一個sign就該檢驗。此外有些病人會表達胸痛，不一定就是很嚴重的myocarditis，就純粹是無法解釋的胸痛，但還是會建議驗一下CPK/Trop。這個病毒的潛伏期根據我看到的paper，大概平均是五天多，當然最長可能兩個禮拜，不過我現在講的是一個常態分佈的結果，你要算到最嚴苛標準，也許就兩個禮拜，但是平均還是五天多，所以你如果有接觸史，過了一個禮拜還是沒發病，你大概就safe了。 #抽血:CBC(不一定會leukocytosis，反而容易lymphocytopenia and or thrombocytopenia), 常transaminitis(GOT/GPT高)。我們會大概三天監測一次Ferritin, ESR/CRP, LDH, D-dimer來觀察對藥物反應。基本blood culture, HIV, urine Legionella/strep pneumonia最好也住院時驗一下排除其他問題。另外有觀察到很多人procalcitonin一開始低，之後高起來，但不代表一定是bacterial superinfection，目前原因不明。 #影像:CXR bilateral infiltrations。相信大家一定常常不知道病人什麼問題但是看到CXR有點白白髒髒就當肺炎收進來打抗生素住院(其實可能根本不明顯)。我要說的是這些COVID住院病人，不會只是CXR微微白白髒髒，而是一看就是明顯兩側蔓延，在我住院醫師期間真的從來沒有看到那麼多CXR都是長這個樣子的，現在我幾乎可以看到CXR就診斷。至於CT chest雖然比較清楚，但是我認為不需要，因為大部分CXR就很明顯了，加上抽血上述markers等等就算PCR還沒有等到就可以很有把握診斷了。安排CT chest只會讓醫院感控暴露風險(因為機器要大消毒，浪費時間也可能使真正需要CT的人沒辦法照到) #氧氣治療方面:如果有SOB or hypoxia，當然要監測O2 sat.一開始nasal cannula, simple mask 下一個nonrebreather mask，中間不要試BiPAP/CPAP/High flow NC你就要early intubation了！因為BiPAP等會有把病毒釋放出來空氣傳播的風險。而且COVID病人desaturation or decompensation進展真的非常快！sat keep不住就要early intubation。另外不要使用neubulizer等會霧化的藥物治療，如需支氣管闊張劑可以用MDI手壓的pump。另外ARDS常用的臥趴姿勢prone position效果感覺非常好，病人一prone血氧真的會稍微提升，有些病人甚至沒有被插管的，血氧稍微差一點的我們就會叫他趕快趴著!還真的很有用。很多插管病人我們也會給他prone，我看討論串好像台灣不是很喜歡prone因為很耗費護理師人力，不過至少我在我們醫院我看到是一大早三個主治醫師就一起合力把病人翻姿勢，其實美國醫師工作也是很辛苦的。 #藥物治療: 1.我知道很多診所喜歡開類固醇給\"感冒\"的病人，但是絕對要避免因為類固醇有延長viral shedding的副作用，之前在MERS等病人的研究也是類固醇壞處大於好處，因此使用類固醇除非是有其indication才用(例如septic shock等等)。 2.高劑量Statin似乎有研究對防止病毒結合有幫助，因此如果LFT, CK允許可以考慮使用(lipitor 40 or 80, etc)。 3.Litonavir愛滋病藥物nejm已經發表確定沒用。 4.在美國我們幾乎每個病人都會給hydroxychloroquine(400mg bid for a day, then 200mg bid for 4 days)會影響lysosome fusion抑制病毒, 使用藥物前一定要EKG，如果QTc>500就不要用。我們醫院現在不加azithromycin了因為兩個一起用會延長QTc就有致死案例。對於法國研究Hydroxychloroquine+azithro很好但是我保持保守態度，那個研究病人量很少(n=36)，而且我實際臨床經驗覺得幫助好像有限，但是因為in vitro研究有效，我們還是會給病人就是了！用hydroxychloroquine之前最好先驗一下G6PD deficiency因為可能蠶豆症hemolysis，但機會不高，可以再等G6PD結果前就使用藥。 COVID似乎會跟其他呼吸道病毒一起co-infection所以還是要驗一下flu, 但是如果flu negative也不需要給tamiflu因為對covid無效。除了病毒還常bacterial superinfection，所以我們幾乎還是會給抗細菌抗生素，macrolide or levofloxacin擔心prolong QT所以我們醫院現在給doxycycline。記得驗一下Urine Legionella因為跟covid一樣都常有GI症狀。 5.Remdesivir在美國第一個case就是靠這個治好的，各國都在臨床試驗中，我個人很看好，我們醫院也要開始實驗這個了... 6.日本藥favipiravir聽說也很成功但是因為我在美國比較不熟。 7.很多COVID病人為什麼這麼sick，明明年輕人卻full blown ARDS比老人更嚴重，因為很多是cytokine release syndrome的關係。所以IL-6 inhibitor如tocilizumab or sarilumab本來治rheumatoid arthritis的生物製劑或許也有用。現階段也還在臨床試驗中，可以抽血IL-6監測。聽說MGH用tocilizumab，而我的醫院也要開始臨床試驗sarilumab #Code status：COVID大部分還是胸腔性疾病，很多就是插管呼吸器ARDS mode來治療，因此插管是很重要的環節。但是有些運氣不是很好的病人，多重器官衰竭等等突然coded需要CPR的情況，這對醫療團隊來說是暴露極高風險甚至多半可能徒勞。我認為有必要一開始就要跟病人談好DNR，這不代表就要DNI，該插管還是要插管，但是真的不幸心跳停止等，要量力而為。 #醫院管理：至少在紐約我們的物資設備都輸台灣很多也嚴重不足，不過也許可以給台灣要是不幸疫情大爆發做個借鏡。現在醫院幾乎都是COVID病人，也不可能一人一間病房了，因此直接把COVID病人直接放在同一間房間，反正都得病了也不怕被感染了。不過還是建議最好病房的門是有窗戶的至少從外面看進去可以知道病人好不好，而且就我剛剛所說，病人原本可能好好的就突然血氧掉非常喘需要趕快插管，每個住院病人真的像未爆彈。另外ICU病人因為常常有很多pump點滴，護理師要一直進出隔離房不方便穿脫PPE，可以考慮直接把pump放在房間外面，點滴線延長出去就好，這樣如果護理師要調sedation or pressors等等就可以不用進入房間更改設定。 #國家防疫：現階段台灣防疫做很好，還在containment的階段，就是把最有可能的人抓出來隔離，但是對於平均每個個案的隔離成本很高，國家也很不容易控制，目前台灣有兩百多的個案，但是某天要是慢慢累積好幾百個病人甚至破千，我們也許就要調整策略，因為把全部只要是陽性的病人都抓到醫院關那是不可能的，台灣沒有那麼多的醫療能量，也不能這樣浪費，而且輕症染病的病人，要多久PCR會轉陰性，我還沒看到研究統計出來，應該也很少人會做這樣研究，因為很少國家會像台灣如此嚴格標準檢疫隔離的，就好像今天得influenza A，如果不太嚴重也是讓病人回家，病癒就是病癒，一般醫師也不會再重複flu swab；同樣如果有C.diff病人，把PO Vanc的療程吃完沒有再拉肚子，你也是當作好了不會再去驗糞便。個人覺得台灣可以把輕症病人平均多久時間PCR轉陰性做個統計發表研究。我最近看了世界著名病毒學專家何大一博士的專訪(https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ) 個人覺得這篇寫得不錯，裡面他就有寫到目前也不知道陽性的病人過多久後才不會有傳染力，他說猜測大概三週。至於已經得過COVID的病人之後會不會再重複感染，他是覺得應該是不會，也就是現在所有的防疫工作，就是在爭取時間讓疫苗可以製造出來讓群體都可以有保護效果。現階段幾乎的國家都大爆發，就不可能像台灣還在containment的防疫階段，因為你要假設所有人都有可能是病人，那能做的就是#緩和曲線了flatten the curve，我覺得這個概念相當重要，基本上就是拖延戰術，減少不必要的社交和聚集，要social distancing，不必要的商業活動要停止，電影院酒吧夜店要關，餐廳只能外帶等等，這可以避免加速接觸感染，讓病人增加量不要達這麼快一下超出醫療能負荷的數量避免醫療崩壞，很多國家都在這麼做了，目前聽起來表現比較好的國家像是南韓，雖然他們一開始防疫沒有做好導致非常多人得病，但是經過大規模檢驗，還有避免出門要待在家等等，目前疫情也有和緩的趨勢，算是亡羊補牢，也不是不行。台灣目前表現全球數一數二，但是我們總是要做最壞的準備跟打算。 #後記：沒想到一下就寫這麼多，這算是我第一線醫療工作者的紀實與經驗分享，目前紐約疫情雖然已嚴重崩壞，但實際上還只是開始而已不見緩和。不過美國參戰之後相信會有更多醫學研究與臨床治療準則可以參考，實際上也不完全是壞事。你問我會不會怕我每天也是提心吊膽的，都很怕生病，每天都要很注意自己的身體狀態，但偏偏美國住院醫師工時非常長(週休一日而已也沒有PM off)又不斷把我們明明不是在病房rotate的時候抓來上班取消我們的門診等等，我都盡量多休息有時間就睡覺保持免疫力。現在在醫院其實也是看到很多恐慌的面孔，我們醫院是公立醫院，平常病人多為社會最底層的人，吸毒的、遊民的、酗酒的，總之各種問題台灣一個比較健康的社會大概很難想像是一個怎麼樣的場所。不過最近因為COVID病人大爆發，我發現很多可能社會上的一般人或中產階級，他們可能是警察、可能是清潔工、就某天感染病毒生病了，這時候醫護站起來照顧他們治療他們，讓他們免於恐懼，這是作為醫學生涯也算比較榮光的時候，因為我們平常的訓練，就在這時候派上用場，也算是找到一點點行醫的意義跟價值。可以平安地活著其實就很好。目前台灣社會可以安全的生活著也真的很好。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-03-30T05:25:11.733Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_srUvTD2tm44GicAp_KzCgtkqY4QZqRlZoB75flP-5Ig"],["name","體貼的長濱魯賓"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Tai... | Taiwan News"],["url","https://pse.is/E7W8H"],["summary","It is not surprising that many, perhaps most, people around the world do not know about Taiwan. After all, China -- with the support of more and more countries -- has isolated Taiwan diplomatically for more than forty years, and recently China has been campaigning to eliminate even the name of Taiwan as a global destination. Following the demise of Mao Zedong, China increasingly prospered and attracted business people, tourists, and students from around the world, who too often have bypassed Taiwan. Once, for example, almost everyone wishing to learn Mandarin came to Taiwan, but most now go to China.\n\nWhat is more surprising, however, is that many Taiwanese themselves do not sufficiently appreciate their own country. Taiwanese often ask me with a puzzled look, why I live in Taiwan. Over time, I have come to believe this reflects both a native modesty, but also perhaps a misperception of Taiwan’s place in the world, a lack of knowledge of the extraordinary accomplishments of their own country, and to some extent therefore a lack of confidence in Taiwan. Such attitudes need to change.\n\nTAIWAN IS A MIDDLE POWER\n\nAs Professor Bruce Jacobs, the leading Australian expert on Taiwan, first argued, Taiwan is a “Middle Power” in the world. As a country with some 23.5 million people, Taiwan has in fact more people than 77% of the world’s countries and territories, according to the CIA’s World Factbook (WF). Although Taiwan’s land area is relatively small, it is still larger than 46% of the world’s nations and territories.\n\nTaiwan’s economic strength also ranks it as a “Middle Power.” Although under the influence of China, the World Bank states “Taiwan, China, is not listed as a separate country for World Development Indicators,” we know from other sources that, according to 2017 estimates, Taiwan ranked 22nd in the world in total GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. In per capita GDP (PPP) – which many economists regard as a better measure of an economy’s strength -- Taiwan ranked 28th in the world, better than Australia (29), Canada (34), the UK (39), France (40), Japan (42), South Korea (46), Israel (55), and China (105) (WF).\n\nTAIWAN’S GREAT ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUCCESS\n\nTaiwan’s other economic rankings are equally, if not more impressive. As of October 2018, Taiwan was the 11th largest U.S. trading partner (U.S. Census Bureau). In the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom for 2019, Taiwan ranked 10th out of 186 countries, ahead of Germany (25), South Korea (27) Japan (30), Israel (31), France (71), and China (110). In the Global Economic Forum Competitiveness Report for 2018-19, Taiwan ranked 13th, ahead of Australia (14), South Korea (15), France (17), Israel (20), and China (28). In the World Bank’s 2019 “Ease of Doing Business” rankings, “Taipei, China” earned 13th place, ahead of Australia (18), Canada (22), Germany (24), France (32), Netherlands (36), Japan (39), and China (46).