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We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","3-5年後，眼睛失明可能會大面積爆發！再不注意就晚了！\nhttp://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735"],["id","5501468840582-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-14T13:01:00.000Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_3kKBwZOq1GOsJUqlVRhhX3LY21TLm4KpDueXPPHhZSU"],["name","謙虛的員林依耶芙特"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","鬆柔彈跳功 - 澈見網路電視台"],["url","http://www.luciditv.com/index.php/2016/07/27/three-minutes-to-good-health_soft-shaking/"],["summary","Please specify an ID for the Contact Form in Theme Options > Single Post/Video > Video Report Form"],["topImageUrl","https://www.luciditv.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/0727-三分鐘-繁-450px-1.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ylp1975CTQmY5IPL4Kkt0Q"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",""],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","胖人別怕吃，三種補陽食物讓你越吃越瘦 - 康健雜誌"],["url","http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=74532&utm_source=line&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=push"],["summary","胖人以為肥胖與吃得多有關，為了讓身體瘦下來，往往在飲食上大做文章，結果身體沒有瘦下來，卻往往因為節食減肥而損傷了脾胃。實際上肥胖與陽氣不足有關，只要選對食物，非但不會增肥，還有助於減肥瘦身。\n \n \n \n \n 韭菜補腎陽又排毒，常吃自然瘦\n\n 韭菜是「起陽草」，又是「洗腸草」，補陽排毒消脂很有效。胖人常吃韭菜，減肥效果好。\n\n陽氣是人體的正氣，是人體正常生理功能的原動力。脂肪代謝需要陽氣，所以補充陽氣可以幫助消除脂肪。在常見食物中，韭菜是一個很好的補陽選擇，它有一個很響亮的名字叫「起陽草」，還有人把韭菜稱為「洗腸草」。韭菜性溫，有補腎補陽的作用。尤其是在春寒還料峭的時節，陽虛怕冷的人吃韭菜能保暖、健胃、補陽，能幫助身體消除多餘的脂肪，也就是提高新陳代謝的能力，有助痰濕的代謝。\n另外，韭菜還含有豐富的粗纖維，可增加腸蠕動，促進消化，能預防習慣性便祕和腸癌。\n所以，想要減肥的人，尤其是脾陽虛和腎陽虛的胖人要多吃韭菜，補陽效果奇好。但是考慮到減肥，韭菜的烹飪方式要符合減肥要求。\n為了使韭菜既能更好地增補陽氣，又能很好地幫助減肥，在飲食製作上，要堅持少油少鹽、減熱量的烹調原則。可以涼拌或做湯，少油鹽，少用調味料，越清淡越好。\n\n 中醫名家小講堂\n\n春季食用韭菜有益於肝。初春時節的韭菜品質最佳，晚秋的次之，夏季的最差，有「春食則香，夏食則臭」之說。\n南瓜補脾陽，肥肉不愛長南瓜性溫，味甘，無毒，具有較好的平補功效，不僅能減肥瘦身，還可預防腦卒中的發生。此外，常吃南瓜，可使大便通暢，肌膚豐美，有美容作用。女性不妨常食。\n脾陽受損，脾土不運，越來越多的濕氣蘊結在體內，不斷浸於肌膚之中，肌膚失養，則體胖而肉鬆垮。要想解決此問題，首先要調理脾胃，關鍵就是提升脾胃陽氣，恢復脾運化痰濕的功能。另外，脾陽充足，也有助於對脂肪的運化，使身體不胖。\n補脾陽可以經常吃點南瓜。南瓜性溫，味甘，最適合補脾陽。溫熱的食物本身就有補陽作用，為此肥胖的人不妨經常食用，一點點將體內的陽氣補足，除掉痰濕。\n南瓜平補，又不損傷脾胃，可常食。具有溫中補虛、長養氣血的作用。體質虛弱、氣血不足者，平常應多食南瓜，可逐步改善體質，除濕瘦身。\n南瓜雖然具有較好的補脾陽之功，但只有食之得法才能發揮作用。若是烹調不當，自然會影響南瓜滋補脾胃的功效。\n\n 中醫名家小講堂\n\n南瓜不僅有較高的食用價值，而且還有著不可忽視的食療作用。食用南瓜不僅能補脾陽，還能治療肺氣虛導致的咳喘，不過食用南瓜也要適量，多食易引發腳氣、黃疸。\n薑能激發一身的陽氣，燃燒脂肪薑不僅僅是調味品，還是一味補陽助陽的中藥，陽虛的胖人可以適當在飲食中來點薑，能暖身除脂，助身材苗條。\n薑作為食材，可以提鮮、除腥。作養生保健之用有生薑和乾薑之別，其作用也不同。\n對於生薑，大家並不陌生。傷風感冒了，切幾片生薑，熬點兒薑水，一碗水下去，出了不少汗，病也就去了一半；女性來了月經，肚子疼，煮點兒薑汁喝，疼痛也會減輕不少。可見，小小的生薑確實是養生祛病的好幫手。\n乾薑是生薑的乾製品，中醫有乾薑「回陽救逆」之說。也就是說，如果陽氣極度衰疲，寒濕邪氣尤盛的話，就非乾薑不可。若是陽氣虛得嚴重，則可用乾薑來救急。但乾薑性大熱，用之要慎之又慎，以防生出熱邪。\n建議痰濕肥胖者用生薑來慢慢調理。若是非要用乾薑來調理，也要慎之又慎，在醫生的指導下根據身體的反應來進行調理。一旦有不適，則要停用。\n\n 中醫名家小講堂\n\n用薑補陽減肥應注意，爛薑不要食用。民間有「壞薑不壞味」的說法，但爛薑能致癌，所以一旦發現薑爛了就一定不要食用。\n\n 本文節錄自《\n 胖補陽，瘦滋陰\n 》，由大都會文化出版。\n\n \n \n \n 文章出處：Web only\n 2017-03-22 00:00:00.0"],["topImageUrl","//cw1.tw/CH/images/channel_master/9ce89012-4f42-4273-9ae9-d5d479a484e5.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","抽筋原因百百種，不只是缺鈣 - 康健雜誌182期"],["url","http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=68091&utm_source=m.commonhealth.com.tw&utm_medium=mobileFilter&utm_campaign=pcTransM"],["summary","夜半三更睡得正香，一陣抽筋襲來，小腿痛得一夜好眠報銷；運動到一半抽筋也很悶，非但沒享受夠腦內啡帶來的歡愉，還得應付動彈不得的跛腳；高跟鞋穿了一天好不容易坐下來休息，腳趾卻不聽話地輪番抽痛……，究竟抽筋是怎麼回事？\n我的抽筋是什麼原因？\n抽筋是不自主的肌肉收縮，會持續幾秒到幾分鐘，通常伴隨強烈疼痛。抽筋常見原因包括肌肉疲勞、身體脫水、電解質失衡、血液循環不良及神經損傷，這也是為什麼長時間運動、睡覺睡到一半，或一個姿勢固定久了容易抽筋，台安醫院神經內科主治醫師林冠宏解釋。\n\n ●運動時容易抽筋主要是因為疲勞。\n 運動消耗肝醣做為能量來源，當肝醣消耗過快，例如短跑衝刺，或是沒有獲得補充，例如跑馬拉松沒有適時補給熱量，導致肌肉缺乏能量，就容易造成抽筋；其次，運動時大量出汗，身體會流失水分及電解質，導致脫水及電解質失衡，也容易造成抽筋。\n\n\n ●睡夢中抽筋多跟血液循環不好有關。\n 低溫會使得血液循環變差，所以半夜棉被沒蓋好或是冷氣、電扇直吹腳都會增加抽筋的可能；而白天運動過量導致肌肉疲勞，也可能在半夜出現抽筋的現象；有些老人家水喝太少、利尿的茶卻喝太多，也可能在半夜因為身體相對脫水或電解質失衡而抽筋。\n\n\n ●姿勢固定久了也會抽筋，\n 這是局部血液循環不良跟肌肉疲勞導致，這也是為什麼高跟鞋穿了一天下來腳趾頭會輪番抽筋的緣故。\n\n有些疾病容易造成抽筋\n萬芳醫院復健科主治醫師許文彥指出，絕大部分的抽筋都是良性的，不過有些疾病也容易造成抽筋。\n\n \n ◎推薦閱讀：（本文還沒結束，後面還有喔）\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 不自主抖腳、腿痠疼、搔癢？「不寧腿」4招可檢測\n \n \n \n\n●骨折時附近的肌肉會強制收縮，一方面是痛覺興奮對肌肉造成刺激，一方面則是身體為了維持骨折位置的穩定，自然形成的保護機制。\n●當身體支撐系統不夠穩，例如脊椎側彎或姿勢不良，也可能讓局部肌肉承受過多壓力導致疲勞，久了可能會抽筋。\n●坐骨神經痛、糖尿病引起的神經病變或其他各式神經損傷也會因為神經傳導異常，一直放出錯誤的神經訊號讓肌肉收縮，造成抽筋。\n●洗腎（血液透析）時也容易抽筋，因為一般人身體的代謝是24小時慢慢調控，但洗腎患者要在4個小時裡平衡2～3天身體產生的廢物，在體內電解質劇烈變化的情況下，也容易抽筋。\n●內分泌失調、甲狀腺功能異常也可能導致電解質代謝異常引發抽筋。●某些藥物的使用也會影響，例如利尿劑會導致身體缺水及電解質異常，戒斷酒精跟突然停用一些鎮靜安眠的藥物可能會使得原本安定的神經變興奮，降膽固醇的藥可能導致肌肉發炎等，都可能影響。\n只要一抽筋，媽媽就開始碎唸：你就是缺鈣啊，叫你多喝牛奶都不聽；身邊的朋友也會說要多喝水、喝運動飲料、吃香蕉……，究竟這些撇步是不是真的有用？\n\n 林冠宏解釋，這些撇步的確可能有用，\n 例如鈣片中的鈣離子、香蕉裡的鉀離子、運動飲料的鈉、鉀離子可能會改善電解質的平衡，但真正抽筋時你通常無法確定身體正在缺什麼，\n 補錯了反而愈幫愈忙，所以關鍵還是得對症下藥。\n\n首先，抽筋發生的當下要先放鬆繃緊的肌肉，可以針對那一區的肌肉做逆方向的伸展，或是輕輕按摩、熱敷來紓緩疼痛的情況。\n四招有效預防抽筋\n再來則要針對最有可能導致抽筋的原因對症緩解並預防，以下是幾個常見抽筋的緩解、預防方法：\n\n 1.運動導致\n\n運動過程抽筋常見的原因是水分流失過多、鈉鉀離子也隨著汗水流失，或是能量不足，肝醣來不及進入肌肉所致，所以補充水分、電解質，吃點食物補充能量、休息一會再繼續運動是關鍵。這時候常聽到的「抽筋要喝運動飲料」，就是對的，因為可以同時補充水分跟電解質；「吃香蕉」也有道理，可以補充熱量跟鉀離子。\n如果要避免下次運動再抽筋，切記，運動前要先拉筋，運動過程要定時補充水分、電解質、能量；運動後也要伸展，免得運動過程沒抽筋反倒半夜找上門，熱愛跑馬拉松的許文彥也建議，運動過程穿壓縮褲或壓縮腿套也可以促進血液循環，能減少抽筋的發生率。\n\n 2.半夜抽筋\n\n半夜抽筋可能是水喝太少導致電解質失衡，所以除了紓緩肌肉還要喝點水；也有可能是溫度低導致循環不好，所以保暖很重要，冬天記得加穿襪子、蓋好棉被，夏天則要把直吹腳部的電扇、冷氣風向移開。\n預防半夜抽筋最好的方式是睡前做伸展運動，放鬆肌肉並促進血液循環，白天多喝水，少喝容易利尿的茶、咖啡，免得身體缺水，導致電解質失衡，半夜又被抽筋打擾好眠。\n\n 3.姿勢不良\n\n如果你的抽筋是長期維持某個姿勢害的，那就要記得三不五時起來動一動，紓緩那個部位的肌肉。\n\n 4.這些情況應該就醫\n\n嚴重的抽筋可能導致拉傷、撕裂傷，所以如果抽筋到隔天還在痛，甚至影響到走路，就要考慮就醫。如果你的抽筋經常反覆發作，即便多做伸展、多喝水少碰利尿飲料都沒用，或者連不容易抽筋的小肌肉像手臂、手指都會抽筋，那就要考慮可能是疾病或藥物導致的問題，應該就醫，或者詢問醫師是不是藥物影響所致，需要調整。\n版權所有，本刊圖文非經同意不得轉載或公開傳播。\n編按：此文為2014年發表，文中人、事、物背景或已有調整、變動，造成不便還請見諒。\n\n \n 推薦閱讀：\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 研究：煮雞湯時加入「它」鈣質增加64%\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n 腳麻、抽筋、覺得冷...10個不可輕忽的腳症狀\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n 幾乎每晚都腳抽筋，該如何處理？\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n 文章出處：康健雜誌182期\n 2014-01-01 00:00:00.0"],["topImageUrl","//cw1.tw/CH/images/article/H1401424938839.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","芥花油 (Canola oil) 歐洲已禁＠偉森(WEI SEN)資訊快遞｜PChome 個人新聞台"],["url","http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/weisengift/post/1322817047"],["summary","你家有芥花油 (Canola oil) 嗎? 別再吃了! Canola 油的迷思與真相大約是十幾年前，市面上突然出現了一種新的烹飪油，英文叫做 Canola Oil。起先只有在專賣 ”健康自然產品” 的店裡才能看,但因為政府及私人公司都廣為宣傳這種油的好處"],["topImageUrl","http://link.photo.pchome.com.tw/s12/weisengift_pc/51/133109086289/"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","2017.03.23 星期四\n\n18:24 芳靜圖片\n\n18:26 芳靜圖片\n\n18:27 芳靜太極名師，只1招，10分鐘鬆柔功，全身鬆暢。\n\nhttp://www.luciditv.com/index.php/2016/07/27/three-minutes-to-good-health_soft-shaking/\n\n18:30 芳靜 🔴每夜睡前，\n不管男女只要36下，\n全身疾病而退\n别怪我告诉你晚了！\n\nhttp://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ylp1975CTQmY5IPL4Kkt0Q\n\n18:35 芳靜圖片\n\n18:38 芳靜影片\n\n22:21 翁昭容影片\n\n22:24 翁昭容兩天後刪除\n⭕⭕ 榮總急診部王醫師傳送@ 很寶貴的養生短文 \n◎ 成為永遠病人的二大原因：過食 + 藥物！\n就是吃太多啦，還有就是吃葯，這絕對不是好事，醫師和護理人員，都很少吃葯。\n\n◎ 糖尿病是全身性的代謝紊亂！主因則是胰臟過度疲勞！\n◎ 細嚼慢嚥是在降低胰臟負擔！\n\n◎ 活得健康的重要原則？一少三多！ \nA丶少吃； B丶多休息； C丶多喝水； D丶多流汗！\n◎ 滿身流汗對各種疾病都是有益的！\n\n◎ 飯量越大丶耗氧也越大丶細胞越缺氧，心臟就越加壓，血壓也就越高了！\n\n◎ 吃飯最好＂五分飽＂，不要撐飽！\n\n#當身體飢餓感訊號出現時，正是排毒旺盛，免疫功能快速增強時！\n\n◎ 空腹時身體發熱流汗是最有效的新陳代謝法，也是細胞自行清血解毒，補氣活化的時機！（消化系統運作時，就停止排毒！）\n\n◎ 癌症的主因：超級中毒＋組織缺氧（重度缺氧）！\n\n◎ 癌症是身體長期處於中毒狀態（強酸），所引起＂缺氧＂的自然現象！\n\n◎ ＂氧＂是身體治病救命的靈丹，它決定腺體調節能力，免疫系統的強弱，更掌控了癌症病人的生殺大權！(clap)(clap)(thumb up)\n\n 請看完後 ,拜託你把它轉寄出去，別只顧著存檔喔！非常重要的養生短文。\n\n(再忙也請看)\n\n2017.03.27 星期一\n\n20:18 芳靜圖片\n\n20:19 芳靜 *3-5年後.\n 眼睛失明\n會大面積爆發.再不注意就晚了\n\n(手機) 是導致\n(眼睛失明)最大殺手，\n請不要每天長時間\n看著手機\n\n您再一直看著手機\n眼睛看不到了\n都是您自己害的\n\n請要注意了！\n\nhttp://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735\n\n2017.03.28 星期二\n\n12:12 翁昭容生活中得到的頓悟，看完收穫頗大。\n\n1\n妻子想讓老公早回家，於是規定：晚於23點回家就鎖門。第一週奏效，第二週老公又晚歸，老婆按制度把門鎖了，於是老公幹脆不回家了。\n老婆鬱悶，後經高人指點，修改規定：23點前不回家，我就開著門睡覺。老公大驚，從此準時回家。\n\n可見制度的精髓不在於強制，而在於對被執行者利益的拉動。\n\n2\n小雞問母雞：可否不用下蛋，帶我出去玩啊？\n母雞道：不行，我要工作！\n小雞說：可你已經下了這麼多蛋了！\n母雞意味深長地對小雞說：\n一天一個蛋，菜刀靠邊站，一月不生蛋，高壓鍋裡見。\n\n存在是因為你創造價值，淘汰是因為你失去價值。過去的價值不代表未來，所以每天都要努力！\n\n3\n張三在山間小路開車，正當他悠哉欣賞美麗風景時，突然迎面開來的貨車司機搖下窗戶大喊一聲：「豬！」\n張三越想越氣，也搖下車窗大罵：「你才是豬！」剛罵完，他便迎頭撞上一群過馬路的豬。\n\n不要錯誤地詮釋別人的好意，那只會讓自己吃虧，並且使別人受辱。在不明所以之前，先學會按捺情緒，耐心觀察，以免事後生發悔意。\n\n4\n毛竹用了4年時間，僅僅長了3釐米，但從第5年開始，以每天30釐米的速度瘋狂地生長，僅用6周，就長到了15米。其實，在。前面的４年，毛竹將根在土壤裡延伸了數百平方米。\n\n做人做事亦是如此，不要擔心付出得不到回報，因為這些付出都是為了紮根，等到時機成熟，你會登上別人遙不可及的巔峰。\n\n5\n丈夫下班回到家，看見妻子揍兒子，沒理他們。直接走到廚房，看見小矮桌上煮好一鍋餛飩，於是盛了一碗吃。\n吃完看見妻子還在那裡揍兒子，看不過去了，就說：教育小孩不能老用暴力，要多講道理嘛！妻子說：好好的一鍋餛飩，他居然撒了一泡尿進去，你說氣人不氣人？\n丈夫聽後馬上說：媳婦你歇會兒，讓我來揍！\n\n置身事外，誰都可以心平氣和；身處其中，誰還可以從容淡定。所以請不要輕易評論任何人，因為你不在其中……\n\n6\n乞丐：能不能給我一百塊錢？\n路人：我只有八十塊錢。\n乞丐：那你就欠我二十塊錢吧。\n\n有些人總以為是上蒼欠他的，老覺得老天爺給的不夠多、不夠好，貪婪之慾早已取代了感恩之心。\n\n7\n一滴墨汁落在一杯清水裡，這杯水立即變色，不能喝了；一滴墨汁融在大海裡，大海依然是蔚藍色的大海。為什麼？因為兩者的肚量不一樣。\n不熟的麥穗直刺刺地向上挺著，成熟的麥穗低垂著頭。為什麼？因為兩者的份量不一樣。\n\n寬容別人，就是肚量；謙卑自己，就是份量；合起來，就是一個人的質量。\n\n8\n有一支淘金的隊伍在沙漠中行走，大家都步履沉重，痛苦不堪，只有一個人快樂地走著。\n別人問：「你為何如此愜意？」他笑著說：「因為我帶的東西最少。」\n\n原來快樂很簡單，擁有少一點就行了。\n\n9\n一把堅實的大鎖掛在大門上，一根鐵桿費了九牛二虎之力，還是無法將它撬開。鑰匙來了，他瘦小的身子鑽進鎖孔，只輕輕一轉，大鎖就＂啪＂地一聲打開了。\n鐵桿奇怪地問：「為什麼我費了那麼大力氣也打不開，而你卻輕而易舉地就把它打開了呢？」\n鑰匙說：「因為我最瞭解他的心。」\n\n每個人的心，都像上了鎖的大門，任你再粗的鐵棒也撬不開。唯有關懷，才能把自己變成一隻細膩的鑰匙，進入別人的心中，瞭解別人。\n\n10\n老和尚問小和尚：「如果你前進一步是死、後退一步則亡，你該怎麼辦？」\n小和尚毫不猶豫地說：「我往旁邊去。」\n\n遭遇兩難困境時換個角度\n思考，也許就會明白：路的旁邊還有路\n\n2017.03.30 星期四\n\n23:18 翁昭容 http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=74532&utm_source=line&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=push\n\n23:23 翁昭容 http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=68091&utm_source=m.commonhealth.com.tw&utm_medium=mobileFilter&utm_campaign=pcTransM\n\n2017.03.31 星期五\n\n12:29 翁昭容影片\n\n2017.04.01 星期六\n\n10:50 芳靜請copy 給所有群組\n\n芥花油 (Canola oil) 歐洲已禁止 ~~會破壞心，腎，腎上腺，甲狀腺，神經系統\n http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/weisengift/post/1322817047\n再沒時間都要看一看，芥花油的問題！"],["id","AVso0cmGtKp96s659Djt"],["createdAt","2017-04-01T09:21:28.965Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post45167/608"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","http://www.fun01.net/post45167/608"],["id","5488427345285-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-11T17:37:00.000Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post515524/768"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","http://www.fun01.net/post515524/768"],["id","5593143504754-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-02-03T03:37:00.000Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",5],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_jSrASeI7pyChEJo5D6oocnJhdzYpv0YmqzIZn-b8jAE"],["name","好沉思的✖石門✖維爾莉特®"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65% | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323"],["summary","美國今年流感季迄今死4800人，增多65%。 (美聯社) 分享聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)10日公布初步報告估計，2019至2020年流感季的死亡增多65%，達4800人，其中包括32名兒童，因病住院者更已多達8萬7000人。全國傳染病基金會表示，今年的流感季來得早、爆發快，在東南部數州出現後迅速擴散，迄今沒有減緩的跡象，其中33個州的流感最嚴重，包括南方地區、西部的部分地區、紐約市和華盛頓。CDC的資料顯示，過去幾個流感爆發季死亡的兒童，從最少的37人到最多的187人。儘管目前流感季的死亡人數增多，但在截至1月4日的一周，住院人數卻減少，不清楚是否民眾因為節假日而沒到醫院看病。CDC估計，全國今年迄今有970萬人感染上流感，其中主要是B型流感和維多利亞流感病毒。通常兒童易於染上B型流感，A型流感是在老年人中常見。但今年的流感季有多嚴重和持續多久，目前判斷為時尚早。流感的症狀是發燒、喉嚨疼、渾身無力、發冷、出汗和疲勞，由於流感是常見疾病並且年年爆發，可能被認為是小病，但嚴重者可引發肺炎、支氣管炎和心臟病等。65歲以上老年人和嬰幼兒的免疫系統弱，是易於感染的高危群體；醫生建議，有流感症狀的人應待在家裡，不要上班和去公共場所，以免傳染他人。沒有症狀的人要勤洗手，避免與感染者接觸。專家表示，接種疫苗是預防流感的最佳途徑，預防針最好是儘早打，因為疫苗注射後要數周才能生效。但注射疫苗不怕晚，因為流感季還要持續較長時間，哪怕只採取部分預防措施，也可避免出現最嚴重的症狀。兒童與成年人的預防措施不同，在六個月大至八歲的兒童中，部分人應打疫苗針兩次，每次間隔四周，或是由醫生決定是否需注射兩次。但許多美國人誤以為流感疫苗不起作用，或是有副作用，今年只有半數民眾注射或準備注射疫苗。"],["topImageUrl","https://pgw.udn.com.tw/gw/photo.php?u=https://uc.udn.com.tw/photo/2020/01/11/4/7320489.jpg&s=Y&x=0&y=8&sw=1279&sh=852&exp=3600"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405"],["summary","16:302020/01/20中時電子報\n \n CTWANT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疾管署副署長莊人祥（中）表示，國內今天新增一例武漢肺炎疑似病例，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。（圖／報系資料照）\n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 今日疾管署接獲中國大陸疾病控制中心的通知，表示在18、19日確診了近140名新型冠狀病毒肺炎個案，除了武漢之外就連北京、深圳都有病例出現，另國內也新增一名疑似個案，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 目前武漢肺炎在全球有205例確診病例，在中國大陸境內就高達201例，日本、泰國、韓國都出現有確診病患，分別1名、2名、1名，而昨日國內也出現了1名傳染性肺炎通報病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，目前國內通報的疑似病例有6例，最新通報的為1歲男童，跟隨父母住在武漢，本月6日隨父母返台，在9日時出現發燒、13出現腹瀉症狀，目前已經在醫院負壓隔離房觀察治療中，據了解並沒有在華南海鮮市場的活動史，而為了進一步確定，已經採樣送驗。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 莊人祥則表示，目前武漢肺炎高達205名病例，但只有3例死亡，跟之前SARS的死亡率相比低了許多，民眾不用過度驚慌，不過為了防止病情擴大，疾管署將成立三級中央流行疫情指揮中心。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 三級中央流行疫情指揮中心將由疾管署署長擔任指揮官，讓各部會可以更容易連繫不同單位，也可以依照《傳染病防治法》徵用人力、物資，會讓應變更加有效率。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 也許您會感興趣\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 推薦閱讀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 發表意見\n \n \n \n \n \n 中時電子報對留言系統使用者發布的文字、圖片或檔案保有片面修改或移除的權利。當使用者使用本網站留言服務時，表示已詳細閱讀並完全了解，且同意配合下述規定：\n \n 請勿重覆刊登一樣的文章，或大意內容相同、類似的文章\n 請不要刊登與主題無相關之內容\n 發言涉及攻擊、侮辱、影射或其他有違社會善良風俗、社會正義、國家安全、政府法令之內容，本網站將會直接移除\n 請勿以發文、回文等方式，進行商業廣告、騷擾網友等行為，或是為特定網站、blog宣傳，一經發現，將會限制您的發言權限或者封鎖帳號\n 為避免留言系統變成發洩區和口水版，請勿轉貼新聞性文章、報導或相關連結\n 請勿提供軟體註冊碼等違反智慧財產權之資訊\n 禁止發表涉及他人隱私、含有個人對公眾人物之私評，且未經證實、未註明消息來源的網路八卦、不實謠言等\n 請確認發表或回覆的內容（圖片）未侵害到他人的著作權、商標、專利等權利；若因發表或回覆內容而產生的版權法律責任將由使用者自行承擔，不代表中時電子報的立場，請遵守相關法律規範\n \n 違反上述規定者，中時電子報有權刪除留言，或者直接封鎖帳號！請使用者在發言前，務必先閱讀留言板規則，謝謝配合。"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120003289.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","China virus cases up sharply as infection spreads"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035"],["summary","Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The majority of cases have been detected in the city of Wuhan\n \n \n \n The number of people infected with a new virus in China tripled over the weekend, with the outbreak spreading from Wuhan to other major cities.Wuhan reported 136 new cases of the respiratory illness. The capital Beijing reported two cases, while Shenzhen confirmed one.Total known infections now exceed 200, and three people have died.The sharp uptick in cases comes as millions of Chinese prepare to travel for the Lunar New Year holidays.Health officials have identified the infection, which first appeared in Wuhan in December, as being a strain of coronavirus. They say it has led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia, but much about it remains unknown. Although the outbreak is believed to have originated from a market, officials and scientists are yet to determine exactly how it has been spreading.South Korea reported its first confirmed case of the virus on Monday, following two in Thailand and one in Japan. The outbreak has revived memories of the Sars virus - also a coronavirus - that killed 774 people in the early 2000s across dozens of countries, mostly in Asia. Analysis of the genetic code of the new virus shows it is more closely related to Sars than any other human coronavirus.Experts in the UK told the BBC the number of people infected could still be far greater than official figures suggest, with estimates closer to 1,700. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n What we know about the virus\n2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans\nCoronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people\nScientists believe an animal source is \"the most likely primary source\" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred \nSigns of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties\nPeople are being advised to avoid \"unprotected\" contact with live animals, thoroughly cook meat and eggs, and avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms\nSource: World Health Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who has been infected? Authorities in Wuhan, a central Chinese city of 11 million that has been at the heart of the outbreak, on Monday said 136 new cases had been confirmed over the weekend, with a third person dying of the virus. There had previously been only 62 confirmed cases in the city. As of late Sunday, officials said 170 people in Wuhan were still being treated in hospital, including nine in critical condition. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Airports including Narita in Tokyo have been screening passengers\n \n \n \n Health officials in Beijing's Daxing district meanwhile said two people who had travelled to Wuhan were treated for pneumonia linked to the virus. In Shenzhen, a major tech hub close to Hong Kong, officials said a 66-year-old man showed symptoms of the virus following a trip to visit relatives in Wuhan. Eight others in Shenzhen have been quarantined and are under observation to determine if they have the virus. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Four cases have been confirmed abroad - all of them involving people who are either from Wuhan or have visited the city.In South Korea, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said a 35-year-old Chinese woman was suffering from a fever and respiratory problems after travelling there from Wuhan. She was put into isolation and treated at a local hospital. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The World Health Organization said it was currently not recommending restrictions on travel or trade, but was providing guidance to countries preparing for any outbreak.Airports in Singapore, Hong Kong and the Japanese capital Tokyo have been screening air passengers from Wuhan, and US authorities last week announced similar measures at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.What are the Chinese authorities saying?How China is responding to the outbreak is under close scrutiny, given that it was widely criticised for initially covering up the Sars crisis in late 2002 and early 2003. On Monday, Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time publicly addressed the outbreak, saying that the virus must be \"resolutely contained\".The foreign ministry, meanwhile, said China was providing \"timely information about the disease\" and would \"work with all parties to deal with the virus\". State media has been urging citizens not to panic and on Sunday the National Health Commission said the virus was \"still preventable and controllable\" although close monitoring was needed. It said there had been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another, but that it had instead crossed the species barrier and come from infected animals at a seafood and wildlife market in Wuhan.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Health officials have been analysing the seafood market where they believe the virus originated\n \n \n \n However the WHO said it believed there had been \"some limited human-to-human transmission occurring between close contacts\".\"As more… cases are identified and more analysis undertaken, we will get a clearer picture of disease severity and transmission patterns,\" it wrote on Twitter. It noted that the rise in cases in China was a result of \"increased searching and testing for [the virus] among people sick with respiratory illness\". \n \n Media playback is unsupported on your device\n \n \n \n Media captionCoronavirus feared to have infected more than initially thought according to scientists\nWhat impact could Lunar New Year have?From Friday, most Chinese will begin their week-long Lunar New Year holidays.It's a time when hundreds of millions travel around China to visit family, raising fears that authorities will not be able to adequately monitor further spread of the disease.Wuhan is a transport hub and authorities there have for nearly a week been using temperature scanners at airports, and train and bus stations. Those showing signs of fever have been registered, given masks and taken to hospitals and clinics.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Chinese companies shut down for Lunar New Year, with hundreds of millions of people travelling\n \n \n \n Authorities say they will now also be screening everyone leaving the city.At Beijing's central railway station, some travellers donned masks but did not appear overly concerned about the virus.\"Watching the news, I do feel a little worried. But I haven't taken precautionary measures beyond wearing regular masks,\" Li Yang, a 28-year-old account manager travelling to the region of Inner Mongolia, told the AFP news agency. But the tone in Chinese social media, where the outbreak has been a top trending topic, was different. \"Who knows how many people who have been to Wuhan may be unaware that they have already been infected?\" one Weibo user said.What is your question about coronavirus in China?Use the form below to submit your question:\n \n \n \n Sign me up for your newsletter!Please don't publish my nameMade with Hearken\n \n\nIf you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/EDE0/production/_110569806_9ac4763d-4c70-4d9e-aeb9-8b1358e0914c.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405"],["summary","因應大陸武漢肺炎加劇，疾管署今天緊急成立中央指揮中心，並將通報定義擴大，從原本武漢來台，擴大到全大陸來台者，若有出現肺炎症狀，通通都要通報，就可依法隔離檢驗。且即起，也將針對中、港、澳發放中英文對照的衛教單張。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 中國大陸武漢「新型冠狀病毒」2日內暴增140例，首度跨出武漢，包含北京、深圳也淪陷；國際間，南韓也確診1境外移入中國籍病例，成為繼日本、泰國後的第三國，全球目前累計達205例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，由於評估大陸疫情有明顯社區傳播與擴大現象，因此成立「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎中央流行疫情指揮中心」，由署長周志浩擔任指揮官，今天召開專家會議。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 副院長陳其邁也到場聆聽簡報，並指示各部會務必迅速到位並全力協助衛福部防疫，包括落實國際機場、小三通港埠檢疫措施；加強民眾之風險溝通與衛教宣導；確保防疫物資整備，以防供應短缺或哄抬之相關假訊息發生，降低民眾恐慌；針對醫療院所感染管制預作規劃、演練等，減少疫情對國內衝擊。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 今天第一次專家會議，針對特殊嚴重傳染性肺炎通報對象，莊人祥表示，專家建議擴大為具中國大陸旅遊史，不在局限武漢，且具有肺炎者，均列入通報，以加寬監視範圍，及早發現疑似病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 此外，登機檢疫部分，維持武漢直航班機，但將新增針對中、港、澳入境飛機會發放中英文對照的衛教單張，請旅客有任何疾病，需和檢疫人員說明，旅客有旅遊史，儘早告知，並後送。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 台灣兒童感染症醫學會理事長李秉穎表示，目前病例突然暴增現象來看，並非急速擴散，而是之前的病例沒有被診斷出來，與大陸改用更敏感方式有關。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 春節要來了，兩岸往返，各界擔心台灣是否出現確診個案，李秉穎表示，定義加嚴，加強機場檢疫，有信心即使有病例進來，也可以即時掌握。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120004299.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Chinese virus: How worried should we be?"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366"],["summary","Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The outbreak occurred in the city of Wuhan, south of Beijing\n \n \n \n A virus - previously unknown to science - is causing severe lung disease in the Chinese city of Wuhan and has been detected in two other countries.Three people are known to have died from the virus, which appeared in the city in December.There are more than two hundred confirmed cases of the virus, but UK experts estimate the figure is closer to 1,700.A new virus arriving on the scene, leaving patients with pneumonia, is always a worry and health officials around the world are on high alert.But is this a brief here-today-gone-tomorrow outbreak or the first sign of something far more dangerous?What is this virus?Viral samples have been taken from patients and analysed in the laboratory.And officials in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have concluded the infection is a coronavirus.Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is caused by a coronavirus, killed 774 of the 8,098 people infected in an outbreak that started in China in 2002.\"There is a strong memory of Sars, that's where a lot of fear comes from, but we're a lot more prepared to deal with those types of diseases,\" says Dr Josie Golding, from the Wellcome Trust.Is it serious? Coronaviruses can cause symptoms ranging from a mild cold all the way through to death.This new virus appears to be somewhere in the middle.\"When we see a new coronavirus, we want to know how severe are the symptoms - this is more than cold-like symptoms and that is a concern but it is not as severe as Sars,\" says Prof Mark Woolhouse, from the University of Edinburgh.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n There were six coronaviruses known to infect people.\n \n \n \n Where has it come from?New viruses are detected all the time. They jump from one species, where they went unnoticed, into humans.\"If we think about outbreaks in the past, if it is a new coronavirus, it will have come from an animal reservoir,\" says Prof Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. Sars jumped from the civet cat into humans. And Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed 858 out of the 2,494 recorded cases since it emerged in 2012, regularly makes the jump from the dromedary camel.Which animal?Once the animal reservoir where the virus normally camps out is detected, the problem becomes much easier to deal with. The cases have been linked to the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, in Wuhan. But while some sea-going mammals can carry coronaviruses (such as the Beluga whale), the market also has live wild animals, including chickens, bats, rabbits, snakes, which are more likely to be the source. Why China?Prof Woolhouse says it is because of the size and density of the population and close contact with animals harbouring viruses. \"No-one is surprised the next outbreak is in China or that part of the world,\" he says.\n \n How easily does it spread?Chinese officials say there have been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another.At present, the WHO and Wuhan health authorities have not concluded that the virus can be passed from person-to-person.This is a major concern with new viruses that infect the lungs, as coughs and sneezes are a highly effective way for a virus to spread.If it was going person-to-person, then you would expect cases in healthcare workers as they come into close contact with sick patients. However, some experts have cautioned it may be too soon to rule out human-to-human transmission.Prof Woolhouse says: \"I'm cautious rather than sceptical, it is early too tell - most coronaviruses are actually transmissible and that would be my initial concern.\"How fast is it spreading?The outbreak was thought to be limited, but new cases have been reported since it started in December. While the outbreak is centred on Wuhan, there have been two cases in Thailand, one in Japan and another in South Korea. Those people travelled from Wuhan recently.Experts say there could be more cases going undetected. A report by the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London suggested there could be more than 1,700 infections.\"It is likely that the Wuhan outbreak of a novel coronavirus has caused substantially more cases of moderate or severe respiratory illness than currently reported,\" said the report.There are concerns that the virus could be spread by the hundreds of millions of people travelling for Chinese New Year later this month.Singapore and Hong Kong have been screening air passengers from Wuhan and US authorities announced similar measures starting on Friday at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.How have Chinese authorities responded? \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Temperature screening can help identify people who have been infected\n \n \n \n Infected people have been treated in isolation to minimise the risk of the bug spreading. Extra checks such as temperature scans have been put in place to screen travellers. And the seafood market was closed for cleaning and disinfection.The US and most Asian countries have stepped up screenings of travellers from Wuhan and the WHO has warned hospitals worldwide that a wider outbreak is possible.How worried are the experts?Dr Golding says: \"At the moment, until we have more information, it's really hard to know how worried we should be.\"Until we have confirmation of the source, that's always going to make us uneasy.\"Prof Ball says: \"We should be worried about any virus that explores humans for the first time, because it's overcome the first major barrier.\"Once inside a [human] cell and replicating, it can start to generate mutations that could allow it to spread more efficiently and become more dangerous. \"You don't want to give the virus the opportunity.\""],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/11751/production/_110450517_gettyimages-1076618282.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405"],["summary","過年在即，被傳染感冒是一件很討厭的事，《日刊現代》請教日本內科醫師後，匯整出「絕對不感冒防衛術」，發現原則上只要掌握「二要二不要」的觀念，不用花大錢買太多保健食品，就能讓感冒病菌遠離自己。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 在「絕對不感冒的防衛術」中，提到「二要二不要」觀念，主要是指一：「不要」碰觸被傳染者碰到的東西；二：「不要」碰觸飛沬飛散得到的一兩公尺內；三「要」戴口罩；「四」要勤洗手。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 報導中提到，戴口罩的好處不只在於防止飛沬侵入口鼻，還可以防止吃進病菌。根據澳洲新南威爾斯大學研究，一般人一個小時會無意識的摸臉2、3次，當中摸到嘴巴的時間約2秒、鼻子眼睛約1秒，戴口罩可以降低這類途徑的感染風險！\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 其次，要常洗手，若一天洗手超過11次，感冒機會降低一半。假設人一天睡8小時，有24小時會到處活動，以一個半小時徹底洗一次手辛算的話，一天至少要洗11次。洗手後儘量使用一次性的衛生紙擦乾水份，家族共用的手巾或手巾容易滋生細菌要小心。\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 另外，房間溫度設定攝氏22度、濕度50～60％，可降低病毒活動力。最後，據京都大學研究實驗顯示，外出時常潄口的人比不常潄口的人，更不容易感冒。若是不方便潄口，可以嚼無糖口香糖保護喉頭。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2019-12-12/900/20191212001455.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病 - 全球財經"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv"],["summary","針對大陸武漢市近日爆發由「2019新型冠狀病毒」引發的肺炎疫情，武漢市衛生健康委員會（簡稱武漢衛健委）15日凌晨通報，發現一對夫婦先後發病，屬「家庭聚集性」病例，不能排除有限人傳人的可能，但持續人傳人的風險較低。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委指出，在目前確診的41宗病例中，發現一宗屬「家庭聚集性」病例，夫妻兩人發病，丈夫先發病，為華南海鮮批發市場從業人員，妻子則否認曾出現在華南海鮮批發市場。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 由於世界衛生組織（WHO）14日認為該病毒可能有限度的人傳人。疾管署15日宣布，將「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」列為法定傳染病，醫療院所若發現可疑個案，須在24小時內通報、隔離，否則最重可開罰200萬元。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 疾管署說明，「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」目前是指「2019新型冠狀病毒」在大陸武漢引發的肺炎，而新增法定傳染病有利防疫系統快速反應，未來若再出現其他不明原因肺炎，都可依「傳染病防治法」，要求各級醫療院所必須在24小時內通報疑似病例，疑似病例也要依法隔離於醫院，避免傳染給其他人。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，疾管署說，稍早發布符合「武漢旅遊史之發燒肺炎病例」通報定義的2名「檢驗中」個案，檢驗結果出爐，一名為流感與新型冠狀病毒、皆陰性，另一名為H1N1流感病毒陽性，因此皆排除；至今通報9例疑似案例，也均已排除。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 據武漢衛健委官網顯示，2020年1月13至14日，台灣、香港與澳門專家團隊到武漢市針對疫情防控、醫療診治、病原檢測等進行全面考察，也訪察金銀潭醫院。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 香港信報15日報導，代表團成員之一、香港衛生防護中心傳染病處主任張竹君15日表示，從病患前往街市的時間點推斷，病毒潛伏期大概是兩周以內，香港政府已在全部口岸加強體溫檢測與抽查措施，更特別為由武漢直接返港的旅客增加額外監測措施。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，武漢衛健委14日晚間通報，當地無新增新型冠狀病毒感染的病例，累計報告病例41宗，7人已治癒出院，6人在治重症，1人死亡，其餘患者病情穩定，正接受隔離治療。當地累計追蹤密切接觸者763人，已解除醫學觀察187人；密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例 - 兩岸"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv"],["summary","武漢市衛生健康委員會20日清晨通報，關於新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎情況，迄2020年1月18日0-24時，治癒出院5例，新增病例59例，死亡1例；1月19日0-22時，治癒出院1例，新增病例77例。截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委表示，武漢市在不斷規範各級各類醫療機構預檢分診和發熱門診運行的基礎上，按照新修訂的新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案，進一步加大了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疑似病例篩查力度，同時進一步完善檢測方案，優化檢測流程，加快了檢測速度。大陸國家、省市專家組結合臨床表現、流行病學史和病原學檢測結果進行綜合研判，1月18日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例59例，1月19日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例77例，兩日共新確診病例136例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 136例患者中，男性66例、女性70例；年齡最小的25歲，年齡最大的89歲；發病日期均在2020年1月18日前；首發症狀大多為發熱、咳嗽或胸悶、呼吸困難。根據新修訂的診療方案，患者病情按照輕、重和危重進行分類，其中輕症100例、重症33例、危重症3例（其中死亡1例）。新增病例相關流行病學調查正在深入進行，其密切接觸者也在追蹤中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。目前仍在院治療170例，其中輕症126例、重症35例、危重症9例，均在武漢市定點醫療機構接受隔離治療。累計追蹤密切接觸者 817人，已解除醫學觀察727人，尚在接受醫學觀察90人，密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。將繼續對新發現的疑似病例及時進行採樣檢測。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 冬春季是呼吸道傳染病高發季節，也是病毒性肺炎的高發時期。專家提示，民眾要注意防寒保暖、室內通風和個人衛生，加強體育鍛煉，保持清淡飲食，避免到人群密集場所活動。有咳嗽、噴嚏時戴口罩或用紙巾、衣物遮擋口鼻以減少病菌傳播。密切關注發熱、咳嗽等症狀，出現此類症狀應及時就近就醫。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["summary","根據衛福部資料顯示，1月初接獲中國大陸通知，武漢肺炎病原體初步判定為新型冠狀病毒，已完成病毒全長基因定序，電子顯微鏡下亦呈典型冠狀病毒型態，該病毒不同於以往發現的人類冠狀病毒。冠狀病毒(CoV)為一群有外套膜之RNA病毒，外表為圓形，在電子顯微鏡下可看到類似皇冠的突起因此得名。除已知會感染人類的六種冠狀病毒以外，其他的動物宿主包括蝙蝠、豬、牛、火雞、貓、狗、雪貂等。並有零星的跨物種傳播報告。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 2002~2003年在東亞造成恐慌的SARS（嚴重急性呼吸道症候群）就屬於冠狀病毒，當時中國8098名感染者中有774人死亡。對於武漢肺炎病毒的分析顯示，它與SARS病毒之間的相似程度，比其他會感染人類的冠狀病毒都還要更高，屬於SARS病毒親戚。亞東醫院內科部副主任暨感染管制中心主任廖俊星醫師表示，目前武漢新型冠狀病毒的資料尚不清楚，所以無法得知具體危害與如何預防，但以冠狀病毒來說，最值得觀察的重點是有沒有「人傳人」的可能性。根據目前感染的患者來說，例如泰國新增案例就完全沒有接近武漢華南海鮮市場，所以目前不排除新型冠狀病毒有人傳人的可能性。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 廖俊星醫師說，這類冠狀病毒僅能依症狀治療，並沒有藥物可解，過去SARS疫情也是依靠避免傳染、症狀治療患者來阻止疫情擴大，再逐漸減少患者人數，最終才控制住傳染疫情，因此，針對冠狀病毒最好的預防方式就是做好自我保護，包括出入公共場合要戴口罩、勤洗手，若有發燒等症狀也要趕緊就醫。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新聞強力放送武漢肺炎..不知有沒有同等地報導美國呢？\n\n大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65%\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323\n\n國內已有6起經通報的疑似病例！武漢肺炎已擴散至臺灣？！\n（新聞）國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 \nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405\n從武漢開始之類 Sars 冠狀病毒感染案例已擴散至北京等主要都市。\nNew China virus: Number of cases jumps as infection spreads to Beijing\nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035\n防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405\nChinese virus: How worried should we be? \nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366\n「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405\n武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv　　\n新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv　　\n武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["id","2957s8142u923"],["createdAt","2020-01-21T17:51:21.645Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_GMLPzGmTJ9e0AN3Hx5O5zdgJJAUXHno2UdfzS2TfVQU"],["name","興奮的新屋耶呼弟"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","List of Firmware & Driver Updates for KRACK WPA2 Vulnerability"],["url","https://goo.gl/KfNKCk"],["summary","As many people have read or will soon read, there is a vulnerability in the WPA2 wireless protocol called Krack that could allow attackers to eavesdrop on wireless connections and inject data into the wireless stream in order to install malware or modify web pages.\nTo protect yourself, many WiFi product vendors will be releasing updated firmware and drivers for their products. It is strongly suggested that users update their hardware as soon as a update is available in order to protect themselves. This includes router firmware and wireless network card drivers.\nTo help with this, I have created a list of known information regarding various WiFi vendors and whether new drivers are available. As this vulnerability is fairly new, there is little information available, I advise you to check this page throughout the coming days to see if new information is available. This page includes information resulting from contacting of vendors, CERT's informative page, and other sources.\nLast Updated: 10/20/17 14:35 EST\nCompanies with available information:\nADTRAN\nADTRAN posted in their forums that they are performing an investigation and will send out a security notice to all signed up users with details. A security advisory was sent out on 10/18/17 to customers that basically reiterates the same information.\nAerohive Networks\nAerohive has released an advisory explaining under what circumstances their products are vulnerable to KRACK. They also included information on what HiveOS upgrades mitigate this attack,\nArch Linux\nArch has pushed out updates for wpa_supplicant and hostapd. Patches can be found here and here.\nAmazon\nAn Amazon Spokesperson responded to our inquiry with \"We are in the process of reviewing which of our devices may contain this vulnerability and will be issuing patches where needed.\".\nApple\nToday, October 31st, Apple has released updates for all of their core operating systems that included fixes for the KRACK vulns.\nAruba Networks\nPatch information can be found here & here. A FAQ was posted as well.