\n\nAlthough Taiwanese often complain about their country’s wealth gap, Taiwan’s GINI Index (which measures the gap between the rich and the poor) indicates it actually ranks in the top third of countries with the smallest gaps. Out of 156 countries and territories ranked in the WF, Lesotho and South Africa are in 1st and 2nd place respectively with the greatest gaps, but other places not doing well either are Hong Kong (9), China (31), Malaysia (32), Singapore (38), and the U.S. (41). Taiwan, however, ranks in 112th place.\n\nTAIWAN IS ALSO A LEADER IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION\n\nThe U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) reports that Taiwan ranked 5th in the world in 2015 and 2016 and 6th in the world in 2017 and 2018 in the number of patents granted by the USPTO. Only the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Germany, and more recently China, surpassed Taiwan. This is all the more remarkable considering Taiwan’s much smaller population.\n\nTaiwan is also a world leader in new technologies like nanotechnology. It ranked 4th in 2016 and in 5th in the world in 2017 (the last year for which statistics have been published) in USPTO nanotechnology patents. According to Taiwan Today on February 16, 2019, Taiwan maintained its global lead in integrated circuit 200mm-equivalent wafer fab capacity for the 4th consecutive year. Based on a report by the semiconductor research firm IC Insights Inc., as of December 2018, Taiwan enjoyed a global share of 21.8%, ahead of South Korea (21.3%), Japan (16.8%), North America (12.8%), and China (12.5%).\n\nTaipei itself ranked 1st in Asia and 5th among the world’s most technologically advanced 85 cities, according to a study commissioned by Business Insider published on Aug. 8, 2017 based on such factors as the number of patents filed per capita, number of startups, and the level of smartphone use. Taipei, the only Asian city in the top 5, led other cities in industrial design, hardware, the number of headquarters of some of the largest PC companies, and the number of venture capitalists.\n\nAside from its many excellent universities, Taiwan has also scored 4th is the world in science and math in the influential “Program for International Student Assessment” test rankings in 2015. The exams, run by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, are given every three years to 15-year-olds in more than 70 countries.\n\nFREE, DEMOCRATIC, AND HAPPY….\n\nEconomic and technological achievements are not, however, the only reasons why Taiwan is such a great success and such a great place to live. Taiwan is also a vibrant democracy, where freedom, rule of law, and human rights are all fostered and protected. This is something which the U.S. officials who negotiated establishing relations with the PRC never foresaw. In fact, while the seeds of democracy were always here, Taiwan’s transition to democracy really only took 10 years -- from 1986 to 1996 -- an amazingly quick transition. It is hardly surprising therefore that since 1996 Taiwan’s democracy has only grown stronger. In Freedom House’s 2018 survey of global freedom, Taiwan ranked tied for 8th place in freedom out of 210 countries in the world. Embarrassingly enough, the United States only ranked tied for 15th place. Taiwan’s aggregate freedom score was 93 out of 100; the U.S. 86; Hong Kong 59; and the PRC 14.\n\nFreedom indeed plays a key role in the quality of life in Taiwan. In the annual, originally UN-initiated World Happiness Report for 2018, Taiwan ranked 1st in Asia in “happiness,” ahead of Singapore (34), Japan (54), South Korea (57), Hong Kong (76), and China (86), and ranked 26th in the world overall among 156 countries and territories. The six key variables on which the rankings are based are those found to support a sense of well-being: freedom to make life choices, per capita income, social support (caring and having someone to count on in times of trouble), healthy life expectancy at birth, generosity, and perceptions of corruption (which indicates good governance, honesty and trust).\n\nAND VERY FRIENDLY\n\nWhile Taiwanese generally appreciate the benefits their country affords them -- whether virtually free health care, free or very inexpensive education, convenient transportation, accessible cities, excellent restaurants, wonderful cultural opportunities, and great scenery -- they don’t always appreciate how attractive life in Taiwan also is to foreigners. But there is considerable evidence that foreigners really like Taiwan as well.\n\nAmong all the countries in the world where expatriates live, Taiwan Ranked 1st in 2016, 4th in 2017, and 2nd in 2018 in the online “InterNations Expat Insider” survey of “Best Countries for Expats.” In 2018 Taipei also ranked 1st in the quality of urban living, and also scored in the top five for all indices in InterNations expat city ranking. The report highly praised Taipei, saying that no expats in the other ranked cities were as satisfied with the availability, affordability, and quality of medical care, as well as local transportation and personal safety. (Numbeo’s Crime Index for 2019, based on online surveys, similarly ranked Taiwan as the 4th safest country in the world, after Qatar, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.)\n\nThe InterNations survey also gave Taipei a 1st place ranking in 2018 for the general friendliness of the Taiwanese and their positive attitude toward foreign residents. An overwhelming 94% highly rated the general friendliness of locals in Taipei. Likewise, customers of Booking.com -- one of the largest e-commerce travel companies -- selected Taiwan as the 5th most friendly country in the world in 2018.\n\nAs the Taiwanese people consider the future of their country, it is necessary that they appreciate and value the extraordinary success they have already achieved.\n\nIt is also necessary that those who are too willing to dismiss Taiwan as a country worth helping to support and defend also understand Taiwan’s unique achievements.\n\n\n\nWilliam A. Stanton has served since 2017 at National Taiwan University (NTU) as a Professor at the Center for General Education and subsequently also as the Chief Advisor to NTU's International College Provisional Office. Dr. Stanton previously worked for four years as the founding Director of the Center for Asia Policy at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). From October 2014 through January 2016, he was also NTHU's Senior Vice President for Global Affairs. Dr. Stanton previously served for 34 years as a U.S. diplomat. His final posting was as Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2009-2012)."],["topImageUrl","https://tnimage.taiwannews.com.tw/photos/shares/5c6b9858ebfdb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國在台協會前臺北辦事處處長司徒文投稿英文原文：Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Taiwan: William Stanton\nhttps://pse.is/E7W8H\n(以下是中文節選翻譯)\n學會欣賞一個近代的奇蹟：台灣\n世界上大多數的人並不了解台灣。畢竟中國在許多國家的支持下，已孤立台灣四十多年了。更令人驚訝的是，許多台灣人也不了解自己的國家，台灣人常常疑惑地問我：「你怎會選擇來台灣？」漸漸的我了解這反應了台灣人的謙虛，以及對於台灣國際地位的誤解。台灣人並不太知道自己國家的非凡成就，也因而缺乏一些自信。但是，這種心態必須改變。\n就如澳洲之臺灣專家 Bruce Jacobs 所說的，台灣是中等強國，在國際上有一定的影響力。美國中情局的“世界現況”提及台灣的人口已超越世界上77%的國家，而土地面積也大於世界上46%的國家。台灣的經濟實力是屬中等強國的水準。而在技術創新方面，台灣是領導者，美國USPTO報導台灣的奈米技術專利在 2017年排全球第五名。此外，台灣的220 mm 晶圓製造能力則連續四年排名全球第一。台灣在購買力平價指數、經濟自由度、科技創新與所得分配平均度等，比起很多我們羨慕的歐、美、日、韓、以色列等國毫不遜色。\n台灣是一個熱愛民主、法制、人權的國家。在2018年Freedom House的各項評比之中，台灣在全球自由度排名第八、幸福度排名亞洲第一。 InterNations Expat Insider調查還顯示台北市排名世界第一，為最適合外國人居住的城市。\n當台灣人思考自己國家的未來時，他們必須學會欣賞並且重視台灣的非凡成就。而那些願意支持台灣的人也需要了解台灣的獨特成就。"],["id","2i2kv8vdtlis"],["createdAt","2019-10-19T05:25:41.993Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","hOGX7m0BqwaEkHKwl-DA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","總部在華盛頓的自由之家（Freedom House）說在報告評估的195個國家中，86國被評為「自由」，59國被評為「部分自由」，還有50國為「不自由」。\n\n台灣得分與去年同為93分，在亞洲僅次於日本的96分，還高於法國、義大利和美國等西方民主國家。\n\n"],["reference","https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3640792?utm_source=Facebook_PicSee"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Tai... | Taiwan News"],["url","https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3640792?utm_source=Facebook_PicSee"],["summary","It is not surprising that many, perhaps most, people around the world do not know about Taiwan. After all, China -- with the support of more and more countries -- has isolated Taiwan diplomatically for more than forty years, and recently China has been campaigning to eliminate even the name of Taiwan as a global destination. Following the demise of Mao Zedong, China increasingly prospered and attracted business people, tourists, and students from around the world, who too often have bypassed Taiwan. Once, for example, almost everyone wishing to learn Mandarin came to Taiwan, but most now go to China.\n\nWhat is more surprising, however, is that many Taiwanese themselves do not sufficiently appreciate their own country. Taiwanese often ask me with a puzzled look, why I live in Taiwan. Over time, I have come to believe this reflects both a native modesty, but also perhaps a misperception of Taiwan’s place in the world, a lack of knowledge of the extraordinary accomplishments of their own country, and to some extent therefore a lack of confidence in Taiwan. Such attitudes need to change.\n\nTAIWAN IS A MIDDLE POWER\n\nAs Professor Bruce Jacobs, the leading Australian expert on Taiwan, first argued, Taiwan is a “Middle Power” in the world. As a country with some 23.5 million people, Taiwan has in fact more people than 77% of the world’s countries and territories, according to the CIA’s World Factbook (WF). Although Taiwan’s land area is relatively small, it is still larger than 46% of the world’s nations and territories.\n\nTaiwan’s economic strength also ranks it as a “Middle Power.” Although under the influence of China, the World Bank states “Taiwan, China, is not listed as a separate country for World Development Indicators,” we know from other sources that, according to 2017 estimates, Taiwan ranked 22nd in the world in total GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. In per capita GDP (PPP) – which many economists regard as a better measure of an economy’s strength -- Taiwan ranked 28th in the world, better than Australia (29), Canada (34), the UK (39), France (40), Japan (42), South Korea (46), Israel (55), and China (105) (WF).\n\nTAIWAN’S GREAT ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUCCESS\n\nTaiwan’s other economic rankings are equally, if not more impressive. As of October 2018, Taiwan was the 11th largest U.S. trading partner (U.S. Census Bureau). In the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom for 2019, Taiwan ranked 10th out of 186 countries, ahead of Germany (25), South Korea (27) Japan (30), Israel (31), France (71), and China (110). In the Global Economic Forum Competitiveness Report for 2018-19, Taiwan ranked 13th, ahead of Australia (14), South Korea (15), France (17), Israel (20), and China (28). In the World Bank’s 2019 “Ease of Doing Business” rankings, “Taipei, China” earned 13th place, ahead of Australia (18), Canada (22), Germany (24), France (32), Netherlands (36), Japan (39), and China (46).\n\nAlthough Taiwanese often complain about their country’s wealth gap, Taiwan’s GINI Index (which measures the gap between the rich and the poor) indicates it actually ranks in the top third of countries with the smallest gaps. Out of 156 countries and territories ranked in the WF, Lesotho and South Africa are in 1st and 2nd place respectively with the greatest gaps, but other places not doing well either are Hong Kong (9), China (31), Malaysia (32), Singapore (38), and the U.S. (41). Taiwan, however, ranks in 112th place.\n\nTAIWAN IS ALSO A LEADER IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION\n\nThe U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) reports that Taiwan ranked 5th in the world in 2015 and 2016 and 6th in the world in 2017 and 2018 in the number of patents granted by the USPTO. Only the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Germany, and more recently China, surpassed Taiwan. This is all the more remarkable considering Taiwan’s much smaller population.\n\nTaiwan is also a world leader in new technologies like nanotechnology. It ranked 4th in 2016 and in 5th in the world in 2017 (the last year for which statistics have been published) in USPTO nanotechnology patents. According to Taiwan Today on February 16, 2019, Taiwan maintained its global lead in integrated circuit 200mm-equivalent wafer fab capacity for the 4th consecutive year. Based on a report by the semiconductor research firm IC Insights Inc., as of December 2018, Taiwan enjoyed a global share of 21.8%, ahead of South Korea (21.3%), Japan (16.8%), North America (12.8%), and China (12.5%).\n\nTaipei itself ranked 1st in Asia and 5th among the world’s most technologically advanced 85 cities, according to a study commissioned by Business Insider published on Aug. 8, 2017 based on such factors as the number of patents filed per capita, number of startups, and the level of smartphone use. Taipei, the only Asian city in the top 5, led other cities in industrial design, hardware, the number of headquarters of some of the largest PC companies, and the number of venture capitalists.\n\nAside from its many excellent universities, Taiwan has also scored 4th is the world in science and math in the influential “Program for International Student Assessment” test rankings in 2015. The exams, run by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, are given every three years to 15-year-olds in more than 70 countries.\n\nFREE, DEMOCRATIC, AND HAPPY….\n\nEconomic and technological achievements are not, however, the only reasons why Taiwan is such a great success and such a great place to live. Taiwan is also a vibrant democracy, where freedom, rule of law, and human rights are all fostered and protected. This is something which the U.S. officials who negotiated establishing relations with the PRC never foresaw. In fact, while the seeds of democracy were always here, Taiwan’s transition to democracy really only took 10 years -- from 1986 to 1996 -- an amazingly quick transition. It is hardly surprising therefore that since 1996 Taiwan’s democracy has only grown stronger. In Freedom House’s 2018 survey of global freedom, Taiwan ranked tied for 8th place in freedom out of 210 countries in the world. Embarrassingly enough, the United States only ranked tied for 15th place. Taiwan’s aggregate freedom score was 93 out of 100; the U.S. 86; Hong Kong 59; and the PRC 14.\n\nFreedom indeed plays a key role in the quality of life in Taiwan. In the annual, originally UN-initiated World Happiness Report for 2018, Taiwan ranked 1st in Asia in “happiness,” ahead of Singapore (34), Japan (54), South Korea (57), Hong Kong (76), and China (86), and ranked 26th in the world overall among 156 countries and territories. The six key variables on which the rankings are based are those found to support a sense of well-being: freedom to make life choices, per capita income, social support (caring and having someone to count on in times of trouble), healthy life expectancy at birth, generosity, and perceptions of corruption (which indicates good governance, honesty and trust).\n\nAND VERY FRIENDLY\n\nWhile Taiwanese generally appreciate the benefits their country affords them -- whether virtually free health care, free or very inexpensive education, convenient transportation, accessible cities, excellent restaurants, wonderful cultural opportunities, and great scenery -- they don’t always appreciate how attractive life in Taiwan also is to foreigners. But there is considerable evidence that foreigners really like Taiwan as well.