\nArris\nAn Arris spokesperson told BleepingComputer:\n\nARRIS is committed to the security of our devices and safeguarding the millions of subscribers who use them. The KRACK flaw affects the WPA2 protocol itself and is not specific to any device or manufacturer. There is no current evidence of malicious exploits. \nARRIS is evaluating our full Wi-Fi portfolio and will release any required firmware updates as quickly as possible. \n\nAsus\nAsus has released information (see bottom of the page) and working with chipset suppliers to patch the vulns and will release an update as soon as its ready.\nAVM\nAVM has a advisory posted regarding the KRACK vuln. According to AVM \"FRITZ!Boxes on broadband connections are currently not affected by the wireless security breach known as \"Krack\", as such access points do not use the affected 802.11r standard.\". They also do not seem to be happy regarding the way the disclosure was handled.\nBarracuda Networks\nBarracuda posted an advisory that lists affected products and contains links on hotfixes to resolve the KRACK vulns.\nBelkin, Linksys, and Wemo\n\nBleepingComputer received a response from Belkin that states:\n\"Belkin Linksys, and Wemo are aware of the WPA vulnerability. Our security teams are verifying details and we will advise accordingly. Also know that we are committed to putting the customer first and are planning to post instructions on our security advisory page on what customers can do to update their products, if and when required.”\nCisco\n\nCisco has released an advisory that discusses the vulnerability in relation to their product and a list of products that are vulnerable. Cisco has stated that IOS and driver updates are being developed and will be released. Cisco product users are advised to check the advisory often for future updates.\nDD-WRT\nA beta version of DD-WRT is on their FTP Site. At the time of this writing, the latest firmware is in a folder named 10-17-2017-r33525.\nDebian\nDebian posted an advisory to the Debian Security Announce mailing list with information on updates that resolve the Krack vulnerability.\nDell\nDell has posted an advisory that lists all products that are NOT affected by the KRACK vulns. More information about affected products will be added to the advisory soon.\nD-Link\nD-Link has posted an advisory stating that they are waiting for patches from the chipset manufacturers. They further accurately state that \"For consumers users, your priority should be updating devices such as laptops and smartphones.\".\nDrayTek\nDrayTek has posted an advisory detailing what products are affected by KRACK and stating that updates will be available next week.\nEdimax\nEdimax posted an advisory stating:\nThis vulnerability will require collaborative firmware patches from relevant manufacturers. Edimax is requesting assistance from them and is working diligently for the firmware fix. It will be published on Edimax website as soon as it becomes available.\neero\neero released an advisory that states that they have rolled out eeroOS version 3.5, which mitigates the KRACK vulns.\nEnGenius\nEnGenius has posted an advisory with some information about the attack. I was told by an EnGenius spokesperson that they are \"working on security patches and will release updates to its firmware by the end of October\".\nEspressif\nEspressif has released updates for ESP-IDF, ESP8266 RTOS SDK, & ESP8266 NONOS SDK on their Github page.\nExtreme Networks\nExtreme Networks released an advisory and stated hotfixes for the KRACK vulns will be released starting on October 20th.\nF5 Networks\nAccording to a released advisory, F5 Networks products are not affected by KRACK.\nFedora\nFedora has a Fedora 25 update available for testing. The Fedora 26 and Fedora 27 udpates are pending to be added to the Stable release.\nFreeBSD\nAccording to CERT, FreeBSD is aware of the vulnerability and users should either join their FreeBSD-Announce mailing list or monitor their Security Information page.\nFortinet\nAccording to this document, the FortiAP 5.6.1 release fixed the KRACK vulns.\nGoogle\nAndroid 6.0 and higher are currently vulnerable to this attack. When BleepingComputer contacted Google, their statement was \"We're aware of the issue, and we will be patching any affected devices in the coming weeks\". No information is available as of yet regarding Google WiFi.\nIntel\nIntel has released an advisory, which includes links to updated drivers.\nKisslink\nKisslink has told BleepingComputer that as their products are protected via their Promximity technology and thus are not using WPA2 or affected by its bugs.\nLede\nUpdated packages for hostapd-common - 2016-12-19-ad02e79d-5, wpad - 2016-12-19-ad02e79d-5, and wpad-mini - 2016-12-19-ad02e79d-5 are available on Ledge. You can check for update availability via the opkg list-upgradable command and upgrade using opkg update command.\nUpdate 10/18/17: LEDE released the 17.01.4 service release to resolve the KRACK bugs and other issues.\nLineageOS\nLineageOS has had patches merged to prevent the Krak vulns.\nLinux\nAccording to the vulnerability release, \"Our attack is especially catastrophic against version 2.4 and above of wpa_supplicant, a Wi-Fi client commonly used on Linux.\". Patches can be found here.\nMeraki\nUpdates have been released for Cisco Meraki that resolve the KRACK vuln. More info can be found in this advisory: 802.11r Vulnerability (CVE: 2017-13082) FAQ.\nMicrochip Technology\nMicrochip has posted an advisory with available updates.\nMicrosoft\nMicrosoft quietly fixed the KRACK vulns in the October 10th Patch Tuesday. \nMikroTik\nAccording to MikroTik: \"RouterOS v6.39.3, v6.40.4, v6.41rc are not affected! AP mode devices are not affected. All implemented fixes refer only to station and WDS modes.\". They further stated that firmware versions were released last week to fix this vulnerability.\nNetgear\nNetgear has released an advisory that contains a list of products affected by KRACK and associated updates. \nNest\nStated that patches will be rolled out next week. These will autoupdate and will not require user intervention.\n\nOpenBSD\nOpenBSD was provided a patch that was used to silently update and fix this vulnerability. More information can be read here and here.\nOpen-Mesh & CloudTrax\nAn advisory was posted for Open-Mesh & CloudTrax regarding the Krack vuln. An update is expected to be delivered to all of those that use automatic updates by the end over October 17th. More info at the advisory.\nPeplink\nPeplink has issued an advisory stating that users of the Wi-Fi as WAN functionality are vulnerable to this attack. To temporarily fix this issue, users can disable this feature and wait for an updated firmware to be released.\npfSense\npfSense, which is based off of FreeBSD, has opened an issue to import FreeBSD's fix. \nQualcomm\nA Qualcomm spokesperson has told BleepingComputer:\n\"Providing technologies that support robust security and privacy is a priority for Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (QTI). We have been working with industry partners to identify and address all implementations of the open source security issue involving WPA packet number reuse within Qualcomm-powered products. Patches for these issues are available now on the Code Aurora Forum and through other distribution channels, with additional patches posted as soon as they are verified through our quality assurance process\"\nRed Hat\nRed Hat has generated an advisory regarding the vulnerability in wpa_supplicant. No further information available.\nRaspberry Pi\nAs this uses wpa_supplicant, you need to update to the latest packages. Use sudo apt update followed by sudo apt upgrade to install a patched wpa_supplicant.\nRuckus Wireless\nRuckus Wireless has posted a security advisory that states that disabling 802.11r will mitigate CVE-2017-13082. Security patches for affected devices will be released as soon as they become available.\nSierra Wireless\nSierra Wireless posted a technical bulletin on affected products and remediation plans. Link from CERT.\nSonicwall\nSonicwall has released an advisory that states that they are not vulnerable:\n\nSonicWall Capture Labs has evaluated these vulnerabilities and determined that our SonicPoint and SonicWave wireless access points, as well as our TZ and SOHO Wireless firewalls, are not vulnerable to the flaws in WPA2.\nSonicWall is working on a solution to provide an additional layer of protection for SonicWall customers that will block these man-in-the-middle attacks even from vulnerable unpatched clients. This will be delivered in a future SonicOS update. \n\nSophos\nSophos has released an advisory stating that the Sophos UTM Wireless, Sophos Firewall Wireless, Sophos Central Wireless, and Cyberoam Wireless products are affected by the Krack vulnerability. Updates for these products will be released soon.\nSynology\nSynology posted an advisory that indicates Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) with attached WiFi dongle and Synology Router Manager (SRM) are vulnerable to Krack. According to Synology, updates for affected products will be released soon.\nTanaza\nTanaza has reached out to BleepingComputer to advise that their v2.15.2 firmware contains a patch for KRACK.\nToshiba\nAccording to CERT, Toshiba's SureMark 4610 Printer (Models 1NR, 2CR, 2NR) with Wireless Lan Adapter & Canvio AeroMobile Wireless SSD product are affected. Toshiba will be contacting owners and business partners directly in regards to the printer and a firmware update will be released for the wireless SSD card.\nTP-Link\nWhen I contacted TP-Link tech support, I was told \"Our seniors are keeping an eye on this issue. Currently we haven't received any feedback that TP-Link product is affected by that. We will offer an update on our official website once we have any new info.\"\nOn October 18, TP-Link issued the following statement with details on affected products.\nTurris Omnia\nTurris, which uses OpenWRT, posted in their forums that a patch was added to their repository that they are going to test and release a fix. Hopefully, this will lead to OpenWRT releasing an update soon as well.\nUbiquiti (UniFi, AmpliFi, airMax)\nUbiquiti have posted an advisory that provides details on what UniFi, AmpliFi, and airMax products are affected by the KRACK vulnerability. This advisory also provides links to the updates that resolve this attack.\nIt should be noted that the 802.11r (Fast Roaming) beta feature is still vulnerable and it is advised that it be disabled until a future update resolves the issue.\nUbuntu\nUbuntu has released an advisory with information on how to update wpa_supplicant and hostapd in order to resolve this vulnerability.\nWatchGuard\nWatchGuard has issued an advisory outlining when updates are going to be available for their various products and services.\nWiFi Alliance Announcement\nThe WiFi Alliance released an announcement regarding the KRACK vulns, what products are affected, and how to mitigate the issues. New version of Xirrus AOS will be released by October 30th 2017.\nXirrus/Riverbed\nXirrus/Riverbed have posted an advisory \nZyxel\nZyxel has created a page that details what products are affected. While they are working to fix the vulnerability, there are no updated drivers and firmware available.\nCompanies claimed to be not affected by Krack:\nArista Networks, Inc.\nLenovo\nVmware\nCompanies with no available information:\n3com Inc\nActiontec\nAlcatel-Lucent\nAsusTek Computer Inc.\nAtheros Communications, Inc.\nBroadcom\nCentOS\nEMC Corporation\nExtreme Networks\nF5 Networks, Inc.\nFoundry Brocade\nHewlett Packard Enterprise\nIBM, INC.\nKyocera Communications\nMarvell Semiconductor\nMediaTek"],["topImageUrl","https://www.bleepstatic.com/content/hl-images/2017/10/16/KRACK.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","KRACK Attacks: Breaking WPA2"],["url","https://www.krackattacks.com/"],["summary","Introduction\n\t\tWe discovered serious weaknesses in WPA2, a protocol that secures all modern protected Wi-Fi networks.\n\t\tAn attacker within range of a victim can exploit these weaknesses using key reinstallation attacks (KRACKs).\n\t\tConcretely, attackers can use this novel attack technique to read information that was previously assumed to be safely encrypted.\t\n\t\tThis can be abused to steal sensitive information such as credit card numbers, passwords, chat messages, emails, photos, and so on.\n\t\tThe attack works against all modern protected Wi-Fi networks.\n\t\tDepending on the network configuration, it is also possible to inject and manipulate data.\n\t\tFor example, an attacker might be able to inject ransomware or other malware into websites.\n\t\t\n\t\tThe weaknesses are in the Wi-Fi standard itself, and not in individual products or implementations.\n\t\tTherefore, any correct implementation of WPA2 is likely affected.\n\t\tTo prevent the attack, users must update affected products as soon as security updates become available.\n\t\tNote that if your device supports Wi-Fi, it is most likely affected.\n\t\tDuring our initial research, we discovered ourselves that Android, Linux, Apple, Windows, OpenBSD, MediaTek, Linksys, and others, are all affected by some variant of the attacks.\n\t\tFor more information about specific products, consult the database of CERT/CC, or contact your vendor.\n\t\t\n\t\tThe research behind the attack will be presented at the Computer and Communications Security (CCS) conference, and at the Black Hat Europe conference. Our detailed research paper can already be downloaded.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n Demonstration\n\t\tAs a proof-of-concept we executed a key reinstallation attack against an Android smartphone.\n\t\t\tIn this demonstration, the attacker is able to decrypt all data that the victim transmits.\n\t\t\tFor an attacker this is easy to accomplish, because our key reinstallation attack is exceptionally devastating against Linux and Android 6.0 or higher.\n\t\t\tThis is because Android and Linux can be tricked into (re)installing an all-zero encryption key (see below for more info).\n\t\t\tWhen attacking other devices, it is harder to decrypt all packets, although a large number of packets can nevertheless be decrypted.\n\t\t\tIn any case, the following demonstration highlights the type of information that an attacker can obtain when performing key reinstallation attacks against protected Wi-Fi networks:\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\tOur attack is not limited to recovering login credentials (i.e. e-mail addresses and passwords).\n\t\t\tIn general, any data or information that the victim transmits can be decrypted. Additionally, depending on the device being used and the network setup, it is also possible to decrypt data sent towards the victim (e.g. the content of a website).\n\t\t\tAlthough websites or apps may use HTTPS as an additional layer of protection, we warn that this extra protection can (still) be bypassed in a worrying number of situations.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFor example, HTTPS was previously bypassed in non-browser software,\n\t\t\tin Apple's iOS and OS X,\n\t\t\tin Android apps,\n\t\t\tin Android apps again,\n\t\t\tin banking apps,\n\t\t\tand even in VPN apps.\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tDetails\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\tOur main attack is against the 4-way handshake of the WPA2 protocol.\n\t\t\tThis handshake is executed when a client wants to join a protected Wi-Fi network, and is used to confirm that both the client and access point possess the correct credentials (e.g. the pre-shared password of the network).\n\t\t\tAt the same time, the 4-way handshake also negotiates a fresh encryption key that will be used to encrypt all subsequent traffic.\n\t\t\tCurrently, all modern protected Wi-Fi networks use the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tThis implies all these networks are affected by (some variant of) our attack.\n\t\t\tFor instance, the attack works against personal and enterprise Wi-Fi networks, against the older WPA and the latest WPA2 standard, and even against networks that only use AES.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAll our attacks against WPA2 use a novel technique called a key reinstallation attack (KRACK):\n\t\t\n\t\t\tKey reinstallation attacks: high level description\n\t\t\tIn a key reinstallation attack, the adversary tricks a victim into reinstalling an already-in-use key.\n\t\t\tThis is achieved by manipulating and replaying cryptographic handshake messages.\n\t\t\tWhen the victim reinstalls the key, associated parameters such as the incremental transmit packet number (i.e. nonce) and receive packet number (i.e. replay counter) are reset to their initial value.\n\t\t\tEssentially, to guarantee security, a key should only be installed and used once.\n\t\t\tUnfortunately, we found this is not guaranteed by the WPA2 protocol.\n\t\t\tBy manipulating cryptographic handshakes, we can abuse this weakness in practice.\n\t\t\n\t\t\tKey reinstallation attacks: concrete example against the 4-way handshake\n\t\t\tAs described in the introduction of the research paper, the idea behind a key reinstallation attack can be summarized as follows.\n\t\t\tWhen a client joins a network, it executes the 4-way handshake to negotiate a fresh encryption key.\n\t\t\tIt will install this key after receiving message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tOnce the key is installed, it will be used to encrypt normal data frames using an encryption protocol.\n\t\t\tHowever, because messages may be lost or dropped, the Access Point (AP) will retransmit message 3 if it did not receive an appropriate response as acknowledgment.\n\t\t\tAs a result, the client may receive message 3 multiple times.\n\t\t\tEach time it receives this message, it will reinstall the same encryption key, and thereby reset the incremental transmit packet number (nonce) and receive replay counter used by the encryption protocol.\n\t\t\tWe show that an attacker can force these nonce resets by collecting and replaying retransmissions of message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tBy forcing nonce reuse in this manner, the encryption protocol can be attacked, e.g., packets can be replayed, decrypted, and/or forged.\n\t\t\tThe same technique can also be used to attack the group key, PeerKey, TDLS, and fast BSS transition handshake.\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tPractical impact\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn our opinion, the most widespread and practically impactful attack is the key reinstallation attack against the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tWe base this judgement on two observations.\n\t\t\tFirst, during our own research we found that most clients were affected by it.\n\t\t\tSecond, adversaries can use this attack to decrypt packets sent by clients, allowing them to intercept sensitive information such as passwords or cookies.\n\t\t\tDecryption of packets is possible because a key reinstallation attack causes the transmit nonces (sometimes also called packet numbers or initialization vectors) to be reset to their initial value.\n\t\t\tAs a result, the same encryption key is used with nonce values that have already been used in the past.\n\t\t\tIn turn, this causes all encryption protocols of WPA2 to reuse keystream when encrypting packets.\n\t\t\tIn case a message that reuses keystream has known content, it becomes trivial to derive the used keystream.\n\t\t\tThis keystream can then be used to decrypt messages with the same nonce.\n\t\t\tWhen there is no known content, it is harder to decrypt packets, although still possible in several cases (e.g. English text can still be decrypted).\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn practice, finding packets with known content is not a problem, so it should be assumed that any packet can be decrypted.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ability to decrypt packets can be used to decrypt TCP SYN packets.\n\t\t\tThis allows an adversary to obtain the TCP sequence numbers of a connection, and hijack TCP connections.\n\t\t\tAs a result, even though WPA2 is used, the adversary can now perform one of the most common attacks against open Wi-Fi networks: injecting malicious data into unencrypted HTTP connections.\n\t\t\tFor example, an attacker can abuse this to inject ransomware or malware into websites that the victim is visiting.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIf the victim uses either the WPA-TKIP or GCMP encryption protocol, instead of AES-CCMP, the impact is especially catastrophic.\n\t\t\tAgainst these encryption protocols, nonce reuse enables an adversary to not only decrypt, but also to forge and inject packets.\n\t\t\tMoreover, because GCMP uses the same authentication key in both communication directions, and this key can be recovered if nonces are reused, it is especially affected.\n\t\t\tNote that support for GCMP is currently being rolled out under the name Wireless Gigabit (WiGig), and is expected to be adopted at a high rate over the next few years.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe direction in which packets can be decrypted (and possibly forged) depends on the handshake being attacked.\n\t\t\tSimplified, when attacking the 4-way handshake, we can decrypt (and forge) packets sent by the client.\n\t\t\tWhen attacking the Fast BSS Transition (FT) handshake, we can decrypt (and forge) packets sent towards the client.\n\t\t\tFinally, most of our attacks also allow the replay of unicast, broadcast, and multicast frames.\n\t\t\tFor further details, see Section 6 of our research paper.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNote that our attacks do not recover the password of the Wi-Fi network. They also do not recover (any parts of) the fresh encryption key that is negotiated during the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndroid and Linux\n\n\t\t\tOur attack is especially catastrophic against version 2.4 and above of wpa_supplicant, a Wi-Fi client commonly used on Linux.\n\t\t\tHere, the client will install an all-zero encryption key instead of reinstalling the real key.\n\t\t\tThis vulnerability appears to be caused by a remark in the Wi-Fi standard that suggests to clear the encryption key from memory once it has been installed for the first time.\n\t\t\tWhen the client now receives a retransmitted message 3 of the 4-way handshake, it will reinstall the now-cleared encryption key, effectively installing an all-zero key.\n\t\t\tBecause Android uses wpa_supplicant, Android 6.0 and above also contains this vulnerability.\n\t\t\tThis makes it trivial to intercept and manipulate traffic sent by these Linux and Android devices.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNote that currently 50% of Android devices are vulnerable to this exceptionally devastating variant of our attack.\n\n\t\t\tAssigned CVE identifiers\n\t\t\tThe following Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) identifiers were assigned to track which products are affected by specific instantiations of our key reinstallation attack:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13077: Reinstallation of the pairwise encryption key (PTK-TK) in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13078: Reinstallation of the group key (GTK) in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13079: Reinstallation of the integrity group key (IGTK) in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13080: Reinstallation of the group key (GTK) in the group key handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13081: Reinstallation of the integrity group key (IGTK) in the group key handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13082: Accepting a retransmitted Fast BSS Transition (FT) Reassociation Request and reinstalling the pairwise encryption key (PTK-TK) while processing it.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13084: Reinstallation of the STK key in the PeerKey handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13086: reinstallation of the Tunneled Direct-Link Setup (TDLS) PeerKey (TPK) key in the TDLS handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13087: reinstallation of the group key (GTK) when processing a Wireless Network Management (WNM) Sleep Mode Response frame.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13088: reinstallation of the integrity group key (IGTK) when processing a Wireless Network Management (WNM) Sleep Mode Response frame.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNote that each CVE identifier represents a specific instantiation of a key reinstallation attack. This means each CVE ID describes a specific protocol vulnerability, and therefore many vendors are affected by each individual CVE ID. You can also read vulnerability note VU#228519 of CERT/CC for additional details on which products are known to be affected.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\tPaper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\tOur research paper behind the attack is titled Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in WPA2 and will be presented at the Computer and Communications Security (CCS) conference on Wednesday 1 November 2017.\n\n\t\tAlthough this paper is made public now, it was already submitted for review on 19 May 2017.\n\t\tAfter this, only minor changes were made.\n\t\tAs a result, the findings in the paper are already several months old.\n\t\tIn the meantime, we have found easier techniques to carry out our key reinstallation attack against the 4-way handshake.\n\t\tWith our novel attack technique, it is now trivial to exploit implementations that only accept encrypted retransmissions of message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\tIn particular this means that attacking macOS and OpenBSD is significantly easier than discussed in the paper.\n\t\t\n\t\tWe would like to highlight the following addendums and errata:\n\t\t\n\t\tAddendum: wpa_supplicant v2.6 and Android 6.0+\n\t\t\n\t\tLinux's wpa_supplicant v2.6 is also vulnerable to the installation of an all-zero encryption key in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\tThis was discovered by John A. Van Boxtel.\n\t\tAs a result, all Android versions higher than 6.0 are also affected by the attack, and hence can be tricked into installing an all-zero encryption key.\n\t\tThe new attack works by injecting a forged message 1, with the same ANonce as used in the original message 1, before forwarding the retransmitted message 3 to the victim.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\tAddendum: other vulnerable handshakes\n\t\tAfter our initial research as reported in the paper, we discovered that the TDLS handshake and WNM Sleep Mode Response frame are also vulnerable to key reinstallation attacks.\n\t\t\n\t\tSelected errata\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Figure 9 at stage 3 of the attack, the frame transmitted from the adversary to the authenticator should say \"ReassoReq(ANonce, SNonce, MIC)\" instead of \"ReassoResp(..)\".\n\t\t\tSection 3.1: figure 3 contains a simplified description of the state machine (not figure 2).\n\t\t\tSection 4.2: \"It is essential that the broadcast frame we replay is sent after (not before) the retransmission of group message 1\". A similar change should be made in Section 4.3: \"Again it is essential that the broadcast frame we want to replay is sent after (not before) the retransmission of group message 1\".\n\t\t\n\n\t\tCitation example and bibtex entry\n\t\tPlease cite our research paper and not this website (or cite both). You can use the following example citation or bibtex entry:\n\t\t\n\t\t\tMathy Vanhoef and Frank Piessens. 2017. Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in WPA2. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). ACM.\n\t\t\t@inproceedings{vanhoef-ccs2017,\n author = {Mathy Vanhoef and Frank Piessens},\n title = {Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in {WPA2}},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)},\n year = {2017},\n publisher = {ACM}\n}\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tTools\n\t\tWe have made scripts to detect whether an implementation of the 4-way handshake, group key handshake, or Fast BSS Transition (FT) handshake is vulnerable to key reinstallation attacks.\n\t\tThese scripts are available on github, and contain detailed instructions on how to use them.\n\t\t\n\t\tWe also made a proof-of-concept script that exploits the all-zero key (re)installation present in certain Android and Linux devices.\n\t\tThis script is the one that we used in the demonstration video.\n\t\tIt will be released once everyone has had a reasonable chance to update their devices (and we have had a chance to prepare the code repository for release).\n\t\tWe remark that the reliability of our proof-of-concept script may depend on how close the victim is to the real network.\n\t\tIf the victim is very close to the real network, the script may fail because the victim will always directly communicate with the real network, even if the victim is (forced) onto a different Wi-Fi channel than this network.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\tQ&A\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tDo we now need WPA3?\n\t\t\t\tShould I change my Wi-Fi password?\n\t\t\t\tI'm using WPA2 with only AES. That's also vulnerable?\n\t\t\t\tYou use the word \"we\" in this website. Who is we?\n\t\t\t\tIs my device vulnerable?\n\t\t\t\tWhat if there are no security updates for my router or access point? Or if it does not support 802.11r?\n\t\t\t\tIs it sufficient to patch only the access point? Or to patch only clients?\n\t\t\t\tCan we modify an access point to prevent attacks against the client?\n\t\t\t\tHow did you discover these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t\tThe 4-way handshake was mathematically proven as secure. How is your attack possible?\n\t\t\t\tSome attacks in the paper seem hard\n\t\t\t\tIf an attacker can do a man-in-the-middle attack, why can't they just decrypt all the data?\n\t\t\t\tDoes an attacker to have be near your network in order to attack it?\n\t\t\t\tAre people exploiting this in the wild?\n\t\t\t\tShould I temporarily use WEP until my devices are patched?\n\t\t\t\tWill the Wi-Fi standard be updated to address this?\n\t\t\t\tIs the Wi-Fi Alliance also addressing these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t\tWhy did you use match.com as an example in the demonstration video?\n\t\t\t\tHow can these types of bugs be prevented?\n\t\t\t\tWhy the domain name krackattacks.com?\n\t\t\t\tDid you get bug bounties for this?\n\t\t\t\tHow does this attack compare to other attacks against WPA2?\n\t\t\t\tAre other protocols also affected by key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\t\tIs there a higher resolution version of the logo?\n\t\t\t\tWhen did you first notify vendors about the vulnerability?\n\t\t\t\tWhy did OpenBSD silently release a patch before the embargo?\n\t\t\t\tSo you expect to find other Wi-Fi vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t\tWhere can I learn more about key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\tDo we now need WPA3?\n\t\t\tNo, luckily implementations can be patched in a backwards-compatible manner.\n\t\t\tThis means a patched client can still communicate with an unpatched access point (AP), and vice versa.\n\t\t\tIn other words, a patched client or access point sends exactly the same handshake messages as before, and at exactly the same moment in time.\n\t\t\tHowever, the security updates will assure a key is only installed once, preventing our attack.\n\t\t\tSo again, update all your devices once security updates are available.\n\t\t\tFinally, although an unpatched client can still connect to a patched AP, and vice versa, both the client and AP must be patched to defend against all attacks!\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShould I change my Wi-Fi password?\n\t\t\tChanging the password of your Wi-Fi network does not prevent (or mitigate) the attack. So you do not have to update the password of your Wi-Fi network. Instead, you should make sure all your devices are updated, and you should also update the firmware of your router. Nevertheless, after updating both your client devices and your router, it's never a bad idea to change the Wi-Fi password.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tI'm using WPA2 with only AES. That's also vulnerable?\n\t\t\tYes, that network configuration is also vulnerable. The attack works against both WPA1 and WPA2, against personal and enterprise networks, and against any cipher suite being used (WPA-TKIP, AES-CCMP, and GCMP). So everyone should update their devices to prevent the attack!\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYou use the word \"we\" in this website. Who is we?\n\t\t\tI use the word \"we\" because that's what I'm used to writing in papers. In practice, all the work is done by me, with me being Mathy Vanhoef.\n\t\t\tMy awesome supervisor is added under an honorary authorship to the research paper for his excellent general guidance.\n\t\t\tBut all the real work was done on my own. \n\t\t\tSo the author list of academic papers does not represent division of work :)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIs my device vulnerable?\n\t\t\tProbably. Any device that uses Wi-Fi is likely vulnerable. Contact your vendor for more information, or consult this community maintained list on GitHub.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat if there are no security updates for my router or access point? Or if it does not support 802.11r?\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRouters or access points (APs) are only vulnerable to our attack if they support the Fast BSS Transition (FT) handshake, or if they support client (repeater) functionality.\n\t\t\tFirst, the FT handshake is part of 802.11r, and is mainly supported by enterprise networks, and not by home routers or APs.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, most home routers or APs do not support (or will not use) client functionality.\n\t\t\tIn other words, your home router or AP likely does not require security updates.\n\t\t\tInstead, it are mainly enterprise networks that will have to update their network infrastructure (i.e. their routers and access points).\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThat said, some vendors discovered implementation-specific security issues while investigating our attack.\n\t\t\tFor example, it was discovered that hostapd reuses the ANonce value in the 4-way handshake during rekeys.\n\t\t\tConcretely this means that, even if your router or AP does not support 802.11r, and even if it does not support client functionality, it might still have to be updated.\n\t\t\tContact your vendor for more details.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFinally, we remark that you can try to mitigate attacks against routers and APs by disabling client functionality (which is for example used in repeater modes) and disabling 802.11r (fast roaming).\n\t\t\tAdditionally, update all your other client devices such as laptops and smartphones.\n\t\t\tIf one or more of your client devices is not receiving updates, you can also try to contact your router's vendor and ask if they have an update that prevents attacks against connected devices.\n\n\t\t\tIs it sufficient to patch only the access point? Or to patch only clients?\n\t\t\tCurrently, all vulnerable devices should be patched.\n\t\t\tIn other words, patching the AP will not prevent attacks against vulnerable clients.\n\t\t\tSimilarly, patching all clients will not prevent attacks against vulnerable access points.\n\t\t\tNote that only access points that support the Fast BSS Transition handshake (802.11r) can be vulnerable.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThat said, it is possible to modify the access point such that vulnerable clients (when connected to this AP) cannot be attacked.\n\t\t\tHowever, these modifications are different from the normal security patches that are being released for vulnerable access points!\n\t\t\tSo unless your access point vendor explicitly mentions that their patches prevent attacks against clients, you must also patch clients.\n\n\t\t\tCan we modify an access point to prevent attacks against the client?\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIt's possible to modify the access point (router) such that connected clients are not vulnerable to attacks against the 4-way handshake and group key handshake.\n\t\t\tNote that we consider these two attacks the most serious and widespread security issues we discovered.\n\t\t\tHowever, these modifications only prevent attacks when a vulnerable client is connected to such a modified access point.\n\t\t\tWhen a vulnerable client connects to a different access point, it can still be attacked.\n\t\t\tTechnically, this is accomplished by modifying the access point such that it does not retransmit message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, the access point is modified to not retransmit message 1 of the group key handshake.\n\t\t\tThe hostapd project has such a modification available.\n\t\t\tThey are currently evaluating to which extend this impacts the reliability of these handshakes.\n\t\t\tWe remark that the client-side attacks against the 4-way handshake and group key handshake can also be prevented by retransmitting the above handshake messages using the same (previous) EAPOL-Key replay counter.\n\t\t\tThe attack against the group key handshake can also be prevented by letting the access point install the group key in a delayed fashion, and by assuring the access point only accepts the latest replay counter (see section 4.3 of the paper for details).\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOn some products, variants or generalizations of the above mitigations can be enabled without having to update products.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFor example, on some access points retransmissions of all handshake messages can be disabled, preventing client-side attacks against the 4-way and group key handshake (see for example Cisco).\n\n\t\t\tHow did you discover these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\tWhen working on the final (i.e. camera-ready) version of another paper, I was double-checking some claims we made regarding OpenBSD's implementation of the 4-way handshake. In a sense I was slacking off, because I was supposed to be just finishing the paper, instead of staring at code. But there I was, inspecting some code I already read a hundred times, to avoid having to work on the next paragraph. It was at that time that a particular call to ic_set_key caught my attention. This function is called when processing message 3 of the 4-way handshake, and it installs the pairwise key to the driver. While staring at that line of code I thought “Ha. I wonder what happens if that function is called twice”. At the time I (correctly) guessed that calling it twice might reset the nonces associated to the key. And since message 3 can be retransmitted by the Access Point, in practice it might indeed be called twice. “Better make a note of that. Other vendors might also call such a function twice. But let's first finish this paper...”. A few weeks later, after finishing the paper and completing some other work, I investigated this new idea in more detail. And the rest is history.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 4-way handshake was mathematically proven as secure. How is your attack possible?\n\t\t\tThe brief answer is that the formal proof does not assure a key is installed only once. Instead, it merely assures the negotiated key remains secret, and that handshake messages cannot be forged.\n\t\t\tThe longer answer is mentioned in the introduction of our research paper: our attacks do not violate the security properties proven in formal analysis of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tIn particular, these proofs state that the negotiated encryption key remains private, and that the identity of both the client and Access Point (AP) is confirmed.\n\t\t\tOur attacks do not leak the encryption key.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, although normal data frames can be forged if TKIP or GCMP is used, an attacker cannot forge handshake messages and hence cannot impersonate the client or AP during handshakes.\n\t\t\tTherefore, the properties that were proven in formal analysis of the 4-way handshake remain true.\n\t\t\tHowever, the problem is that the proofs do not model key installation.\n\t\t\tPut differently, the formal models did not define when a negotiated key should be installed.\n\t\t\tIn practice, this means the same key can be installed multiple times, thereby resetting nonces and replay counters used by the encryption protocol (e.g. by WPA-TKIP or AES-CCMP).\n\n\t\t\tSome attacks in the paper seem hard\n\t\t\tWe have follow-up work making our attacks (against macOS and OpenBSD for example) significantly more general and easier to execute.\n\t\t\tSo although we agree that some of the attack scenarios in the paper are rather impractical, do not let this fool you into believing key reinstallation attacks cannot be abused in practice.\n\n\t\t\tIf an attacker can do a man-in-the-middle attack, why can't they just decrypt all the data?\n\t\t\tAs mentioned in the demonstration, the attacker first obtains a man-in-the-middle (MitM) position between the victim and the real Wi-Fi network (called a channel-based MitM position).\n\t\t\tHowever, this MitM position does not enable the attacker to decrypt packets!\n\t\t\tThis position only allows the attacker to reliably delay, block, or replay encrypted packets.\n\t\t\tSo at this point in the attack, they cannot yet decrypt packets.\n\t\t\tInstead, the ability to reliably delay and block packets is used to execute a key reinstallation attack.\n\t\t\tAfter performing a key reinstallation attack, packets can be decrypted.\n\n\t\t\tDoes an attacker to have be near your network in order to attack it?\n\t\t\tAn adversary has to be within range of both the client being attacked (meaning the smartphone or laptop) and the network itself.\n\t\t\tThis means an adversary on the other side of the world cannot attack you remotely.\n\t\t\tHowever, the attacker can still be relatively far way.\n\t\t\tThat's because special antenna can be used to carry out the attack from two miles to up to eight miles in ideal conditions.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, the attacker is not competing with the signal strength of the real Wi-Fi network, but instead uses so-called Channel Switch Announcements to manipulate and attack the client.\n\t\t\tAs a result, it is possible to successfully carry out attacks even when far away from the victim.\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\tAre people exploiting this in the wild?\n\t\t\tWe are not in a position to determine if this vulnerability has been (or is being) actively exploited in the wild. That said, key reinstallations can actually occur spontaneously without an adversary being present! This may for example happen if the last message of a handshake is lost due to background noise, causing a retransmission of the previous message. When processing this retransmitted message, keys may be reinstalled, resulting in nonce reuse just like in a real attack.\n\n\t\t\tShould I temporarily use WEP until my devices are patched?\n\t\t\tNO! Keep using WPA2.\n\n\t\t\tWill the Wi-Fi standard be updated to address this?\n\t\t\tThere seems to be an agreement that the Wi-Fi standard should be updated to explicitly prevent our attacks.\n\t\t\tThese updates likely will be backwards-compatible with older implementations of WPA2.\n\t\t\tTime will tell whether and how the standard will be updated.\n\n\t\t\tIs the Wi-Fi Alliance also addressing these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\tFor those unfamiliar with Wi-Fi, the Wi-Fi Alliance is an organization which certifies that Wi-Fi devices conform to certain standards of interoperability. Among other things, this assures that Wi-Fi products from different vendors work well together.\n\t\t\tThe Wi-Fi Alliance has a plan to help remedy the discovered vulnerabilities in WPA2. Summarized, they will:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tRequire testing for this vulnerability within their global certification lab network.\n\t\t\t\tProvide a vulnerability detection tool for use by any Wi-Fi Alliance member (this tool is based on my own detection tool that determines if a device is vulnerable to some of the discovered key reinstallation attacks).\n\t\t\t\tBroadly communicate details on this vulnerability, including remedies, to device vendors. Additionally, vendors are encouraged to work with their solution providers to rapidly integrate any necessary patches.\n\t\t\t\tCommunicate the importance for users to ensure they have installed the latest recommended security updates from device manufacturers.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhy did you use match.com as an example in the demonstration video?\n\t\t\tUsers share a lot of personal information on websites such as match.com. So this example highlights all the sensitive information an attacker can obtain, and hopefully with this example people also better realize the potential (personal) impact. We also hope this example makes people aware of all the information these dating websites may be collecting.\n\n\t\t\tHow can these types of bugs be prevented?\n\t\t\tWe need more rigorous inspections of protocol implementations. This requires help and additional research from the academic community! Together with other researchers, we hope to organize workshop(s) to improve and verify the correctness of security protocol implementations.\n\n\t\t\tWhy the domain name krackattacks.com?\n\t\t\tFirst, I'm aware that KRACK attacks is a pleonasm, since KRACK stands for key reinstallation attack and hence already contains the word attack. But the domain name rhymes, so that's why it's used.\n\n\t\t\tDid you get bug bounties for this?\n\t\t\tHackerone has awarded a bug bounty for our research under their Internet Bug Bounty (IBB) award program.\n\n\t\t\tHow does this attack compare to other attacks against WPA2?\n\t\t\tThis is the first attack against the WPA2 protocol that doesn't rely on password guessing. Indeed, other attacks against WPA2-enabled network are against surrounding technologies such as Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), or are attacks against older standards such as WPA-TKIP. Put differently, none of the existing attacks were against the 4-way handshake or against cipher suites defined in the WPA2 protocol. In contrast, our key reinstallation attack against the 4-way handshake (and against other handshakes) highlights vulnerabilities in the WPA2 protocol itself.\n\n\t\t\tAre other protocols also affected by key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\tWe expect that certain implementations of other protocols may be vulnerable to similar attacks. So it's a good idea to audit security protocol implementations with this attack in mind. However, we consider it unlikely that other protocol standards are affected by similar attacks (or at least so we hope). Nevertheless, it's still a good idea to audit other protocols!\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIs there a higher resolution version of the logo?\n\t\t\tYes there is. And a big thank you goes to the person that made the logo!\n\n\t\t\tWhen did you first notify vendors about the vulnerability?\n\t\t\tWe sent out notifications to vendors whose products we tested ourselves around 14 July 2017. After communicating with these vendors, we realized how widespread the weaknesses we discovered are (only then did I truly convince myself it was indeed a protocol weaknesses and not a set of implementation bugs). At that point, we decided to let CERT/CC help with the disclosure of the vulnerabilities. In turn, CERT/CC sent out a broad notification to vendors on 28 August 2017.\n\n\t\t\tWhy did OpenBSD silently release a patch before the embargo?\n\t\t\tOpenBSD announced an errata on 30 August 2017 that silently prevented our key reinstallation attacks.\n\t\t\tMore specifically, patches were released for both OpenBSD 6.0 and OpenBSD 6.1.\n\t\t\tWe notified OpenBSD of the vulnerability on 15 July 2017, before CERT/CC was involved in the coordination. Quite quickly, Theo de Raadt replied and critiqued the tentative disclosure deadline: “In the open source world, if a person writes a diff and has to sit on it for a month, that is very discouraging”. Note that I wrote and included a suggested diff for OpenBSD already, and that at the time the tentative disclosure deadline was around the end of August. As a compromise, I allowed them to silently patch the vulnerability. In hindsight this was a bad decision, since others might rediscover the vulnerability by inspecting their silent patch. To avoid this problem in the future, OpenBSD will now receive vulnerability notifications closer to the end of an embargo.\n\n\t\t\tSo you expect to find other Wi-Fi vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t“I think we're just getting started.” — Master Chief, Halo 1\n\n\t\t\tWhere can I learn more about key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\tGood technical information and comments:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tLiveOverflow has an excellent video explaining the attack\n\t\t\t\tComputerphile also made a video about the attack\n\t\t\t\tMatthew Green has a good blog post about KRACK and the causes of the vulnerability\n\t\t\t\tMojo Networks has a detailed blog posts on the attacks\n\t\t\t\tBruce Schneier also briefly discusses the attack\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelected newspapers with high-level information:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tThe BCC made a short video explaining the attack, and wrote an article about it\n\t\t\t\tThe Wall Street Journal: Significant Flaw Discovered in Wi-Fi Security Protocol\n\t\t\t\tThe Guardian: 'All wifi networks' are vulnerable to hacking, security expert discovers\n\t\t\t\tTIME: Everything With Wi-Fi Has a Newly Discovered Security Flaw. Here's How to Protect Yourself\n\t\t\t\tArs Technica: Serious flaw in WPA2 protocol lets attackers intercept passwords and much more\n\t\t\t\tArs Technica: How the KRACK attack destroys nearly all Wi-Fi security\n\t\t\t\tThe Verge: Wi-Fi security has been breached, say researchers\n\t\t\t\tThe Verge: 41 percent of Android phones are vulnerable to 'devastating' Wi-Fi attack\n\t\t\t\tReuters: Researchers uncover flaw that makes Wi-Fi vulnerable to hacks\n\t\t\t\tForbes: Update Every Device -- This KRACK Hack Kills Your Wi-Fi Privacy\n\t\t\t\tCNET: KRACK attack: Here's how companies are responding"],["topImageUrl","https://www.krackattacks.com/images/logo-small.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","KRACK Attacks: Bypassing WPA2 against Android and Linux"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oh4WURZoR98"],["summary","This video explains some of the academic research performed in the ACM CCS 2017 paper \"Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in WPA2\". It's not a guide or tutorial on how to hack people. Instead, the video was made to make people aware of potential risks, and to motivate everyone to update their smartphone and laptop. By updating your devices you (normally) avoid the risks mentioned in the video! For additional information visit https://www.krackattacks.com\n\nNote that devices different from Android and Linux are less affected by the attack. That's because only Android and Linux (re)install an all-zero encryption key."],["topImageUrl","https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Oh4WURZoR98/maxresdefault.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","#重大消息 \nWiFi 常用加密協定 WPA, WPA2 已被攻破！！\n不要使用 WiFi 進行任何機敏資料傳輸！你所有的輸入資訊都有機會被截取！\n\n盡量使用4G/3G 等私人網路，真要使用公眾WiFi 就掛個私人加密VPN\n\n影響裝置擴及所有 Android/Linux(含大部分基地台)/Windows/Apple\n\n近期請密切注意裝置更新不要想說更新很麻煩資料被盜用不會比較方便\n(CVE-2017-13077~CVE-2017-13088 這幾個漏洞)\n---------------------------------\n手法: KRACKs\n各大廠更新進度: https://goo.gl/KfNKCk\n說明網站: https://www.krackattacks.com/\nDEMO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oh4WURZoR98"],["id","AV8qmLvDyCdS-nWhuhn9"],["createdAt","2017-10-17T13:49:33.505Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_E90wXtLvmWMO_OXrljpOI_aAAFbrXUvei7BubdK-RIk"],["name","激勵性的壯圍愛葛莎"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy | Italy"],["url","https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy"],["summary","Show captionRoadblocks in Milan. In the initial stages of the coronavirus outbreak, the authorities’ confidence was palpable. Photograph: Carlo Cozzoli/Rex/ShutterstockItalyTue 10 Mar 2020 19.02 GMTBad timing and bad luckItaly appeared well ahead of the curve when the coronavirus outbreak began to spread outside China.After detecting three cases, including two Chinese tourists at the end of January, patients were isolated in a hospital in Rome. Contacts were traced, and the country became one of the world’s first to cut transport links with China.The sense of confidence was palpable. “The system of prevention put into place by Italy is the most rigorous in Europe,” the prime minister, Giuseppe Conte, boasted on 31 January.We're unable to serve this media because your browser does not support HTML 5 audio.In reality, as would become clear in February, the virus had been circulating unnoticed in northern Italy via other local chains of infection, in all probability since mid-January.Another critical misunderstanding also appears to have emerged, this time between central government and hospitals in the north.It concerns what the proper protocols were for testing unexplained fevers and respiratory complaints, and whether people with no apparent connection to China should be tested.On 18 February, a fit 38-year old with no apparent links to China fell ill in Codogno. He saw his GP and visited his local hospital several times, but his symptoms were not picked up as resulting from the coronavirus.Italy on lockdown: PM 'forced to intervene' amid coronavirus crisis – video report Known as Patient One by the Italian media, when he was finally admitted to hospital he was tested after a 36-hour delay, which he spent outside isolation. By that time he had infected a number of medical personnel and other contacts over a period of days.Adam Kucharski, an associate professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said the initial spread of the virus in Italy “has shown the ability for this to become a serious outbreak in a very short time.“The message is, if you have undetected transmission, if that is not taken seriously, you can very quickly get to numbers that can easily put a burden on your health service. You need ideally to be detecting outbreaks as early as possible.”The age profile of Italy’s population also appears to have made it particularly vulnerable.“Italy is a country of old people,” Prof Massimo Galli, the director of infectious diseases at Sacco hospital in Milan, said. “The elderly with previous pathologies are notoriously numerous here. I think this could explain why we are seeing more serious cases of coronavirus here.”Early decision-makingMuch of what we know about the dramatic spread of the virus in Italy remains provisional. All that can be safely said, as the former prime minister Matteo Renzi put it, is that Italy has become the the guinea pig of Europe.Confronted with the first infections spreading in the north, Italian authorities initially suspected they were tied to the cases of the two Chinese tourists in Rome who had visited Parma.Authorities moved to shut 10 towns linked to the initial cluster of cases in the northern provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. The local lockdowns, which began on the same day that Patient One was confirmed as infected, were hailed in some quarters at time as speedy and decisive.According to some critics of the Italian approach, however, what seemed like sound decision-making at the outset of the crisis may have led in part to the problems the country now faces.“Mistakes were made, probably, in late January,” the author Beppe Severgnini wrote in an op-ed for the New York Times on 2 March. “Italy may have been ill advised to stop flights to and from China; those flights would have provided a clear indication of who was arriving from that country, making health checks easier.”For Christian Althaus, who models infectious diseases at the University of Bern in Switzerland, said Italy’s issues may come down to the simplest explanation: that it was unlucky.“You can argue they noticed it late, but that could have happened elsewhere too,” he said. “Once they realised what was happening, I think they took it seriously. The first lockdown was the right choice, and expanding it nationwide probably too. They realise they need to curb the epidemic.”Mixed messagesIt is less clear whether the first lockdown was undermined both by a desire to avoid alarm and unnecessary economic impact in the country’s industrial centre, and a belief that the outbreak remained limited.In this respect, mixed political messaging may have been more at fault than any weaknesses in Italy’s health system. We know now too that the geographical scope of those initial quarantines was far too limited.As anxiety spread to bigger cities, including the industrial hub of Milan and the tourist centre of Venice, the political messaging was confusing.Among those pushing a “business as usual” message was Nicola Zingaretti, the head of the centre-left Democratic Party, who travelled to Milan for a meet and greet with young people to reinforce his pitch. Zingaretti announced at the weekend that he had tested positive for the virus.'It has arrived': Italian Democratic party leader announces he has coronavirus – video For Elisabetta Groppelli, a lecturer in global health at St George’s, University of London, a full reckoning is still some way off.“Until viral genetic analysis sheds more light on the situation, it’s hard to say exactly why Italy has been so badly affected,” she said. “Northern Italy is the economic hub of the country as well as a tourist hotspot, and therefore has lots of travel in and out of the region.“With more people moving constantly and interacting with each other, this could provide a greater context for spread of the disease.”Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShare on LinkedInShare on PinterestShare on WhatsAppShare on Messenger"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus"],["url","https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html"],["summary","A handout photo, taken in February, shows a businessman Luca Zhou, 56, wearing a face mask on the streets of Prato, home to the biggest ethnic Chinese community in Italy.(Handout via Reuters/Maurizio Ciampolini) \n \n \n \n In the storm of infection and death sweeping Italy, one big community stands out to health officials as remarkably unscathed -- the 50,000 ethnic Chinese who live in the town of Prato.\n\nTwo months ago, the country's Chinese residents were the target of what Amnesty International described as shameful discrimination, the butt of insults and violent attack by people who feared they would spread the coronavirus through Italy.\n\nBut in the Tuscan town of Prato, home to Italy's biggest single Chinese community, the opposite has been true. Once scapegoats, they are now held up by authorities as a model for early, strict adoption of infection-control measures.\n\n\"We Italians feared that the Chinese of Prato were to be the problem. Instead, they did much better than us,\" said Renzo Berti, top state health official for the area, which includes Florence.\n\n\"Among Chinese resident in Prato there isn't even one case of COVID contagion,\" he said, referring to COVID-19, which has killed almost 12,000 people in Italy, more than in any other country.\n\nEthnic Chinese make up about a quarter of Prato's population, but Berti credits them with bringing down the entire town's infection rate to almost half the Italian average -- 62 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 115 for the country.\n\nPrato's Chinese community, built originally around the textile industry, went into lockdown from the end of January, three weeks before Italy's first recorded infection.\n\nMany were returning from new year holidays in China, the then epicenter.\n\nThey knew what was coming and spread the word: stay home.\n\nSo as Italians headed to the ski slopes and crowded into cafes and bars as normal, the Chinese inhabitants of Prato had seemingly disappeared. Its streets, still festooned with Chinese New Year decorations, were semi-deserted, shops shuttered.\n\nThere is some anecdotal evidence that Chinese people elsewhere in Italy took similar precautions, though national data on infection rates among the community is unavailable. The health ministry did not respond to an email seeking comment.\n\nMilan restaurateur Francesco Wu, a representative of Italian business lobby Confcommercio, said he urged Italian counterparts in February to shut down their businesses, as he had done.\n\n\"Most of them looked at me like a Cassandra,\" he said. \"No one could believe it was happening here ... Now Troy is burning and we are all locked inside.\"\n\n'Italian friends looked at me oddly'\n\nWhen Chinese-born businessman Luca Zhou flew home from China on Feb. 4 to rejoin his wife and 28-year-old son in Prato, he put himself straight into quarantine in his bedroom for 14 days, separated from his wife and son.\n\n\"We had seen what was happening in China and we were afraid for ourselves, our families and our friends,\" said the 56-year-old, who has a business exporting Italian wine to China.\n\nAfter emerging from his self-quarantine, he ventured outside in mask and gloves. He said the few other Chinese on the streets also wore them, anxious not to spread the virus to others.\n\n\"My Italian friends looked at me oddly. I tried many times to explain to them that they should wear them ... but they didn't understand,\" Luca said.\n\n\"When I came back to Prato, no Italian authority told me anything. We did it all by ourselves. If we had not done it, we would all be infected, Chinese and Italians.\"\n\nItaly was one of the first nations to cut air links with China, on Jan. 31, though many of its Chinese residents found their way home via third countries. On Feb. 8, almost a month before closing all schools, it offered students returning from holidays in China the right to stop attending classes.\n\n\"In Prato, there was a boom in take-up,\" said local health director Berti, saying families had been obliged to contact his authority if they wanted to pursue this option. It was then that he began to realize how differently the Chinese were behaving.\n\nMore than 360 families, or around 1,300 people, registered as having put themselves into self-isolation and also signed up to his authority's health surveillance scheme, which monitored symptoms remotely and communicated with them in Chinese.\n\nAs Italian infections began to take off in late February and early March, some families, many of whom retain Chinese citizenship, even began sending children to relatives in China, alarmed at the attitude and behavior of Italians around them.\n\nAnother who went into self-isolation after returning home from China was 23-year-old university student Chiara Zheng.\n\n\"I was conscious of the gravity of the situation. I felt a duty to do it for other people and those close to me.\""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像… | 聯合新聞網：最懂你的新聞網站"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["summary","udn\n 要聞\n 武漢肺炎全球燒\n \n\n \n\n \n \n Your browser does not support HTML5 Audio! 😢\n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n\n \n\n 義大利米蘭街頭醜化中國人的塗鴉。武漢肺炎疫情在歐洲各國引發公然歧視亞裔現象。（法新社）\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n武漢肺炎疫情持續在全球延燒，某些西方國家的亞裔居民因此遭受前所未見的公開歧視。\n英國BBC報導，法國到30日有5個武漢肺炎確診病例，都是來自中國大陸的遊客，並未出現本土傳染案例。但一些亞裔居民在社交媒體上抱怨，他們在路上、大眾運輸工具和社交媒體上遭到謾罵和公然歧視，英國和其他國家也傳出類似狀況。\n\n●媒體叫亞裔黃…你敢說黑人是黑禍？\n法國亞裔居民在社交媒體貼文時還用了我不是病毒（#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus）的標籤回擊。Je suis ChinoisMais je ne suis pas un virus!!Je sais que tout le monde a peur au virus, mais pas de préjugé, svp.#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus pic.twitter.com/38bUTNWj3t— Lou Chengwang (@ChengwangL) January 28, 2020 \n法國當地報社《皮卡爾信使報》（Le Courrier picard）用煽動性標題「黃色警報」（Alerte jaune）和「黃禍？」（Le péril jaune?），還配上一張戴口罩的華裔女子來報導疫情，引發強烈抗議。該報很快就道歉，表示不是故意使用某些「最差的亞裔刻板印象」。Cette leçon de racisme décomplexé vous est offerte par le @CourrierPicard #coronavirus pic.twitter.com/jhcoNmsmm5— Madjid Messaoudene (@MadjidFalastine) January 26, 2020 \n反對種族主義國際聯盟（Licra）主席尼維表示，沒有報社敢用「黑色警報」這種標題，所以這顯然是個問題。\n一名住在法國的亞裔女子陳凱西（Cathy Tran，音譯）表示，她在前往科爾馬東部城鎮工作的路上聽見兩名男子說：「小心點，那個中國女孩朝我們走過來了。」●旁邊乘客說：她會汙染我們…\n陳女士說：「我下班回家的途中，一名騎著滑板車的男子經過我，要我戴上口罩。」\n17歲的巴黎居民、擁有越南和柬埔寨血統的女子鄭莎娜（Shana Cheng，音譯）表示，她26日在巴黎的一輛公車上遭受來自男女老少的人身攻擊。她聽見一名乘客說：「那邊有個中國女人，她會汙染我們，她必須回家。」她說，人們用作嘔的表情看著她，「彷彿我是病毒」。\n鄭女士說，沒有人出面阻止這些歧視言行，所以她決定忽略那些言論並繼續聽音樂，還故意咳嗽和發出吸鼻涕的聲音，「讓他們更害怕」。武漢肺炎疫情造成全球恐慌，加拿大多倫多機場許多人戴著口罩。（美聯社）●武漢肺炎疫情為內心的歧視找到出口\n陳女士說，她對人們的反應並不訝異，這次武漢肺炎疫情只是人們展現種族歧視行為的藉口。不同的是，這次她感受到公然歧視的程度遠比過去嚴重，「我們很少聽見亞洲人談論種族歧視，因為大家都知道，我們在默默忍受。但現在我們亞裔都同樣遭受歧視，而且非常過分。」\n法籍華裔作家兼導演葛蕾斯．李（Grace Ly，音譯）形容這種敵意是刻意「打壓中國」，並煽動反亞裔仇恨，「這些城鎮被隔離，人們被孤立還要面對死亡，這是很有趣的事嗎？」\n加拿大華裔社區也擔心，SARS疫情高峰期在多倫多發生的事會重演。2002年SARS在大陸爆發，有8098人感染，造成774人死亡。當時，加拿大有438個疑似感染SARS的病例，其中44人在2003年的春季和夏季死亡。當年大部分病例都在多倫多。\n多倫多市議員和華裔社區領袖29日在記者會上敦促居民，不要因為擔心疫情，就責怪或歧視亞裔居民。加拿大多倫多唐人街街頭的民眾。（路透）●前加國總理 SARS時堅持唐人街用餐\nSARS疫情期間人們都盡量待在家，觀光業和消費產業受到重創，華裔企業和唐人街商家遭到的打擊尤其巨大，收入少了40%至80%。加拿大華人全國理事會多倫多分會執行長賈斯汀．孔說：「當時的傷害很嚴重。人們失去收入、工作，有人被迫變賣房子，還在學校和工作場合被汙名化。」\nSARS疫情最嚴重的時候，時任加拿大總理克瑞強堅持在多倫多的唐人街吃午飯，顯示沒有理由躲避亞裔商家。加拿大前總理克瑞強。（路透）\n加拿大目前有2個武漢肺炎確診病例，孔先生表示，人們仍嘗試理解武漢肺炎的影響。但他也說：「華人社區有居民擔心武漢肺炎疫情，也擔心歧視會影響我們的日常生活。這會對企業、工人、商家和社區帶來巨大影響。」 \n \n\n \n 武漢肺炎\n 霸凌\n SARS\n 社群媒體\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 邊境管制加嚴日發給中、韓的簽證9日起失效\n \n \n 日本政府6日決定為新冠肺炎防疫，採取更嚴格的邊境措施，已發給中國大陸、南韓的簽證9日0時起失效；至於原為免簽對象國的南韓... \n 2020-03-06 10:30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 英相強生高燒不退住院！能否繼續領導國政受質疑\n \n \n 衛報和CNBC報導，英國首相強生在染上新冠肺炎10天後，周日（5日）住進醫院，為包括高燒在內「持續不退」的症狀作進一步檢... \n 2020-04-06 07:27\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 西班牙再延長全國緊急狀態2周直至4月26日\n \n \n 路透報導，西班牙新冠肺炎確診人數超越義大利，累積至12萬4736例，成為歐洲染疫人數最多的國家。西國總理桑傑士表示，將再... \n 2020-04-04 20:24\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 當機立斷全面對外封鎖西班牙觀光小鎮零確診\n \n \n 西班牙疫情已淪為重災區，然而在疫情肆虐之際，南部小鎮札哈拉因及早採取全面封鎖策略，幸而無人確診。鎮長的當機立斷與居民的支... \n 2020-04-04 19:48\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 義大利傳奇鞋王Sergio Rossi疑因新冠肺炎病逝\n \n \n 新冠肺炎在義大利境內肆虐，造成多人死亡，而傳奇的義大利高級鞋履品牌創辦人Sergio Rossi也在此刻傳來病逝消息，而... \n 2020-04-03 18:49\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 歐洲疫情嚴峻西班牙病故人數破萬\n \n \n 法新社報導，西班牙當局2日表示，過去24小時暴增950起新冠肺炎死亡病例，創單日新高，病故人數也累計破萬，達10003人... \n 2020-04-02 22:43\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本擬放寬新冠病毒感染患者出院標準舒緩收治壓力\n \n \n 日本NHK報導，鑑於東京等地新冠病毒感染病例激增，日本厚生勞動省決定放寬症狀獲改善的患者的出院標準，以便醫院優先治療重症... \n 2020-04-02 16:52\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本禁台灣等73國旅客入境入境者都須隔離14天\n \n \n 日本政府致力防堵武漢肺炎疫情，首相安倍晉三今天表示，將擴大實施入境禁令，總計禁止來自台灣等73個國家和地區的旅客入境。另... \n 2020-04-01 20:59\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疫情後來居上土耳其會變成下一個義大利嗎？\n \n \n 土耳其新冠肺炎疫情增長速度驚人，累計病例數「後來居上」，已進入全球前10名。跡象顯示，疫情有達到義大利那種規模的風險，遲未下達全國禁足令的中央政府飽受批評。 \n 2020-04-01 13:17\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 桑達姆號郵輪染疫外交部：船上14名台人台僑均安\n \n \n 荷美航運公司的郵輪「桑達姆號」（Zaamdam）爆發新冠肺炎疫情，外傳船上載有約30多名台籍旅客。我外交部今天表示，經我... \n 2020-03-30 13:35\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 川普：如果能把死亡人數壓低到10萬以內就做得很好了\n \n \n 美國總統川普29日表示，美國新冠肺炎死亡率將在兩周內攀上高峰，聯邦政府發布的保持社交距離準則，將持續到今年4月30日，以... \n 2020-03-30 12:32\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 首位染疫病逝皇室成員西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐過世\n \n \n 外媒報導，西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐、人稱「紅公主」的瑪麗亞‧特蕾莎在法國巴黎因新冠肺炎病逝，享壽86歲。 \n 2020-03-27 23:12\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 共 0 則留言\n \n \n \n \n \n 張貼文章或下標籤，不得有違法或侵害他人權益之言論，違者應自負法律責任。\n 對於明知不實或過度情緒謾罵之言論，經網友檢舉或本網站發現，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。\n 對於無意義、與本文無關、明知不實、謾罵之標籤，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除標籤、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿下標籤。\n 凡「暱稱」涉及謾罵、髒話穢言、侵害他人權利，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除發言文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新冠病毒大流行：意大利布拉托市 Prato 讓全世界上了一堂課！\n\n在布拉托市2萬多名中國人(加包括非法移工，中國人約5萬人) 在意大利發生新冠病毒大流行而天氣天哭泣卻沒有1人染新冠病毒！\n而且當地意大利居民從中國人學習到標準榜樣，使該城市新冠病毒感染率是全意大利最低的！\n\nPrato 布拉托意大利中部Tuscany 的成衣城市，距佛羅蘭斯Florence 20分鐘車程，19萬居民中2萬1千名是中國人，6500家中國人經營的成衣工廠。當地有1萬名非法移工。(意大利有30萬中國藉意大利人)\n\n意大利全國新冠病毒感染率每十萬人 115例，在布拉托只有每十萬人62例\n\n意大利城市封鎖時序：\n1月31日：禁止中港奧韓航機入境\n2月21日：意北十城市封鎖\n3月8日：意北擴大封鎖\n3月21日：意大利全國封鎖\n4月4日。意大利確診11萬9千人\n\nPrato 布拉托中國人農歷新年回大陸老家過年後回布拉托就在房間自己隔離14天才見家人，出外戴口罩手套。\n\n他們在大陸親自耳聞目睹疫情嚴重性，知悉 they knew 大條事情發生了；回布拉托後把工廠商店都關閉了，自動的群體的[居家隔離]，[出門戴口罩手套]，比意大利政府提前7星期自己封鎖，也勤意大利朋友要戴口罩。他們的孩子也提前𣎴上學。\n\n8星期後今天，布拉托市的新冠病毒確診病例是全意大利最少的！橄欖油味重的意大利人終於對布拉托市中國藉意大利人另眼相看！\n\n布拉托人給全球人上課講義摘要：\n越早封鎖城市越有效！\n居家隔離14天是關鍵\nStay home 出門戴口罩手套\n\nFrom confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy\n想當時意大利總理康提1月底時説：意大利有全歐洲最嚴格的防範措施 (對抗武漢病毒🦠！\nUndetected transmissions in early stage of outbreak at heart of current difficulties 10 Mar 2020\nhttps://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy\n\nThe city of Italy is where the Chinese are getting heroic status\nhttps://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/\n\n\nFrom zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus\nSilvia Ognibene | Reuters | Florence, Italy\nJakarta / Wed, April 1, 2020\nhttps://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html\n\n\n拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像…\n2020-01-31 08\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["id","jjxk7ududeqj"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T01:50:00.863Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_rTykobDDYz7U4UvNReSpG_Gf9p3ienHeSkBIB5m0HqU"],["name","守信的鳳林唐恩"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Zoom! You are using the video conference application (mostly) developed by Chinese"],["url","https://pandayoo.com/2020/03/10/zoom/"],["summary","On March 9, 2020, the U.S. stock market ushered in a comprehensive decline. But the stock of zoom video bucked the trend and its stock price has risen 67% in the past month.