\n\nAmong all the countries in the world where expatriates live, Taiwan Ranked 1st in 2016, 4th in 2017, and 2nd in 2018 in the online “InterNations Expat Insider” survey of “Best Countries for Expats.” In 2018 Taipei also ranked 1st in the quality of urban living, and also scored in the top five for all indices in InterNations expat city ranking. The report highly praised Taipei, saying that no expats in the other ranked cities were as satisfied with the availability, affordability, and quality of medical care, as well as local transportation and personal safety. (Numbeo’s Crime Index for 2019, based on online surveys, similarly ranked Taiwan as the 4th safest country in the world, after Qatar, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.)\n\nThe InterNations survey also gave Taipei a 1st place ranking in 2018 for the general friendliness of the Taiwanese and their positive attitude toward foreign residents. An overwhelming 94% highly rated the general friendliness of locals in Taipei. Likewise, customers of Booking.com -- one of the largest e-commerce travel companies -- selected Taiwan as the 5th most friendly country in the world in 2018.\n\nAs the Taiwanese people consider the future of their country, it is necessary that they appreciate and value the extraordinary success they have already achieved.\n\nIt is also necessary that those who are too willing to dismiss Taiwan as a country worth helping to support and defend also understand Taiwan’s unique achievements.\n\n\n\nWilliam A. Stanton has served since 2017 at National Taiwan University (NTU) as a Professor at the Center for General Education and subsequently also as the Chief Advisor to NTU's International College Provisional Office. Dr. Stanton previously worked for four years as the founding Director of the Center for Asia Policy at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). From October 2014 through January 2016, he was also NTHU's Senior Vice President for Global Affairs. Dr. Stanton previously served for 34 years as a U.S. diplomat. His final posting was as Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2009-2012)."],["topImageUrl","https://tnimage.taiwannews.com.tw/photos/shares/5c6b9858ebfdb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-10-21T13:52:55.319Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_pwU8fZF4fUS1TIaB5J6Xk4U4lQhpckfhMjI84GGhdqI"],["name","含蓄的白河希伯來"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拯救蜜蜂：農藥禁令表決倒數中"],["url","https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252"],["summary","拯救蜜蜂：表決倒數計時中 \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n 我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2,066,744 已簽名。讓我們達到 5,500,000\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n 更新: 27 四月 2018好消息，我們贏了!! 經過我們的史上規模最大的守護蜜蜂連署，以及對各國部長發送的數千封訊息；歐盟通過這項農藥禁令了！這是個重大進展，為更為永續的農業開啟了新時代。但我們仍須凝聚力量持續施壓 -- 接下來，這場戰役將在美國、加拿大以及世界其餘國家登場。請持續分享並邀請更多人加入連署！\n\n 發佈日期： 25 四月 2018致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n \"我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\"\n \n \n 更多資訊：現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去！"],["topImageUrl","https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/35906_35891_22741_22719_cutebee_5_600x315.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拯救蜜蜂：農藥禁令表決倒數中"],["url","https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252"],["summary","拯救蜜蜂：表決倒數計時中 \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n 我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2,066,744 已簽名。讓我們達到 5,500,000\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n 更新: 27 四月 2018好消息，我們贏了!! 經過我們的史上規模最大的守護蜜蜂連署，以及對各國部長發送的數千封訊息；歐盟通過這項農藥禁令了！這是個重大進展，為更為永續的農業開啟了新時代。但我們仍須凝聚力量持續施壓 -- 接下來，這場戰役將在美國、加拿大以及世界其餘國家登場。請持續分享並邀請更多人加入連署！\n\n 發佈日期： 25 四月 2018致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n \"我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\"\n \n \n 更多資訊：現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去！"],["topImageUrl","https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/35906_35891_22741_22719_cutebee_5_600x315.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拯救蜜蜂：農藥禁令表決倒數中"],["url","https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252"],["summary","拯救蜜蜂：表決倒數計時中 \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n 致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n 我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2,066,744 已簽名。讓我們達到 5,500,000\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n\n 更新: 27 四月 2018好消息，我們贏了!! 經過我們的史上規模最大的守護蜜蜂連署，以及對各國部長發送的數千封訊息；歐盟通過這項農藥禁令了！這是個重大進展，為更為永續的農業開啟了新時代。但我們仍須凝聚力量持續施壓 -- 接下來，這場戰役將在美國、加拿大以及世界其餘國家登場。請持續分享並邀請更多人加入連署！\n\n 發佈日期： 25 四月 2018致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：:\n \n \"我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。\"\n \n \n 更多資訊：現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去！"],["topImageUrl","https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/35906_35891_22741_22719_cutebee_5_600x315.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","歐盟最新草案類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂預計全面禁用 | 上下游News&Market"],["url","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93253/"],["summary","英國衛報報導，歐盟執委會提出條例草案，預計全面禁用世界上使用最廣的類尼古丁殺蟲劑（或稱新菸鹼類殺蟲劑，如台灣也有使用的益達胺），理由是「對蜜蜂具急劇高風險」。這份文件若獲得大多數成員國批准，最快可能於今年（2017）實施禁令。\n科學共識：類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂 \n蜜蜂等授粉昆蟲對糧食作物的重要性不言可喻，但數十年來由於棲地喪失、疾病與農藥使用，族群數量持續下降。使用了二十多年的類尼古丁殺蟲劑，被認為嚴重危害蜜蜂生存。\n2013年歐盟曾暫時禁用三種主要的類尼古丁殺蟲劑，如今新的禁令是全面性禁止在田間使用，只有溫室例外。這份提議將在五月進行投票，如果通過，可能在數月後即實施。\n「這些殺蟲劑毒害的科學證據已如此之多，沒道理繼續出現在市場上。」歐洲農藥行動網（Pesticide Action Network Europe）的Martin Dermine表示，他們將繼續奮戰，爭取更多會員國的支持。\n類尼古丁農藥會嚴重危害蜜蜂已有強烈的科學共識，但只有少數證據顯示蜜蜂整體族群數量是因此而下降，預計很快會有大規模的田間試驗。儘管如此，歐盟執委會根據歐洲食品安全局的風險評估，仍決定實施全面禁令。\n拜耳製造「益達胺」將被禁用\n由拜耳公司製造的益達胺（imidacloprid）和可尼丁（clothianidin），被歐盟執委會認為「對蜜蜂具急劇高風險」，而先正達製造的賽速安（thiamethoxam），歐盟執委會也認為公司所提供的證據不足以排除風險。\n不過，代表農藥製造商的作物保護協會執行長Sarah Mukherjee表示，「我們對歐盟執委會的提議感到失望，這似乎是政治判斷而非根據科學。」她批評歐洲食品安全局的評估所根據的資料，是未經正式許可的「蜜蜂指導文件」。\n非營利環保組織Buglife執行長Matt Shardlow則樂見禁令，「歐洲食品安全局已確認，經過類尼古丁農藥處理的種子，造成的風險超過70種，」他並認為溫室也應一併禁止，因為農藥會殘存在土壤中。\n今年三月初，聯合國糧食與污染專家發佈了關於農藥的重要報告，認為必須使用農藥才能餵飽人類是「一個迷思」，並呼籲應發起全球性公約來控制農藥使用。Shardlow認同表示，「有鑑於我們未能解決、甚至充分認識類尼古丁農藥所造成的生態災難，建立新的全球公約有其急迫必要。」\n延伸閱讀：\nEurope poised for total ban on bee-harming pesticides\n\n每年有約20萬人死於急性農藥中毒，聯合國報告譴責行業寡頭不道德營銷\n蜜蜂中毒日趨嚴重農委會多頭馬車無專責機構\n蝙蝠大量消失農藥益達胺導致迷航糞便含超量農藥重金屬\n全球首次證實 1ppb農藥益達胺讓蜜蜂幼蟲腦崩壞\n農藥惹禍？蜂群死亡案例大增防治荔枝椿象平腹小蜂取代農藥"],["topImageUrl","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/files/2017/03/5000.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","終結嘉磷塞，歐盟關鍵一戰│法義支持德國搖擺，百萬歐洲公民連署禁用│上下游"],["url","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/101270/"],["summary","美國農化大廠孟山都在歐盟陷入苦戰。全球除草劑龍頭「年年春」主要成分「嘉磷塞」在歐盟的許可證將在今年底到期，即使有超過130萬公民連署、民調顯示三成二民眾希望禁用，但歐盟執委會仍堅持提案延長十年核可。\n28個成員國日前開會討論，支持與反對者經過兩天的針鋒相對，無法達成共識。歐盟將在10底再度聚會，但最終的投票可能拖延到12月。如果孟山都無法順利更新許可證，今年12月底到期後，依歐盟法規將自動開始嘉磷塞（glyphosate）禁令。\n嘉磷塞為「系統性除草劑」，葉片吸收後可快速由上往下移行直達根部，使全株死亡。嘉磷塞的急毒性低，但有害動物與人體健康的研究報告層出不窮，IARC在 2015年將嘉磷塞歸為很可能致癌的 2A等級致癌物，嘉磷塞代謝物AMPA亦具毒性，殘留時間可達一百多天，研究指出，長期施用對蚯蚓的生長速率及總生物量造成明顯下降的趨勢。\n歐盟執委會擬延長嘉磷塞許可，但限縮使用範圍\n歐盟執委會（European Commission，猶如歐盟行政院）提出的最新草案，雖然同意延長嘉磷塞許可，卻也提出但書，要求不得再搭配界面活性劑聚乙氧基化牛脂胺（POEA），也提醒成員國必須考慮水源會受到嘉磷塞污染。\n米蘭所在的倫巴底大區監測結果顯示，31.8%的表面水域監測站驗出嘉磷塞殘留，而更有高達56.6%測出有嘉磷塞的降解物AMPA。「義大利環境保護研究院」（ISPRA）去年5月發布的「2013與2014年水域農藥殘留報告」則指出，嘉磷塞與其降解物是全國河川湖泊中最常見的農藥殘留。\n歐盟執委會同時建議，必須保護使用者免受嘉磷塞的副作用影響，在施用時也要降低對非目標作物、脊椎動物的傷害。此外，公園、綠地、運動場、校園和遊樂園等地都要最小限度使用，並禁止在作物採收前施用嘉磷塞。\n嘉磷塞被葉片吸收，往下運行到枝條與根部，從根部滲入土壤、或殘存於死亡的根部，被土中生物和微生物分解。也可能轉移而被非目標植物吸收，造成藥害，作物殘留則可能進入食物鏈；或經土壤侵蝕而淋溶進入水體，影響水中生態。（資料來源：Glyphosate in northern ecosystems. Marjo Helander , Irma Saloniemi and Kari Saikkonen. Plant Science Conferences in 2012）\n法國與義大利反對延長十年，德國態度不明\n嘉磷塞的許可證在2016年6月底到期後，更新過程一波三折。隸屬世界衛生組織（WHO）的國際癌症研究所（IARC）在2015年3月將嘉磷塞列為極可能致癌的2A等級後，禁用這款熱銷除草劑的聲音高漲。贊成與反對的意見激烈交鋒，執委會去年的三次提案都無法得到多數成員國支持，最後單方暫時延長18個月。\n儘管執委會的最新提案已經列入更嚴格條件，但在10月5、6日的會議上，仍舊無法說服多數成員國支持。\n在45個公民團體的「反嘉磷塞」推特風暴洗版下，去年宣布嚴加管理嘉磷塞的義大利政府由農業部長馬堤納（Maurizio Martina）出面回應：「反對歐盟的延長提案，我們依照科學與環境證據做出這個決定，義大利應該作為永續農業的表率。」