\n\n\n\nThis is novel coronavirus related to some extent. As the epidemic becomes more and more serious, many companies and organizations have to start work at home, and zoom is the most important basic tool for home office.\n\n\n\nPeople use zoom to launch teleconferencing and carry out daily communication. Zoom supports the daily operation of Companies in many epidemic areas.\n\n\n\nWhat many people don’t know, however, is that most of zoom’s engineers are in China, the country heavily affected by the virus outbreak.\n\n\n\nZoom makes it clear in the “risk factors” section of its prospectus:\n\n\n\nFor example, our product development team is largely based in China, where personnel costs are less expensive than in many other jurisdictions. If we had to relocate our product development team from China to another jurisdiction, we could experience, among other things, higher operating expenses, which would adversely impact our operating margins and harm our business. In addition, we would need to spend considerable time and effort recruiting a new product development team, which would distract management and adversely impact our ability to continue improving our platform’s features and functionality.\n\n\n\nAs of January 31, 2019, Zoom’s R&D HQ in China has more than 500 employees, accounting for about 30% of its total employees. This makes the research and development cost of zoom far lower than that of similar SaaS enterprises in the United States.\n\n\n\nAccording to the information of State Administration for Industry and commerce, Zoom has two companies in China, namely Soft Video Software (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. and Soft Video Software (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmong them, the highest-paid position is “system architect engineer”, with a monthly salary of between 20, 000 and 34,000 yuan, requiring more than eight years of relevant experience, according to a job posting released by Zoom’s company in Suzhou on March 4. The average pre-tax monthly salary for all posts is about 20,000 yuan.\n\n\n\nFor Zoom, having a Chinese founder and CEO seems to be more helpful in recruiting talent in China. Zoom also wrote in the prospectus:\n\n\n\nEric S. Yuan, is critical to our overall management, as well as the continued development of our products, services, the Zoom platform, our culture, our strategic direction, engineering and our operations in China.\n\n\n\nThe international version of Zoom was banned in mainland China in September last year, and users in mainland China can only use its Chinese version. It has been announced that services will be provided free of charge to users in mainland China during the epidemic.\n\n\n\nA Chinese business owner said in an interview that when users of the Chinese version of Zoom video conferencing with foreign users, the video and audio quality deteriorated significantly, accompanied by stutters and disconnections. By contrast, he prefers to communicate with foreign customers through Google Meet with VPN.\n\n\n\nIn the App Store ranking on March 7th, the first Tencent Meeting, the second was Ding Talk, and the fifth was WeChat for Work.\n\n\n\nIn China, Zoom has a strong rival, Tencent meeting, a free online conference system launched by Tencent, a Chinese social giant. On March 6, Tencent meeting topped the free app list of Apple App Store in China.\n\n\n\nIn addition, “Ding talk”, an office application developed by Alibaba, and “Lark” developed by byte skipping, also achieved high-speed growth in this epidemic. These two are not just video conferencing software, but “Slack” integrated with video conferencing function.\n\n\n\nWith the end of the winter vacation in mid-February, almost all Chinese schools began to use the Internet for classes. Most of them use “Ding Talk” because it is an enhanced version of the chat software. Teachers can manage classes through group functions, collect students’ homework, count attendance information, and generate various statistical reports-functions that were originally used for business management.\n\n\n\nThe proudest feature of Ding Talk is called “Ding”, which is a kind of push notification that gradually enhances the effect of notification over time. When you send a “Ding”, if the message is not read by the recipient for a period of time, the notification method of the message will gradually escalate: the user will initially receive a App notification, followed by a text message, then a voice call from App, and finally a phone call (dialed by Ding Talk’s call center, a machine voice will read out the message. )\n\n\n\nJapanese users describe nail as Monkey King’s tight hoop Mantra\n\n\n\nDue to the convenience of function, some schools in Japan also begin to use Ding Talk. As primary and middle school students do not want to take online classes, Ding Talk has received a large number of poor reviews in App Store in many countries, Alibaba regards it as an honor."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Wolfgang ʬ on Twitter: \"Everyone working remotely:\n\nZOOM monitors the activity on your computer and collects data on the programs running and captures which window you have focus on. \n\nIf you manage the calls, you can monitor what programs users on the call are running as well. It's fucked up.\" / Twitter"],["url","https://twitter.com/Ouren/status/1241398181205889024"],["summary","Everyone working remotely:\n\nZOOM monitors the activity on your computer and collects data on the programs running and captures which window you have focus on. \n\nIf you manage the calls, you can monitor what programs users on the call are running as well. It's fucked up.— \"Whether you have Zoom account or not,\" the company's privacy page states, \"we may collect Personal Data from or about you when you use or otherwise interact with our Products.\"All's you gotta do is search for \"Zoom attention monitoring\" and read their privacy policy. (Their policy is that there is no privacy)\n\nTech startups can neve be trusted. Ever.Additional information from the :I don't have a real soundcloud, but here are various links where you can buy our games, request keys, hire our services and more:\nhttp://listography.com/poppyworks\n\n(we only work on games, not infosec, sorry!)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","What You Should Know About Online Tools During the COVID-19 Crisis"],["url","https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/what-you-should-know-about-online-tools-during-covid-19-crisis"],["summary","A greater portion of the world’s work, organizing, and care-giving is moving onto digital platforms and tools that facilitate connection and productivity: video conferencing, messaging apps, healthcare and educational platforms, and more. It’s important to be aware of the ways these tools may impact your digital privacy and security during the COVID-19 crisis. \nHere are a few things you should know in order to make informed decisions about what works best for you and your communities, and ways you can use security and privacy best practices to protect yourself and others.\nFree Slacks\nEFF has written a lot about Slack’s data retention issues when it comes to free versions of the software. With so many mutual aid networks and organizing groups coalescing on Slack to support our communities, it’s important that users are aware that the company retains their messages if they're using a free plan—and they can't automatically delete them. By default, Slack retains all the messages in a workspace or channel (including direct messages) for as long as the workspace exists. \nIf you are using a paid workspace, you can change how many messages are retained in Slack’s databases by setting shorter retention periods. If you’re using the free version though, that option is not available to you. Additionally, free workspace users only have the ability to search through the most recent 10,000 messages. And while users can’t see messages sent prior to the 10,000 message mark, they are still available to Slack, law enforcement, and any third-party hackers through a data breach. Leaking or sharing of this data could prove catastrophic, especially for groups who are working to provide aid and support for our most at-risk communities.\nZoom Conferencing\nThe best way to stave off the effects of isolation is to maintain contact with friends, family, and coworkers. Zoom has quickly become a popular option to work and keep in touch with others in the midst of social distancing and shelter-in-place protocols. There are a few things to keep in mind when using Zoom, particularly in instances where users are relying on the conferencing tool for their studies, or for work-related activities.\nAttendee Attention-Tracking\nThe host of a Zoom call has the capacity to monitor the activities of attendees while screen-sharing. This functionality is available in Zoom version 4.0 and higher. If attendees of a meeting do not have the Zoom video window in focus during a call where the host is screen-sharing, after 30 seconds the host can see indicators next to each participant’s name indicating that the Zoom window is not active.\nAdministrators and User Tracking\nZoom allows administrators to see detailed views on how, when, and where users are using Zoom, with detailed dashboards in real-time of user activity. Zoom also provides a ranking system of users based on total number of meeting minutes. If a user records any calls via Zoom, administrators can access the contents of that recorded call, including video, audio, transcript, and chat files, as well as access to sharing, analytics, and cloud management privileges. \nFor any meeting that has occurred or is in-process, Zoom allows administrators to see the operating system, IP address, location data, and device information of each participant. This device information includes the type of machine (PC/Mac/Linux/mobile/etc), specs on the make/model of your peripheral audiovisual devices like cameras or speakers, and names for those devices (for example, the user-configurable names given to AirPods). Administrators also have the ability to join any call at any time on their organization’s instance of Zoom, without in-the-moment consent or warning for the attendees of the call.\nSchools Moving to Online Learning\nSurveillance shouldn’t be a prerequisite for getting an education. But even before more school districts started moving their classes and coursework to digital forums for purposes of social distancing, surveillance has become more and more common in schools. With the advent of COVID-19 and the associated uptick in distributed digital learning, the potential for this surveillance to ramp up is alarming. \nThis is true from kindergarten all the way through graduate school, though it is most prevalent and insidious in K-12 schools. School administrators are choosing to use tools and tactics that encroach on students’ privacy in ways that can break down trust amongst students and their peers, teachers, families, and administrators. Many K-12 schools offer or mandate the use of school-issued devices, and those devices come with pre-installed spyware that monitors all student activities and reports them to school administrators.\nMany schools are already experimenting with mass surveillance technologies with no evidence, and no way for concerned parents and students to opt out. If your school is using or is considering using technologies like Bark, GoGuardian, Gaggle, Securly, or Social Sentinel, check out our guide to Privacy for Students. It covers many of the privacy and surveillance concerns that these technologies raise, with ways to minimize the data being tracked, risk mitigation strategies, and advocacy tactics.\nTelehealth and Non-HIPAA Platforms\nThe HHS has altered HIPAA rules during the COVID-19 crisis, allowing health care providers to use applications such as FaceTime, Facebook Messenger, Hangouts, Skype, Zoom, etc so they are able to provide care to patients remotely:\nDuring the COVID-19 national emergency, which also constitutes a nationwide public health emergency, covered health care providers subject to the HIPAA Rules may seek to communicate with patients, and provide telehealth services, through remote communications technologies. Some of these technologies, and the manner in which they are used by HIPAA covered health care providers, may not fully comply with the requirements of the HIPAA Rules.\n\nIf your healthcare provider is using an application or platform that is not covered under HIPAA, check with them on what safeguards they have in place to ensure your privacy is protected, and what their plans and timelines are for moving to platforms that do fall under HIPAA compliance.\nTools for Assessing Risk and Staying Safe Online\nOne of the best things you can do to keep yourself and others safe during this crisis is to learn how to minimize risk. Many of the problems presented in this post can be mitigated or circumvented with careful consideration of the risks, employing “privacy as a team sport” tactics, and minimizing the data that corporations, employers, and others can track. Our resource site, Surveillance Self-Defense, is full of practical tips, tools, how-to’s, and explainers for communicating safely online. Here’s a list of useful guides with concrete steps you can take to get started:\n\nEvaluate and choose the tools you use to make sure they work for you.\nLearn about best practices for communicating with others and incorporate them into your routines and tools.\nUse a password manager to create strong passwords.\nEnsure that you have two-factor authentication (also known as 2FA) enabled for as many accounts as possible.\nConsider your needs and choose the VPN that’s right for you.\n\nAnd lastly, remember—we’re all in this together. Take care of each other by safeguarding each others’ physical and digital health."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","最近大紅的 ZOOM 繼「透過大量僱用中國工程師大幅降低成本」後\nhttps://pandayoo.com/2020/03/10/zoom/\n現在又被發現會收集與會者電腦上正在執行的「其它程式」跟視窗切換的紀錄，並回報雲端\nhttps://twitter.com/Ouren/status/1241398181205889024\n\n不行我覺得太噁心了，無論是企業風格跟程式的設計思路的都讓人作嘔\n\n以後不會再用他，也會盡量不參與任何使用 zoom 開啟的會議，盡量用其他程式替代（Ex: google meet, jitsi meet）\n\n歡迎參考 EFF 電子前線基金會的報告：https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/what-you-should-know-about-online-tools-during-covid-19-crisis"],["id","2jz0pw77he53s"],["createdAt","2020-03-25T03:11:10.899Z"]]}]}],["relatedReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COCO01"],["url","http://www.coco01.net/post/256787?r=edward1358"],["summary","BOMB01原創授權\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 有錢大家一起賺\n \n \n 2018-09-25 00:31\n \n \n \n \n \n 兒子上大學終於脫魯　年輕媽一看「女友照片」卻暴怒：你不用回家\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n BOMB01原創授權\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 花無缺\n \n \n 2018-09-25 00:00\n \n \n \n \n \n 新iPhone有2大缺點！　資深果粉林志穎曝失望理由：我不會買\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n BOMB01原創授權\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 花無缺\n \n \n 2018-09-25 00:00\n \n \n \n \n \n 20位上世紀最驚艷的純天然美女　脫俗美貌連時光也無法令之褪色\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:34\n \n \n \n \n \n 放棄柴油車改換電動車CP值夠高嗎？車主親身體驗分享，其實比起來「這個」絕對更劃算！\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:31\n \n \n \n \n \n 沒有設備該怎辦？這群漁村小孩憑一己之力在海上建了一座足球場，終成冠軍球隊！\n \n \n \n \n 勵志感人\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:51\n \n \n \n \n \n 彰化「動感交警」，指揮交通像在跳舞，節奏感十足，背後原來藏著「貼心」的原因！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 藍天綠地\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:57\n \n \n \n \n \n 競選人的態度，決定人民的支持度！\n \n \n \n \n 臺灣新聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:57\n \n \n \n \n \n 你是怎麼對待工讀生的？不用多只要一句話就能讓人鼓起一百分的元氣！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:04\n \n \n \n \n \n 《延禧》明玉深情演唱《當你》，粉絲帶入「大嘴猴CP」，聽著聽著都忍不住掉眼淚了！\n \n \n \n \n 娛樂新聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:08\n \n \n \n \n \n 平凡乏味的電車生活？換個角度去觀察也能發現各種有趣的電車百態！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:11\n \n \n \n \n \n 心痛！眼睜睜看著自己的行李被重摔，英女崩潰：「那是我的！」\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:16\n \n \n \n \n \n 台中街頭傳來天籟！視障女孩用心詮釋《情難枕》，路人圍觀感動不已，直誇「聽她唱一整天都可以！」\n \n \n \n \n 勵志感人\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:24\n \n \n \n \n \n 現在這世代究竟要不要生孩子？大叔發出內心這樣表示讓青年心服口服\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:26\n \n \n \n \n \n 誰說柚子皮只能當帽子戴？媽媽創意十足，打造「柚基尼」讓兒子穿上大秀熱舞！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:37\n \n \n \n \n \n 台灣之光！景美師大拔河隊屢創佳績，勇奪國際賽「3金牌」，目標是「繼續為國爭光！」\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:52\n \n \n \n \n \n 誰說只有貓狗會討摸摸...可愛小鸚鵡根本「飼主控」，黏著主人的手不肯放開，模樣讓大家萌翻！\n \n \n \n \n 動物寵物"],["topImageUrl","http://www.coco01.today/images/bg/bg.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","汽機車強制「白天開燈」　2017年上路"],["url","http://www.twtimes.org/node/31399#742"],["summary","用路人留意囉！交通部宣布，從2017年元旦起，白天騎車或開車也得強制開車燈，而新款的機車也將強制配備一發動引擎就會自動開啟的日行燈或頭燈，否則不得出廠領牌，新款的汽車則將於2018年實施。目前市面上已上路的舊型車，若是進口的幾乎都配有日行燈，國產車則部分廠牌有配備，舊型機車則還未普及。交通部表示，措施會分階段進行，2017年元旦起先強制新款機車需配有日行燈才能出場領牌，2018年強制將上市的新型汽車。而目前已在使用中的舊汽機車，考量改裝困難且變更線路設計恐影響安全，將等到2019年和2020年納入強制範圍，但這段時間會宣導民眾白天開車要開車燈。大客車、大貨車等大型車部分，新上市大型車將於2019年強制納管，舊款的大型車則從2021年起強制配備自動開啟的晝行燈或頭燈。目前，交通部已經發函，要求公務車、警車、消防車、救護車、垃圾車、校車等，及客運、公車與遊覽車從2017年元旦起白天上路要開車燈。"],["topImageUrl","/picture/app.models.Node/31399/800/417/0.jpeg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post209090/2552"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","↗↖↘關節痛吃它、眼睛花吃它…別再亂吃藥了！\nhttp://www.coco01.net/post/256787?r=edward1358\n\n🚙🚗🚕汽機車強制「白天開燈」　2017年上路\nhttp://www.twtimes.org/node/31399#742\n\n⛔⛔⛔她把檸檬切成「Ｘ」型在睡覺前放在床邊，醒來後發生的變化讓所有人都稱奇！http://www.fun01.net/post209090/2552"],["id","5479812253619-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-10T02:16:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AWA2VqTQyCdS-nWhukkK"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","白天開燈非強制。彰化縣警局交通隊組張蕭汝上說，交通部已經開始加強白天開大燈的安全宣導，根據歐美國家實施的調查報告，白天汽、機車行駛中開頭燈，可提高被其他車輛看到的機會，減少5.9%以上肇事率。\n目前仍是宣導期，鼓勵民眾白天開大燈，但未公布相關罰則。\n警方呼籲民眾不要聽信網路謠言，有關道路交通管理處罰條例修訂、公布實行，以政府主管機關交通部正式公佈為準。"],["reference","https://udn.com/news/story/2/2193800\n元旦起汽機車上路不開燈就罰錢？警：假的\nhttp://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20161227/1021548/\n元旦新制汽機車白天開大燈？　別被騙了！"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/2/2193800"],["summary","udn.com 提供即時新聞以及豐富的政治、社會、地方、兩岸、國際、財經、數位、運動、NBA、娛樂、生活、健康、旅遊新聞，以最即時、多元的內容，滿足行動世代的需求。"],["topImageUrl","https://udn.com/static/img/UDN_BABY.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","元旦新制汽機車白天開大燈？　別被騙了！ | 蘋果日報"],["url","http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20161227/1021548/"],["summary","（更新：新增交通部內容）你在LINE也收到汽機車元旦起強制開大燈的訊息嗎？別被網路謠言騙了！近來不少網友在LINE收到這樣的訊息，提醒大家元旦開始騎車或開車白天也要開大燈，違規的話，汽車可罰1200元，機車600元，汽車高速公路加倍2400元，且可採連續罰則，一天可罰很多次。由於內容寫的相當詳細，不少人信以為真，紛紛傳給親朋好友，但其實這是錯誤的消息。立委王定宇特別在臉書提醒這項「假消息」，並強調「這年頭，假消息多到跟蟑螂一樣，只好靠有判斷力和查證能力的各位好朋友，見一隻打一隻。」事實上，針對頭燈，交通部明年元旦起的確有新制，但是要求新款式機車將強制配備一發動引擎就會自動開啟的晝行燈或頭燈，否則不得出廠領牌，後年擴及新款式汽車。至於已上路的舊車將宣導白天要開車燈，但並無罰則，不會處罰。（盧麗蓮／綜合報導）出版：10：22更新：11：20王定宇提醒，元旦新制汽機車強制白天開大燈是假消息。翻攝王定宇臉書 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 有話要說投稿「即時論壇」"],["topImageUrl","https://img.appledaily.com.tw/images/ReNews/20161227/640_4a7fd9cb910e55f57dd9f01cfef49347.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2017-12-08T13:35:36.150Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COCO01"],["url","http://www.coco01.net/post/256787?r=edward1358"],["summary","BOMB01原創授權\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 有錢大家一起賺\n \n \n 2018-09-25 00:31\n \n \n \n \n \n 兒子上大學終於脫魯　年輕媽一看「女友照片」卻暴怒：你不用回家\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n BOMB01原創授權\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 花無缺\n \n \n 2018-09-25 00:00\n \n \n \n \n \n 新iPhone有2大缺點！　資深果粉林志穎曝失望理由：我不會買\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n BOMB01原創授權\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 花無缺\n \n \n 2018-09-25 00:00\n \n \n \n \n \n 20位上世紀最驚艷的純天然美女　脫俗美貌連時光也無法令之褪色\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:34\n \n \n \n \n \n 放棄柴油車改換電動車CP值夠高嗎？車主親身體驗分享，其實比起來「這個」絕對更劃算！\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:31\n \n \n \n \n \n 沒有設備該怎辦？這群漁村小孩憑一己之力在海上建了一座足球場，終成冠軍球隊！\n \n \n \n \n 勵志感人\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:51\n \n \n \n \n \n 彰化「動感交警」，指揮交通像在跳舞，節奏感十足，背後原來藏著「貼心」的原因！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 藍天綠地\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:57\n \n \n \n \n \n 競選人的態度，決定人民的支持度！\n \n \n \n \n 臺灣新聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 09:57\n \n \n \n \n \n 你是怎麼對待工讀生的？不用多只要一句話就能讓人鼓起一百分的元氣！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:04\n \n \n \n \n \n 《延禧》明玉深情演唱《當你》，粉絲帶入「大嘴猴CP」，聽著聽著都忍不住掉眼淚了！\n \n \n \n \n 娛樂新聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:08\n \n \n \n \n \n 平凡乏味的電車生活？換個角度去觀察也能發現各種有趣的電車百態！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:11\n \n \n \n \n \n 心痛！眼睜睜看著自己的行李被重摔，英女崩潰：「那是我的！」\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:16\n \n \n \n \n \n 台中街頭傳來天籟！視障女孩用心詮釋《情難枕》，路人圍觀感動不已，直誇「聽她唱一整天都可以！」\n \n \n \n \n 勵志感人\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:24\n \n \n \n \n \n 現在這世代究竟要不要生孩子？大叔發出內心這樣表示讓青年心服口服\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:26\n \n \n \n \n \n 誰說柚子皮只能當帽子戴？媽媽創意十足，打造「柚基尼」讓兒子穿上大秀熱舞！\n \n \n \n \n 奇趣見聞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:37\n \n \n \n \n \n 台灣之光！景美師大拔河隊屢創佳績，勇奪國際賽「3金牌」，目標是「繼續為國爭光！」\n \n \n \n \n 時事熱點\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 原創好文\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 來來來\n \n \n 2018-09-25 10:52\n \n \n \n \n \n 誰說只有貓狗會討摸摸...可愛小鸚鵡根本「飼主控」，黏著主人的手不肯放開，模樣讓大家萌翻！\n \n \n \n \n 動物寵物"],["topImageUrl","http://www.coco01.today/images/bg/bg.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","汽機車強制「白天開燈」　2017年上路"],["url","http://www.twtimes.org/node/31399#742"],["summary","用路人留意囉！交通部宣布，從2017年元旦起，白天騎車或開車也得強制開車燈，而新款的機車也將強制配備一發動引擎就會自動開啟的日行燈或頭燈，否則不得出廠領牌，新款的汽車則將於2018年實施。目前市面上已上路的舊型車，若是進口的幾乎都配有日行燈，國產車則部分廠牌有配備，舊型機車則還未普及。交通部表示，措施會分階段進行，2017年元旦起先強制新款機車需配有日行燈才能出場領牌，2018年強制將上市的新型汽車。而目前已在使用中的舊汽機車，考量改裝困難且變更線路設計恐影響安全，將等到2019年和2020年納入強制範圍，但這段時間會宣導民眾白天開車要開車燈。大客車、大貨車等大型車部分，新上市大型車將於2019年強制納管，舊款的大型車則從2021年起強制配備自動開啟的晝行燈或頭燈。目前，交通部已經發函，要求公務車、警車、消防車、救護車、垃圾車、校車等，及客運、公車與遊覽車從2017年元旦起白天上路要開車燈。"],["topImageUrl","/picture/app.models.Node/31399/800/417/0.jpeg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post209090/2552"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","↗↖↘關節痛吃它、眼睛花吃它…別再亂吃藥了！\nhttp://www.coco01.net/post/256787?r=edward1358\n\n🚙🚗🚕汽機車強制「白天開燈」　2017年上路\nhttp://www.twtimes.org/node/31399#742\n\n⛔⛔⛔她把檸檬切成「Ｘ」型在睡覺前放在床邊，醒來後發生的變化讓所有人都稱奇！http://www.fun01.net/post209090/2552"],["id","5479812253619-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-10T02:16:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AWA2B53iyCdS-nWhukjx"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVrTDXh1yrDaTqlmmqaQ"],["name","HazelGaGa"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7c42a965af4290186d2f140420e680d3?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",11]]}],["type","NOT_ARTICLE"],["text","訊息僅含有失效連結，無從查證。"],["reference",""],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["createdAt","2017-12-08T12:09:17.029Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",7],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","3-5年後，眼睛失明可能會大面積爆發！再不注意就晚了！\nhttp://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735"],["id","5501468840582-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-14T13:01:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVwnRGSoyCdS-nWhuZMq"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVvyyrpzyCdS-nWhuYw4"],["name","Shan Chia Wu"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/8f8a556711acf3a0b82e5852c84c6975?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",8]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","人眼隨時都在調整進光量自我保護，而長時間看著螢幕產生的疲勞多半來自眨眼頻率的降低導致的乾澀，光亮本身是否會引起嚴重失明如黃斑部病變，目前並無證據，但是合理推論要是此亮度就會失明，那麼白天在外工作之人應該很快就都失明了，因為太陽亮度遠超過手機業間的預設亮度。但確實是有實驗在探討夜晚使用數位螢幕對日夜睡眠節律與褪黑激素的影響，只是尚未有成果發表。現在就說會導致失明是明顯的製造恐慌。"],["reference","高能可見光(HEV Light，藍光)對人體的影響目前無證據：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978915004606\n對日夜節律的研究：http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/files/2013/06/SLEEP-Release.pdf"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Blue Light: A Blessing or a Curse?"],["url","http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978915004606"],["summary","AbstractIn workplaces environments, a well-planned lighting design requires a multidisciplinary knowledge and interdisciplinary involvement. This involves more than economic issues. Today we are forced to decrease the energy consumption which can be achieved throughout the use of LED lighting. Architects/designers have to have in mind when creating or remodeling a workplace is the simple fact that they are not designing for themselves, to their own aesthetic values, culture, and preferences. Environment evokes different emotions and light could, and should be used to, elicit the best and avoid the worst impact. It seems to be that we spend almost 90% of our lifetime in an indoor environment of some kind. However, visible light goes from 360 nm to 780 nm which influence us in different ways. Light affects our body and mind, both visual and non-visually and they are essential to keep our biological needs in balance. These non-visual functions depend on the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The lighting layout principal concern is providing a good light for seeing, however, the non-visual functions are the ones that regulate and synchronize our biological functions such as our circadian entrainment, pupillary light reflex, melatonin regulation, cognitive performance, mood, locomotors activity, memory, body temperature, etc… We must have in mind that blue light, for instance, is present in natural light but also in artificial light. Nowadays, there are plenty of blue-rich light sources particularly in technological gadgets. Blue light is essential since it triggers physiological responses and is important to visual processes including color perception in spite of studies that indicate the opposite. Blue light is used to induce physiological rest. Memory, alertness, attention span, reaction times, learning ability and cognitive performance all perform much better under blue light; but it can also suppress melatonin secretion. The present paper aims to study the “do's and don’ts” of lighting design in a workplace. To achieve such goals the research will be conducted throughout literature review.Previous Next KeywordsBlue lightVisualNon-visualWavelength/spectralCircadian rhythmWellbeingEmotionReferences[1]V. Loftness et al., Linking Energy to Health and Productivity in the Built Environment. (2003) [Online]. Available in: .[2]P. R Mills, S. C. Tomkins & L. J. M. Schlangen, The Effect of High Correlated Colour Temperature Office Lighting on Employee Wellbeing and Work Performance. (2007) [Online]. Available in: .[3]E. Chamorro et al., Photoprotective Effects of Blue Light Absorbing Filter against LED Light Exposure on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro. (2013) [Online]. Available in: .[4]M. Peng et al., ENG, M., The Influence of Low-powered Family LED Lighting on Eyes in Mice Experimental Model. (2012) [Online]. Available in: .[5]NobelPrize.org – Blue LEDs: Filling the World with New Light. (2014) [Online]. Available in: .[6]Essilor Inc., Blue Light Hazard: New Knowledge, New Approaches to Maintaining Ocular Health. (2013) [Online]. Available in: .[7]E. Kitchel, The Effects of Blue Light on Ocular Health. [s. d.] [Online]. Available in: .[8]Essilor Inc., Protecting the Eye Against Sunlight: More than just Blocking UV? [s. d.] [Online]. Available in: .[9]F. M. Cuthbertson, S. N. Peirson, K. Wulff, R. G. Foster & S. M. Downes, Blue light–filtering Intraocular Lenses: Review of Potential Benefits and Side Effects. (2009) [Online]. Available in: .[10]EMH Swiss Medical – ROS. (2013) [Online]. Available in: http://www.smw.ch/fileadmin/smw/images/SMW-13659-Fig.04.jpg.[11]A. E. Brøndsted, Jesper, H. Lundeman & L. Kessel, Short Wavelength Light Filtering by the Natural Human Lens and IOLs – Implications for Entrainment of Circadian Rhythm. (2013) [Online]. Available in: .[12]G. Vandewalle & D. DJIK, Neuroimaging the Effects of Light on Non-visual Brain Functions. (2012) [Online]. Available in: .[13]Philips Inc., Physiological Effects of Light: How Light Regulates Sleep, Mood and Energy. (2009) [Online]. Available in: .[14]C. Gronfier, The Good Blue and Chronobiology: Light and Non-Visual Functions. (2013) [Online]. Available in: .[15]E. Mignot, S. Taheri & S. Nishino, Sleeping with the Hypothalamus: Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Sleep Disorders. Nat. Neurosci 5 Suppl, 2002, 1071.[16]M. Smith, V. Revell & I. E. Charmane, Phase Advancing the Human Circadian Clock with Blue-Enriched Polychromatic Light. (2009) [Online]. Available in: .[17]A.-M.M. Chang, et al.Human Responses to Bright Light of Different Durations. J. Physiol, 590 (13) (2012), pp. 3103-3112[18]P. R. Mills, S. C. Tomkins & L. J. M. Schlangen, The Effect of High Correlated Colour Temperature Office Lighting on Employee Wellbeing and Work Performance. (2007) [Online]. Available in; http://www.biomedcentral.com/1740-3391/5/2/.[19]S.W. Lockley, et al.Short-Wavelength Sensitivity for the Direct Effects of Light on Alertness, Vigilance, and the Waking Electroencephalogram in Humans. Sleep, 29 (2) (2006), pp. 161-168[20]G. Bizjak, Nonvisual Effects of Light. (2013) [Online]. Available in: .[21]D. Burnett, Circadian Adaptive Lighting: A Landmark Paradigm Shift with Unprecedented ROI Potential. (2012[Online]. Available in: .[22]S. Lehrl et al., Blue Light Improves Cognitive Performance. (2007) [Online]. Available in: < https://www.psio.com/pdf/blue-light-improves-cognitive-performance.pdf>.[23]Essays UK, – Effects Of Light On Internal Body Systems Psychology Essay. (2013) [Online]. Available in: .[24]W. Bommel, Lighting for work: visual and biological effects. (2004) [Online]. Available in: .[25]A. Viola, A. U. James, L. M. Schlangen, L. J. M. & D. J. DIJK, Blue-Enriched White Light in the Workplace Improves Self-Reported Alertness, Performance and Sleep Quality. (2008) [Online]. Available in: .[26]N. Visweswaraiah & S. Telles, Psychophysiological Effects of Colored Light Used in Healing. (2006) [Online]. Available in: .[27]P. Boyce, The Impact of Light in Buildings on Human Health. (2009) [Online]. Available in: http://sllp.org/bbs/data/file/csheb_Symposium/1226372677_dTXEituG_Peter_R_Boyce.pdf>.Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V."],["topImageUrl","https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2351978915X00047-cov150h.gif"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Page not found"],["url","http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/files/2013/06/SLEEP-Release.pdf"],["summary","Oops! That page can’t be found."],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.prod-carehubs.net/n1/802899ec472ea3d8/uploads/2013/08/logo.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2017-05-20T19:10:12.651Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_3kKBwZOq1GOsJUqlVRhhX3LY21TLm4KpDueXPPHhZSU"],["name","謙虛的員林依耶芙特"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","鬆柔彈跳功 - 澈見網路電視台"],["url","http://www.luciditv.com/index.php/2016/07/27/three-minutes-to-good-health_soft-shaking/"],["summary","Please specify an ID for the Contact Form in Theme Options > Single Post/Video > Video Report Form"],["topImageUrl","https://www.luciditv.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/0727-三分鐘-繁-450px-1.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ylp1975CTQmY5IPL4Kkt0Q"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",""],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","胖人別怕吃，三種補陽食物讓你越吃越瘦 - 康健雜誌"],["url","http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=74532&utm_source=line&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=push"],["summary","胖人以為肥胖與吃得多有關，為了讓身體瘦下來，往往在飲食上大做文章，結果身體沒有瘦下來，卻往往因為節食減肥而損傷了脾胃。實際上肥胖與陽氣不足有關，只要選對食物，非但不會增肥，還有助於減肥瘦身。\n \n \n \n \n 韭菜補腎陽又排毒，常吃自然瘦\n\n 韭菜是「起陽草」，又是「洗腸草」，補陽排毒消脂很有效。胖人常吃韭菜，減肥效果好。\n\n陽氣是人體的正氣，是人體正常生理功能的原動力。脂肪代謝需要陽氣，所以補充陽氣可以幫助消除脂肪。在常見食物中，韭菜是一個很好的補陽選擇，它有一個很響亮的名字叫「起陽草」，還有人把韭菜稱為「洗腸草」。韭菜性溫，有補腎補陽的作用。尤其是在春寒還料峭的時節，陽虛怕冷的人吃韭菜能保暖、健胃、補陽，能幫助身體消除多餘的脂肪，也就是提高新陳代謝的能力，有助痰濕的代謝。\n另外，韭菜還含有豐富的粗纖維，可增加腸蠕動，促進消化，能預防習慣性便祕和腸癌。\n所以，想要減肥的人，尤其是脾陽虛和腎陽虛的胖人要多吃韭菜，補陽效果奇好。但是考慮到減肥，韭菜的烹飪方式要符合減肥要求。\n為了使韭菜既能更好地增補陽氣，又能很好地幫助減肥，在飲食製作上，要堅持少油少鹽、減熱量的烹調原則。可以涼拌或做湯，少油鹽，少用調味料，越清淡越好。\n\n 中醫名家小講堂\n\n春季食用韭菜有益於肝。初春時節的韭菜品質最佳，晚秋的次之，夏季的最差，有「春食則香，夏食則臭」之說。\n南瓜補脾陽，肥肉不愛長南瓜性溫，味甘，無毒，具有較好的平補功效，不僅能減肥瘦身，還可預防腦卒中的發生。此外，常吃南瓜，可使大便通暢，肌膚豐美，有美容作用。女性不妨常食。\n脾陽受損，脾土不運，越來越多的濕氣蘊結在體內，不斷浸於肌膚之中，肌膚失養，則體胖而肉鬆垮。要想解決此問題，首先要調理脾胃，關鍵就是提升脾胃陽氣，恢復脾運化痰濕的功能。另外，脾陽充足，也有助於對脂肪的運化，使身體不胖。\n補脾陽可以經常吃點南瓜。南瓜性溫，味甘，最適合補脾陽。溫熱的食物本身就有補陽作用，為此肥胖的人不妨經常食用，一點點將體內的陽氣補足，除掉痰濕。\n南瓜平補，又不損傷脾胃，可常食。具有溫中補虛、長養氣血的作用。體質虛弱、氣血不足者，平常應多食南瓜，可逐步改善體質，除濕瘦身。\n南瓜雖然具有較好的補脾陽之功，但只有食之得法才能發揮作用。若是烹調不當，自然會影響南瓜滋補脾胃的功效。\n\n 中醫名家小講堂\n\n南瓜不僅有較高的食用價值，而且還有著不可忽視的食療作用。食用南瓜不僅能補脾陽，還能治療肺氣虛導致的咳喘，不過食用南瓜也要適量，多食易引發腳氣、黃疸。\n薑能激發一身的陽氣，燃燒脂肪薑不僅僅是調味品，還是一味補陽助陽的中藥，陽虛的胖人可以適當在飲食中來點薑，能暖身除脂，助身材苗條。\n薑作為食材，可以提鮮、除腥。作養生保健之用有生薑和乾薑之別，其作用也不同。\n對於生薑，大家並不陌生。傷風感冒了，切幾片生薑，熬點兒薑水，一碗水下去，出了不少汗，病也就去了一半；女性來了月經，肚子疼，煮點兒薑汁喝，疼痛也會減輕不少。可見，小小的生薑確實是養生祛病的好幫手。\n乾薑是生薑的乾製品，中醫有乾薑「回陽救逆」之說。也就是說，如果陽氣極度衰疲，寒濕邪氣尤盛的話，就非乾薑不可。若是陽氣虛得嚴重，則可用乾薑來救急。但乾薑性大熱，用之要慎之又慎，以防生出熱邪。\n建議痰濕肥胖者用生薑來慢慢調理。若是非要用乾薑來調理，也要慎之又慎，在醫生的指導下根據身體的反應來進行調理。一旦有不適，則要停用。\n\n 中醫名家小講堂\n\n用薑補陽減肥應注意，爛薑不要食用。民間有「壞薑不壞味」的說法，但爛薑能致癌，所以一旦發現薑爛了就一定不要食用。\n\n 本文節錄自《\n 胖補陽，瘦滋陰\n 》，由大都會文化出版。\n\n \n \n \n 文章出處：Web only\n 2017-03-22 00:00:00.0"],["topImageUrl","//cw1.tw/CH/images/channel_master/9ce89012-4f42-4273-9ae9-d5d479a484e5.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","抽筋原因百百種，不只是缺鈣 - 康健雜誌182期"],["url","http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=68091&utm_source=m.commonhealth.com.tw&utm_medium=mobileFilter&utm_campaign=pcTransM"],["summary","夜半三更睡得正香，一陣抽筋襲來，小腿痛得一夜好眠報銷；運動到一半抽筋也很悶，非但沒享受夠腦內啡帶來的歡愉，還得應付動彈不得的跛腳；高跟鞋穿了一天好不容易坐下來休息，腳趾卻不聽話地輪番抽痛……，究竟抽筋是怎麼回事？\n我的抽筋是什麼原因？\n抽筋是不自主的肌肉收縮，會持續幾秒到幾分鐘，通常伴隨強烈疼痛。抽筋常見原因包括肌肉疲勞、身體脫水、電解質失衡、血液循環不良及神經損傷，這也是為什麼長時間運動、睡覺睡到一半，或一個姿勢固定久了容易抽筋，台安醫院神經內科主治醫師林冠宏解釋。\n\n ●運動時容易抽筋主要是因為疲勞。\n 運動消耗肝醣做為能量來源，當肝醣消耗過快，例如短跑衝刺，或是沒有獲得補充，例如跑馬拉松沒有適時補給熱量，導致肌肉缺乏能量，就容易造成抽筋；其次，運動時大量出汗，身體會流失水分及電解質，導致脫水及電解質失衡，也容易造成抽筋。\n\n\n ●睡夢中抽筋多跟血液循環不好有關。\n 低溫會使得血液循環變差，所以半夜棉被沒蓋好或是冷氣、電扇直吹腳都會增加抽筋的可能；而白天運動過量導致肌肉疲勞，也可能在半夜出現抽筋的現象；有些老人家水喝太少、利尿的茶卻喝太多，也可能在半夜因為身體相對脫水或電解質失衡而抽筋。\n\n\n ●姿勢固定久了也會抽筋，\n 這是局部血液循環不良跟肌肉疲勞導致，這也是為什麼高跟鞋穿了一天下來腳趾頭會輪番抽筋的緣故。\n\n有些疾病容易造成抽筋\n萬芳醫院復健科主治醫師許文彥指出，絕大部分的抽筋都是良性的，不過有些疾病也容易造成抽筋。\n\n \n ◎推薦閱讀：（本文還沒結束，後面還有喔）\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 不自主抖腳、腿痠疼、搔癢？「不寧腿」4招可檢測\n \n \n \n\n●骨折時附近的肌肉會強制收縮，一方面是痛覺興奮對肌肉造成刺激，一方面則是身體為了維持骨折位置的穩定，自然形成的保護機制。\n●當身體支撐系統不夠穩，例如脊椎側彎或姿勢不良，也可能讓局部肌肉承受過多壓力導致疲勞，久了可能會抽筋。\n●坐骨神經痛、糖尿病引起的神經病變或其他各式神經損傷也會因為神經傳導異常，一直放出錯誤的神經訊號讓肌肉收縮，造成抽筋。\n●洗腎（血液透析）時也容易抽筋，因為一般人身體的代謝是24小時慢慢調控，但洗腎患者要在4個小時裡平衡2～3天身體產生的廢物，在體內電解質劇烈變化的情況下，也容易抽筋。\n●內分泌失調、甲狀腺功能異常也可能導致電解質代謝異常引發抽筋。●某些藥物的使用也會影響，例如利尿劑會導致身體缺水及電解質異常，戒斷酒精跟突然停用一些鎮靜安眠的藥物可能會使得原本安定的神經變興奮，降膽固醇的藥可能導致肌肉發炎等，都可能影響。\n只要一抽筋，媽媽就開始碎唸：你就是缺鈣啊，叫你多喝牛奶都不聽；身邊的朋友也會說要多喝水、喝運動飲料、吃香蕉……，究竟這些撇步是不是真的有用？\n\n 林冠宏解釋，這些撇步的確可能有用，\n 例如鈣片中的鈣離子、香蕉裡的鉀離子、運動飲料的鈉、鉀離子可能會改善電解質的平衡，但真正抽筋時你通常無法確定身體正在缺什麼，\n 補錯了反而愈幫愈忙，所以關鍵還是得對症下藥。\n\n首先，抽筋發生的當下要先放鬆繃緊的肌肉，可以針對那一區的肌肉做逆方向的伸展，或是輕輕按摩、熱敷來紓緩疼痛的情況。\n四招有效預防抽筋\n再來則要針對最有可能導致抽筋的原因對症緩解並預防，以下是幾個常見抽筋的緩解、預防方法：\n\n 1.運動導致\n\n運動過程抽筋常見的原因是水分流失過多、鈉鉀離子也隨著汗水流失，或是能量不足，肝醣來不及進入肌肉所致，所以補充水分、電解質，吃點食物補充能量、休息一會再繼續運動是關鍵。這時候常聽到的「抽筋要喝運動飲料」，就是對的，因為可以同時補充水分跟電解質；「吃香蕉」也有道理，可以補充熱量跟鉀離子。\n如果要避免下次運動再抽筋，切記，運動前要先拉筋，運動過程要定時補充水分、電解質、能量；運動後也要伸展，免得運動過程沒抽筋反倒半夜找上門，熱愛跑馬拉松的許文彥也建議，運動過程穿壓縮褲或壓縮腿套也可以促進血液循環，能減少抽筋的發生率。\n\n 2.半夜抽筋\n\n半夜抽筋可能是水喝太少導致電解質失衡，所以除了紓緩肌肉還要喝點水；也有可能是溫度低導致循環不好，所以保暖很重要，冬天記得加穿襪子、蓋好棉被，夏天則要把直吹腳部的電扇、冷氣風向移開。\n預防半夜抽筋最好的方式是睡前做伸展運動，放鬆肌肉並促進血液循環，白天多喝水，少喝容易利尿的茶、咖啡，免得身體缺水，導致電解質失衡，半夜又被抽筋打擾好眠。\n\n 3.姿勢不良\n\n如果你的抽筋是長期維持某個姿勢害的，那就要記得三不五時起來動一動，紓緩那個部位的肌肉。\n\n 4.這些情況應該就醫\n\n嚴重的抽筋可能導致拉傷、撕裂傷，所以如果抽筋到隔天還在痛，甚至影響到走路，就要考慮就醫。如果你的抽筋經常反覆發作，即便多做伸展、多喝水少碰利尿飲料都沒用，或者連不容易抽筋的小肌肉像手臂、手指都會抽筋，那就要考慮可能是疾病或藥物導致的問題，應該就醫，或者詢問醫師是不是藥物影響所致，需要調整。\n版權所有，本刊圖文非經同意不得轉載或公開傳播。\n編按：此文為2014年發表，文中人、事、物背景或已有調整、變動，造成不便還請見諒。\n\n \n 推薦閱讀：\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 研究：煮雞湯時加入「它」鈣質增加64%\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n 腳麻、抽筋、覺得冷...10個不可輕忽的腳症狀\n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n 幾乎每晚都腳抽筋，該如何處理？\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n 文章出處：康健雜誌182期\n 2014-01-01 00:00:00.0"],["topImageUrl","//cw1.tw/CH/images/article/H1401424938839.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","芥花油 (Canola oil) 歐洲已禁＠偉森(WEI SEN)資訊快遞｜PChome 個人新聞台"],["url","http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/weisengift/post/1322817047"],["summary","你家有芥花油 (Canola oil) 嗎? 別再吃了! Canola 油的迷思與真相大約是十幾年前，市面上突然出現了一種新的烹飪油，英文叫做 Canola Oil。起先只有在專賣 ”健康自然產品” 的店裡才能看,但因為政府及私人公司都廣為宣傳這種油的好處"],["topImageUrl","http://link.photo.pchome.com.tw/s12/weisengift_pc/51/133109086289/"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","2017.03.23 星期四\n\n18:24 芳靜圖片\n\n18:26 芳靜圖片\n\n18:27 芳靜太極名師，只1招，10分鐘鬆柔功，全身鬆暢。\n\nhttp://www.luciditv.com/index.php/2016/07/27/three-minutes-to-good-health_soft-shaking/\n\n18:30 芳靜 🔴每夜睡前，\n不管男女只要36下，\n全身疾病而退\n别怪我告诉你晚了！\n\nhttp://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Ylp1975CTQmY5IPL4Kkt0Q\n\n18:35 芳靜圖片\n\n18:38 芳靜影片\n\n22:21 翁昭容影片\n\n22:24 翁昭容兩天後刪除\n⭕⭕ 榮總急診部王醫師傳送@ 很寶貴的養生短文 \n◎ 成為永遠病人的二大原因：過食 + 藥物！\n就是吃太多啦，還有就是吃葯，這絕對不是好事，醫師和護理人員，都很少吃葯。\n\n◎ 糖尿病是全身性的代謝紊亂！主因則是胰臟過度疲勞！\n◎ 細嚼慢嚥是在降低胰臟負擔！\n\n◎ 活得健康的重要原則？一少三多！ \nA丶少吃； B丶多休息； C丶多喝水； D丶多流汗！\n◎ 滿身流汗對各種疾病都是有益的！\n\n◎ 飯量越大丶耗氧也越大丶細胞越缺氧，心臟就越加壓，血壓也就越高了！\n\n◎ 吃飯最好＂五分飽＂，不要撐飽！\n\n#當身體飢餓感訊號出現時，正是排毒旺盛，免疫功能快速增強時！\n\n◎ 空腹時身體發熱流汗是最有效的新陳代謝法，也是細胞自行清血解毒，補氣活化的時機！（消化系統運作時，就停止排毒！）\n\n◎ 癌症的主因：超級中毒＋組織缺氧（重度缺氧）！\n\n◎ 癌症是身體長期處於中毒狀態（強酸），所引起＂缺氧＂的自然現象！\n\n◎ ＂氧＂是身體治病救命的靈丹，它決定腺體調節能力，免疫系統的強弱，更掌控了癌症病人的生殺大權！(clap)(clap)(thumb up)\n\n 請看完後 ,拜託你把它轉寄出去，別只顧著存檔喔！非常重要的養生短文。\n\n(再忙也請看)\n\n2017.03.27 星期一\n\n20:18 芳靜圖片\n\n20:19 芳靜 *3-5年後.\n 眼睛失明\n會大面積爆發.再不注意就晚了\n\n(手機) 是導致\n(眼睛失明)最大殺手，\n請不要每天長時間\n看著手機\n\n您再一直看著手機\n眼睛看不到了\n都是您自己害的\n\n請要注意了！\n\nhttp://www.fun01.net/post471849/1735\n\n2017.03.28 星期二\n\n12:12 翁昭容生活中得到的頓悟，看完收穫頗大。\n\n1\n妻子想讓老公早回家，於是規定：晚於23點回家就鎖門。第一週奏效，第二週老公又晚歸，老婆按制度把門鎖了，於是老公幹脆不回家了。\n老婆鬱悶，後經高人指點，修改規定：23點前不回家，我就開著門睡覺。老公大驚，從此準時回家。\n\n可見制度的精髓不在於強制，而在於對被執行者利益的拉動。\n\n2\n小雞問母雞：可否不用下蛋，帶我出去玩啊？\n母雞道：不行，我要工作！\n小雞說：可你已經下了這麼多蛋了！\n母雞意味深長地對小雞說：\n一天一個蛋，菜刀靠邊站，一月不生蛋，高壓鍋裡見。\n\n存在是因為你創造價值，淘汰是因為你失去價值。過去的價值不代表未來，所以每天都要努力！\n\n3\n張三在山間小路開車，正當他悠哉欣賞美麗風景時，突然迎面開來的貨車司機搖下窗戶大喊一聲：「豬！」\n張三越想越氣，也搖下車窗大罵：「你才是豬！」剛罵完，他便迎頭撞上一群過馬路的豬。\n\n不要錯誤地詮釋別人的好意，那只會讓自己吃虧，並且使別人受辱。在不明所以之前，先學會按捺情緒，耐心觀察，以免事後生發悔意。\n\n4\n毛竹用了4年時間，僅僅長了3釐米，但從第5年開始，以每天30釐米的速度瘋狂地生長，僅用6周，就長到了15米。其實，在。前面的４年，毛竹將根在土壤裡延伸了數百平方米。\n\n做人做事亦是如此，不要擔心付出得不到回報，因為這些付出都是為了紮根，等到時機成熟，你會登上別人遙不可及的巔峰。\n\n5\n丈夫下班回到家，看見妻子揍兒子，沒理他們。直接走到廚房，看見小矮桌上煮好一鍋餛飩，於是盛了一碗吃。\n吃完看見妻子還在那裡揍兒子，看不過去了，就說：教育小孩不能老用暴力，要多講道理嘛！妻子說：好好的一鍋餛飩，他居然撒了一泡尿進去，你說氣人不氣人？\n丈夫聽後馬上說：媳婦你歇會兒，讓我來揍！\n\n置身事外，誰都可以心平氣和；身處其中，誰還可以從容淡定。所以請不要輕易評論任何人，因為你不在其中……\n\n6\n乞丐：能不能給我一百塊錢？\n路人：我只有八十塊錢。\n乞丐：那你就欠我二十塊錢吧。\n\n有些人總以為是上蒼欠他的，老覺得老天爺給的不夠多、不夠好，貪婪之慾早已取代了感恩之心。\n\n7\n一滴墨汁落在一杯清水裡，這杯水立即變色，不能喝了；一滴墨汁融在大海裡，大海依然是蔚藍色的大海。為什麼？因為兩者的肚量不一樣。\n不熟的麥穗直刺刺地向上挺著，成熟的麥穗低垂著頭。為什麼？因為兩者的份量不一樣。\n\n寬容別人，就是肚量；謙卑自己，就是份量；合起來，就是一個人的質量。\n\n8\n有一支淘金的隊伍在沙漠中行走，大家都步履沉重，痛苦不堪，只有一個人快樂地走著。\n別人問：「你為何如此愜意？」他笑著說：「因為我帶的東西最少。」\n\n原來快樂很簡單，擁有少一點就行了。\n\n9\n一把堅實的大鎖掛在大門上，一根鐵桿費了九牛二虎之力，還是無法將它撬開。鑰匙來了，他瘦小的身子鑽進鎖孔，只輕輕一轉，大鎖就＂啪＂地一聲打開了。\n鐵桿奇怪地問：「為什麼我費了那麼大力氣也打不開，而你卻輕而易舉地就把它打開了呢？」\n鑰匙說：「因為我最瞭解他的心。」\n\n每個人的心，都像上了鎖的大門，任你再粗的鐵棒也撬不開。唯有關懷，才能把自己變成一隻細膩的鑰匙，進入別人的心中，瞭解別人。\n\n10\n老和尚問小和尚：「如果你前進一步是死、後退一步則亡，你該怎麼辦？」\n小和尚毫不猶豫地說：「我往旁邊去。」\n\n遭遇兩難困境時換個角度\n思考，也許就會明白：路的旁邊還有路\n\n2017.03.30 星期四\n\n23:18 翁昭容 http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=74532&utm_source=line&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=push\n\n23:23 翁昭容 http://m.commonhealth.com.tw/article/article.action?nid=68091&utm_source=m.commonhealth.com.tw&utm_medium=mobileFilter&utm_campaign=pcTransM\n\n2017.03.31 星期五\n\n12:29 翁昭容影片\n\n2017.04.01 星期六\n\n10:50 芳靜請copy 給所有群組\n\n芥花油 (Canola oil) 歐洲已禁止 ~~會破壞心，腎，腎上腺，甲狀腺，神經系統\n http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/weisengift/post/1322817047\n再沒時間都要看一看，芥花油的問題！"],["id","AVso0cmGtKp96s659Djt"],["createdAt","2017-04-01T09:21:28.965Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVvcb-1IyCdS-nWhuYYz"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","人吃的芥花籽油就是謠言提到的芥花油（Canola oil），Canola確實是低酸加拿大油（Canada Oil Low Acid）的簡稱，但原料並不是像謠言說的使用「經過基因改造有毒的蕓苔子（Rape）」，真正的來源是使用品種改良的十字花科油菜(Brassica Napus L.及B. Campestris L.)的種子經過精煉、脫色、脫臭、壓榨而成。\n\n而且目前沒有科學研究證明人類吃的芥花油（Canola oil），會對人體造成危害，當然歐洲也沒有禁止使用芥花油，就連加拿大駐台北貿易辦事處也在官網發佈聲明，指出謠言說法並沒有科學根據，也並非事實，希望民眾不要因此受騙。\n\n"],["reference","http://www.rumtoast.com/4909/%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8D%E5%90%83-%E8%8A%A5%E8%8A%B1%E6%B2%B9-%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%82%BA%E8%8A%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%B0%A3%E5%8E%9F%E6%96%99%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%83%EF%BC%9F%E9%80%99%E8%AC%A0%E8%A8%80\n謠言：別再吃芥花油了，因為芥子氣原料就是它？"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","別再吃芥花油了，因為芥子氣原料就是它？這謠言企圖使人白眼翻到天靈蓋"],["url","http://www.rumtoast.com/4909/%E5%88%A5%E5%86%8D%E5%90%83-%E8%8A%A5%E8%8A%B1%E6%B2%B9-%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%82%BA%E8%8A%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%B0%A3%E5%8E%9F%E6%96%99%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E5%AE%83%EF%BC%9F%E9%80%99%E8%AC%A0%E8%A8%80"],["summary","謠言這樣說：最近有一則油品訊息瘋傳耶，各位有看過以下內容嗎？「你家有芥花油 (Canola oil)嘛？別再吃了！芥花油歐洲已禁止，芥花油並不是從我們常吃的芥菜種子提鍊的！它是從有毒的蕓苔子（Rape）經過基因改造，再用己烷粹取高溫提鍊而得，原名叫低酸加拿大油（Canada Oil Low Acid）。對心臟，腎臟，神經，甲狀腺都具有傷害性，芥子氣原料就是它。再沒時間都要看一看，芥花油的問題！」難道芥花油真的有問題？\n破解關鍵點：芥花油能吃嗎？\n當然是可以的！這篇關於芥花油的謠言涵蓋了多種錯誤資訊，可以說是謊話連篇，比微醺梅酒小時候看的鬼話連篇還可怕（咦？這樣是不是透露出年紀了）。好想知道芥花油到底得罪了誰，居然會成為不實謠言的主角，實在是太可憐了。\n芥花油有兩種，但絕對不是用有毒蕓苔子萃取的！\n微醺梅酒雖然不是油品專家，但是我們的衛生福利部食品食品藥物管理署針對芥花油提供了詳細的解說；芥花油其實有兩種，用英文名稱比較好分辨。一種是用芥花籽（Rapeseed）壓榨後取得的芥花籽油（Rapeseed oil），這種傳統的芥花籽油含有較多的芥酸（erucic acid），不適合人類食用，所以多半拿來使用製作飼料。\n人吃的芥花籽油就是謠言提到的芥花油（Canola oil），Canola確實是低酸加拿大油（Canada Oil Low Acid）的簡稱，但原料並不是像謠言說的使用「經過基因改造有毒的蕓苔子（Rape）」，真正的來源是使用品種改良的十字花科油菜(Brassica Napus L.及B. Campestris L.)的種子經過精煉、脫色、脫臭、壓榨而成。\n而且目前沒有科學研究證明人類吃的芥花油（Canola oil），會對人體造成危害，當然歐洲也沒有禁止使用芥花油，就連加拿大駐台北貿易辦事處也在官網發佈聲明，指出謠言說法並沒有科學根據，也並非事實，希望民眾不要因此受騙。\n至於謠言說芥花油就是芥子氣（mustard gas）的原料，微醺梅酒真的是無言到不知該說什麼才好，白眼翻到天靈蓋！不是有同一個「芥」就表示它們有關係，芥子氣之所以稱為芥子氣，是因為這種毒氣的氣味和芥末（mustard）相似，所以才如此稱呼，現在就等著看下次會不會有謠言說：「芥末有毒！因為它就是芥子氣的原料！」微醺梅酒直接給他87分！\n那油品用己烷萃取是真的嗎？\n澄清芥花油到底能不能吃之後，應該很多人看到「再用己烷粹取高溫提鍊而得」這句話，腦中又開始冒出很多疑問，畢竟「己烷」這個名詞對一般大眾來說很陌生，很容易就想偏，認為是壞東西，所以微醺梅酒要來解釋一下啦！\n食用油脂的製作有兩個必經程序，一是「油脂抽取」，可用壓榨法或是萃取法，二是「油脂精製」，而「己烷」就是在油脂抽取過程之萃取法使用的溶劑，所以是沒有問題的。根據衛生福利部食品藥物管理署的解釋，油脂抽取的萃取法會先將原料壓成片狀，蒸煮加熱過後，再用熱的溶劑，也就是己烷進行萃取，己烷溶出油脂之後，再加熱揮發去除溶劑己烷。\n利用上述的萃取法，萃取出來的油脂較為完整，當然食藥署也有制定「加工助劑衛生標準」，規範食用油脂萃取所使用的溶劑和溶劑殘留量，所以只要廠商乖乖照規矩來、政府嚴格把關檢驗，其實我們是不需要擔心的。\n突然發現最近關於油品的謠言蠻多的啊，今天只是第一發，請各位持續關注蘭姆酒吐司，尤其是有收到「多數人吃的油是『化學油』」的朋友們，接下來就輪到它了！\n\n詐騙電話愛用款～「響一聲就掛」、「+」開頭來電別接也別回撥！\n\n噁！空心菜藏水蛭？吃了會駕鶴西歸？\n\n嚇死寶寶囉～名片問路搶劫謠言正夯！你被騙了嗎？\n\n\n\n\n假好心or真有其事的社會吐司(2017年2月13日)"],["topImageUrl","http://www.rumtoast.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/芥花油謠言.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2017-05-06T06:26:14.476Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post45167/608"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","http://www.fun01.net/post45167/608"],["id","5488427345285-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-11T17:37:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV1Jh6Y3yCdS-nWhucYY"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","NOT_ARTICLE"],["text"," 疑似為訊息之節錄片段，並非全文。"],["reference",""],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["createdAt","2017-07-16T03:53:32.986Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","fun01.net - 最佳的fun01 来源和相关信息。"],["url","http://www.fun01.net/post515524/768"],["summary","fun01.net is your first and best source for all of the information you’re looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, fun01.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for!"],["topImageUrl","http://img.sedoparking.com/templates/brick_gfx/common/logo_white.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","http://www.fun01.net/post515524/768"],["id","5593143504754-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-02-03T03:37:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVvxUVl1yCdS-nWhuYtq"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","NOT_ARTICLE"],["text"," 疑似為訊息之節錄片段，並非全文。"],["reference",""],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["createdAt","2017-05-10T07:44:52.088Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","fmI82G8Bd3n3h-WY3-mA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是反疫苗的陰謀論。\n\n古彥男醫師以古今中外案例表示，當疫苗接種率過低，會造成 (1) 傳染病爆發、 (2) 疫苗預算下修而導致藥廠不賣、疫苗短缺、(3) 增加病毒變異機會、(4) 醫療需求壓垮醫療系統。因此，不接種疫苗不只是影響個人，其後果是全國人民共同承擔。\n\n聯合國也譴責這些反疫苗接種的訊息，已經造成了海島國家麻疹的惡化；聯合國兒童基金會表示，這類在推特、臉書、Instagram 等網路平台上的反疫苗言論「極不負責任」。"],["reference","2016/10/25 如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相\nhttp://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html\n\n2019/12/6 聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化\nhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相 | 古彥男醫師｜兒科醫師的分享室"],["url","http://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html"],["summary","作者：古彥男醫師\n\n病毒的全境擴散\n\n2011 年上映的電影『全境擴散』，是身為醫護人員的我看過最寫實也最貼近我們生活的傳染病電影。片中有包括麥特戴蒙、葛妮絲派特蘿、凱特溫絲蕾，以及裘德洛等好萊塢巨星，但電影本身想表達給觀眾的內容，並沒有因為演員的星光熠熠而顯得黯淡（不過評價兩極，很多人覺得劇情過於沉悶而看到睡著）。\n\n故事描述著一種病毒，在蝙蝠跟豬之間交互傳染後產生了變異，對人的傳染力大增，迅速造成了全球的大流行以及節節高升的死亡人數。電影中對於政府官員、醫護人員、平民百姓，以及先進與落後國家的社會，面對來勢洶洶的疫情的各種反應，有深刻的刻劃。\n\n\n其實這部電影主要是根據 2003 年令全球陷入恐慌的 SARS 疫情改編而成，電影中病毒的變異模式與散播途徑，也跟我們熟悉的流感病毒十分相像......\n接種率最低的公費疫苗\n\n\n\n對台灣的民眾來說，我們擁有方便就醫的醫療環境，醫療費用也非常便宜，近幾年來一些原本很昂貴的自費疫苗，也慢慢被列入公費施打的計畫之中（如肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）。然而在眾多高接種率的公費疫苗中，流感疫苗的接種率可說是一枝獨秀的低。\n\n由於流感病毒變異的速度快，每年流行的病毒株都不一樣，世界衛生組織只能預測每一年度可能流行的病毒株，以此製作成疫苗。這樣會產生兩個讓大家不想接種疫苗的原因：一是每年都必須接種，無法注射一兩劑後就有長久的保護力；二是萬一預測錯誤，挨了針最後還是得了流感，許多人在情感上無法接受。\n\n再加上媒體對流感疫苗不良反應個案的重點報導，以及對 2009 年 H1N1 流感疫苗安全性的質疑，導致台灣近幾年的接種率幾乎都是在谷底徘徊。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n根據民國 104 年疾病管制署的統計資料，符合公費疫苗接種的對象，其接種率不到五成，如果放大到全國人口來看，接種率甚至連兩成都不到。當大家因為擔心疫苗的不良反應選擇不接種，且因為短期內沒有重大疫情發生而漸漸忘記傳染病的恐怖時，就在同一年，流感病毒給台灣的民眾與醫療系統帶來了沉重的負擔......\n不接種疫苗的結果－全國人民共同承擔\n\n\n\n\n\n我們可以看到，從 2011 年之後，流感病毒在台灣並沒有造成太重大的疫情。然而這不代表危機不在我們身邊－就在 2015 年 (民國 104 年)，流感病毒讓我們體驗到，傳染病的傳播與爆發，可以在短短的幾個月內，造成重症病例數破千，死亡人數破百！而且根據統計，95% 以上流感重症患者未接種疫苗！\n\n你覺得這只是單一年度或單一疾病的狀況，不代表每一年的疫情或其他傳染病？你覺得等到疫情要升溫了再接種也不遲？還是你覺得自己身強體壯，不怕傳染病侵襲，就算染病了在台灣這種便宜又方便的醫療環境也不怕沒得醫？\n\n讓我來告訴你甚麼是『醜陋的真相』。\n\n真相一：疫苗接種率過低，造成傳染病爆發，中外皆然。\n\n除了上述台灣的流感疫情，歐美國家早發生過更為知名的狀況。 1998 年一位英國醫師發表了一篇論文，內容指出接種三合一疫苗（麻疹、腮腺炎、德國麻疹）會造成小孩自閉症的發生率上升，雖然該論文最後被證實是假造的無稽之談，但仍造成歐美國家興起一股反疫苗運動，三合一疫苗的接種率更是逐年下降。\n\n疫苗接種率過低的結果永遠只有一個：傳染病的爆發。英國從 2000 年開始感染麻疹的人數逐漸上升，到現在仍是麻疹流行地區；美國曾經在 2000 年宣布麻疹病毒已在其境內絕跡，結果在 2014~2015 年加州爆發大流行。\n\n那你說台灣安全嗎？如果你的小孩有接種疫苗，那大可放心，但如果沒有怎麼辦？那就不要出國、不要去機場、不要坐高鐵、不要坐捷運、不要......\n\n\n真相二：你不打疫苗，政府下修預算，藥廠寧願不賣。\n\n由於疫苗這種生物製劑，在運輸及保存上的要求相當高，也有一定的保存期限，此外如流感疫苗，其內含的病毒株每年不一樣，今年的疫苗無法留到隔年再使用。當政府買得太多會增加運輸及保存的成本，用不完而過期的疫苗更是浪費已經捉襟見肘的疫苗預算。\n\n因此衛服部疾管署會根據各種公費疫苗施打的比率，以及未來需要接種的人口數，來編列預算。當施打人數下降時，預算金額就可能會下修，如果剛好遇到購買數量下降而需求又突然暴增，就會發生有人打不到疫苗的狀況（2015 年流感疫情爆發後，一直到隔年三月都還有家屬帶小孩來打早就用完的疫苗）。\n\n再來是台灣的市場跟歐美等大國比已經很小了，如果政府購買的數量一直在減少，我們又拿不出有力的購買價格跟別人競爭，最後就是落得疫苗搶輸人家，以及民眾有錢也打不到疫苗的後果。真相三：疫情升溫，病毒快速變異，補打疫苗也沒效。\n\n流感疫苗之所以每年都要接種才有效，就是因為流感病毒非常容易產生變異，讓我們的免疫系統無法在感染過後，或是接種一次疫苗後就能提供終身的保護力。\n\n病毒的變異從哪裡來？一個方式是當病毒在宿主體內大量複製時，本身的基因發生突變，另一個則是當同一個宿主（可以是人、豬、或是禽鳥類），體內有兩種以上的流感病毒時，不同的病毒間會互換基因，重組出一個新的病毒（如 2009 年的 H1N1）。這樣的變異都可以使我們的免疫系統與疫苗失效，造成大流行。\n\n因此當疫情升溫了，代表病毒在大量的傳播與複製，大大的增加了變異的機會，一旦產生變異，就算補打了本來有效的疫苗，也擋不住已經變身的病毒。所以先接種疫苗預防感染，不給病毒有大流行且變異的機會，才是最好的防治策略。真相四：醫療系統早已負擔沉重，疫情爆發醫院一床難求。\n\n當很多人因為健保的福利，以為醫療本來就是這麼便宜與便利時，台灣的醫療系統早就因為政策問題以及民眾的就醫習慣而負擔沉重，一旦因天災人禍或是傳染病流行，在短時間內造成大量的醫療需求，往往成為壓倒駱駝的最後一根稻草。\n\n從過去的八仙塵爆，以及流感疫情的爆發，各大醫學中心急診及加護病房都被塞爆，有的醫院兩度關閉急診，有的醫學中心重症病人多到連救命的葉克膜都不夠用，急診等住院病床的人數節節高升，醫護人員跟病人都叫苦連天。\n\n然而政府相關單位不僅連政策的調整不夠迅速，連對疫情的嚴重度還有醫療資源的分配都掌握不住，你還認為台灣的醫療在你生病的時候真能萬無一失？\n疫苗並不完美，但仍是預防疾病的有效方法\n\n我們知道有打疫苗不是每個人都會產生可以對抗疾病的抗體，我們也知道沒有疫苗可以百分之百不會有不良反應，然而疫苗從問世以來，也被證實是可以有效預防疾病，挽救許多生命的重要方法。當不良反應造成的損失大於預防疾病的利益時，這種疫苗就會被停止施打或是根本不會上市。\n\n在我們的社會中有許多人可能因為年紀太小、對疫苗有過敏反應、或是有其他禁忌症無法藉由接種疫苗獲得對疾病的保護力，他們也常常是傳染病造成重症的高風險群。如果我們接種疫苗的比率夠高，不僅獲得保護自己的抗體，同時也因為疾病不容易傳播而可以間接保護到這些容易被感染的族群。\n\n今年的公費流感疫苗已經開始施打，請問『你』會怎麼選擇呢？"],["topImageUrl","https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ77tZgdWE/WAJSVTbVolI/AAAAAAAABnY/Q5S7SQ1Dz_Ahnkupi8xzzdP1bFvqbPuJQCLcB/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/vaccinedeniedtitlepicture.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化 | 國際 | 中央社 CNA"],["url","https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["summary","（中央社威靈頓5日綜合外電報導）聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）太平洋島嶼負責人今天表示，社群媒體巨頭必須嚴厲取締反疫苗接種貼文，這些貼文助長薩摩亞（Samoa）致命麻疹疫情惡化。UNICEF地區代表耶特（Sheldon Yett）表示，推特（Twitter）、臉書（Facebook）和Instagram（IG）等網路平台上「極不負責任」的反疫苗接種訊息，加劇了薩摩亞爆發的麻疹疫情，自10月中旬以來已造成62人死亡。耶特告訴法新社：「很明顯地它們必需負起企業責任並展開行動，確保那些人民，特別是弱勢族群能獲得正確資訊，讓孩童得以存活。」在麻疹疫情爆發前，薩摩亞的疫苗接種率降至只剩略超過30%，遠低於公認最佳接種率90%，這也使得該海島國家極易受到感染。世界衛生組織（WHO）把矛頭指向反疫苗宣傳運動。耶特表示，這項運動主要是由海外倡議人士在網路上展開。「很不幸的是，這項運動在薩摩亞找到願意相信的民眾，那裡有一部分人懷疑醫療保健服務品質，且可能不信任當地（疫苗）供應者。」他說，來自諸如美國和澳洲等富裕已開發國家的運動人士，在網路上張貼反疫苗訊息，他們必須意識到自己的所作所為會對開發中國家帶來衝擊。他在薩摩亞首都阿庇亞（Apia）表示：「這對薩摩亞孩童來說可能形同死刑，因為當地除了低疫苗接種率，可能還面臨其他健康問題。」（實習編譯：趙珮宇/核稿：劉學源）1081205"],["topImageUrl","https://imgcdn.cna.com.tw/www/website/img/pic_fb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-03-01T09:07:27.741Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",5],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_jSrASeI7pyChEJo5D6oocnJhdzYpv0YmqzIZn-b8jAE"],["name","好沉思的✖石門✖維爾莉特®"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65% | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323"],["summary","美國今年流感季迄今死4800人，增多65%。 (美聯社) 分享聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)10日公布初步報告估計，2019至2020年流感季的死亡增多65%，達4800人，其中包括32名兒童，因病住院者更已多達8萬7000人。全國傳染病基金會表示，今年的流感季來得早、爆發快，在東南部數州出現後迅速擴散，迄今沒有減緩的跡象，其中33個州的流感最嚴重，包括南方地區、西部的部分地區、紐約市和華盛頓。CDC的資料顯示，過去幾個流感爆發季死亡的兒童，從最少的37人到最多的187人。儘管目前流感季的死亡人數增多，但在截至1月4日的一周，住院人數卻減少，不清楚是否民眾因為節假日而沒到醫院看病。CDC估計，全國今年迄今有970萬人感染上流感，其中主要是B型流感和維多利亞流感病毒。通常兒童易於染上B型流感，A型流感是在老年人中常見。但今年的流感季有多嚴重和持續多久，目前判斷為時尚早。流感的症狀是發燒、喉嚨疼、渾身無力、發冷、出汗和疲勞，由於流感是常見疾病並且年年爆發，可能被認為是小病，但嚴重者可引發肺炎、支氣管炎和心臟病等。65歲以上老年人和嬰幼兒的免疫系統弱，是易於感染的高危群體；醫生建議，有流感症狀的人應待在家裡，不要上班和去公共場所，以免傳染他人。沒有症狀的人要勤洗手，避免與感染者接觸。專家表示，接種疫苗是預防流感的最佳途徑，預防針最好是儘早打，因為疫苗注射後要數周才能生效。但注射疫苗不怕晚，因為流感季還要持續較長時間，哪怕只採取部分預防措施，也可避免出現最嚴重的症狀。兒童與成年人的預防措施不同，在六個月大至八歲的兒童中，部分人應打疫苗針兩次，每次間隔四周，或是由醫生決定是否需注射兩次。但許多美國人誤以為流感疫苗不起作用，或是有副作用，今年只有半數民眾注射或準備注射疫苗。"],["topImageUrl","https://pgw.udn.com.tw/gw/photo.php?u=https://uc.udn.com.tw/photo/2020/01/11/4/7320489.jpg&s=Y&x=0&y=8&sw=1279&sh=852&exp=3600"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405"],["summary","16:302020/01/20中時電子報\n \n CTWANT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疾管署副署長莊人祥（中）表示，國內今天新增一例武漢肺炎疑似病例，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。（圖／報系資料照）\n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 今日疾管署接獲中國大陸疾病控制中心的通知，表示在18、19日確診了近140名新型冠狀病毒肺炎個案，除了武漢之外就連北京、深圳都有病例出現，另國內也新增一名疑似個案，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 目前武漢肺炎在全球有205例確診病例，在中國大陸境內就高達201例，日本、泰國、韓國都出現有確診病患，分別1名、2名、1名，而昨日國內也出現了1名傳染性肺炎通報病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，目前國內通報的疑似病例有6例，最新通報的為1歲男童，跟隨父母住在武漢，本月6日隨父母返台，在9日時出現發燒、13出現腹瀉症狀，目前已經在醫院負壓隔離房觀察治療中，據了解並沒有在華南海鮮市場的活動史，而為了進一步確定，已經採樣送驗。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 莊人祥則表示，目前武漢肺炎高達205名病例，但只有3例死亡，跟之前SARS的死亡率相比低了許多，民眾不用過度驚慌，不過為了防止病情擴大，疾管署將成立三級中央流行疫情指揮中心。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 三級中央流行疫情指揮中心將由疾管署署長擔任指揮官，讓各部會可以更容易連繫不同單位，也可以依照《傳染病防治法》徵用人力、物資，會讓應變更加有效率。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 也許您會感興趣\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 推薦閱讀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 發表意見\n \n \n \n \n \n 中時電子報對留言系統使用者發布的文字、圖片或檔案保有片面修改或移除的權利。當使用者使用本網站留言服務時，表示已詳細閱讀並完全了解，且同意配合下述規定：\n \n 請勿重覆刊登一樣的文章，或大意內容相同、類似的文章\n 請不要刊登與主題無相關之內容\n 發言涉及攻擊、侮辱、影射或其他有違社會善良風俗、社會正義、國家安全、政府法令之內容，本網站將會直接移除\n 請勿以發文、回文等方式，進行商業廣告、騷擾網友等行為，或是為特定網站、blog宣傳，一經發現，將會限制您的發言權限或者封鎖帳號\n 為避免留言系統變成發洩區和口水版，請勿轉貼新聞性文章、報導或相關連結\n 請勿提供軟體註冊碼等違反智慧財產權之資訊\n 禁止發表涉及他人隱私、含有個人對公眾人物之私評，且未經證實、未註明消息來源的網路八卦、不實謠言等\n 請確認發表或回覆的內容（圖片）未侵害到他人的著作權、商標、專利等權利；若因發表或回覆內容而產生的版權法律責任將由使用者自行承擔，不代表中時電子報的立場，請遵守相關法律規範\n \n 違反上述規定者，中時電子報有權刪除留言，或者直接封鎖帳號！請使用者在發言前，務必先閱讀留言板規則，謝謝配合。"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120003289.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","China virus cases up sharply as infection spreads"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035"],["summary","Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The majority of cases have been detected in the city of Wuhan\n \n \n \n The number of people infected with a new virus in China tripled over the weekend, with the outbreak spreading from Wuhan to other major cities.Wuhan reported 136 new cases of the respiratory illness. The capital Beijing reported two cases, while Shenzhen confirmed one.Total known infections now exceed 200, and three people have died.The sharp uptick in cases comes as millions of Chinese prepare to travel for the Lunar New Year holidays.Health officials have identified the infection, which first appeared in Wuhan in December, as being a strain of coronavirus. They say it has led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia, but much about it remains unknown. Although the outbreak is believed to have originated from a market, officials and scientists are yet to determine exactly how it has been spreading.South Korea reported its first confirmed case of the virus on Monday, following two in Thailand and one in Japan. The outbreak has revived memories of the Sars virus - also a coronavirus - that killed 774 people in the early 2000s across dozens of countries, mostly in Asia. Analysis of the genetic code of the new virus shows it is more closely related to Sars than any other human coronavirus.Experts in the UK told the BBC the number of people infected could still be far greater than official figures suggest, with estimates closer to 1,700. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n What we know about the virus\n2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans\nCoronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people\nScientists believe an animal source is \"the most likely primary source\" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred \nSigns of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties\nPeople are being advised to avoid \"unprotected\" contact with live animals, thoroughly cook meat and eggs, and avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms\nSource: World Health Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who has been infected? Authorities in Wuhan, a central Chinese city of 11 million that has been at the heart of the outbreak, on Monday said 136 new cases had been confirmed over the weekend, with a third person dying of the virus. There had previously been only 62 confirmed cases in the city. As of late Sunday, officials said 170 people in Wuhan were still being treated in hospital, including nine in critical condition. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Airports including Narita in Tokyo have been screening passengers\n \n \n \n Health officials in Beijing's Daxing district meanwhile said two people who had travelled to Wuhan were treated for pneumonia linked to the virus. In Shenzhen, a major tech hub close to Hong Kong, officials said a 66-year-old man showed symptoms of the virus following a trip to visit relatives in Wuhan. Eight others in Shenzhen have been quarantined and are under observation to determine if they have the virus. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Four cases have been confirmed abroad - all of them involving people who are either from Wuhan or have visited the city.In South Korea, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said a 35-year-old Chinese woman was suffering from a fever and respiratory problems after travelling there from Wuhan. She was put into isolation and treated at a local hospital. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The World Health Organization said it was currently not recommending restrictions on travel or trade, but was providing guidance to countries preparing for any outbreak.Airports in Singapore, Hong Kong and the Japanese capital Tokyo have been screening air passengers from Wuhan, and US authorities last week announced similar measures at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.What are the Chinese authorities saying?How China is responding to the outbreak is under close scrutiny, given that it was widely criticised for initially covering up the Sars crisis in late 2002 and early 2003. On Monday, Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time publicly addressed the outbreak, saying that the virus must be \"resolutely contained\".The foreign ministry, meanwhile, said China was providing \"timely information about the disease\" and would \"work with all parties to deal with the virus\". State media has been urging citizens not to panic and on Sunday the National Health Commission said the virus was \"still preventable and controllable\" although close monitoring was needed. It said there had been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another, but that it had instead crossed the species barrier and come from infected animals at a seafood and wildlife market in Wuhan.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Health officials have been analysing the seafood market where they believe the virus originated\n \n \n \n However the WHO said it believed there had been \"some limited human-to-human transmission occurring between close contacts\".\"As more… cases are identified and more analysis undertaken, we will get a clearer picture of disease severity and transmission patterns,\" it wrote on Twitter. It noted that the rise in cases in China was a result of \"increased searching and testing for [the virus] among people sick with respiratory illness\". \n \n Media playback is unsupported on your device\n \n \n \n Media captionCoronavirus feared to have infected more than initially thought according to scientists\nWhat impact could Lunar New Year have?From Friday, most Chinese will begin their week-long Lunar New Year holidays.It's a time when hundreds of millions travel around China to visit family, raising fears that authorities will not be able to adequately monitor further spread of the disease.Wuhan is a transport hub and authorities there have for nearly a week been using temperature scanners at airports, and train and bus stations. Those showing signs of fever have been registered, given masks and taken to hospitals and clinics.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Chinese companies shut down for Lunar New Year, with hundreds of millions of people travelling\n \n \n \n Authorities say they will now also be screening everyone leaving the city.At Beijing's central railway station, some travellers donned masks but did not appear overly concerned about the virus.\"Watching the news, I do feel a little worried. But I haven't taken precautionary measures beyond wearing regular masks,\" Li Yang, a 28-year-old account manager travelling to the region of Inner Mongolia, told the AFP news agency. But the tone in Chinese social media, where the outbreak has been a top trending topic, was different. \"Who knows how many people who have been to Wuhan may be unaware that they have already been infected?\" one Weibo user said.What is your question about coronavirus in China?Use the form below to submit your question:\n \n \n \n Sign me up for your newsletter!Please don't publish my nameMade with Hearken\n \n\nIf you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/EDE0/production/_110569806_9ac4763d-4c70-4d9e-aeb9-8b1358e0914c.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405"],["summary","因應大陸武漢肺炎加劇，疾管署今天緊急成立中央指揮中心，並將通報定義擴大，從原本武漢來台，擴大到全大陸來台者，若有出現肺炎症狀，通通都要通報，就可依法隔離檢驗。且即起，也將針對中、港、澳發放中英文對照的衛教單張。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 中國大陸武漢「新型冠狀病毒」2日內暴增140例，首度跨出武漢，包含北京、深圳也淪陷；國際間，南韓也確診1境外移入中國籍病例，成為繼日本、泰國後的第三國，全球目前累計達205例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，由於評估大陸疫情有明顯社區傳播與擴大現象，因此成立「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎中央流行疫情指揮中心」，由署長周志浩擔任指揮官，今天召開專家會議。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 副院長陳其邁也到場聆聽簡報，並指示各部會務必迅速到位並全力協助衛福部防疫，包括落實國際機場、小三通港埠檢疫措施；加強民眾之風險溝通與衛教宣導；確保防疫物資整備，以防供應短缺或哄抬之相關假訊息發生，降低民眾恐慌；針對醫療院所感染管制預作規劃、演練等，減少疫情對國內衝擊。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 今天第一次專家會議，針對特殊嚴重傳染性肺炎通報對象，莊人祥表示，專家建議擴大為具中國大陸旅遊史，不在局限武漢，且具有肺炎者，均列入通報，以加寬監視範圍，及早發現疑似病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 此外，登機檢疫部分，維持武漢直航班機，但將新增針對中、港、澳入境飛機會發放中英文對照的衛教單張，請旅客有任何疾病，需和檢疫人員說明，旅客有旅遊史，儘早告知，並後送。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 台灣兒童感染症醫學會理事長李秉穎表示，目前病例突然暴增現象來看，並非急速擴散，而是之前的病例沒有被診斷出來，與大陸改用更敏感方式有關。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 春節要來了，兩岸往返，各界擔心台灣是否出現確診個案，李秉穎表示，定義加嚴，加強機場檢疫，有信心即使有病例進來，也可以即時掌握。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120004299.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Chinese virus: How worried should we be?"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366"],["summary","Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The outbreak occurred in the city of Wuhan, south of Beijing\n \n \n \n A virus - previously unknown to science - is causing severe lung disease in the Chinese city of Wuhan and has been detected in two other countries.Three people are known to have died from the virus, which appeared in the city in December.There are more than two hundred confirmed cases of the virus, but UK experts estimate the figure is closer to 1,700.A new virus arriving on the scene, leaving patients with pneumonia, is always a worry and health officials around the world are on high alert.But is this a brief here-today-gone-tomorrow outbreak or the first sign of something far more dangerous?What is this virus?Viral samples have been taken from patients and analysed in the laboratory.And officials in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have concluded the infection is a coronavirus.Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is caused by a coronavirus, killed 774 of the 8,098 people infected in an outbreak that started in China in 2002.\"There is a strong memory of Sars, that's where a lot of fear comes from, but we're a lot more prepared to deal with those types of diseases,\" says Dr Josie Golding, from the Wellcome Trust.Is it serious? Coronaviruses can cause symptoms ranging from a mild cold all the way through to death.This new virus appears to be somewhere in the middle.\"When we see a new coronavirus, we want to know how severe are the symptoms - this is more than cold-like symptoms and that is a concern but it is not as severe as Sars,\" says Prof Mark Woolhouse, from the University of Edinburgh.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n There were six coronaviruses known to infect people.\n \n \n \n Where has it come from?New viruses are detected all the time. They jump from one species, where they went unnoticed, into humans.\"If we think about outbreaks in the past, if it is a new coronavirus, it will have come from an animal reservoir,\" says Prof Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. Sars jumped from the civet cat into humans. And Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed 858 out of the 2,494 recorded cases since it emerged in 2012, regularly makes the jump from the dromedary camel.Which animal?Once the animal reservoir where the virus normally camps out is detected, the problem becomes much easier to deal with. The cases have been linked to the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, in Wuhan. But while some sea-going mammals can carry coronaviruses (such as the Beluga whale), the market also has live wild animals, including chickens, bats, rabbits, snakes, which are more likely to be the source. Why China?Prof Woolhouse says it is because of the size and density of the population and close contact with animals harbouring viruses. \"No-one is surprised the next outbreak is in China or that part of the world,\" he says.\n \n How easily does it spread?Chinese officials say there have been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another.At present, the WHO and Wuhan health authorities have not concluded that the virus can be passed from person-to-person.This is a major concern with new viruses that infect the lungs, as coughs and sneezes are a highly effective way for a virus to spread.If it was going person-to-person, then you would expect cases in healthcare workers as they come into close contact with sick patients. However, some experts have cautioned it may be too soon to rule out human-to-human transmission.Prof Woolhouse says: \"I'm cautious rather than sceptical, it is early too tell - most coronaviruses are actually transmissible and that would be my initial concern.\"How fast is it spreading?The outbreak was thought to be limited, but new cases have been reported since it started in December. While the outbreak is centred on Wuhan, there have been two cases in Thailand, one in Japan and another in South Korea. Those people travelled from Wuhan recently.Experts say there could be more cases going undetected. A report by the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London suggested there could be more than 1,700 infections.\"It is likely that the Wuhan outbreak of a novel coronavirus has caused substantially more cases of moderate or severe respiratory illness than currently reported,\" said the report.There are concerns that the virus could be spread by the hundreds of millions of people travelling for Chinese New Year later this month.Singapore and Hong Kong have been screening air passengers from Wuhan and US authorities announced similar measures starting on Friday at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.How have Chinese authorities responded? \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Temperature screening can help identify people who have been infected\n \n \n \n Infected people have been treated in isolation to minimise the risk of the bug spreading. Extra checks such as temperature scans have been put in place to screen travellers. And the seafood market was closed for cleaning and disinfection.The US and most Asian countries have stepped up screenings of travellers from Wuhan and the WHO has warned hospitals worldwide that a wider outbreak is possible.How worried are the experts?Dr Golding says: \"At the moment, until we have more information, it's really hard to know how worried we should be.\"Until we have confirmation of the source, that's always going to make us uneasy.\"Prof Ball says: \"We should be worried about any virus that explores humans for the first time, because it's overcome the first major barrier.\"Once inside a [human] cell and replicating, it can start to generate mutations that could allow it to spread more efficiently and become more dangerous. \"You don't want to give the virus the opportunity.\""],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/11751/production/_110450517_gettyimages-1076618282.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405"],["summary","過年在即，被傳染感冒是一件很討厭的事，《日刊現代》請教日本內科醫師後，匯整出「絕對不感冒防衛術」，發現原則上只要掌握「二要二不要」的觀念，不用花大錢買太多保健食品，就能讓感冒病菌遠離自己。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 在「絕對不感冒的防衛術」中，提到「二要二不要」觀念，主要是指一：「不要」碰觸被傳染者碰到的東西；二：「不要」碰觸飛沬飛散得到的一兩公尺內；三「要」戴口罩；「四」要勤洗手。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 報導中提到，戴口罩的好處不只在於防止飛沬侵入口鼻，還可以防止吃進病菌。根據澳洲新南威爾斯大學研究，一般人一個小時會無意識的摸臉2、3次，當中摸到嘴巴的時間約2秒、鼻子眼睛約1秒，戴口罩可以降低這類途徑的感染風險！\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 其次，要常洗手，若一天洗手超過11次，感冒機會降低一半。假設人一天睡8小時，有24小時會到處活動，以一個半小時徹底洗一次手辛算的話，一天至少要洗11次。洗手後儘量使用一次性的衛生紙擦乾水份，家族共用的手巾或手巾容易滋生細菌要小心。\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 另外，房間溫度設定攝氏22度、濕度50～60％，可降低病毒活動力。最後，據京都大學研究實驗顯示，外出時常潄口的人比不常潄口的人，更不容易感冒。若是不方便潄口，可以嚼無糖口香糖保護喉頭。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2019-12-12/900/20191212001455.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病 - 全球財經"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv"],["summary","針對大陸武漢市近日爆發由「2019新型冠狀病毒」引發的肺炎疫情，武漢市衛生健康委員會（簡稱武漢衛健委）15日凌晨通報，發現一對夫婦先後發病，屬「家庭聚集性」病例，不能排除有限人傳人的可能，但持續人傳人的風險較低。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委指出，在目前確診的41宗病例中，發現一宗屬「家庭聚集性」病例，夫妻兩人發病，丈夫先發病，為華南海鮮批發市場從業人員，妻子則否認曾出現在華南海鮮批發市場。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 由於世界衛生組織（WHO）14日認為該病毒可能有限度的人傳人。疾管署15日宣布，將「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」列為法定傳染病，醫療院所若發現可疑個案，須在24小時內通報、隔離，否則最重可開罰200萬元。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 疾管署說明，「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」目前是指「2019新型冠狀病毒」在大陸武漢引發的肺炎，而新增法定傳染病有利防疫系統快速反應，未來若再出現其他不明原因肺炎，都可依「傳染病防治法」，要求各級醫療院所必須在24小時內通報疑似病例，疑似病例也要依法隔離於醫院，避免傳染給其他人。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，疾管署說，稍早發布符合「武漢旅遊史之發燒肺炎病例」通報定義的2名「檢驗中」個案，檢驗結果出爐，一名為流感與新型冠狀病毒、皆陰性，另一名為H1N1流感病毒陽性，因此皆排除；至今通報9例疑似案例，也均已排除。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 據武漢衛健委官網顯示，2020年1月13至14日，台灣、香港與澳門專家團隊到武漢市針對疫情防控、醫療診治、病原檢測等進行全面考察，也訪察金銀潭醫院。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 香港信報15日報導，代表團成員之一、香港衛生防護中心傳染病處主任張竹君15日表示，從病患前往街市的時間點推斷，病毒潛伏期大概是兩周以內，香港政府已在全部口岸加強體溫檢測與抽查措施，更特別為由武漢直接返港的旅客增加額外監測措施。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，武漢衛健委14日晚間通報，當地無新增新型冠狀病毒感染的病例，累計報告病例41宗，7人已治癒出院，6人在治重症，1人死亡，其餘患者病情穩定，正接受隔離治療。當地累計追蹤密切接觸者763人，已解除醫學觀察187人；密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例 - 兩岸"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv"],["summary","武漢市衛生健康委員會20日清晨通報，關於新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎情況，迄2020年1月18日0-24時，治癒出院5例，新增病例59例，死亡1例；1月19日0-22時，治癒出院1例，新增病例77例。截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委表示，武漢市在不斷規範各級各類醫療機構預檢分診和發熱門診運行的基礎上，按照新修訂的新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案，進一步加大了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疑似病例篩查力度，同時進一步完善檢測方案，優化檢測流程，加快了檢測速度。大陸國家、省市專家組結合臨床表現、流行病學史和病原學檢測結果進行綜合研判，1月18日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例59例，1月19日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例77例，兩日共新確診病例136例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 136例患者中，男性66例、女性70例；年齡最小的25歲，年齡最大的89歲；發病日期均在2020年1月18日前；首發症狀大多為發熱、咳嗽或胸悶、呼吸困難。