\n歐洲公民團體積極鼓吹，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞圖片來源：https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/glyphosate/\n更新許可需要歐盟16國、達人口65%雙重多數\n而早先表態反對嘉磷塞的法國政府，在農民的抗議後採取折衷立場，「將在未來5到7年間逐步禁用，」農業部長特維爾（Stéphane Travert）指出，同時會協助農人尋找嘉磷塞的替代品。\n可能反對延長核可的國家還有瑞典、奧地利、盧森堡與荷蘭。經常被台灣視為環保尖兵的德國，則是舉棋不定。總理梅克爾今年7月在大選前向農民承諾將支持嘉磷塞更新，但德國公民強烈質疑，加上聯合政府左右派意見不同，最終可能選擇缺席、不投票。\n更新許可需要得到歐盟28國的16國支持，而且代表的人口數必須超過65%的雙重多數。當法國與義大利反對執委會延長10年的提案，德國的態度成為關鍵，因為這三國的人口總數佔歐盟整體的41%。\n歐盟禁嘉磷塞事小，危及孟山都基改種子損失大\n去年出價660億美金（約2兆台幣）收購孟山都的德國拜耳（Bayer）表示，無論嘉磷塞是否取得歐盟的更新許可，都不會影響併購的意願。\n瑞士科學家在1950年代就已經合成出嘉磷塞，孟山都在1974年推出含有嘉磷塞的年年春，並取得專利。抗嘉磷塞的基改作物在1996年開始商業種植後，這款除草劑迎來最繁盛的春天，主宰全球市場。\n由於嘉磷塞的專利已經在2001年過期，根據伯恩斯坦（Bernstein）投資公司估計，即使無法在歐盟取得新的核可，孟山都約損失一億美金的利潤，在全球48億的嘉磷塞營收中比例並不高。直接受到衝擊的，將是在歐洲生產嘉磷塞的中國農藥廠。\n孟山都憂心的是，嘉磷塞被禁用後，危及與之配套銷售、年營收達100億美金的基改種子市場，動搖公司的命脈。\n以其他有效成分製成除草劑的巴斯夫（BASF）、拜耳與先正達（Syngenda）等歐洲大廠，甚至可能在嘉磷塞禁用後得利。然而，這些全球農化市場的領頭羊沒有幸災樂禍，因為他們擔憂，嘉磷塞的禁用並非單一個案，而是象徵著農藥管理制度都將全面緊縮。\n嘉磷塞便宜，用量大，全球嘉磷塞用量在1995年是67,078公噸，不到10年，2014年增加到825,804公噸，成長為12.3倍。嘉磷塞為台灣三大除草劑銷售量之冠，2016佔42.67%。\n\n百萬歐盟公民反嘉磷塞，孟山都在美國、法國面臨訴訟\n上百個公民團體聯合發起的「反嘉磷塞」在5個月內衝破百萬人連署門檻，依照規範，歐盟執委會必須對強大的民意做出反應。7月初正式遞交名單後，連署人數仍持續攀升。「歐洲公民不會被農藥廠的遊說或是假科學愚弄。政治人物們要聽聽這些響亮而清楚的聲音：禁用這危險的除草劑，保護公民和環境，並邁向無農藥的未來。」連署發起人舒瓦茲（David Schwartz）表示。\n歐盟成員國開會之際，美國加州的酪梨農人麥考兒（Teri McCall）來到歐盟總部所在的布魯塞爾。她指出，丈夫傑克因為長年噴灑嘉磷塞而罹患非何杰金氏淋巴癌去世，「他以為這是安全的，因此只噴這個除草劑，不用其他化學藥劑。」\n除了在美國面臨非何杰金氏淋巴癌患者與家人的集體訴訟，法國農夫葛塔蘿普（Sabine Grataloup）也決定控告孟山都，「他們造成我的孩子殘缺，必須要負起責任。」因為相信嘉磷塞宣稱可生物溶解的低毒性廣告，她在懷孕期間繼續使用，導致胎兒在子宮中未能發展出健全的喉嚨與食道。\nEESC 邀請David Schwartz及綠色和平Herman van Bekkem說明為何要發起禁用嘉磷賽提案（圖片來源：http://bit.ly/2xxIhZ6）\n農民擔憂禁用嘉磷塞後成本大增\n儘管禁種基改作物，嘉磷塞仍是歐盟使用最廣的除草劑。「禁用嘉磷塞意謂著保育型農業（Conservation agriculture）的終結，」法國製油公會主席羅梭（Arnaud Rousseau）發出警訊。聯合國糧農組織以永續之名推廣的保育型農業為了遏止土壤退化，採收後殘株留在原地，覆蓋土地並形成有機質，但同時仰賴除草劑解決雜草橫生的問題，種植向日葵的法國農民通常選擇便宜、好用的嘉磷塞。\n「不只保育型農業，連慣行農法也會受到影響。」歐洲保育農業公會主席巴許（Gottlieb Basch）應和。\n在健康、環境的考量外，農夫也要評估勞力與成本。法國是歐盟最大的小麥生產國，「如果不能使用嘉磷塞，栽種穀物的農人整體而言每年要多支出9億歐元。」麥農協會主席品塔（Philippe Pinta）算了一筆帳。\n目前在歐盟的除草劑選擇還有拜耳的巴試達（Basta）和先正達的Reglone，但農人抱怨價格高出約二成，而且效果不如嘉磷塞。\n義大利農牧協會則表示，可以支持禁令，「但同時也要禁止進口施用嘉磷塞的作物，否則本國農民將面臨不公平競爭。」\n罔顧民意與民主程序，孟山都被禁止進入歐洲議會\nYouGov去年的民調顯示，三成二的歐洲公民支持禁用嘉磷塞，其中義大利高達75%，德國70%、法國60%，政策長期親美的英國也有56%。\n面對排山倒海而來的民意，孟山都副總裁米勒（Philip Miller）批評：「我們注意到，歐盟更新嘉磷塞的程序越來越政治化。這應該是科學的過程，如今卻遭到民粹主義的駭客襲擊。」\n孟山都也罔顧民主的制度，拒絕出席聽證會釐清操弄科學研究、收買新聞記者的指控，歐洲議員在9月底一致通過，禁止孟山都說客進入議會大廈，這是議會首次動用這類禁令。「那些漠視民主規則的人，也失去遊說的權力。美國企業必須遵守議會監督的職責，孟山都也不例外。」綠黨議員蘭博特斯（Philippe Lamberts）表示。\n仿效過去菸商的劇本，孟山都操弄科學研究\n說是要遵守科學決定，但國際癌症研究所在2015年3月將嘉磷塞列為極可能致癌的2A等級後，孟山都毫無風度表示：「這是垃圾科學」，並指責參與審核的小組專家是「外行人。」\n爾後歐盟食品安全局（EFSA）和歐盟化學管理局（ECHA）陸續指出，嘉磷塞可能不會致癌。可是歐盟食品安全局的審核報告被揭露大量複製、貼上孟山都提供的材料。「根據歐盟規範，農藥風險審核的第一步就是要有申請者提供的檔案，」該局執行長烏爾（Bernhard Url）解釋，「因此報告中有申請公司的檔案是理所當然，也是必要的。」\n陸續曝光的資料還顯示，孟山都收買科學家，代筆撰寫報告後，掛上專家名字發表，重創科學的公信力。\n「40年前，許多研究都說吸菸有益，」代表500多位非何杰金氏淋巴癌患者與家人控訴孟山都的美國律師魏司納（Brent Wisner）表示，持反對意見的科學家則遭到菸商攻擊，「如今孟山都用的是一樣劇本，操弄科學。」無須一言堂支持，只要科學家相互攻訐，在一旁煽風點火的孟山都，就有機會坐收漁翁之利。（本文待續）\n延伸閱讀：\n加州決議除草劑年年春須標示含致癌物，歐洲百萬人連署反嘉磷塞\n寸草不留 ─ 除草劑過量衝擊土壤生態增罹癌隱憂\n歐盟拼農藥減半不減產，禁用類尼古丁救蜜蜂，百萬連署反嘉磷塞\n義大利加嚴管制嘉磷塞採收前、人多聚集處不得使用"],["topImageUrl","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/files/2017/10/20170920_eesc_plenary_481_plenary_september_2017_-_photo_presentation_ban_glyphosate-1.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","歐盟拼農藥減半不減產，禁用類尼古丁救蜜蜂，百萬連署反嘉磷塞 | 上下游News&Market"],["url","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93773/"],["summary","每到春來，農人忙著播種之際，也是歐洲各國串連的「農藥行動週」（Pesticide Action Week），連續十二年來，在農忙時節，推廣減少農業用藥與另類農法。歐洲農藥行動網（PAN Europe）表示，農藥減半並非天方夜譚，多位農友挺身見證。法國的研究也證明，少用農藥不代表農民收入減少。\n農藥週海報\n西西里農夫：有機農業不只是「可能」，而是「必要」\n知名酒鄉波爾多往北一百公里，德康堤（François de Conti）在塔納克（Thénac）的葡萄園只施用天然物質，像是異株蕁麻。先前使用化學藥劑時，部分葡萄風味不佳，只有四成可以釀酒，轉型有機生產後，攀升到了八成。「一些轉為有機生產的葡萄農發現，因為品質提升，結果是比慣行農法收入更好。」德康堤說。\n有機的精神不在農藥零檢出，而是更理解作物生態，及早發現問題。「我密切觀察葡萄園裡的所有生態，一些周邊植物會先出現異樣，而這些病徵隨後也可能會發生在葡萄藤上。」德康堤解釋，「這需要精確的觀察能力、知識與技術，但好處是不再仰賴農藥或是化學藥物，這可以保護整個生態體系。」\n西西里島的農人柯波拉（Mimmo Coppola）則認為：「另類農法或有機農業不只是『可能』，而是『必要』，我原本是個農業技師，很明白慣行農法中化學藥物的害處。」如今他在一百公頃的土地上，輪耕著古老的小麥品種、番茄、哈密瓜、蠶豆、大蒜與扁豆。「我熱愛被所謂『進步』毀掉的一切，傳統和古老的智慧能夠把我們從現代的集體中毒解救出來。」\n柯波拉同樣承認，有機農法更加費時費力，需要更多的耐心。然而，「如果不是工業化農業過量生產，導致價格暴跌，我們有機農就能存活下來，並證明不用農藥，尊重環境與健康也能夠有足夠的產量。」\n農藥行動週的海報點出，農藥氣味讓農村風味不再\n法國研究：少用四成農藥，不影響收成或收入\n單獨的個案外，系統化的研究也顯示，農藥減量未必會減產。\n法國「國家農業研究院」（INRA）與「農業解答」公司（Agrosolution）年初共同發表在《自然植物》（Nature Plants）期刊的報告指出，針對946家法國農業企業的研究顯示，近六成的企業減少四成的農藥用量時，不會減少產量或收入。而受到影響的，是原本就極度仰賴農藥的高附加價值作物，像是馬鈴薯與甜菜。\n不過，研究也提醒，即使不會面臨損失，少用農藥並非農友理所當然的選擇，因為有相當的難度而且需要有專家引導。\n歐洲農藥行動網：須落實農藥永續使用的目標\n事實上，歐洲議會與歐洲理事會在2009年就達成共識，要求歐盟執委會（European Commission，猶如歐盟的行政院）研擬促使會員國農藥永續使用的架構。然而事隔7年，執委會遲遲未推出提案，而成員國中也只有丹麥自行積極行動。原本計畫在2018年農藥用量減半的法國，也推遲到2025年才能達到目標。\n更令人沮喪的是，歐盟的農藥銷售量不減反增。即使扣除在2013年才加入歐盟的克羅埃西亞用量，根據歐洲統計局的資料，農藥有效成分在2014年的銷售量達39萬3825公噸，仍高於成員國須開始推動農藥永續使用時，2011年的38萬1261公噸。\n歐洲農藥行動網要求加快推動農藥永續使用，「成員國必須釐清，農藥的專業使用者要遵守哪些規則，以及政府會如何在技術和財政協助農民轉向『害物綜合管理』。」資深政策顧問克莉絲婷尚（Henriette Christensen）進一步指出，「促使農民轉型的最佳政策工具，就是租稅誘因。」可是，一些可能危害環境的農藥，例如嘉磷塞，至今在部分歐洲地區仍享有補貼。\n歐盟成員國平均每公頃農業用地的農藥用量，剛好與歐盟農業補助金呈現正相關。換句話說，農藥用愈多，補助領愈多。「我們要問，用納稅人的錢補助農藥高消耗的國家，這是什麼道理？」克莉絲婷尚質疑，並建議歐盟農業政策必須協助農民轉向低用藥的農法。\n艱難戰役中的小勝利，歐盟可望永遠禁止類尼古丁農藥\n在對抗農藥濫用的艱難戰役中，總算有一則令人鼓舞的消息。\n當台灣仍在爭論益達胺（imidacloprid）對蜜蜂的影響時，歐盟計畫長久禁止類尼古丁（neonicotinoids）農藥。\n根據歐盟執委會在三月初向成員國提交的草案，預計禁用拜耳生產的益達胺、可尼丁（clothianidin）以及先正達的賽速安（thiamethoxam）等三種危及蜜蜂生存的類尼古丁殺蟲劑在田間使用，但密閉的溫室系統例外。\n這項提案最快將在五月投票，需要代表65%歐盟公民的55%會員國支持，才能通過。2013年歐盟決定暫時禁用類尼古丁兩年，當時反對最力的英國脫歐後，可望迎來永久的禁令。\n義大利禁用類尼古丁殺蟲劑，結果是蜜蜂健康、玉米大豐收\n由於出現蜜蜂族群崩潰症（CCD），義大利提前在2008年下令禁止使用益達胺、可尼丁、賽速安，以及巴斯夫（BASF）生產的芬普尼（Fipronil）。\n禁令頒佈的一年後，義大利養蜂與養蠶研究中心在2009年的報告指出，當年春天有10起蜜蜂集體中毒的案例，其中8起與違規使用類尼古丁殺蟲劑有關。相較之下，前一年度春天則有185起蜜蜂集體死亡，其中的132起案例都偵測到類尼古丁殺蟲劑。\n農民一度強烈抗議禁令，擔憂收成銳減，尤其是習慣使用類尼古丁農藥處理玉米種子的農人。米蘭大學農業專家也預測，禁令可能造成農民1.5億歐元的損失。\n不只蜜蜂重拾生機，結果也出乎玉米農意料。即使沒有依照往年的慣習使用類尼古丁農藥處理玉米種子，2010與2011年的玉米切根蟲危害程度並沒有加劇，而2011年更是大豐收，農民反而要擔心「榖賤傷農」。\n然而，蜜蜂並非從此高枕無憂，義大利蜜蜂採集的花粉上仍有多種農藥殘留。全國蜂農協會副主席巴拉卡尼（Giorgio Baracani）說：「我們無意對農民開戰，而是希望雙方合作，找出雙贏策略。畢竟蜜蜂受苦時，授粉過程也不會順利。」\n歐盟拼百萬連署，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞\n類尼古丁農藥可望淡出歐盟農田時，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞（glyphosate）仍是一場硬戰。繼歐洲食品安全局（EFSA）在2015年指出，嘉磷塞「可能不會」致癌後，歐洲化學管理局（ECHA）也在今年三月中表示，嘉磷塞不會致癌或是引發基因變異、影響生殖能力。\n這兩項評估報告，為歐盟再度延長嘉磷塞使用剷除了障礙。然而，綠色和平歐洲分部主任李斯（Jorgo Riss）指出，風險評估委員有利益衝突，波蘭與芬蘭代表都在化學業界工作。\n奧地利環保組織「全球2000」（Global 2000）與農藥行動聯盟等團體則批評，孟山都（Monsanto）等多家農化廠，多年來贊助宣稱嘉磷塞對公共衛生無害的報告，而這些研究常有科學缺陷，像是刻意刪除個案或是引用無關的數據。\n歐洲公民團體積極鼓吹，禁用除草劑嘉磷塞\n孟山都操弄「科學」研究\n美國聯邦法院解密的孟山都電子郵件更顯示，毒物與疾病註冊局（ATSDR）在2015年調查嘉磷塞的風險時，美國環保局（EPA）資深官員羅蘭德（Jess Rowland）私下向孟山都表示：「如果我可以扼殺這份報告，應該得個獎章。」而孟山都也在郵件中提及，可以由該公司代筆「嘉磷塞安全」的論文後，再由其他科學家掛名發表。\n「全球2000」也批評，歐洲與美國的管理機構大量使用由農化大廠贊助的有利嘉磷塞而且未公開發表的產業研究，以此淡化由同儕審查、發表在科學期刊上的論文重要性。\n二十多個歐洲公民團體發起百萬人連署，要求永久禁用嘉磷塞，此外也呼籲改革農藥審核的程序，研究報告必須是由企業出錢，但由主管機關委託，並正式發表在期刊上，而不是像現在，由企業直接贊助研究。\n儘管科學日新月異，農藥對健康影響的研究仍有其侷限。「多數是實驗室裡的毒理學研究，像是可以找出對免疫系統的影響，但也必須納入流行病學研究。可是，因為很難找到完全沒有受農藥影響的人群當對照組，而農藥殘留也存在空氣和水源，加上相關研究必須長時進行，成本很高。」在帕瑪大學教授環境與健康的莫多奈希（Carlo Modonesi）解釋。\n資訊不對稱，禁令總是姍姍來遲\n儘管農化大廠沒有操弄科學研究過程，仍有「資訊不對稱」（information asymmetry）的問題，沒有向受到農藥影響的農民、消費者，乃至主管機關揭露所有的訊息，將風險轉嫁到他者身上。\n最近在台灣鬧得滿城風雨的氟派瑞（fluopyram），雖以食藥署廢止在茶類的容許值暫時收場。但拜耳從2014年遞件申請以來，未自行揭露氟派瑞2015年在歐洲造成葡萄減產，並導致酒商損失慘重的訊息。在台灣，負責審核的農委會也沒有察覺這項風險，未曾在台灣實驗的情況下，便核准含有氟派瑞的三氟派瑞延伸使用在葡萄上。\n拜耳與先正達也被指控隱瞞關於類尼古丁殺蟲劑對蜜蜂影響的研究，而美國環保署知情不報，同樣被環保團體告上法院。\n以科學大旗掩護，加上龐大的金錢攻勢與產官學關係，資訊不對稱衍申為權力不對稱，讓民眾對農化大廠充滿疑心。而總在受害人數與環境惡化嚴重到足以證明「統計顯著性」並提出「科學證據」時，禁令才姍姍來遲。\n延伸閱讀：\n歐盟最新草案類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂預計全面禁用\n氟派瑞在歐洲惹禍多國葡萄受損數十億台幣拜耳低調賠償\n紐約時報對於農化大廠影響科學界的報導\n歐洲環保團體指出農化大廠「收買科學」\n德國《時代週刊》Die Ziet 對嘉磷塞的調查報導\n【餐桌下的交易】拜耳與孟山都攜手向前加速的火車開往何方？"],["topImageUrl","https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/files/2017/04/pan-europe-glyphosat-grafik-1200x630.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",null],["url","https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/180228"],["summary",null],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",null],["url","https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/pressure-mounts-on-commission-to-put-neonics-ban-to-a-vote/"],["summary",null],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","The bitter battle over the world’s most popular insecticides"],["url","https://www.nature.com/news/the-bitter-battle-over-the-world-s-most-popular-insecticides-1.22972"],["summary","Lucy Hulmes/CEH\t\tResearchers have monitored the health of the red mason bee (Osmia bicornis-rufa), which nests in hollow cavities.