根據新修訂的診療方案，患者病情按照輕、重和危重進行分類，其中輕症100例、重症33例、危重症3例（其中死亡1例）。新增病例相關流行病學調查正在深入進行，其密切接觸者也在追蹤中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。目前仍在院治療170例，其中輕症126例、重症35例、危重症9例，均在武漢市定點醫療機構接受隔離治療。累計追蹤密切接觸者 817人，已解除醫學觀察727人，尚在接受醫學觀察90人，密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。將繼續對新發現的疑似病例及時進行採樣檢測。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 冬春季是呼吸道傳染病高發季節，也是病毒性肺炎的高發時期。專家提示，民眾要注意防寒保暖、室內通風和個人衛生，加強體育鍛煉，保持清淡飲食，避免到人群密集場所活動。有咳嗽、噴嚏時戴口罩或用紙巾、衣物遮擋口鼻以減少病菌傳播。密切關注發熱、咳嗽等症狀，出現此類症狀應及時就近就醫。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["summary","根據衛福部資料顯示，1月初接獲中國大陸通知，武漢肺炎病原體初步判定為新型冠狀病毒，已完成病毒全長基因定序，電子顯微鏡下亦呈典型冠狀病毒型態，該病毒不同於以往發現的人類冠狀病毒。冠狀病毒(CoV)為一群有外套膜之RNA病毒，外表為圓形，在電子顯微鏡下可看到類似皇冠的突起因此得名。除已知會感染人類的六種冠狀病毒以外，其他的動物宿主包括蝙蝠、豬、牛、火雞、貓、狗、雪貂等。並有零星的跨物種傳播報告。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 2002~2003年在東亞造成恐慌的SARS（嚴重急性呼吸道症候群）就屬於冠狀病毒，當時中國8098名感染者中有774人死亡。對於武漢肺炎病毒的分析顯示，它與SARS病毒之間的相似程度，比其他會感染人類的冠狀病毒都還要更高，屬於SARS病毒親戚。亞東醫院內科部副主任暨感染管制中心主任廖俊星醫師表示，目前武漢新型冠狀病毒的資料尚不清楚，所以無法得知具體危害與如何預防，但以冠狀病毒來說，最值得觀察的重點是有沒有「人傳人」的可能性。根據目前感染的患者來說，例如泰國新增案例就完全沒有接近武漢華南海鮮市場，所以目前不排除新型冠狀病毒有人傳人的可能性。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 廖俊星醫師說，這類冠狀病毒僅能依症狀治療，並沒有藥物可解，過去SARS疫情也是依靠避免傳染、症狀治療患者來阻止疫情擴大，再逐漸減少患者人數，最終才控制住傳染疫情，因此，針對冠狀病毒最好的預防方式就是做好自我保護，包括出入公共場合要戴口罩、勤洗手，若有發燒等症狀也要趕緊就醫。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新聞強力放送武漢肺炎..不知有沒有同等地報導美國呢？\n\n大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65%\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323\n\n國內已有6起經通報的疑似病例！武漢肺炎已擴散至臺灣？！\n（新聞）國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 \nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405\n從武漢開始之類 Sars 冠狀病毒感染案例已擴散至北京等主要都市。\nNew China virus: Number of cases jumps as infection spreads to Beijing\nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035\n防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405\nChinese virus: How worried should we be? \nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366\n「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405\n武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv　　\n新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv　　\n武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["id","2957s8142u923"],["createdAt","2020-01-21T17:51:21.645Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","BmPi5W8Bd3n3h-WYZ6oT"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","根據美國 CDC 的流感與肺炎監控圖表與資料，2019~20年因為流感或肺炎（P&I）死亡的病例佔整體死亡數的比例，與往年相比差異不大；因流感住院佔人口的比率，雖然比2019年同期高，但也比 2018 年同期低。雖然防疫每年都不應掉以輕心，但老實講 2020 年美國流感與往年相比，並沒有太多特別之處。\n\n網友也用美國 CDC 數據與 2019 新型冠狀病毒的數據，認為從台灣的角度，2019 新型冠狀病毒的關注度勝過美國流感是合理的。"],["reference","美國 CDC 資料：\n\n美國 CDC 流感致死監控圖表\nhttps://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/mortality.html\n美國 CDC 因流感而住院與人口的比率圖表（左上角可選擇過去的季別）\nhttps://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/FluHospRates.html\n\n網友解讀：\n\n2020/1/24 石明謹評美國流感\nhttps://www.facebook.com/tpcmax/posts/10157793721983260\n2020/1/24 Cheap 分析美國流感與中國肺炎疫情\nhttps://www.facebook.com/cheapAOE/posts/578050319411276\n2020/1/24 Puma Shen【肺炎訊息流】\nhttps://www.facebook.com/pumashen/posts/10163072643880654"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Surveillance System"],["url","https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/mortality.html"],["summary","Pneumonia and Influenza Mortality Surveillance from the National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Surveillance System"],["topImageUrl","https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/Flu7References/img/FluTitle_logo.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations"],["url","https://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/FluHospRates.html"],["summary","{{chart.chartWindow.title}}\n Week ending: {{chart.chartWindow.subtitle}}\n Rates per 100,000 by season\n Rates per 100,000 by Age Group\n \n \n — {{data.label}} \n {{data.value}}\n \n \n \n This week is not applicable to this season."],["topImageUrl","https://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/FluView3References/img/FluTitle_logo.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Security Check"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/tpcmax/posts/10157793721983260"],["summary","To personalise content, tailor and measure ads and provide a safer experience, we use cookies. By tapping on the site, you agree to our use of cookies on and off Facebook. Learn more, including about controls: Cookie Policy."],["topImageUrl","https://m.facebook.com/captcha/tfbimage.php?captcha_challenge_code=1580109818-fefd93176c7b739fe18fb7654aea0084&captcha_challenge_hash=AZkeZtB6XBKkntYq-MPZHmLbtPjhaygUGwWkRBp8qIFbkbN1I7DCcKflMwK3EkA83JZp8rvqbZP4C6y1KL1QdRsRA6FBOD29O1HJutoNHqfnu7UpIMhInYf2dIoUlZ2nPmDvZrqn5vd_IyuO-sj98PIvpyFAZy4o5IHOFH-yJAOdn3WWH2QbQABch2xczs_8EBI"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Security Check"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/cheapAOE/posts/578050319411276"],["summary","To personalise content, tailor and measure ads and provide a safer experience, we use cookies. By tapping on the site, you agree to our use of cookies on and off Facebook. Learn more, including about controls: Cookie Policy."],["topImageUrl","https://m.facebook.com/captcha/tfbimage.php?captcha_challenge_code=1580109818-ef673eaeecf1ad089104edcf42638272&captcha_challenge_hash=AZmAJN1RUQ_lC6DdYGtJh_IaCt3cwGf0bK2M7HxzUbu7F0OaqQ6rs5Wx_yvbzHLWqEgm-cyVuv-A8GN_60WeIkIfLz-JDtKo4BfN6uwzm0biaZ8BjKaqJbWayRwpuA4vbE7Orf3GwVWpPXgCByWvaOBSjUzrDGI-3k6V4kk-dIcLUrpi_ZlO5NbfCkYTpt5ULiM"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Security Check"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/pumashen/posts/10163072643880654"],["summary","Please enter the code belowWhy am I seeing this?"],["topImageUrl","https://m.facebook.com/captcha/tfbimage.php?captcha_challenge_code=1580109818-541790421e8933ae7f4667a5ffa0b134&captcha_challenge_hash=AZnI39vu677kbSMuJQohbCXiX_a8dLCIp0kTLFTIJfOMIOKngHewtYRPNw8672alUqiKvZ0s3wku_JDp8UOL1uRvFk3k1ca3kJx6Z7zXlYFdytVKPCzggG81lBVaBdw1Z45opzlWg6G2i4YVaWa1vZto0x0sT5t8X1U1cfDgSizGzUZsTDbX5ICOltTPXDz2qa0"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-27T07:23:37.623Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",5],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_jSrASeI7pyChEJo5D6oocnJhdzYpv0YmqzIZn-b8jAE"],["name","好沉思的✖石門✖維爾莉特®"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65% | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323"],["summary","美國今年流感季迄今死4800人，增多65%。 (美聯社) 分享聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)10日公布初步報告估計，2019至2020年流感季的死亡增多65%，達4800人，其中包括32名兒童，因病住院者更已多達8萬7000人。全國傳染病基金會表示，今年的流感季來得早、爆發快，在東南部數州出現後迅速擴散，迄今沒有減緩的跡象，其中33個州的流感最嚴重，包括南方地區、西部的部分地區、紐約市和華盛頓。CDC的資料顯示，過去幾個流感爆發季死亡的兒童，從最少的37人到最多的187人。儘管目前流感季的死亡人數增多，但在截至1月4日的一周，住院人數卻減少，不清楚是否民眾因為節假日而沒到醫院看病。CDC估計，全國今年迄今有970萬人感染上流感，其中主要是B型流感和維多利亞流感病毒。通常兒童易於染上B型流感，A型流感是在老年人中常見。但今年的流感季有多嚴重和持續多久，目前判斷為時尚早。流感的症狀是發燒、喉嚨疼、渾身無力、發冷、出汗和疲勞，由於流感是常見疾病並且年年爆發，可能被認為是小病，但嚴重者可引發肺炎、支氣管炎和心臟病等。65歲以上老年人和嬰幼兒的免疫系統弱，是易於感染的高危群體；醫生建議，有流感症狀的人應待在家裡，不要上班和去公共場所，以免傳染他人。沒有症狀的人要勤洗手，避免與感染者接觸。專家表示，接種疫苗是預防流感的最佳途徑，預防針最好是儘早打，因為疫苗注射後要數周才能生效。但注射疫苗不怕晚，因為流感季還要持續較長時間，哪怕只採取部分預防措施，也可避免出現最嚴重的症狀。兒童與成年人的預防措施不同，在六個月大至八歲的兒童中，部分人應打疫苗針兩次，每次間隔四周，或是由醫生決定是否需注射兩次。但許多美國人誤以為流感疫苗不起作用，或是有副作用，今年只有半數民眾注射或準備注射疫苗。"],["topImageUrl","https://pgw.udn.com.tw/gw/photo.php?u=https://uc.udn.com.tw/photo/2020/01/11/4/7320489.jpg&s=Y&x=0&y=8&sw=1279&sh=852&exp=3600"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405"],["summary","16:302020/01/20中時電子報\n \n CTWANT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疾管署副署長莊人祥（中）表示，國內今天新增一例武漢肺炎疑似病例，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。（圖／報系資料照）\n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 今日疾管署接獲中國大陸疾病控制中心的通知，表示在18、19日確診了近140名新型冠狀病毒肺炎個案，除了武漢之外就連北京、深圳都有病例出現，另國內也新增一名疑似個案，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 目前武漢肺炎在全球有205例確診病例，在中國大陸境內就高達201例，日本、泰國、韓國都出現有確診病患，分別1名、2名、1名，而昨日國內也出現了1名傳染性肺炎通報病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，目前國內通報的疑似病例有6例，最新通報的為1歲男童，跟隨父母住在武漢，本月6日隨父母返台，在9日時出現發燒、13出現腹瀉症狀，目前已經在醫院負壓隔離房觀察治療中，據了解並沒有在華南海鮮市場的活動史，而為了進一步確定，已經採樣送驗。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 莊人祥則表示，目前武漢肺炎高達205名病例，但只有3例死亡，跟之前SARS的死亡率相比低了許多，民眾不用過度驚慌，不過為了防止病情擴大，疾管署將成立三級中央流行疫情指揮中心。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 三級中央流行疫情指揮中心將由疾管署署長擔任指揮官，讓各部會可以更容易連繫不同單位，也可以依照《傳染病防治法》徵用人力、物資，會讓應變更加有效率。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 也許您會感興趣\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 推薦閱讀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 發表意見\n \n \n \n \n \n 中時電子報對留言系統使用者發布的文字、圖片或檔案保有片面修改或移除的權利。當使用者使用本網站留言服務時，表示已詳細閱讀並完全了解，且同意配合下述規定：\n \n 請勿重覆刊登一樣的文章，或大意內容相同、類似的文章\n 請不要刊登與主題無相關之內容\n 發言涉及攻擊、侮辱、影射或其他有違社會善良風俗、社會正義、國家安全、政府法令之內容，本網站將會直接移除\n 請勿以發文、回文等方式，進行商業廣告、騷擾網友等行為，或是為特定網站、blog宣傳，一經發現，將會限制您的發言權限或者封鎖帳號\n 為避免留言系統變成發洩區和口水版，請勿轉貼新聞性文章、報導或相關連結\n 請勿提供軟體註冊碼等違反智慧財產權之資訊\n 禁止發表涉及他人隱私、含有個人對公眾人物之私評，且未經證實、未註明消息來源的網路八卦、不實謠言等\n 請確認發表或回覆的內容（圖片）未侵害到他人的著作權、商標、專利等權利；若因發表或回覆內容而產生的版權法律責任將由使用者自行承擔，不代表中時電子報的立場，請遵守相關法律規範\n \n 違反上述規定者，中時電子報有權刪除留言，或者直接封鎖帳號！請使用者在發言前，務必先閱讀留言板規則，謝謝配合。"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120003289.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","China virus cases up sharply as infection spreads"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035"],["summary","Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The majority of cases have been detected in the city of Wuhan\n \n \n \n The number of people infected with a new virus in China tripled over the weekend, with the outbreak spreading from Wuhan to other major cities.Wuhan reported 136 new cases of the respiratory illness. The capital Beijing reported two cases, while Shenzhen confirmed one.Total known infections now exceed 200, and three people have died.The sharp uptick in cases comes as millions of Chinese prepare to travel for the Lunar New Year holidays.Health officials have identified the infection, which first appeared in Wuhan in December, as being a strain of coronavirus. They say it has led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia, but much about it remains unknown. Although the outbreak is believed to have originated from a market, officials and scientists are yet to determine exactly how it has been spreading.South Korea reported its first confirmed case of the virus on Monday, following two in Thailand and one in Japan. The outbreak has revived memories of the Sars virus - also a coronavirus - that killed 774 people in the early 2000s across dozens of countries, mostly in Asia. Analysis of the genetic code of the new virus shows it is more closely related to Sars than any other human coronavirus.Experts in the UK told the BBC the number of people infected could still be far greater than official figures suggest, with estimates closer to 1,700. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n What we know about the virus\n2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans\nCoronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people\nScientists believe an animal source is \"the most likely primary source\" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred \nSigns of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties\nPeople are being advised to avoid \"unprotected\" contact with live animals, thoroughly cook meat and eggs, and avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms\nSource: World Health Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who has been infected? Authorities in Wuhan, a central Chinese city of 11 million that has been at the heart of the outbreak, on Monday said 136 new cases had been confirmed over the weekend, with a third person dying of the virus. There had previously been only 62 confirmed cases in the city. As of late Sunday, officials said 170 people in Wuhan were still being treated in hospital, including nine in critical condition. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Airports including Narita in Tokyo have been screening passengers\n \n \n \n Health officials in Beijing's Daxing district meanwhile said two people who had travelled to Wuhan were treated for pneumonia linked to the virus. In Shenzhen, a major tech hub close to Hong Kong, officials said a 66-year-old man showed symptoms of the virus following a trip to visit relatives in Wuhan. Eight others in Shenzhen have been quarantined and are under observation to determine if they have the virus. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Four cases have been confirmed abroad - all of them involving people who are either from Wuhan or have visited the city.In South Korea, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said a 35-year-old Chinese woman was suffering from a fever and respiratory problems after travelling there from Wuhan. She was put into isolation and treated at a local hospital. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The World Health Organization said it was currently not recommending restrictions on travel or trade, but was providing guidance to countries preparing for any outbreak.Airports in Singapore, Hong Kong and the Japanese capital Tokyo have been screening air passengers from Wuhan, and US authorities last week announced similar measures at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.What are the Chinese authorities saying?How China is responding to the outbreak is under close scrutiny, given that it was widely criticised for initially covering up the Sars crisis in late 2002 and early 2003. On Monday, Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time publicly addressed the outbreak, saying that the virus must be \"resolutely contained\".The foreign ministry, meanwhile, said China was providing \"timely information about the disease\" and would \"work with all parties to deal with the virus\". State media has been urging citizens not to panic and on Sunday the National Health Commission said the virus was \"still preventable and controllable\" although close monitoring was needed. It said there had been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another, but that it had instead crossed the species barrier and come from infected animals at a seafood and wildlife market in Wuhan.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Health officials have been analysing the seafood market where they believe the virus originated\n \n \n \n However the WHO said it believed there had been \"some limited human-to-human transmission occurring between close contacts\".\"As more… cases are identified and more analysis undertaken, we will get a clearer picture of disease severity and transmission patterns,\" it wrote on Twitter. It noted that the rise in cases in China was a result of \"increased searching and testing for [the virus] among people sick with respiratory illness\". \n \n Media playback is unsupported on your device\n \n \n \n Media captionCoronavirus feared to have infected more than initially thought according to scientists\nWhat impact could Lunar New Year have?From Friday, most Chinese will begin their week-long Lunar New Year holidays.It's a time when hundreds of millions travel around China to visit family, raising fears that authorities will not be able to adequately monitor further spread of the disease.Wuhan is a transport hub and authorities there have for nearly a week been using temperature scanners at airports, and train and bus stations. Those showing signs of fever have been registered, given masks and taken to hospitals and clinics.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Chinese companies shut down for Lunar New Year, with hundreds of millions of people travelling\n \n \n \n Authorities say they will now also be screening everyone leaving the city.At Beijing's central railway station, some travellers donned masks but did not appear overly concerned about the virus.\"Watching the news, I do feel a little worried. But I haven't taken precautionary measures beyond wearing regular masks,\" Li Yang, a 28-year-old account manager travelling to the region of Inner Mongolia, told the AFP news agency. But the tone in Chinese social media, where the outbreak has been a top trending topic, was different. \"Who knows how many people who have been to Wuhan may be unaware that they have already been infected?\" one Weibo user said.What is your question about coronavirus in China?Use the form below to submit your question:\n \n \n \n Sign me up for your newsletter!Please don't publish my nameMade with Hearken\n \n\nIf you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/EDE0/production/_110569806_9ac4763d-4c70-4d9e-aeb9-8b1358e0914c.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405"],["summary","因應大陸武漢肺炎加劇，疾管署今天緊急成立中央指揮中心，並將通報定義擴大，從原本武漢來台，擴大到全大陸來台者，若有出現肺炎症狀，通通都要通報，就可依法隔離檢驗。且即起，也將針對中、港、澳發放中英文對照的衛教單張。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 中國大陸武漢「新型冠狀病毒」2日內暴增140例，首度跨出武漢，包含北京、深圳也淪陷；國際間，南韓也確診1境外移入中國籍病例，成為繼日本、泰國後的第三國，全球目前累計達205例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，由於評估大陸疫情有明顯社區傳播與擴大現象，因此成立「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎中央流行疫情指揮中心」，由署長周志浩擔任指揮官，今天召開專家會議。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 副院長陳其邁也到場聆聽簡報，並指示各部會務必迅速到位並全力協助衛福部防疫，包括落實國際機場、小三通港埠檢疫措施；加強民眾之風險溝通與衛教宣導；確保防疫物資整備，以防供應短缺或哄抬之相關假訊息發生，降低民眾恐慌；針對醫療院所感染管制預作規劃、演練等，減少疫情對國內衝擊。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 今天第一次專家會議，針對特殊嚴重傳染性肺炎通報對象，莊人祥表示，專家建議擴大為具中國大陸旅遊史，不在局限武漢，且具有肺炎者，均列入通報，以加寬監視範圍，及早發現疑似病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 此外，登機檢疫部分，維持武漢直航班機，但將新增針對中、港、澳入境飛機會發放中英文對照的衛教單張，請旅客有任何疾病，需和檢疫人員說明，旅客有旅遊史，儘早告知，並後送。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 台灣兒童感染症醫學會理事長李秉穎表示，目前病例突然暴增現象來看，並非急速擴散，而是之前的病例沒有被診斷出來，與大陸改用更敏感方式有關。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 春節要來了，兩岸往返，各界擔心台灣是否出現確診個案，李秉穎表示，定義加嚴，加強機場檢疫，有信心即使有病例進來，也可以即時掌握。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120004299.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Chinese virus: How worried should we be?"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366"],["summary","Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The outbreak occurred in the city of Wuhan, south of Beijing\n \n \n \n A virus - previously unknown to science - is causing severe lung disease in the Chinese city of Wuhan and has been detected in two other countries.Three people are known to have died from the virus, which appeared in the city in December.There are more than two hundred confirmed cases of the virus, but UK experts estimate the figure is closer to 1,700.A new virus arriving on the scene, leaving patients with pneumonia, is always a worry and health officials around the world are on high alert.But is this a brief here-today-gone-tomorrow outbreak or the first sign of something far more dangerous?What is this virus?Viral samples have been taken from patients and analysed in the laboratory.And officials in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have concluded the infection is a coronavirus.Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is caused by a coronavirus, killed 774 of the 8,098 people infected in an outbreak that started in China in 2002.\"There is a strong memory of Sars, that's where a lot of fear comes from, but we're a lot more prepared to deal with those types of diseases,\" says Dr Josie Golding, from the Wellcome Trust.Is it serious? Coronaviruses can cause symptoms ranging from a mild cold all the way through to death.This new virus appears to be somewhere in the middle.\"When we see a new coronavirus, we want to know how severe are the symptoms - this is more than cold-like symptoms and that is a concern but it is not as severe as Sars,\" says Prof Mark Woolhouse, from the University of Edinburgh.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n There were six coronaviruses known to infect people.\n \n \n \n Where has it come from?New viruses are detected all the time. They jump from one species, where they went unnoticed, into humans.\"If we think about outbreaks in the past, if it is a new coronavirus, it will have come from an animal reservoir,\" says Prof Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. Sars jumped from the civet cat into humans. And Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed 858 out of the 2,494 recorded cases since it emerged in 2012, regularly makes the jump from the dromedary camel.Which animal?Once the animal reservoir where the virus normally camps out is detected, the problem becomes much easier to deal with. The cases have been linked to the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, in Wuhan. But while some sea-going mammals can carry coronaviruses (such as the Beluga whale), the market also has live wild animals, including chickens, bats, rabbits, snakes, which are more likely to be the source. Why China?Prof Woolhouse says it is because of the size and density of the population and close contact with animals harbouring viruses. \"No-one is surprised the next outbreak is in China or that part of the world,\" he says.\n \n How easily does it spread?Chinese officials say there have been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another.At present, the WHO and Wuhan health authorities have not concluded that the virus can be passed from person-to-person.This is a major concern with new viruses that infect the lungs, as coughs and sneezes are a highly effective way for a virus to spread.If it was going person-to-person, then you would expect cases in healthcare workers as they come into close contact with sick patients. However, some experts have cautioned it may be too soon to rule out human-to-human transmission.Prof Woolhouse says: \"I'm cautious rather than sceptical, it is early too tell - most coronaviruses are actually transmissible and that would be my initial concern.\"How fast is it spreading?The outbreak was thought to be limited, but new cases have been reported since it started in December. While the outbreak is centred on Wuhan, there have been two cases in Thailand, one in Japan and another in South Korea. Those people travelled from Wuhan recently.Experts say there could be more cases going undetected. A report by the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London suggested there could be more than 1,700 infections.\"It is likely that the Wuhan outbreak of a novel coronavirus has caused substantially more cases of moderate or severe respiratory illness than currently reported,\" said the report.There are concerns that the virus could be spread by the hundreds of millions of people travelling for Chinese New Year later this month.Singapore and Hong Kong have been screening air passengers from Wuhan and US authorities announced similar measures starting on Friday at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.How have Chinese authorities responded? \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Temperature screening can help identify people who have been infected\n \n \n \n Infected people have been treated in isolation to minimise the risk of the bug spreading. Extra checks such as temperature scans have been put in place to screen travellers. And the seafood market was closed for cleaning and disinfection.The US and most Asian countries have stepped up screenings of travellers from Wuhan and the WHO has warned hospitals worldwide that a wider outbreak is possible.How worried are the experts?Dr Golding says: \"At the moment, until we have more information, it's really hard to know how worried we should be.\"Until we have confirmation of the source, that's always going to make us uneasy.\"Prof Ball says: \"We should be worried about any virus that explores humans for the first time, because it's overcome the first major barrier.\"Once inside a [human] cell and replicating, it can start to generate mutations that could allow it to spread more efficiently and become more dangerous. \"You don't want to give the virus the opportunity.\""],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/11751/production/_110450517_gettyimages-1076618282.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405"],["summary","過年在即，被傳染感冒是一件很討厭的事，《日刊現代》請教日本內科醫師後，匯整出「絕對不感冒防衛術」，發現原則上只要掌握「二要二不要」的觀念，不用花大錢買太多保健食品，就能讓感冒病菌遠離自己。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 在「絕對不感冒的防衛術」中，提到「二要二不要」觀念，主要是指一：「不要」碰觸被傳染者碰到的東西；二：「不要」碰觸飛沬飛散得到的一兩公尺內；三「要」戴口罩；「四」要勤洗手。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 報導中提到，戴口罩的好處不只在於防止飛沬侵入口鼻，還可以防止吃進病菌。根據澳洲新南威爾斯大學研究，一般人一個小時會無意識的摸臉2、3次，當中摸到嘴巴的時間約2秒、鼻子眼睛約1秒，戴口罩可以降低這類途徑的感染風險！\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 其次，要常洗手，若一天洗手超過11次，感冒機會降低一半。假設人一天睡8小時，有24小時會到處活動，以一個半小時徹底洗一次手辛算的話，一天至少要洗11次。洗手後儘量使用一次性的衛生紙擦乾水份，家族共用的手巾或手巾容易滋生細菌要小心。\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 另外，房間溫度設定攝氏22度、濕度50～60％，可降低病毒活動力。最後，據京都大學研究實驗顯示，外出時常潄口的人比不常潄口的人，更不容易感冒。若是不方便潄口，可以嚼無糖口香糖保護喉頭。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2019-12-12/900/20191212001455.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病 - 全球財經"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv"],["summary","針對大陸武漢市近日爆發由「2019新型冠狀病毒」引發的肺炎疫情，武漢市衛生健康委員會（簡稱武漢衛健委）15日凌晨通報，發現一對夫婦先後發病，屬「家庭聚集性」病例，不能排除有限人傳人的可能，但持續人傳人的風險較低。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委指出，在目前確診的41宗病例中，發現一宗屬「家庭聚集性」病例，夫妻兩人發病，丈夫先發病，為華南海鮮批發市場從業人員，妻子則否認曾出現在華南海鮮批發市場。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 由於世界衛生組織（WHO）14日認為該病毒可能有限度的人傳人。疾管署15日宣布，將「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」列為法定傳染病，醫療院所若發現可疑個案，須在24小時內通報、隔離，否則最重可開罰200萬元。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 疾管署說明，「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」目前是指「2019新型冠狀病毒」在大陸武漢引發的肺炎，而新增法定傳染病有利防疫系統快速反應，未來若再出現其他不明原因肺炎，都可依「傳染病防治法」，要求各級醫療院所必須在24小時內通報疑似病例，疑似病例也要依法隔離於醫院，避免傳染給其他人。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，疾管署說，稍早發布符合「武漢旅遊史之發燒肺炎病例」通報定義的2名「檢驗中」個案，檢驗結果出爐，一名為流感與新型冠狀病毒、皆陰性，另一名為H1N1流感病毒陽性，因此皆排除；至今通報9例疑似案例，也均已排除。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 據武漢衛健委官網顯示，2020年1月13至14日，台灣、香港與澳門專家團隊到武漢市針對疫情防控、醫療診治、病原檢測等進行全面考察，也訪察金銀潭醫院。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 香港信報15日報導，代表團成員之一、香港衛生防護中心傳染病處主任張竹君15日表示，從病患前往街市的時間點推斷，病毒潛伏期大概是兩周以內，香港政府已在全部口岸加強體溫檢測與抽查措施，更特別為由武漢直接返港的旅客增加額外監測措施。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，武漢衛健委14日晚間通報，當地無新增新型冠狀病毒感染的病例，累計報告病例41宗，7人已治癒出院，6人在治重症，1人死亡，其餘患者病情穩定，正接受隔離治療。當地累計追蹤密切接觸者763人，已解除醫學觀察187人；密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例 - 兩岸"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv"],["summary","武漢市衛生健康委員會20日清晨通報，關於新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎情況，迄2020年1月18日0-24時，治癒出院5例，新增病例59例，死亡1例；1月19日0-22時，治癒出院1例，新增病例77例。截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委表示，武漢市在不斷規範各級各類醫療機構預檢分診和發熱門診運行的基礎上，按照新修訂的新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案，進一步加大了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疑似病例篩查力度，同時進一步完善檢測方案，優化檢測流程，加快了檢測速度。大陸國家、省市專家組結合臨床表現、流行病學史和病原學檢測結果進行綜合研判，1月18日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例59例，1月19日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例77例，兩日共新確診病例136例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 136例患者中，男性66例、女性70例；年齡最小的25歲，年齡最大的89歲；發病日期均在2020年1月18日前；首發症狀大多為發熱、咳嗽或胸悶、呼吸困難。根據新修訂的診療方案，患者病情按照輕、重和危重進行分類，其中輕症100例、重症33例、危重症3例（其中死亡1例）。新增病例相關流行病學調查正在深入進行，其密切接觸者也在追蹤中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。目前仍在院治療170例，其中輕症126例、重症35例、危重症9例，均在武漢市定點醫療機構接受隔離治療。累計追蹤密切接觸者 817人，已解除醫學觀察727人，尚在接受醫學觀察90人，密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。將繼續對新發現的疑似病例及時進行採樣檢測。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 冬春季是呼吸道傳染病高發季節，也是病毒性肺炎的高發時期。專家提示，民眾要注意防寒保暖、室內通風和個人衛生，加強體育鍛煉，保持清淡飲食，避免到人群密集場所活動。有咳嗽、噴嚏時戴口罩或用紙巾、衣物遮擋口鼻以減少病菌傳播。密切關注發熱、咳嗽等症狀，出現此類症狀應及時就近就醫。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["summary","根據衛福部資料顯示，1月初接獲中國大陸通知，武漢肺炎病原體初步判定為新型冠狀病毒，已完成病毒全長基因定序，電子顯微鏡下亦呈典型冠狀病毒型態，該病毒不同於以往發現的人類冠狀病毒。冠狀病毒(CoV)為一群有外套膜之RNA病毒，外表為圓形，在電子顯微鏡下可看到類似皇冠的突起因此得名。除已知會感染人類的六種冠狀病毒以外，其他的動物宿主包括蝙蝠、豬、牛、火雞、貓、狗、雪貂等。並有零星的跨物種傳播報告。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 2002~2003年在東亞造成恐慌的SARS（嚴重急性呼吸道症候群）就屬於冠狀病毒，當時中國8098名感染者中有774人死亡。對於武漢肺炎病毒的分析顯示，它與SARS病毒之間的相似程度，比其他會感染人類的冠狀病毒都還要更高，屬於SARS病毒親戚。亞東醫院內科部副主任暨感染管制中心主任廖俊星醫師表示，目前武漢新型冠狀病毒的資料尚不清楚，所以無法得知具體危害與如何預防，但以冠狀病毒來說，最值得觀察的重點是有沒有「人傳人」的可能性。根據目前感染的患者來說，例如泰國新增案例就完全沒有接近武漢華南海鮮市場，所以目前不排除新型冠狀病毒有人傳人的可能性。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 廖俊星醫師說，這類冠狀病毒僅能依症狀治療，並沒有藥物可解，過去SARS疫情也是依靠避免傳染、症狀治療患者來阻止疫情擴大，再逐漸減少患者人數，最終才控制住傳染疫情，因此，針對冠狀病毒最好的預防方式就是做好自我保護，包括出入公共場合要戴口罩、勤洗手，若有發燒等症狀也要趕緊就醫。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新聞強力放送武漢肺炎..不知有沒有同等地報導美國呢？\n\n大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65%\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323\n\n國內已有6起經通報的疑似病例！武漢肺炎已擴散至臺灣？！\n（新聞）國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 \nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405\n從武漢開始之類 Sars 冠狀病毒感染案例已擴散至北京等主要都市。\nNew China virus: Number of cases jumps as infection spreads to Beijing\nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035\n防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405\nChinese virus: How worried should we be? \nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366\n「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405\n武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv　　\n新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv　　\n武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["id","2957s8142u923"],["createdAt","2020-01-21T17:51:21.645Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","NGIOzG8Bd3n3h-WYIDf0"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVy6vkhAyCdS-nWhuaru"],["name","Rosalind"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f0db3a53dec901a797bdc90b87a0a6a9?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",17]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","是否報導與否，會考量實際狀況。美國的流感以統計、施打流感疫苗情況等，並沒有武漢肺炎令人需要報導。"],["reference","https://www.zhihu.com/question/267972767"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","为什么美国流感爆发会死那么多人，而中国报道的就很少？ - 知乎"],["url","https://www.zhihu.com/question/267972767"],["summary","这是统计问题。人种差异假说解释不了为什么同一场流感中广东的流感死亡率远低于香港。数据统计是要成本的，准确的统计基于高度发达、完备的制度、设备、医疗体系。更重要的是统计完了以后真实结果能被你知道。统计手段不同，路径不同。。。流感引发肺炎，栓塞，高烧，水肿，多脏器衰竭。。。把死因放到各自的领域，就看不出来了谢邀。那些说什么白人易感流感的“医学专业人士”，你们是认真的吗？昨天晚上看到这个问题邀请的时候随手看了一下当时的答案，真是让人触目惊心。大家在知乎上提有关专业知识的问题以及回答专业问题的时候可不可以多一点耐心？至少做一点功课之后再提问、再回答好吗？我一看到这种问题和底下的答案血压都升高了，真是让人窒息。我知道手机答题可能随便写一下就过去了，但是这种问题哪怕是花5分钟时间在网上搜索一下，提问和答题质量都会比现在这个样子强很多。知乎好歹是个回答问题的地方，不是随意灌水的微博，连抽出3到5分钟时间写个稍微认真一点的答案都做不到吗？针对题主的问题，是流感病毒不同还是统计原因？粗略回答如下：首先，请善用网络搜索，很多问题其实自己动动脑筋动动手指都能找到答案，比如这个问题。哪怕是国内搜索引擎再烂，但搜索美国疾控中心，欧洲疾控中心和中国疾控中心的官网应该是没有问题的吧？找到这些内容，这个问题其实已经回答了一大半。美国：Situation Update: Summary of Weekly FluView Report欧盟：Seasonal influenza中国：中国疾病预防控制中心中国疾控中心的网站内容很烂，但是美国和欧盟针对今年流感都有专门的网页专题，里面就有有关今年流感病毒毒株在各国各地区的流行趋势以及所占比例。我把答案直接贴在下面：美国：Seasonal Influenza (Flu)美国2017-2018年度流感病毒毒株流行分布比例欧盟：Weekly influenza update, week 8, February 2018欧盟各国2018年二月份流感病毒毒株流行分布比例中国：我国内地流感疫情和防控问答-热点关注中国CDC虽然网站很烂，数据也少，但是至少流感的问题还是在“热点关注”那一栏里，多花几秒钟点进去还是可以看到的，哪怕没有欧美CDC那么详细的图表，但是至少有一篇2018年3月2日刚刚更新过的文字通告描述了去年为止到现在中国的流感毒株分布比例。三者数据对比，可以看出中国去年到今年流感毒株的分布模式与欧洲地区的情况更加类似，都是以甲型流感(Flu A)的H1N1型和乙型流感(Flu B)的Yamagata型为主，而美国是以甲流H3型及乙流Yamagata型为主，H1N1型的反而占比例相对较少。至于各毒株的毒性强弱和致病性确实有不同，而且也跟被感染的人自身的健康状况有关，不能一概而论，但是流感的易感人群在教科书里并不会因为人种而异。至于流感相关的死亡率和人数，欧盟并非一个国家，各国流感死亡率数据都在各国，每个国家疾控的统计方法可能也不尽相同，欧盟CDC没有公布任何具体的汇总统计数据，但是有各国各自的重症流感/肺炎ICU的住院率和死亡率，总体而言相对去年来说今年欧盟地区流感相关死亡率有所上升，而且主要是乙流引起的；美国CDC有具体的死亡统计数据，且成人与儿童是分开的(具体见以上官网链接)。至于中国，我想这种数据应该还是有的，因为疾控中心官网上有这个：全国流感监测方案（试行）(2005年)-监测。而且热点关注里另外那篇有关流感的文章也提到今年流感疫情较以往3年同期有上升，而且跟欧洲一样也主要是乙流，只不过看完官网其他一些流感相关的链接，我并不知道具体的发病和死亡数据到底是在疾控中心手里还是在国家统计局手里，因为国家统计局网站里只能搜到2016年为止的禽流感数据。至于今年流感的其他数据去哪里找，会不会公布，我没有答案，留给其他知乎用户回答吧。病毒毒株问题，统计问题，和新闻报道问题属于三个完全不同的讨论范畴，一个是基础医学科研和医疗问题，一个是流行病学问题，还有一个是社会学/传播学并且有时候会带着点友善度的问题。从我个人专业角度来讲我不认为问题中提到的现象是病毒毒株不同造成的，毕竟中国和欧盟各国流行的毒株区别不大。至于这究竟是统计问题还是别的什么问题，没有具体数据的时候无法回答。死于心脑血管和肺炎等并发症的记录上就会写死于这些，而不是死于流感。果然又见37人梗。。。第一，那个说瞒报的答案，2月18日，卫生部提出严重警告，全国自2018年1月以来，已经确诊的流感病人达到27万例。。。。到2月18日，死亡56人。（不含港澳台地区，因为这三个地方的医疗系统是独立运行的）第二，那个说记录到其他疾病的答案，我国的流感死亡记录，是要记录发病原因的（例如：死亡原因为流感引发的肺部水肿。。。）涵盖所有年龄层人员，相反的是美国，美国超过65岁因流感死亡是不记入报告的，而卫生部的报告指出，中国流感死亡案例多发于65岁年龄段以上，占到总死亡人数的一半还多！所以发明“超限死亡率”这个名词的人回去打你美爹的脸去！第三，关于瞒报问题，香港因流感死亡人数达到327人是上了新闻的，而且这个东西一般来说瞒不住，如果真是出现大面积流感死亡，那从医院出来的死人一堆堆的。原因有三个，第一，流感疫苗在我国属于二类疫苗，对于学生来说，却是近乎强制接种的。你们读小学都有打疫苗的经历啦，胳膊上还有一小块圆形的疤痕（那个是水痘疫苗留下的^_^）。美国在本次流感突袭中死亡的儿童，多半都在北部疫苗不普及的地区，而美国科学家也说得很明白，疫苗是防止流感最有效的手段。第二，对于感冒，中国人有丰富的经验，一旦感冒，先自己找药吃，并且防止在室内连锁传染，包括学校内，公司内等，在中国这是生活常识，如果发现大面积病例就会紧急送医院，这种医疗体制的宣传有效控制了流感病毒无限量传播。简单地说：有病要处理，感冒要隔离在中国是常识，在美国不可以，你学校隔离学生会被起诉。第三，中国人的抵抗力的确比美国人强一些。。。在中国，是基本上没有花粉病（花粉过敏）这种病的，而在美国很常见，得益于我们还不咋滴的自然环境，中国人的免疫系统是很强大的，但是你可别跟一些超贫穷地区的人比哦，当年我支教的时候，就因为喝了一杯水，结果就拉了三天。而当地人当然毛事没有。。总结到最后，还是因为流感在我国属于多发病，对抗习惯了，自然就有办法了。白人对流感确实更敏感～流感起源于养猪，绿教觉得猪肉脏不是没有道理的，犹太教也把清真类饮食称为洁食，很可能与闪族人发现了猪与流感及其他寄生虫的关系有关～黄种人普遍抗流感性比较强因为洋人感冒不爱吃药，要靠\"自身抵抗力\"。免疫系统能完全起作用的话，古人夭亡率就没有这么高了。"],["topImageUrl","https://pic2.zhimg.com/70/v2-22b97f623735de3f5aa4cf2f3a988815.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-22T07:01:15.641Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_GMLPzGmTJ9e0AN3Hx5O5zdgJJAUXHno2UdfzS2TfVQU"],["name","興奮的新屋耶呼弟"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","List of Firmware & Driver Updates for KRACK WPA2 Vulnerability"],["url","https://goo.gl/KfNKCk"],["summary","As many people have read or will soon read, there is a vulnerability in the WPA2 wireless protocol called Krack that could allow attackers to eavesdrop on wireless connections and inject data into the wireless stream in order to install malware or modify web pages.\nTo protect yourself, many WiFi product vendors will be releasing updated firmware and drivers for their products. It is strongly suggested that users update their hardware as soon as a update is available in order to protect themselves. This includes router firmware and wireless network card drivers.\nTo help with this, I have created a list of known information regarding various WiFi vendors and whether new drivers are available. As this vulnerability is fairly new, there is little information available, I advise you to check this page throughout the coming days to see if new information is available. This page includes information resulting from contacting of vendors, CERT's informative page, and other sources.\nLast Updated: 10/20/17 14:35 EST\nCompanies with available information:\nADTRAN\nADTRAN posted in their forums that they are performing an investigation and will send out a security notice to all signed up users with details. A security advisory was sent out on 10/18/17 to customers that basically reiterates the same information.\nAerohive Networks\nAerohive has released an advisory explaining under what circumstances their products are vulnerable to KRACK. They also included information on what HiveOS upgrades mitigate this attack,\nArch Linux\nArch has pushed out updates for wpa_supplicant and hostapd. Patches can be found here and here.\nAmazon\nAn Amazon Spokesperson responded to our inquiry with \"We are in the process of reviewing which of our devices may contain this vulnerability and will be issuing patches where needed.\".\nApple\nToday, October 31st, Apple has released updates for all of their core operating systems that included fixes for the KRACK vulns.\nAruba Networks\nPatch information can be found here & here. A FAQ was posted as well.\nArris\nAn Arris spokesperson told BleepingComputer:\n\nARRIS is committed to the security of our devices and safeguarding the millions of subscribers who use them. The KRACK flaw affects the WPA2 protocol itself and is not specific to any device or manufacturer. There is no current evidence of malicious exploits. \nARRIS is evaluating our full Wi-Fi portfolio and will release any required firmware updates as quickly as possible. \n\nAsus\nAsus has released information (see bottom of the page) and working with chipset suppliers to patch the vulns and will release an update as soon as its ready.\nAVM\nAVM has a advisory posted regarding the KRACK vuln. According to AVM \"FRITZ!Boxes on broadband connections are currently not affected by the wireless security breach known as \"Krack\", as such access points do not use the affected 802.11r standard.\". They also do not seem to be happy regarding the way the disclosure was handled.\nBarracuda Networks\nBarracuda posted an advisory that lists affected products and contains links on hotfixes to resolve the KRACK vulns.\nBelkin, Linksys, and Wemo\n\nBleepingComputer received a response from Belkin that states:\n\"Belkin Linksys, and Wemo are aware of the WPA vulnerability. Our security teams are verifying details and we will advise accordingly. Also know that we are committed to putting the customer first and are planning to post instructions on our security advisory page on what customers can do to update their products, if and when required.”\nCisco\n\nCisco has released an advisory that discusses the vulnerability in relation to their product and a list of products that are vulnerable. Cisco has stated that IOS and driver updates are being developed and will be released. Cisco product users are advised to check the advisory often for future updates.\nDD-WRT\nA beta version of DD-WRT is on their FTP Site. At the time of this writing, the latest firmware is in a folder named 10-17-2017-r33525.\nDebian\nDebian posted an advisory to the Debian Security Announce mailing list with information on updates that resolve the Krack vulnerability.\nDell\nDell has posted an advisory that lists all products that are NOT affected by the KRACK vulns. More information about affected products will be added to the advisory soon.\nD-Link\nD-Link has posted an advisory stating that they are waiting for patches from the chipset manufacturers. They further accurately state that \"For consumers users, your priority should be updating devices such as laptops and smartphones.\".\nDrayTek\nDrayTek has posted an advisory detailing what products are affected by KRACK and stating that updates will be available next week.\nEdimax\nEdimax posted an advisory stating:\nThis vulnerability will require collaborative firmware patches from relevant manufacturers. Edimax is requesting assistance from them and is working diligently for the firmware fix. It will be published on Edimax website as soon as it becomes available.\neero\neero released an advisory that states that they have rolled out eeroOS version 3.5, which mitigates the KRACK vulns.\nEnGenius\nEnGenius has posted an advisory with some information about the attack. I was told by an EnGenius spokesperson that they are \"working on security patches and will release updates to its firmware by the end of October\".\nEspressif\nEspressif has released updates for ESP-IDF, ESP8266 RTOS SDK, & ESP8266 NONOS SDK on their Github page.\nExtreme Networks\nExtreme Networks released an advisory and stated hotfixes for the KRACK vulns will be released starting on October 20th.\nF5 Networks\nAccording to a released advisory, F5 Networks products are not affected by KRACK.\nFedora\nFedora has a Fedora 25 update available for testing. The Fedora 26 and Fedora 27 udpates are pending to be added to the Stable release.\nFreeBSD\nAccording to CERT, FreeBSD is aware of the vulnerability and users should either join their FreeBSD-Announce mailing list or monitor their Security Information page.\nFortinet\nAccording to this document, the FortiAP 5.6.1 release fixed the KRACK vulns.\nGoogle\nAndroid 6.0 and higher are currently vulnerable to this attack. When BleepingComputer contacted Google, their statement was \"We're aware of the issue, and we will be patching any affected devices in the coming weeks\". No information is available as of yet regarding Google WiFi.\nIntel\nIntel has released an advisory, which includes links to updated drivers.\nKisslink\nKisslink has told BleepingComputer that as their products are protected via their Promximity technology and thus are not using WPA2 or affected by its bugs.\nLede\nUpdated packages for hostapd-common - 2016-12-19-ad02e79d-5, wpad - 2016-12-19-ad02e79d-5, and wpad-mini - 2016-12-19-ad02e79d-5 are available on Ledge. You can check for update availability via the opkg list-upgradable command and upgrade using opkg update command.\nUpdate 10/18/17: LEDE released the 17.01.4 service release to resolve the KRACK bugs and other issues.\nLineageOS\nLineageOS has had patches merged to prevent the Krak vulns.\nLinux\nAccording to the vulnerability release, \"Our attack is especially catastrophic against version 2.4 and above of wpa_supplicant, a Wi-Fi client commonly used on Linux.\". Patches can be found here.\nMeraki\nUpdates have been released for Cisco Meraki that resolve the KRACK vuln. More info can be found in this advisory: 802.11r Vulnerability (CVE: 2017-13082) FAQ.\nMicrochip Technology\nMicrochip has posted an advisory with available updates.\nMicrosoft\nMicrosoft quietly fixed the KRACK vulns in the October 10th Patch Tuesday. \nMikroTik\nAccording to MikroTik: \"RouterOS v6.39.3, v6.40.4, v6.41rc are not affected! AP mode devices are not affected. All implemented fixes refer only to station and WDS modes.\". They further stated that firmware versions were released last week to fix this vulnerability.\nNetgear\nNetgear has released an advisory that contains a list of products affected by KRACK and associated updates. \nNest\nStated that patches will be rolled out next week. These will autoupdate and will not require user intervention.\n\nOpenBSD\nOpenBSD was provided a patch that was used to silently update and fix this vulnerability. More information can be read here and here.\nOpen-Mesh & CloudTrax\nAn advisory was posted for Open-Mesh & CloudTrax regarding the Krack vuln. An update is expected to be delivered to all of those that use automatic updates by the end over October 17th. More info at the advisory.\nPeplink\nPeplink has issued an advisory stating that users of the Wi-Fi as WAN functionality are vulnerable to this attack. To temporarily fix this issue, users can disable this feature and wait for an updated firmware to be released.\npfSense\npfSense, which is based off of FreeBSD, has opened an issue to import FreeBSD's fix. \nQualcomm\nA Qualcomm spokesperson has told BleepingComputer:\n\"Providing technologies that support robust security and privacy is a priority for Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (QTI). We have been working with industry partners to identify and address all implementations of the open source security issue involving WPA packet number reuse within Qualcomm-powered products. Patches for these issues are available now on the Code Aurora Forum and through other distribution channels, with additional patches posted as soon as they are verified through our quality assurance process\"\nRed Hat\nRed Hat has generated an advisory regarding the vulnerability in wpa_supplicant. No further information available.\nRaspberry Pi\nAs this uses wpa_supplicant, you need to update to the latest packages. Use sudo apt update followed by sudo apt upgrade to install a patched wpa_supplicant.\nRuckus Wireless\nRuckus Wireless has posted a security advisory that states that disabling 802.11r will mitigate CVE-2017-13082. Security patches for affected devices will be released as soon as they become available.\nSierra Wireless\nSierra Wireless posted a technical bulletin on affected products and remediation plans. Link from CERT.\nSonicwall\nSonicwall has released an advisory that states that they are not vulnerable:\n\nSonicWall Capture Labs has evaluated these vulnerabilities and determined that our SonicPoint and SonicWave wireless access points, as well as our TZ and SOHO Wireless firewalls, are not vulnerable to the flaws in WPA2.\nSonicWall is working on a solution to provide an additional layer of protection for SonicWall customers that will block these man-in-the-middle attacks even from vulnerable unpatched clients. This will be delivered in a future SonicOS update. \n\nSophos\nSophos has released an advisory stating that the Sophos UTM Wireless, Sophos Firewall Wireless, Sophos Central Wireless, and Cyberoam Wireless products are affected by the Krack vulnerability. Updates for these products will be released soon.\nSynology\nSynology posted an advisory that indicates Synology DiskStation Manager (DSM) with attached WiFi dongle and Synology Router Manager (SRM) are vulnerable to Krack. According to Synology, updates for affected products will be released soon.\nTanaza\nTanaza has reached out to BleepingComputer to advise that their v2.15.2 firmware contains a patch for KRACK.\nToshiba\nAccording to CERT, Toshiba's SureMark 4610 Printer (Models 1NR, 2CR, 2NR) with Wireless Lan Adapter & Canvio AeroMobile Wireless SSD product are affected. Toshiba will be contacting owners and business partners directly in regards to the printer and a firmware update will be released for the wireless SSD card.\nTP-Link\nWhen I contacted TP-Link tech support, I was told \"Our seniors are keeping an eye on this issue. Currently we haven't received any feedback that TP-Link product is affected by that. We will offer an update on our official website once we have any new info.\"\nOn October 18, TP-Link issued the following statement with details on affected products.\nTurris Omnia\nTurris, which uses OpenWRT, posted in their forums that a patch was added to their repository that they are going to test and release a fix. Hopefully, this will lead to OpenWRT releasing an update soon as well.\nUbiquiti (UniFi, AmpliFi, airMax)\nUbiquiti have posted an advisory that provides details on what UniFi, AmpliFi, and airMax products are affected by the KRACK vulnerability. This advisory also provides links to the updates that resolve this attack.\nIt should be noted that the 802.11r (Fast Roaming) beta feature is still vulnerable and it is advised that it be disabled until a future update resolves the issue.\nUbuntu\nUbuntu has released an advisory with information on how to update wpa_supplicant and hostapd in order to resolve this vulnerability.\nWatchGuard\nWatchGuard has issued an advisory outlining when updates are going to be available for their various products and services.\nWiFi Alliance Announcement\nThe WiFi Alliance released an announcement regarding the KRACK vulns, what products are affected, and how to mitigate the issues. New version of Xirrus AOS will be released by October 30th 2017.\nXirrus/Riverbed\nXirrus/Riverbed have posted an advisory \nZyxel\nZyxel has created a page that details what products are affected. While they are working to fix the vulnerability, there are no updated drivers and firmware available.\nCompanies claimed to be not affected by Krack:\nArista Networks, Inc.\nLenovo\nVmware\nCompanies with no available information:\n3com Inc\nActiontec\nAlcatel-Lucent\nAsusTek Computer Inc.\nAtheros Communications, Inc.\nBroadcom\nCentOS\nEMC Corporation\nExtreme Networks\nF5 Networks, Inc.\nFoundry Brocade\nHewlett Packard Enterprise\nIBM, INC.\nKyocera Communications\nMarvell Semiconductor\nMediaTek"],["topImageUrl","https://www.bleepstatic.com/content/hl-images/2017/10/16/KRACK.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","KRACK Attacks: Breaking WPA2"],["url","https://www.krackattacks.com/"],["summary","Introduction\n\t\tWe discovered serious weaknesses in WPA2, a protocol that secures all modern protected Wi-Fi networks.\n\t\tAn attacker within range of a victim can exploit these weaknesses using key reinstallation attacks (KRACKs).\n\t\tConcretely, attackers can use this novel attack technique to read information that was previously assumed to be safely encrypted.\t\n\t\tThis can be abused to steal sensitive information such as credit card numbers, passwords, chat messages, emails, photos, and so on.\n\t\tThe attack works against all modern protected Wi-Fi networks.\n\t\tDepending on the network configuration, it is also possible to inject and manipulate data.\n\t\tFor example, an attacker might be able to inject ransomware or other malware into websites.\n\t\t\n\t\tThe weaknesses are in the Wi-Fi standard itself, and not in individual products or implementations.\n\t\tTherefore, any correct implementation of WPA2 is likely affected.\n\t\tTo prevent the attack, users must update affected products as soon as security updates become available.\n\t\tNote that if your device supports Wi-Fi, it is most likely affected.\n\t\tDuring our initial research, we discovered ourselves that Android, Linux, Apple, Windows, OpenBSD, MediaTek, Linksys, and others, are all affected by some variant of the attacks.\n\t\tFor more information about specific products, consult the database of CERT/CC, or contact your vendor.\n\t\t\n\t\tThe research behind the attack will be presented at the Computer and Communications Security (CCS) conference, and at the Black Hat Europe conference. Our detailed research paper can already be downloaded.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n Demonstration\n\t\tAs a proof-of-concept we executed a key reinstallation attack against an Android smartphone.\n\t\t\tIn this demonstration, the attacker is able to decrypt all data that the victim transmits.\n\t\t\tFor an attacker this is easy to accomplish, because our key reinstallation attack is exceptionally devastating against Linux and Android 6.0 or higher.\n\t\t\tThis is because Android and Linux can be tricked into (re)installing an all-zero encryption key (see below for more info).\n\t\t\tWhen attacking other devices, it is harder to decrypt all packets, although a large number of packets can nevertheless be decrypted.\n\t\t\tIn any case, the following demonstration highlights the type of information that an attacker can obtain when performing key reinstallation attacks against protected Wi-Fi networks:\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\tOur attack is not limited to recovering login credentials (i.e. e-mail addresses and passwords).\n\t\t\tIn general, any data or information that the victim transmits can be decrypted. Additionally, depending on the device being used and the network setup, it is also possible to decrypt data sent towards the victim (e.g. the content of a website).\n\t\t\tAlthough websites or apps may use HTTPS as an additional layer of protection, we warn that this extra protection can (still) be bypassed in a worrying number of situations.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFor example, HTTPS was previously bypassed in non-browser software,\n\t\t\tin Apple's iOS and OS X,\n\t\t\tin Android apps,\n\t\t\tin Android apps again,\n\t\t\tin banking apps,\n\t\t\tand even in VPN apps.\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tDetails\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\tOur main attack is against the 4-way handshake of the WPA2 protocol.\n\t\t\tThis handshake is executed when a client wants to join a protected Wi-Fi network, and is used to confirm that both the client and access point possess the correct credentials (e.g. the pre-shared password of the network).\n\t\t\tAt the same time, the 4-way handshake also negotiates a fresh encryption key that will be used to encrypt all subsequent traffic.\n\t\t\tCurrently, all modern protected Wi-Fi networks use the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tThis implies all these networks are affected by (some variant of) our attack.\n\t\t\tFor instance, the attack works against personal and enterprise Wi-Fi networks, against the older WPA and the latest WPA2 standard, and even against networks that only use AES.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAll our attacks against WPA2 use a novel technique called a key reinstallation attack (KRACK):\n\t\t\n\t\t\tKey reinstallation attacks: high level description\n\t\t\tIn a key reinstallation attack, the adversary tricks a victim into reinstalling an already-in-use key.\n\t\t\tThis is achieved by manipulating and replaying cryptographic handshake messages.\n\t\t\tWhen the victim reinstalls the key, associated parameters such as the incremental transmit packet number (i.e. nonce) and receive packet number (i.e. replay counter) are reset to their initial value.\n\t\t\tEssentially, to guarantee security, a key should only be installed and used once.\n\t\t\tUnfortunately, we found this is not guaranteed by the WPA2 protocol.\n\t\t\tBy manipulating cryptographic handshakes, we can abuse this weakness in practice.\n\t\t\n\t\t\tKey reinstallation attacks: concrete example against the 4-way handshake\n\t\t\tAs described in the introduction of the research paper, the idea behind a key reinstallation attack can be summarized as follows.\n\t\t\tWhen a client joins a network, it executes the 4-way handshake to negotiate a fresh encryption key.\n\t\t\tIt will install this key after receiving message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tOnce the key is installed, it will be used to encrypt normal data frames using an encryption protocol.\n\t\t\tHowever, because messages may be lost or dropped, the Access Point (AP) will retransmit message 3 if it did not receive an appropriate response as acknowledgment.\n\t\t\tAs a result, the client may receive message 3 multiple times.\n\t\t\tEach time it receives this message, it will reinstall the same encryption key, and thereby reset the incremental transmit packet number (nonce) and receive replay counter used by the encryption protocol.\n\t\t\tWe show that an attacker can force these nonce resets by collecting and replaying retransmissions of message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tBy forcing nonce reuse in this manner, the encryption protocol can be attacked, e.g., packets can be replayed, decrypted, and/or forged.\n\t\t\tThe same technique can also be used to attack the group key, PeerKey, TDLS, and fast BSS transition handshake.\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\tPractical impact\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn our opinion, the most widespread and practically impactful attack is the key reinstallation attack against the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tWe base this judgement on two observations.\n\t\t\tFirst, during our own research we found that most clients were affected by it.\n\t\t\tSecond, adversaries can use this attack to decrypt packets sent by clients, allowing them to intercept sensitive information such as passwords or cookies.\n\t\t\tDecryption of packets is possible because a key reinstallation attack causes the transmit nonces (sometimes also called packet numbers or initialization vectors) to be reset to their initial value.\n\t\t\tAs a result, the same encryption key is used with nonce values that have already been used in the past.\n\t\t\tIn turn, this causes all encryption protocols of WPA2 to reuse keystream when encrypting packets.\n\t\t\tIn case a message that reuses keystream has known content, it becomes trivial to derive the used keystream.\n\t\t\tThis keystream can then be used to decrypt messages with the same nonce.\n\t\t\tWhen there is no known content, it is harder to decrypt packets, although still possible in several cases (e.g. English text can still be decrypted).\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn practice, finding packets with known content is not a problem, so it should be assumed that any packet can be decrypted.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ability to decrypt packets can be used to decrypt TCP SYN packets.\n\t\t\tThis allows an adversary to obtain the TCP sequence numbers of a connection, and hijack TCP connections.\n\t\t\tAs a result, even though WPA2 is used, the adversary can now perform one of the most common attacks against open Wi-Fi networks: injecting malicious data into unencrypted HTTP connections.\n\t\t\tFor example, an attacker can abuse this to inject ransomware or malware into websites that the victim is visiting.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIf the victim uses either the WPA-TKIP or GCMP encryption protocol, instead of AES-CCMP, the impact is especially catastrophic.\n\t\t\tAgainst these encryption protocols, nonce reuse enables an adversary to not only decrypt, but also to forge and inject packets.\n\t\t\tMoreover, because GCMP uses the same authentication key in both communication directions, and this key can be recovered if nonces are reused, it is especially affected.\n\t\t\tNote that support for GCMP is currently being rolled out under the name Wireless Gigabit (WiGig), and is expected to be adopted at a high rate over the next few years.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe direction in which packets can be decrypted (and possibly forged) depends on the handshake being attacked.\n\t\t\tSimplified, when attacking the 4-way handshake, we can decrypt (and forge) packets sent by the client.\n\t\t\tWhen attacking the Fast BSS Transition (FT) handshake, we can decrypt (and forge) packets sent towards the client.\n\t\t\tFinally, most of our attacks also allow the replay of unicast, broadcast, and multicast frames.\n\t\t\tFor further details, see Section 6 of our research paper.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNote that our attacks do not recover the password of the Wi-Fi network. They also do not recover (any parts of) the fresh encryption key that is negotiated during the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndroid and Linux\n\n\t\t\tOur attack is especially catastrophic against version 2.4 and above of wpa_supplicant, a Wi-Fi client commonly used on Linux.\n\t\t\tHere, the client will install an all-zero encryption key instead of reinstalling the real key.\n\t\t\tThis vulnerability appears to be caused by a remark in the Wi-Fi standard that suggests to clear the encryption key from memory once it has been installed for the first time.\n\t\t\tWhen the client now receives a retransmitted message 3 of the 4-way handshake, it will reinstall the now-cleared encryption key, effectively installing an all-zero key.\n\t\t\tBecause Android uses wpa_supplicant, Android 6.0 and above also contains this vulnerability.\n\t\t\tThis makes it trivial to intercept and manipulate traffic sent by these Linux and Android devices.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNote that currently 50% of Android devices are vulnerable to this exceptionally devastating variant of our attack.\n\n\t\t\tAssigned CVE identifiers\n\t\t\tThe following Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) identifiers were assigned to track which products are affected by specific instantiations of our key reinstallation attack:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13077: Reinstallation of the pairwise encryption key (PTK-TK) in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13078: Reinstallation of the group key (GTK) in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13079: Reinstallation of the integrity group key (IGTK) in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13080: Reinstallation of the group key (GTK) in the group key handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13081: Reinstallation of the integrity group key (IGTK) in the group key handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13082: Accepting a retransmitted Fast BSS Transition (FT) Reassociation Request and reinstalling the pairwise encryption key (PTK-TK) while processing it.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13084: Reinstallation of the STK key in the PeerKey handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13086: reinstallation of the Tunneled Direct-Link Setup (TDLS) PeerKey (TPK) key in the TDLS handshake.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13087: reinstallation of the group key (GTK) when processing a Wireless Network Management (WNM) Sleep Mode Response frame.\n\t\t\t\tCVE-2017-13088: reinstallation of the integrity group key (IGTK) when processing a Wireless Network Management (WNM) Sleep Mode Response frame.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNote that each CVE identifier represents a specific instantiation of a key reinstallation attack. This means each CVE ID describes a specific protocol vulnerability, and therefore many vendors are affected by each individual CVE ID. You can also read vulnerability note VU#228519 of CERT/CC for additional details on which products are known to be affected.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\tPaper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\tOur research paper behind the attack is titled Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in WPA2 and will be presented at the Computer and Communications Security (CCS) conference on Wednesday 1 November 2017.\n\n\t\tAlthough this paper is made public now, it was already submitted for review on 19 May 2017.\n\t\tAfter this, only minor changes were made.\n\t\tAs a result, the findings in the paper are already several months old.\n\t\tIn the meantime, we have found easier techniques to carry out our key reinstallation attack against the 4-way handshake.\n\t\tWith our novel attack technique, it is now trivial to exploit implementations that only accept encrypted retransmissions of message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\tIn particular this means that attacking macOS and OpenBSD is significantly easier than discussed in the paper.\n\t\t\n\t\tWe would like to highlight the following addendums and errata:\n\t\t\n\t\tAddendum: wpa_supplicant v2.6 and Android 6.0+\n\t\t\n\t\tLinux's wpa_supplicant v2.6 is also vulnerable to the installation of an all-zero encryption key in the 4-way handshake.\n\t\tThis was discovered by John A. Van Boxtel.\n\t\tAs a result, all Android versions higher than 6.0 are also affected by the attack, and hence can be tricked into installing an all-zero encryption key.\n\t\tThe new attack works by injecting a forged message 1, with the same ANonce as used in the original message 1, before forwarding the retransmitted message 3 to the victim.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\tAddendum: other vulnerable handshakes\n\t\tAfter our initial research as reported in the paper, we discovered that the TDLS handshake and WNM Sleep Mode Response frame are also vulnerable to key reinstallation attacks.\n\t\t\n\t\tSelected errata\n\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Figure 9 at stage 3 of the attack, the frame transmitted from the adversary to the authenticator should say \"ReassoReq(ANonce, SNonce, MIC)\" instead of \"ReassoResp(..)\".\n\t\t\tSection 3.1: figure 3 contains a simplified description of the state machine (not figure 2).\n\t\t\tSection 4.2: \"It is essential that the broadcast frame we replay is sent after (not before) the retransmission of group message 1\". A similar change should be made in Section 4.3: \"Again it is essential that the broadcast frame we want to replay is sent after (not before) the retransmission of group message 1\".\n\t\t\n\n\t\tCitation example and bibtex entry\n\t\tPlease cite our research paper and not this website (or cite both). You can use the following example citation or bibtex entry:\n\t\t\n\t\t\tMathy Vanhoef and Frank Piessens. 2017. Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in WPA2. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). ACM.\n\t\t\t@inproceedings{vanhoef-ccs2017,\n author = {Mathy Vanhoef and Frank Piessens},\n title = {Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in {WPA2}},\n booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)},\n year = {2017},\n publisher = {ACM}\n}\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\tTools\n\t\tWe have made scripts to detect whether an implementation of the 4-way handshake, group key handshake, or Fast BSS Transition (FT) handshake is vulnerable to key reinstallation attacks.\n\t\tThese scripts are available on github, and contain detailed instructions on how to use them.\n\t\t\n\t\tWe also made a proof-of-concept script that exploits the all-zero key (re)installation present in certain Android and Linux devices.\n\t\tThis script is the one that we used in the demonstration video.\n\t\tIt will be released once everyone has had a reasonable chance to update their devices (and we have had a chance to prepare the code repository for release).\n\t\tWe remark that the reliability of our proof-of-concept script may depend on how close the victim is to the real network.\n\t\tIf the victim is very close to the real network, the script may fail because the victim will always directly communicate with the real network, even if the victim is (forced) onto a different Wi-Fi channel than this network.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\tQ&A\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tDo we now need WPA3?\n\t\t\t\tShould I change my Wi-Fi password?\n\t\t\t\tI'm using WPA2 with only AES. That's also vulnerable?\n\t\t\t\tYou use the word \"we\" in this website. Who is we?\n\t\t\t\tIs my device vulnerable?\n\t\t\t\tWhat if there are no security updates for my router or access point? Or if it does not support 802.11r?\n\t\t\t\tIs it sufficient to patch only the access point? Or to patch only clients?\n\t\t\t\tCan we modify an access point to prevent attacks against the client?\n\t\t\t\tHow did you discover these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t\tThe 4-way handshake was mathematically proven as secure. How is your attack possible?\n\t\t\t\tSome attacks in the paper seem hard\n\t\t\t\tIf an attacker can do a man-in-the-middle attack, why can't they just decrypt all the data?\n\t\t\t\tDoes an attacker to have be near your network in order to attack it?\n\t\t\t\tAre people exploiting this in the wild?\n\t\t\t\tShould I temporarily use WEP until my devices are patched?\n\t\t\t\tWill the Wi-Fi standard be updated to address this?\n\t\t\t\tIs the Wi-Fi Alliance also addressing these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t\tWhy did you use match.com as an example in the demonstration video?\n\t\t\t\tHow can these types of bugs be prevented?\n\t\t\t\tWhy the domain name krackattacks.com?\n\t\t\t\tDid you get bug bounties for this?\n\t\t\t\tHow does this attack compare to other attacks against WPA2?\n\t\t\t\tAre other protocols also affected by key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\t\tIs there a higher resolution version of the logo?\n\t\t\t\tWhen did you first notify vendors about the vulnerability?\n\t\t\t\tWhy did OpenBSD silently release a patch before the embargo?\n\t\t\t\tSo you expect to find other Wi-Fi vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t\tWhere can I learn more about key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\tDo we now need WPA3?\n\t\t\tNo, luckily implementations can be patched in a backwards-compatible manner.\n\t\t\tThis means a patched client can still communicate with an unpatched access point (AP), and vice versa.\n\t\t\tIn other words, a patched client or access point sends exactly the same handshake messages as before, and at exactly the same moment in time.\n\t\t\tHowever, the security updates will assure a key is only installed once, preventing our attack.\n\t\t\tSo again, update all your devices once security updates are available.\n\t\t\tFinally, although an unpatched client can still connect to a patched AP, and vice versa, both the client and AP must be patched to defend against all attacks!\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShould I change my Wi-Fi password?\n\t\t\tChanging the password of your Wi-Fi network does not prevent (or mitigate) the attack. So you do not have to update the password of your Wi-Fi network. Instead, you should make sure all your devices are updated, and you should also update the firmware of your router. Nevertheless, after updating both your client devices and your router, it's never a bad idea to change the Wi-Fi password.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tI'm using WPA2 with only AES. That's also vulnerable?\n\t\t\tYes, that network configuration is also vulnerable. The attack works against both WPA1 and WPA2, against personal and enterprise networks, and against any cipher suite being used (WPA-TKIP, AES-CCMP, and GCMP). So everyone should update their devices to prevent the attack!\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYou use the word \"we\" in this website. Who is we?\n\t\t\tI use the word \"we\" because that's what I'm used to writing in papers. In practice, all the work is done by me, with me being Mathy Vanhoef.\n\t\t\tMy awesome supervisor is added under an honorary authorship to the research paper for his excellent general guidance.\n\t\t\tBut all the real work was done on my own. \n\t\t\tSo the author list of academic papers does not represent division of work :)\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIs my device vulnerable?\n\t\t\tProbably. Any device that uses Wi-Fi is likely vulnerable. Contact your vendor for more information, or consult this community maintained list on GitHub.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhat if there are no security updates for my router or access point? Or if it does not support 802.11r?\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRouters or access points (APs) are only vulnerable to our attack if they support the Fast BSS Transition (FT) handshake, or if they support client (repeater) functionality.\n\t\t\tFirst, the FT handshake is part of 802.11r, and is mainly supported by enterprise networks, and not by home routers or APs.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, most home routers or APs do not support (or will not use) client functionality.\n\t\t\tIn other words, your home router or AP likely does not require security updates.\n\t\t\tInstead, it are mainly enterprise networks that will have to update their network infrastructure (i.e. their routers and access points).\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThat said, some vendors discovered implementation-specific security issues while investigating our attack.\n\t\t\tFor example, it was discovered that hostapd reuses the ANonce value in the 4-way handshake during rekeys.\n\t\t\tConcretely this means that, even if your router or AP does not support 802.11r, and even if it does not support client functionality, it might still have to be updated.\n\t\t\tContact your vendor for more details.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFinally, we remark that you can try to mitigate attacks against routers and APs by disabling client functionality (which is for example used in repeater modes) and disabling 802.11r (fast roaming).\n\t\t\tAdditionally, update all your other client devices such as laptops and smartphones.