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaj Rundlöf remembers the moment she changed her mind about neonicotinoids. In December 2013, in her office at Lund University in Sweden, she and postdoc Georg Andersson were peering at data from their latest study. It was designed to test what would happen to bees if they fed on crops treated with neonicotinoids — the world's most widely used insecticides. “I didn't expect to see any effect at all, to be honest,” says Rundlöf.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHives of honeybees (Apis mellifera) weren't greatly affected by the chemicals in their pollen and nectar, the study suggested1. But the data on bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) told a different story. Bumblebee colonies that hadn't fed on the treated crops looked normal: they were packing on weight to survive the winter. But in the colonies exposed to neonicotinoids, the growth chart was a flat line.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhen the Swedish study was published in April 2015, it made headlines around the world. It was the first to show that neonicotinoid chemicals — known as neonics — could harm bees in a real-world farming situation.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBee populations are declining in many parts of the globe, a worrying sign for the crops and wild plants that rely on these pollinators for their survival. Parasites, disease and shrinking food resources are all prime suspects. But a link to neonics has become a major flashpoint.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEven before Rundlöf's results were revealed, the European Union had placed heavy restrictions on the three most widely used neonics in flowering crops — plants that might be attractive to bees — amid rising concerns that the chemicals might harm pollinators. The restricted neonics were imidacloprid and clothianidin, made by agrochemical giant Bayer, and thiamethoxam, made by Syngenta. But farmers, the agrochemical industry and some scientists pointed out that the moratorium was precautionary and based on limited evidence, gathered mostly from lab tests.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSince Rundlöf's paper, studies showing real-world evidence of harm from pesticides in the field have been mounting — and environmental organizations have demanded wide-ranging bans. Regulatory agencies will soon decide what to do about neonics, which have a global market worth more than US$1.5 billion per year. This month, the EU's European Food Safety Authority is due to complete a re-evaluation of evidence for restricting neonics; the EU will then need to decide what action to take. The US Environmental Protection Agency is expected to complete its own review of the insecticides next year. France's parliament has passed a law that would ban neonics in 2018, although some exemptions will be allowed.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBut industry groups and some scientists say the evidence still isn't conclusive. The picture is complicated: some studies show harm to some bees in some circumstances, whereas others find no harm. The results seem to be affected by many factors, including the species of bee and the kinds of crops involved. Scientists working on the question say the subject has become toxic: any new study is instantly and furiously picked at by entrenched advocates on both sides. Even the results of the largest study on the matter, funded by the agrochemical industry, failed to produce a consensus. Published this year2, it launched another round of recriminations — including complaints from funders who criticized the paper that they had paid for. Ultimately, it's likely that political or regulatory decisions will settle the matter before opposing parties agree, says Sainath Suryanarayanan, an entomologist and sociologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison who has studied the bee-health issue. “It is a common pattern for highly contentious and polarized debates,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe world's favourite insecticide\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn the early 1980s, scientists at Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo in Tokyo, an arm of Bayer, started to play around with nithiazine, an insecticide created in California a decade earlier. They discovered a new compound that was more than 100 times as effective at killing crop pests, such as aphids. Named imidacloprid, the chemical was launched onto the market in the 1990s, and it quickly became one of the most widely used insecticides in the world. By the mid-2000s, imidacloprid and similar compounds made up one-quarter of all insecticides (see 'Rising tide'). The compounds damage insects' nervous systems by causing the nerves to fire continually until they fail, eventually leading to death. Many neonics are applied directly to seeds, and are taken up by growing plants. If the plant flowers, the chemicals find their way into pollen and nectar.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tSource: USGS/CalPIP\t\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn France, where sunflower seeds coated with imidacloprid came on the market in 1994, beekeepers raised the alarm. They said that their honeybees were failing to make it home after foraging flights, and they pinned the blame on the sunflowers. The concerns triggered a 1999 French ban on imidacloprid-coated sunflower seeds, which continues to this day — although it was based on the precautionary principle, rather than formal proofs of harm, says Axel Decourtye, a researcher at the Institute for Bees in Avignon, France.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tScientists hurried to find those proofs — or evidence that the concern was overblown. Researchers quickly discovered that honeybees fed high doses of neonicotinoids died. And even sub-lethal doses triggered unusual behaviour: exposed honeybees changed their dining habits, foraging less often but for longer periods3. Other research showed4 that neonics act on parts of a bee's brain associated with memory and learning. Honeybees trained to respond to particular scents by sticking out their tongues, for example, performed worse — or failed to learn the task at all — when dosed with a neonic.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAt every stage, critics raised new queries about how realistic the experiments were, says Decourtye. “How do we know if the neonicotinoid doses are realistic? Does the effect on the individual have any effect on the colony?”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOut in the field\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAs work continued in the laboratory, researchers also began to turn to the fields. In 2012, Decourtye and his colleagues published a paper5 showing that what they called “thiamethoxam intoxication” seemed to interfere with the ability of honeybees to return to their hives after looking for food in a realistic, outdoor setting. Yet that study still dosed bees' food with neonics, rather than allowing them to feed on treated crops.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAround the same time, a UK team found6 that it was not just honeybees that could be at risk. They reported that colonies of bumblebees exposed to “field-realistic” levels of imidacloprid in the lab and then left to grow in field conditions grew slower than controls. They also produced 85% fewer new queens to carry on their line. That work was led by Dave Goulson, a bee researcher now at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK. In 2006, Goulson had started a charity dedicated to conserving bumblebees, and people began telling him their concerns about neonics. “To start with, I was pretty dubious,” he says. But by 2014, the Task Force on Systemic Pesticides (TFSP) — a group of 30 scientists, including Goulson — announced that it had analysed 800 peer-reviewed studies on neonics and bees, and found “clear evidence of harm sufficient to trigger regulatory action”8.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRundlöf's study set out to be the most realistic yet. Her team sowed eight Swedish fields with oilseed-rape seeds coated in clothianidin, and eight with untreated seeds. They found1 not only that bumblebee colonies in treated fields grew less well than the controls, but also that the numbers of wild bees in the treated fields fell. Industry spokespeople noted that honeybee colonies weren't affected, and also quibbled with the study — arguing, for example, that the researchers had only placed a small number of wild bees into fields, so findings might not be statistically robust. Rundlöf, however, points out that the researchers also surveyed wild bees flying around, and had the bumblebee-colony data to draw on. “I know we have robust evidence,” she says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\n\n\t \t\t\n\t\tMaj Rundlöf\t\tResearchers examine the health of honeybees during a field study led by Maj Rundlöf in Sweden.\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn mid-2017, the largest field study yet — funded with some $3 million from industry — reported its long-awaited results2. Scientists from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) near Wallingford, UK, had put honeybees, mason bees (Osmia bicornis) and bumblebees in 33 oilseed-rape fields in the United Kingdom, Germany and Hungary. This time, the seeds, sown in winter, had been coated with either clothianidin or thiamethoxam, or with a neonicotinoid-free pesticide treatment.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t“A lot of farmers do fundamentally rely on neonicotinoids.”\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe researchers, led by CEH entomologist Ben Woodcock, found that bumblebees and mason bees fared less well the more neonics they were exposed to. The honeybee picture was more complicated: in some cases, neonics seemed to affect bee health, but in others, they didn't. In the United Kingdom and Hungary, neonic compounds seemed to reduce worker-bee numbers in honeybee hives; in Hungary, researchers also saw fewer egg cells in these hives, an indication of reduced reproductive success. In Germany, however, the honeybee hives exposed to neonics had more egg cells — a puzzling result. Overall, the CEH study concluded that neonicotinoids reduced bees' ability to establish new colonies after winter. The journal editor's summary of the paper came under the headline: “Damage confirmed”.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe agrochemical firms that funded the study don't agree. At a press conference in June, when CEH scientists presented their results — without Woodcock, who was overseas — spokespeople from Syngenta and Bayer told reporters that both the study's analysis and its conclusions were questionable. They noted that Woodcock's team had analysed more than 200 pieces of information about honeybees; 9 showed a negative effect from neonicotinoids, whereas 7 were positive. “The one-line simplistic summary conclusion published does not reflect the data presented in this paper,” argued Peter Campbell, an environmental specialist at Syngenta in Reading, UK, in a separate statement released to the media.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWoodcock was incensed by the criticism. In an interview with environmental group Greenpeace, he said that industry had accused him of being a liar. Now, he says, he regrets that choice of words, but he still thinks industry took a blinkered view of the results. “I do feel that the sentiment of what I implied, while inappropriate, was not an unreasonable reaction,” he says. The negative effects were in key areas related to bee health, he says, adding that for industrial firms to deny that neonics are having an effect on bees is “probably naive”.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMany of the academics Nature talked to agree. “I think the majority of researchers highlight that the weakening of bee populations caused by neonicotinoids is proved,” says Decourtye. But not everyone is so certain. “The question of whether the damage to bees is translated to an effect in fields on whole populations of bees is much harder to show,” says Linda Field, head of the department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection at Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK. Mature colonies may survive even if individual bees are impaired, because other worker bees compensate, notes Nigel Raine, a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada. But solitary bees, such as wild bees and queen bumblebees emerging from hibernation, might be at greater risk.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampbell thinks that many academics are “neutral” on the matter, but are not vocal about it. Studies showing harm to bees tend to garner media attention, and are published in widely read journals, whereas those showing no impact are relegated to less highly cited publications, he says. But Goulson and Woodcock say some of the studies that industry cites as showing no harm are statistically dubious, and more flawed than the headline-garnering trials that show harm.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChristian Maus, global lead scientist for bee care at Bayer in Monheim am Rhein, Germany, picks his words carefully. “I think it is clear and undebated that neonicotinoids do have some intrinsic toxicity to bees,” he says. “But under realistic conditions, as prevailing in the field and agricultural practice, we have not seen any evidence that they would be harming honeybee colonies, for instance, when they are correctly applied.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCombinatorial effects\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tResearchers are looking beyond simple relationships between a single pesticide and bee harm. In a 2012 paper8, Raine and his colleagues showed that exposing bumblebees to a neonicotinoid in combination with a pesticide called a pyrethroid hampered their ability to collect pollen. Colonies exposed to both compounds experienced higher losses of worker bees than did controls, or colonies dosed with only one. The study was the first to show combinatorial effects, Raine says — which is important, because bees will be exposed to multiple compounds in the wild. And this year, in a paper9 published alongside Woodcock's, a Canadian team studying honeybee colonies near maize (corn) plants found that the presence of the fungicide boscalid halved the dose of neonics needed to cause death.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThat work also suggested that neonic chemicals can migrate away from the plants that they are supposed to protect: by identifying the sources of pollen grains in the hives, the researchers showed that bees were exposed to neonics mainly through pollen from untreated plants. Neonicotinoids are water-soluble — which is how they move from seeds into growing plant tissues. “But that also means they can be washed off the seed, into the soil, and maybe into other plants,” says Christian Krupke, an entomologist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn one study10, Krupke found that just 1.34% of clothianidin applied as seed treatment to maize ended up in the crop’s tissues. Neonics that get into the wider environment might cause other, more indirect problems. A 2014 study11 in the Netherlands, for instance, reported a fall in populations of insect-eating birds in areas with high concentrations of neonicotinoids in the water. It suggested that the chemicals might have depleted the birds’ food resource.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSome researchers are now questioning whether there is any benefit to using neonicotinoids at all. In another study12, Krupke’s group found no benefits on maize yield from the use of neonicotinoids in Indiana. In this crop, he says, the prophylactic use of neonicotinoids — which are often part of a bundle of pesticides sold pre-applied to seeds — is foolish.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“The way they’re used doesn’t make any sense,” he says. “It only makes sense from one motive. That is the profit motive for the manufacturer.”\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampbell insists that neonicotinoids do provide yield increases, but much of the evidence is proprietary and unpublished. Since the EU neonicotinoid restrictions, Maus says, research suggests there has been a 4% decline in oilseed-rape yield. Whether or not the restrictions have had any effect, farmers have furiously protested against losing the ability to use neonics. Anecdotal reports suggest many are attempting to compensate by applying increasing amounts of pyrethroids, which are sprayed over crops, rather than applied to seeds; these chemicals may bring their own health risks if used in large quantities, because they are toxic to fish and aquatic insects.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe B word\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRegulators in some countries will soon decide whether to take further action to restrict neonics — and here, researchers are split. Some campaign groups, such as Greenpeace and the Pesticide Action Network, have argued for a ban on the use of neonics on all outdoor crops, not just those that might be attractive to bees, such as the bright-yellow flowers of oilseed rape.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t“A lot of farmers do fundamentally rely on neonicotinoids,” says Woodcock. And clamping down severely on one chemical might mean that greater amounts of other damaging substances are used. “If people can't use neonicotinoids and they go to other insecticides, is that any better? There are lots of knock-on effects,” says Field.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThat concern points to wider doubts about the regulatory systems that allowed agrichemicals such as neonics onto the market in the first place, says Goulson. Many researchers are hesitant to advocate outright bans. Some, such as Rundlöf, say it isn't their job to make policy recommendations. But Goulson says his view has changed as the evidence has mounted. In 2014 — at the time of the TFSP's first synthesis report — he thought that there might be certain situations in which neonics were the best option. But since then, he says, there's been even stronger evidence of collapsing insect populations — and it is hard to regulate partial bans. “I think now I'd vote for a complete ban,” he says.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhatever regulators do, Goulson says, he is growing increasingly downbeat about the chances of any consensus forming between industry and academia on the issue. “I'm starting to come to the conclusion there will never be a game-changer,” he says. “There is nothing I think any scientist could do at this point to make people all sit down and have any answer.”"],["topImageUrl","http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.47588.1510137647!/image/LucyHulmes_OsmiaBicornis-rufa_DSC_0165_WEB.jpg_gen/derivatives/nature_homepage/LucyHulmes_OsmiaBicornis-rufa_DSC_0165_WEB.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","親愛的朋友，\n\n您好！現在，全世界有成千上萬蜜蜂逐漸死去，但兩天後，歐盟有望全面禁用危及蜜蜂存續的有毒農藥！\n\n頂尖的科學家以及農民聯盟都不斷呼籲實施禁令，歐盟國家的民眾也普遍支持；英、法、德等12國將投下支持票，但我們還需要另外4個國家的一票才能贏得星期五的表決。一旦歐盟通過禁令，我們就有機會進而推動更多國家跟進。\n\n目前表決的情勢尚未完全明朗，所以每一個連署簽名都至關重要 -- 邀請您立刻加入連署，並幫忙分享出去：\n\nhttps://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252\n\n致各歐盟成員國、世界各國領袖及農業部長：\n\n「我們籲請您們即刻禁用類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）農藥。蜜蜂族群的衰亡將會使我們的整個食物鏈面臨崩壞，如果您迅速採取行動，我們就有望拯救蜜蜂免於滅絕。」\n\nhttps://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252\n\n美國和歐洲都面臨蜜蜂族群急速消亡，我們需要蜜蜂為農作物授粉，因此牠們的死亡也將對整個食物鏈帶來危機！\n\n銷售這些農藥的化學公司正竭力遊說歐盟延後施行禁令；歐洲各國的Avaaz成員紛紛致電他們的官員、刊登廣告，以累積支持禁令的民意。\n\n現在，我們需要全世界一起串連史上最大規模的保護蜜蜂連署！請立刻加入，並幫忙分享給親朋好友：\n\nhttps://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/ct/save_the_bees_neonics_loc_ns/?tUlKRlb&v=500463352&cl=14353930467&_checksum=767b05c6ceeaaced891d5ac06558c6c787260449170dbc0659039ba024e81252\n\nAvaaz多年來持續推動禁用類尼古丁農藥；現在，距離成功在歐洲通過永久禁令只剩下幾天了 -- 讓我們凝聚龐大的全球聲浪，給蜜蜂一線生機。\n\n滿懷希望的Alice, Antonia, Lisa, Nick 以及 Avaaz 全體團隊敬上\n\n更多資訊：\n\n歐盟最新草案類尼古丁農藥嚴重危害蜜蜂預計全面禁用\nhttps://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93253/\n\n終結嘉磷塞，歐盟關鍵一戰│法義支持、德國搖擺，百萬歐洲公民連署禁用https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/101270/\n\n歐盟拼農藥減半不減產，禁用類尼古丁救蜜蜂，百萬連署反嘉磷塞https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/93773/\n\n更多資訊（英文）：\n\nNeonicotinoids: risks to bees confirmed (EFSA)\nhttps://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/180228\n\nPressure mounts on Commission to put neonics ban to a vote (Euractiv)\nhttps://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/news/pressure-mounts-on-commission-to-put-neonics-ban-to-a-vote/\n\nThe bitter battle over the world’s most popular insecticides (Nature)\nhttps://www.nature.com/news/the-bitter-battle-over-the-world-s-most-popular-insecticides-1.22972"],["id","1i95bq4c279wv"],["createdAt","2018-04-26T15:40:55.717Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","fh5OSGMBSH_MLFhI9WBl"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","歐洲一些新近研究顯示，可尼丁（clothianidin）、益達胺（imidacloprid）及賽速安（thiamethoxam）等三種新類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）殺蟲劑對蜂群有害，主要會破壞蜜蜂的神經系統，減損蜂群歸巢的能力，致使牠們迷路找不到家。"],["reference","http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20130430000551-260108\n救蜜蜂歐盟禁用3種殺蟲劑"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","救蜜蜂歐盟禁用3種殺蟲劑"],["url","http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20130430000551-260108"],["summary","歐洲聯盟執行委員會將推行為期兩年的暫時禁令，暫停歐盟全體會員國使用三種新類尼古丁殺蟲劑。有研究認為，這些殺蟲劑導致近幾十年來歐洲蜜蜂數量銳減。\n\n北美、歐洲、亞洲與中東地區近年來出現野生蜜蜂大量消失的異常現象，學者稱之為「蜂群崩壞症候群」。歐洲一些新近研究顯示，可尼丁（clothianidin）、益達胺（imidacloprid）及賽速安（thiamethoxam）等三種新類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）殺蟲劑對蜂群有害，主要會破壞蜜蜂的神經系統，減損蜂群歸巢的能力，致使牠們迷路找不到家。這三類殺蟲劑主要的生產廠商是德國的拜耳公司與瑞士的先正達公司。不過，其他研究則認為，蜜蜂的體外寄生蟲「蜜蜂蟹蟎」傳播的一種病毒，才是西方蜜蜂驟減的罪魁禍首。蜜蜂蟹蟎不但寄生在成蜂或幼蟲上吸食體液，使其壽命縮短，而且還會傳播各種病毒和病菌。歐盟國家廿九日投票表決應否禁用三種新類尼古丁殺蟲劑，德國與法國等十五個國家主張禁用，英國與匈牙利等國則反對禁用。由於支持禁用國家未達到多數，依據歐盟相關法規，歐盟執委會只能對實行效期兩年的暫時禁令。聯合國二○一一年發布的報告估計，蜜蜂、蝴蝶、甲蟲與鳥類等主要授粉者，對全球糧食生產舉足輕重，每年為人類經濟貢獻的總值高達二千零卅億美元。因此全球蜂群銳減對世界經濟的衝擊相當可觀。(中國時報)"],["topImageUrl","https://img.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2016-06-08/Clipping/20160608003186_636009832151288289.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-05-10T04:28:44.264Z"]]}]]}]}],["searchArticles",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["searchReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}]]}]]},"replyDetail":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isAuthLoading",false],["isReplyLoading",false]]}],["data",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["reply",null],["originalReplyConnection",null]]}]]},"auth":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isDialogShown",false]]}],["user",null]]}}

The Microchip Industry Can’t Believe What Just Happened!

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