\n\t\t\tIf one or more of your client devices is not receiving updates, you can also try to contact your router's vendor and ask if they have an update that prevents attacks against connected devices.\n\n\t\t\tIs it sufficient to patch only the access point? Or to patch only clients?\n\t\t\tCurrently, all vulnerable devices should be patched.\n\t\t\tIn other words, patching the AP will not prevent attacks against vulnerable clients.\n\t\t\tSimilarly, patching all clients will not prevent attacks against vulnerable access points.\n\t\t\tNote that only access points that support the Fast BSS Transition handshake (802.11r) can be vulnerable.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThat said, it is possible to modify the access point such that vulnerable clients (when connected to this AP) cannot be attacked.\n\t\t\tHowever, these modifications are different from the normal security patches that are being released for vulnerable access points!\n\t\t\tSo unless your access point vendor explicitly mentions that their patches prevent attacks against clients, you must also patch clients.\n\n\t\t\tCan we modify an access point to prevent attacks against the client?\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIt's possible to modify the access point (router) such that connected clients are not vulnerable to attacks against the 4-way handshake and group key handshake.\n\t\t\tNote that we consider these two attacks the most serious and widespread security issues we discovered.\n\t\t\tHowever, these modifications only prevent attacks when a vulnerable client is connected to such a modified access point.\n\t\t\tWhen a vulnerable client connects to a different access point, it can still be attacked.\n\t\t\tTechnically, this is accomplished by modifying the access point such that it does not retransmit message 3 of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, the access point is modified to not retransmit message 1 of the group key handshake.\n\t\t\tThe hostapd project has such a modification available.\n\t\t\tThey are currently evaluating to which extend this impacts the reliability of these handshakes.\n\t\t\tWe remark that the client-side attacks against the 4-way handshake and group key handshake can also be prevented by retransmitting the above handshake messages using the same (previous) EAPOL-Key replay counter.\n\t\t\tThe attack against the group key handshake can also be prevented by letting the access point install the group key in a delayed fashion, and by assuring the access point only accepts the latest replay counter (see section 4.3 of the paper for details).\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOn some products, variants or generalizations of the above mitigations can be enabled without having to update products.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFor example, on some access points retransmissions of all handshake messages can be disabled, preventing client-side attacks against the 4-way and group key handshake (see for example Cisco).\n\n\t\t\tHow did you discover these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\tWhen working on the final (i.e. camera-ready) version of another paper, I was double-checking some claims we made regarding OpenBSD's implementation of the 4-way handshake. In a sense I was slacking off, because I was supposed to be just finishing the paper, instead of staring at code. But there I was, inspecting some code I already read a hundred times, to avoid having to work on the next paragraph. It was at that time that a particular call to ic_set_key caught my attention. This function is called when processing message 3 of the 4-way handshake, and it installs the pairwise key to the driver. While staring at that line of code I thought “Ha. I wonder what happens if that function is called twice”. At the time I (correctly) guessed that calling it twice might reset the nonces associated to the key. And since message 3 can be retransmitted by the Access Point, in practice it might indeed be called twice. “Better make a note of that. Other vendors might also call such a function twice. But let's first finish this paper...”. A few weeks later, after finishing the paper and completing some other work, I investigated this new idea in more detail. And the rest is history.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 4-way handshake was mathematically proven as secure. How is your attack possible?\n\t\t\tThe brief answer is that the formal proof does not assure a key is installed only once. Instead, it merely assures the negotiated key remains secret, and that handshake messages cannot be forged.\n\t\t\tThe longer answer is mentioned in the introduction of our research paper: our attacks do not violate the security properties proven in formal analysis of the 4-way handshake.\n\t\t\tIn particular, these proofs state that the negotiated encryption key remains private, and that the identity of both the client and Access Point (AP) is confirmed.\n\t\t\tOur attacks do not leak the encryption key.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, although normal data frames can be forged if TKIP or GCMP is used, an attacker cannot forge handshake messages and hence cannot impersonate the client or AP during handshakes.\n\t\t\tTherefore, the properties that were proven in formal analysis of the 4-way handshake remain true.\n\t\t\tHowever, the problem is that the proofs do not model key installation.\n\t\t\tPut differently, the formal models did not define when a negotiated key should be installed.\n\t\t\tIn practice, this means the same key can be installed multiple times, thereby resetting nonces and replay counters used by the encryption protocol (e.g. by WPA-TKIP or AES-CCMP).\n\n\t\t\tSome attacks in the paper seem hard\n\t\t\tWe have follow-up work making our attacks (against macOS and OpenBSD for example) significantly more general and easier to execute.\n\t\t\tSo although we agree that some of the attack scenarios in the paper are rather impractical, do not let this fool you into believing key reinstallation attacks cannot be abused in practice.\n\n\t\t\tIf an attacker can do a man-in-the-middle attack, why can't they just decrypt all the data?\n\t\t\tAs mentioned in the demonstration, the attacker first obtains a man-in-the-middle (MitM) position between the victim and the real Wi-Fi network (called a channel-based MitM position).\n\t\t\tHowever, this MitM position does not enable the attacker to decrypt packets!\n\t\t\tThis position only allows the attacker to reliably delay, block, or replay encrypted packets.\n\t\t\tSo at this point in the attack, they cannot yet decrypt packets.\n\t\t\tInstead, the ability to reliably delay and block packets is used to execute a key reinstallation attack.\n\t\t\tAfter performing a key reinstallation attack, packets can be decrypted.\n\n\t\t\tDoes an attacker to have be near your network in order to attack it?\n\t\t\tAn adversary has to be within range of both the client being attacked (meaning the smartphone or laptop) and the network itself.\n\t\t\tThis means an adversary on the other side of the world cannot attack you remotely.\n\t\t\tHowever, the attacker can still be relatively far way.\n\t\t\tThat's because special antenna can be used to carry out the attack from two miles to up to eight miles in ideal conditions.\n\t\t\tAdditionally, the attacker is not competing with the signal strength of the real Wi-Fi network, but instead uses so-called Channel Switch Announcements to manipulate and attack the client.\n\t\t\tAs a result, it is possible to successfully carry out attacks even when far away from the victim.\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\tAre people exploiting this in the wild?\n\t\t\tWe are not in a position to determine if this vulnerability has been (or is being) actively exploited in the wild. That said, key reinstallations can actually occur spontaneously without an adversary being present! This may for example happen if the last message of a handshake is lost due to background noise, causing a retransmission of the previous message. When processing this retransmitted message, keys may be reinstalled, resulting in nonce reuse just like in a real attack.\n\n\t\t\tShould I temporarily use WEP until my devices are patched?\n\t\t\tNO! Keep using WPA2.\n\n\t\t\tWill the Wi-Fi standard be updated to address this?\n\t\t\tThere seems to be an agreement that the Wi-Fi standard should be updated to explicitly prevent our attacks.\n\t\t\tThese updates likely will be backwards-compatible with older implementations of WPA2.\n\t\t\tTime will tell whether and how the standard will be updated.\n\n\t\t\tIs the Wi-Fi Alliance also addressing these vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\tFor those unfamiliar with Wi-Fi, the Wi-Fi Alliance is an organization which certifies that Wi-Fi devices conform to certain standards of interoperability. Among other things, this assures that Wi-Fi products from different vendors work well together.\n\t\t\tThe Wi-Fi Alliance has a plan to help remedy the discovered vulnerabilities in WPA2. Summarized, they will:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tRequire testing for this vulnerability within their global certification lab network.\n\t\t\t\tProvide a vulnerability detection tool for use by any Wi-Fi Alliance member (this tool is based on my own detection tool that determines if a device is vulnerable to some of the discovered key reinstallation attacks).\n\t\t\t\tBroadly communicate details on this vulnerability, including remedies, to device vendors. Additionally, vendors are encouraged to work with their solution providers to rapidly integrate any necessary patches.\n\t\t\t\tCommunicate the importance for users to ensure they have installed the latest recommended security updates from device manufacturers.\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhy did you use match.com as an example in the demonstration video?\n\t\t\tUsers share a lot of personal information on websites such as match.com. So this example highlights all the sensitive information an attacker can obtain, and hopefully with this example people also better realize the potential (personal) impact. We also hope this example makes people aware of all the information these dating websites may be collecting.\n\n\t\t\tHow can these types of bugs be prevented?\n\t\t\tWe need more rigorous inspections of protocol implementations. This requires help and additional research from the academic community! Together with other researchers, we hope to organize workshop(s) to improve and verify the correctness of security protocol implementations.\n\n\t\t\tWhy the domain name krackattacks.com?\n\t\t\tFirst, I'm aware that KRACK attacks is a pleonasm, since KRACK stands for key reinstallation attack and hence already contains the word attack. But the domain name rhymes, so that's why it's used.\n\n\t\t\tDid you get bug bounties for this?\n\t\t\tHackerone has awarded a bug bounty for our research under their Internet Bug Bounty (IBB) award program.\n\n\t\t\tHow does this attack compare to other attacks against WPA2?\n\t\t\tThis is the first attack against the WPA2 protocol that doesn't rely on password guessing. Indeed, other attacks against WPA2-enabled network are against surrounding technologies such as Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), or are attacks against older standards such as WPA-TKIP. Put differently, none of the existing attacks were against the 4-way handshake or against cipher suites defined in the WPA2 protocol. In contrast, our key reinstallation attack against the 4-way handshake (and against other handshakes) highlights vulnerabilities in the WPA2 protocol itself.\n\n\t\t\tAre other protocols also affected by key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\tWe expect that certain implementations of other protocols may be vulnerable to similar attacks. So it's a good idea to audit security protocol implementations with this attack in mind. However, we consider it unlikely that other protocol standards are affected by similar attacks (or at least so we hope). Nevertheless, it's still a good idea to audit other protocols!\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIs there a higher resolution version of the logo?\n\t\t\tYes there is. And a big thank you goes to the person that made the logo!\n\n\t\t\tWhen did you first notify vendors about the vulnerability?\n\t\t\tWe sent out notifications to vendors whose products we tested ourselves around 14 July 2017. After communicating with these vendors, we realized how widespread the weaknesses we discovered are (only then did I truly convince myself it was indeed a protocol weaknesses and not a set of implementation bugs). At that point, we decided to let CERT/CC help with the disclosure of the vulnerabilities. In turn, CERT/CC sent out a broad notification to vendors on 28 August 2017.\n\n\t\t\tWhy did OpenBSD silently release a patch before the embargo?\n\t\t\tOpenBSD announced an errata on 30 August 2017 that silently prevented our key reinstallation attacks.\n\t\t\tMore specifically, patches were released for both OpenBSD 6.0 and OpenBSD 6.1.\n\t\t\tWe notified OpenBSD of the vulnerability on 15 July 2017, before CERT/CC was involved in the coordination. Quite quickly, Theo de Raadt replied and critiqued the tentative disclosure deadline: “In the open source world, if a person writes a diff and has to sit on it for a month, that is very discouraging”. Note that I wrote and included a suggested diff for OpenBSD already, and that at the time the tentative disclosure deadline was around the end of August. As a compromise, I allowed them to silently patch the vulnerability. In hindsight this was a bad decision, since others might rediscover the vulnerability by inspecting their silent patch. To avoid this problem in the future, OpenBSD will now receive vulnerability notifications closer to the end of an embargo.\n\n\t\t\tSo you expect to find other Wi-Fi vulnerabilities?\n\t\t\t“I think we're just getting started.” — Master Chief, Halo 1\n\n\t\t\tWhere can I learn more about key reinstallation attacks?\n\t\t\tGood technical information and comments:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tLiveOverflow has an excellent video explaining the attack\n\t\t\t\tComputerphile also made a video about the attack\n\t\t\t\tMatthew Green has a good blog post about KRACK and the causes of the vulnerability\n\t\t\t\tMojo Networks has a detailed blog posts on the attacks\n\t\t\t\tBruce Schneier also briefly discusses the attack\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelected newspapers with high-level information:\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tThe BCC made a short video explaining the attack, and wrote an article about it\n\t\t\t\tThe Wall Street Journal: Significant Flaw Discovered in Wi-Fi Security Protocol\n\t\t\t\tThe Guardian: 'All wifi networks' are vulnerable to hacking, security expert discovers\n\t\t\t\tTIME: Everything With Wi-Fi Has a Newly Discovered Security Flaw. Here's How to Protect Yourself\n\t\t\t\tArs Technica: Serious flaw in WPA2 protocol lets attackers intercept passwords and much more\n\t\t\t\tArs Technica: How the KRACK attack destroys nearly all Wi-Fi security\n\t\t\t\tThe Verge: Wi-Fi security has been breached, say researchers\n\t\t\t\tThe Verge: 41 percent of Android phones are vulnerable to 'devastating' Wi-Fi attack\n\t\t\t\tReuters: Researchers uncover flaw that makes Wi-Fi vulnerable to hacks\n\t\t\t\tForbes: Update Every Device -- This KRACK Hack Kills Your Wi-Fi Privacy\n\t\t\t\tCNET: KRACK attack: Here's how companies are responding"],["topImageUrl","https://www.krackattacks.com/images/logo-small.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","KRACK Attacks: Bypassing WPA2 against Android and Linux"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oh4WURZoR98"],["summary","This video explains some of the academic research performed in the ACM CCS 2017 paper \"Key Reinstallation Attacks: Forcing Nonce Reuse in WPA2\". It's not a guide or tutorial on how to hack people. Instead, the video was made to make people aware of potential risks, and to motivate everyone to update their smartphone and laptop. By updating your devices you (normally) avoid the risks mentioned in the video! For additional information visit https://www.krackattacks.com\n\nNote that devices different from Android and Linux are less affected by the attack. That's because only Android and Linux (re)install an all-zero encryption key."],["topImageUrl","https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Oh4WURZoR98/maxresdefault.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","#重大消息 \nWiFi 常用加密協定 WPA, WPA2 已被攻破！！\n不要使用 WiFi 進行任何機敏資料傳輸！你所有的輸入資訊都有機會被截取！\n\n盡量使用4G/3G 等私人網路，真要使用公眾WiFi 就掛個私人加密VPN\n\n影響裝置擴及所有 Android/Linux(含大部分基地台)/Windows/Apple\n\n近期請密切注意裝置更新不要想說更新很麻煩資料被盜用不會比較方便\n(CVE-2017-13077~CVE-2017-13088 這幾個漏洞)\n---------------------------------\n手法: KRACKs\n各大廠更新進度: https://goo.gl/KfNKCk\n說明網站: https://www.krackattacks.com/\nDEMO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oh4WURZoR98"],["id","AV8qmLvDyCdS-nWhuhn9"],["createdAt","2017-10-17T13:49:33.505Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV8q-RYAyCdS-nWhuhoT"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVy6vkhAyCdS-nWhuaru"],["name","Rosalind"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f0db3a53dec901a797bdc90b87a0a6a9?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",17]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","確有此事。"],["reference","https://www.inside.com.tw/2017/10/17/wpa2breaking"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","【全球 Wi-Fi 大風暴】WPA2 加密協議被攻破！Wi-Fi 安全面臨重大危機該怎麼辦？ - INSIDE"],["url","https://www.inside.com.tw/2017/10/17/wpa2breaking"],["summary","Photo Credit：pixabay\n本篇來自合作媒體 Pingwest，INSIDE 經授權轉載。\n比利時研究人員 10 月 16 日表示：WPA2 安全加密協議已經被破解。\n如果你朋友圈裡有一兩個略懂一些技術的好友，那麼他一定在昨天已經轉發過了相關的新聞。也許你對這條充滿技術詞語的新聞並不關心，除非我們換一種說法：\n你能連接到的絕大多數 Wi-Fi 在一夜之間都不安全了，甚至你透過自己家路由器的 Wi-Fi 上網，都有可能被盜。\n安全專家 Mathy Vanhoef 表示：「該漏洞影響了許多操作系統和設備，包括 Android，Linux，Apple，Windows 等。」\n這個概念驗證攻擊被稱作「KRACK」（密鑰重裝攻擊），詳細破解方法和影片示範已在 krackattacks.com 網站上公佈。\nWPA2 是什麼？\nWPA 全稱為 Wi-Fi Protected Access，有 WPA 和 WPA2 兩個標準，是一種保護無線網路安全的加密協議。\n用更通俗一點的話來說，我們都知道連接到大多數 Wi-Fi 是要輸入密碼的，此過程不止用於防止偷連網，其實更重要的是驗證你的手機和路由器之間的通訊沒有被別人竊取。\n畢竟，對於滿世界亂飄的無線數據來說，就好像是你從手機端寄一個快遞到同一個社區的路由器家裡。因為你手機也不知道路由器住在哪，所以會把包裹放在貨架上寫明「路由器收」。\n如果所有人都遵循規則，那麼每個使用 Wi-Fi 的終端只要到貨架上去找寫著自己名字的包裹就可以了。然而攻擊者並不管這些，會把你的包裹拿來拆開，然後在裡面放上自己偽造的數據。\n如果 Wi-Fi 都採用不加密的方式傳輸數據，那你平時看了什麼奇怪網站，下了什麼「動作」電影，你鄰居可是一清二楚。不過當然最重要的是，有些 App 和網站的密碼，也可能因此而洩露。\n在 WPA 這種加密方式大規模應用之前，加密方式主要是 WEP（Wired Equivalent Privacy），由於每個數據包都使用相同的加密密鑰，如果竊聽者分析了足夠的數據，則可以使用自動化軟體找到密鑰。\n還是用通俗一點的話來說，就是你的手機不停的往路由器發「快遞」，WEP 雖然給每個快遞包裹都上了鎖，但是所有鎖都可以被一把鑰匙打開。攻擊者只要多劫下幾個包裹試一試，就能配出一把鑰匙了。\nWEP 的加密方式在這三種加密中是安全性最弱的， 2001 年 8 月，Fluhrer et al. 發表了針對 WEP 的密碼分析，利用 RC4 加解密和 IV 的使用方式的特性，偷聽幾個小時之後，就可以把 RC4 的鑰匙破解出來。\n2005 年，美國聯邦調查局示範了用公開可得的工具可以在三分鐘內破解一個用 WEP 保護的網路。\n與 WEP 相比，WPA 使用 TKIP 加密方案，並驗證它在數據傳輸過程中沒有被更改。而 WPA2 使用 AES 加密方法，進一步提高了安全性。\n用不嚴謹但通俗的方式來解釋，就是你手機和路由器之間每「快遞包裹」上的密碼都是變化的，而你手機和路由器達成了一種默契，保證只有彼此才擁有正確的鑰匙，你的路由器還會拒絕簽收那些看起被動過的包裹。\n除了安全性，由於 WEP 是 IEEE 802.11 標準的一部分，後續在開發更快更穩定的 IEEE 802.11n 時已經摒棄了對 WEP 加密的支援。如果繼續使用 WEP 加密，會影響無線網路設備的傳輸速率。\n但是由於路由器的升級換代速度很慢，直到 2003 年才被更加安全的 WPA 取代。\n由於 WPA2 作為升級版的協議兼容 WPA，不需要更換硬體，因此目前的路由器大部分都在使用 WPA2 加密協議。\n因此，在很長一段時間裡，只要你不在公共場所隨意登錄那些完全不需要密碼的 Wi-Fi，你就不會受到攻擊。\nWPA2 被破解有什麼影響？\n最直接的影響就是你家裡的無線網路將處於易受攻擊的狀態，你的信用卡、密碼、聊天記錄、照片、電子郵件等都有可能被駭客竊取。\nkrackattacks 網站顯示：Android 和基於 Linux 的設備受到的影響更大。由於 Android 使用 wpa_supplicant，41％的 Android 設備更容易受到攻擊。\n隨後，Google 表示：將在接下來的幾個星期內推出相應的安全修補程式。\n除了安全修補程式，與 WEP 被破解時的辦法相同，最好的解決辦法就是升級到更安全的加密協議。\n如果新的協議沒有向下相容的話，為了安全性，意味著許多路由器硬體將被淘汰，可能很快就需要換新的路由器了。\n即便是新的協議支援硬體上的向下相容，又會有哪個普通用戶會想到去更新自己路由器的韌體呢？\n如何降低安全風險？\n如果駭客打算攻擊你家的 Wi-Fi，需要物理上的靠近。所以，物理距離上的保護讓你的數據暫時不至於變得非常不安全。\n不過，就算你定期更改家裡的 Wi-Fi 密碼，也不會降低危險，因為 Wi-Fi 的加密協議都被破解了，知道你的密碼也不是什麼難事。\n這也意味著機場、火車站、商場的公共 Wi-Fi 變得更加不安全，最好的辦法就是盡量使用 4G，外出的時候還是辦一張大流量的卡吧。\n想要獲得更安全的體驗，最好的辦法還是關注自己路由器廠商的韌體更新在第一時間升級。如果路由器廠商表明不對你的路由器型號進行維護了，那……趁這個機會趕緊買個新路由器吧，也正好湊湊這兩年智慧路由器的熱潮。\n除了等待路由器廠商更新韌體和更換新款路由器之外，在瀏覽網頁時，盡量選擇訪問 https 站點。Wi-Fi 加密協議不安全了，至少還有一道網站端的加密保護用戶的數據。\n此外，krackattacks 網站還給出了一些更專業的建議：比如禁用路由器的客戶端模式（例如中繼模式）和 802.11r（快速漫遊）。\n不過總體來說，這都是緩兵之計，升級韌體和換路由器才是唯一的解決方案。"],["topImageUrl","https://i0.wp.com/www.inside.com.tw/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/hacker-1944688_960_720.jpg?fit=960%2C640&ssl=1"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2017-10-17T15:34:48.068Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_E90wXtLvmWMO_OXrljpOI_aAAFbrXUvei7BubdK-RIk"],["name","激勵性的壯圍愛葛莎"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy | Italy"],["url","https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy"],["summary","Show captionRoadblocks in Milan. In the initial stages of the coronavirus outbreak, the authorities’ confidence was palpable. Photograph: Carlo Cozzoli/Rex/ShutterstockItalyTue 10 Mar 2020 19.02 GMTBad timing and bad luckItaly appeared well ahead of the curve when the coronavirus outbreak began to spread outside China.After detecting three cases, including two Chinese tourists at the end of January, patients were isolated in a hospital in Rome. Contacts were traced, and the country became one of the world’s first to cut transport links with China.The sense of confidence was palpable. “The system of prevention put into place by Italy is the most rigorous in Europe,” the prime minister, Giuseppe Conte, boasted on 31 January.We're unable to serve this media because your browser does not support HTML 5 audio.In reality, as would become clear in February, the virus had been circulating unnoticed in northern Italy via other local chains of infection, in all probability since mid-January.Another critical misunderstanding also appears to have emerged, this time between central government and hospitals in the north.It concerns what the proper protocols were for testing unexplained fevers and respiratory complaints, and whether people with no apparent connection to China should be tested.On 18 February, a fit 38-year old with no apparent links to China fell ill in Codogno. He saw his GP and visited his local hospital several times, but his symptoms were not picked up as resulting from the coronavirus.Italy on lockdown: PM 'forced to intervene' amid coronavirus crisis – video report Known as Patient One by the Italian media, when he was finally admitted to hospital he was tested after a 36-hour delay, which he spent outside isolation. By that time he had infected a number of medical personnel and other contacts over a period of days.Adam Kucharski, an associate professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said the initial spread of the virus in Italy “has shown the ability for this to become a serious outbreak in a very short time.“The message is, if you have undetected transmission, if that is not taken seriously, you can very quickly get to numbers that can easily put a burden on your health service. You need ideally to be detecting outbreaks as early as possible.”The age profile of Italy’s population also appears to have made it particularly vulnerable.“Italy is a country of old people,” Prof Massimo Galli, the director of infectious diseases at Sacco hospital in Milan, said. “The elderly with previous pathologies are notoriously numerous here. I think this could explain why we are seeing more serious cases of coronavirus here.”Early decision-makingMuch of what we know about the dramatic spread of the virus in Italy remains provisional. All that can be safely said, as the former prime minister Matteo Renzi put it, is that Italy has become the the guinea pig of Europe.Confronted with the first infections spreading in the north, Italian authorities initially suspected they were tied to the cases of the two Chinese tourists in Rome who had visited Parma.Authorities moved to shut 10 towns linked to the initial cluster of cases in the northern provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. The local lockdowns, which began on the same day that Patient One was confirmed as infected, were hailed in some quarters at time as speedy and decisive.According to some critics of the Italian approach, however, what seemed like sound decision-making at the outset of the crisis may have led in part to the problems the country now faces.“Mistakes were made, probably, in late January,” the author Beppe Severgnini wrote in an op-ed for the New York Times on 2 March. “Italy may have been ill advised to stop flights to and from China; those flights would have provided a clear indication of who was arriving from that country, making health checks easier.”For Christian Althaus, who models infectious diseases at the University of Bern in Switzerland, said Italy’s issues may come down to the simplest explanation: that it was unlucky.“You can argue they noticed it late, but that could have happened elsewhere too,” he said. “Once they realised what was happening, I think they took it seriously. The first lockdown was the right choice, and expanding it nationwide probably too. They realise they need to curb the epidemic.”Mixed messagesIt is less clear whether the first lockdown was undermined both by a desire to avoid alarm and unnecessary economic impact in the country’s industrial centre, and a belief that the outbreak remained limited.In this respect, mixed political messaging may have been more at fault than any weaknesses in Italy’s health system. We know now too that the geographical scope of those initial quarantines was far too limited.As anxiety spread to bigger cities, including the industrial hub of Milan and the tourist centre of Venice, the political messaging was confusing.Among those pushing a “business as usual” message was Nicola Zingaretti, the head of the centre-left Democratic Party, who travelled to Milan for a meet and greet with young people to reinforce his pitch. Zingaretti announced at the weekend that he had tested positive for the virus.'It has arrived': Italian Democratic party leader announces he has coronavirus – video For Elisabetta Groppelli, a lecturer in global health at St George’s, University of London, a full reckoning is still some way off.“Until viral genetic analysis sheds more light on the situation, it’s hard to say exactly why Italy has been so badly affected,” she said. “Northern Italy is the economic hub of the country as well as a tourist hotspot, and therefore has lots of travel in and out of the region.“With more people moving constantly and interacting with each other, this could provide a greater context for spread of the disease.”Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShare on LinkedInShare on PinterestShare on WhatsAppShare on Messenger"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus"],["url","https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html"],["summary","A handout photo, taken in February, shows a businessman Luca Zhou, 56, wearing a face mask on the streets of Prato, home to the biggest ethnic Chinese community in Italy.(Handout via Reuters/Maurizio Ciampolini) \n \n \n \n In the storm of infection and death sweeping Italy, one big community stands out to health officials as remarkably unscathed -- the 50,000 ethnic Chinese who live in the town of Prato.\n\nTwo months ago, the country's Chinese residents were the target of what Amnesty International described as shameful discrimination, the butt of insults and violent attack by people who feared they would spread the coronavirus through Italy.\n\nBut in the Tuscan town of Prato, home to Italy's biggest single Chinese community, the opposite has been true. Once scapegoats, they are now held up by authorities as a model for early, strict adoption of infection-control measures.\n\n\"We Italians feared that the Chinese of Prato were to be the problem. Instead, they did much better than us,\" said Renzo Berti, top state health official for the area, which includes Florence.\n\n\"Among Chinese resident in Prato there isn't even one case of COVID contagion,\" he said, referring to COVID-19, which has killed almost 12,000 people in Italy, more than in any other country.\n\nEthnic Chinese make up about a quarter of Prato's population, but Berti credits them with bringing down the entire town's infection rate to almost half the Italian average -- 62 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 115 for the country.\n\nPrato's Chinese community, built originally around the textile industry, went into lockdown from the end of January, three weeks before Italy's first recorded infection.\n\nMany were returning from new year holidays in China, the then epicenter.\n\nThey knew what was coming and spread the word: stay home.\n\nSo as Italians headed to the ski slopes and crowded into cafes and bars as normal, the Chinese inhabitants of Prato had seemingly disappeared. Its streets, still festooned with Chinese New Year decorations, were semi-deserted, shops shuttered.\n\nThere is some anecdotal evidence that Chinese people elsewhere in Italy took similar precautions, though national data on infection rates among the community is unavailable. The health ministry did not respond to an email seeking comment.\n\nMilan restaurateur Francesco Wu, a representative of Italian business lobby Confcommercio, said he urged Italian counterparts in February to shut down their businesses, as he had done.\n\n\"Most of them looked at me like a Cassandra,\" he said. \"No one could believe it was happening here ... Now Troy is burning and we are all locked inside.\"\n\n'Italian friends looked at me oddly'\n\nWhen Chinese-born businessman Luca Zhou flew home from China on Feb. 4 to rejoin his wife and 28-year-old son in Prato, he put himself straight into quarantine in his bedroom for 14 days, separated from his wife and son.\n\n\"We had seen what was happening in China and we were afraid for ourselves, our families and our friends,\" said the 56-year-old, who has a business exporting Italian wine to China.\n\nAfter emerging from his self-quarantine, he ventured outside in mask and gloves. He said the few other Chinese on the streets also wore them, anxious not to spread the virus to others.\n\n\"My Italian friends looked at me oddly. I tried many times to explain to them that they should wear them ... but they didn't understand,\" Luca said.\n\n\"When I came back to Prato, no Italian authority told me anything. We did it all by ourselves. If we had not done it, we would all be infected, Chinese and Italians.\"\n\nItaly was one of the first nations to cut air links with China, on Jan. 31, though many of its Chinese residents found their way home via third countries. On Feb. 8, almost a month before closing all schools, it offered students returning from holidays in China the right to stop attending classes.\n\n\"In Prato, there was a boom in take-up,\" said local health director Berti, saying families had been obliged to contact his authority if they wanted to pursue this option. It was then that he began to realize how differently the Chinese were behaving.\n\nMore than 360 families, or around 1,300 people, registered as having put themselves into self-isolation and also signed up to his authority's health surveillance scheme, which monitored symptoms remotely and communicated with them in Chinese.\n\nAs Italian infections began to take off in late February and early March, some families, many of whom retain Chinese citizenship, even began sending children to relatives in China, alarmed at the attitude and behavior of Italians around them.\n\nAnother who went into self-isolation after returning home from China was 23-year-old university student Chiara Zheng.\n\n\"I was conscious of the gravity of the situation. I felt a duty to do it for other people and those close to me.\""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像… | 聯合新聞網：最懂你的新聞網站"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["summary","udn\n 要聞\n 武漢肺炎全球燒\n \n\n \n\n \n \n Your browser does not support HTML5 Audio! 😢\n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n\n \n\n 義大利米蘭街頭醜化中國人的塗鴉。武漢肺炎疫情在歐洲各國引發公然歧視亞裔現象。（法新社）\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n武漢肺炎疫情持續在全球延燒，某些西方國家的亞裔居民因此遭受前所未見的公開歧視。\n英國BBC報導，法國到30日有5個武漢肺炎確診病例，都是來自中國大陸的遊客，並未出現本土傳染案例。但一些亞裔居民在社交媒體上抱怨，他們在路上、大眾運輸工具和社交媒體上遭到謾罵和公然歧視，英國和其他國家也傳出類似狀況。\n\n●媒體叫亞裔黃…你敢說黑人是黑禍？\n法國亞裔居民在社交媒體貼文時還用了我不是病毒（#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus）的標籤回擊。Je suis ChinoisMais je ne suis pas un virus!!Je sais que tout le monde a peur au virus, mais pas de préjugé, svp.#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus pic.twitter.com/38bUTNWj3t— Lou Chengwang (@ChengwangL) January 28, 2020 \n法國當地報社《皮卡爾信使報》（Le Courrier picard）用煽動性標題「黃色警報」（Alerte jaune）和「黃禍？」（Le péril jaune?），還配上一張戴口罩的華裔女子來報導疫情，引發強烈抗議。該報很快就道歉，表示不是故意使用某些「最差的亞裔刻板印象」。Cette leçon de racisme décomplexé vous est offerte par le @CourrierPicard #coronavirus pic.twitter.com/jhcoNmsmm5— Madjid Messaoudene (@MadjidFalastine) January 26, 2020 \n反對種族主義國際聯盟（Licra）主席尼維表示，沒有報社敢用「黑色警報」這種標題，所以這顯然是個問題。\n一名住在法國的亞裔女子陳凱西（Cathy Tran，音譯）表示，她在前往科爾馬東部城鎮工作的路上聽見兩名男子說：「小心點，那個中國女孩朝我們走過來了。」●旁邊乘客說：她會汙染我們…\n陳女士說：「我下班回家的途中，一名騎著滑板車的男子經過我，要我戴上口罩。」\n17歲的巴黎居民、擁有越南和柬埔寨血統的女子鄭莎娜（Shana Cheng，音譯）表示，她26日在巴黎的一輛公車上遭受來自男女老少的人身攻擊。她聽見一名乘客說：「那邊有個中國女人，她會汙染我們，她必須回家。」她說，人們用作嘔的表情看著她，「彷彿我是病毒」。\n鄭女士說，沒有人出面阻止這些歧視言行，所以她決定忽略那些言論並繼續聽音樂，還故意咳嗽和發出吸鼻涕的聲音，「讓他們更害怕」。武漢肺炎疫情造成全球恐慌，加拿大多倫多機場許多人戴著口罩。（美聯社）●武漢肺炎疫情為內心的歧視找到出口\n陳女士說，她對人們的反應並不訝異，這次武漢肺炎疫情只是人們展現種族歧視行為的藉口。不同的是，這次她感受到公然歧視的程度遠比過去嚴重，「我們很少聽見亞洲人談論種族歧視，因為大家都知道，我們在默默忍受。但現在我們亞裔都同樣遭受歧視，而且非常過分。」\n法籍華裔作家兼導演葛蕾斯．李（Grace Ly，音譯）形容這種敵意是刻意「打壓中國」，並煽動反亞裔仇恨，「這些城鎮被隔離，人們被孤立還要面對死亡，這是很有趣的事嗎？」\n加拿大華裔社區也擔心，SARS疫情高峰期在多倫多發生的事會重演。2002年SARS在大陸爆發，有8098人感染，造成774人死亡。當時，加拿大有438個疑似感染SARS的病例，其中44人在2003年的春季和夏季死亡。當年大部分病例都在多倫多。\n多倫多市議員和華裔社區領袖29日在記者會上敦促居民，不要因為擔心疫情，就責怪或歧視亞裔居民。加拿大多倫多唐人街街頭的民眾。（路透）●前加國總理 SARS時堅持唐人街用餐\nSARS疫情期間人們都盡量待在家，觀光業和消費產業受到重創，華裔企業和唐人街商家遭到的打擊尤其巨大，收入少了40%至80%。加拿大華人全國理事會多倫多分會執行長賈斯汀．孔說：「當時的傷害很嚴重。人們失去收入、工作，有人被迫變賣房子，還在學校和工作場合被汙名化。」\nSARS疫情最嚴重的時候，時任加拿大總理克瑞強堅持在多倫多的唐人街吃午飯，顯示沒有理由躲避亞裔商家。加拿大前總理克瑞強。（路透）\n加拿大目前有2個武漢肺炎確診病例，孔先生表示，人們仍嘗試理解武漢肺炎的影響。但他也說：「華人社區有居民擔心武漢肺炎疫情，也擔心歧視會影響我們的日常生活。這會對企業、工人、商家和社區帶來巨大影響。」 \n \n\n \n 武漢肺炎\n 霸凌\n SARS\n 社群媒體\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 邊境管制加嚴日發給中、韓的簽證9日起失效\n \n \n 日本政府6日決定為新冠肺炎防疫，採取更嚴格的邊境措施，已發給中國大陸、南韓的簽證9日0時起失效；至於原為免簽對象國的南韓... \n 2020-03-06 10:30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 英相強生高燒不退住院！能否繼續領導國政受質疑\n \n \n 衛報和CNBC報導，英國首相強生在染上新冠肺炎10天後，周日（5日）住進醫院，為包括高燒在內「持續不退」的症狀作進一步檢... \n 2020-04-06 07:27\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 西班牙再延長全國緊急狀態2周直至4月26日\n \n \n 路透報導，西班牙新冠肺炎確診人數超越義大利，累積至12萬4736例，成為歐洲染疫人數最多的國家。西國總理桑傑士表示，將再... \n 2020-04-04 20:24\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 當機立斷全面對外封鎖西班牙觀光小鎮零確診\n \n \n 西班牙疫情已淪為重災區，然而在疫情肆虐之際，南部小鎮札哈拉因及早採取全面封鎖策略，幸而無人確診。鎮長的當機立斷與居民的支... \n 2020-04-04 19:48\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 義大利傳奇鞋王Sergio Rossi疑因新冠肺炎病逝\n \n \n 新冠肺炎在義大利境內肆虐，造成多人死亡，而傳奇的義大利高級鞋履品牌創辦人Sergio Rossi也在此刻傳來病逝消息，而... \n 2020-04-03 18:49\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 歐洲疫情嚴峻西班牙病故人數破萬\n \n \n 法新社報導，西班牙當局2日表示，過去24小時暴增950起新冠肺炎死亡病例，創單日新高，病故人數也累計破萬，達10003人... \n 2020-04-02 22:43\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本擬放寬新冠病毒感染患者出院標準舒緩收治壓力\n \n \n 日本NHK報導，鑑於東京等地新冠病毒感染病例激增，日本厚生勞動省決定放寬症狀獲改善的患者的出院標準，以便醫院優先治療重症... \n 2020-04-02 16:52\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本禁台灣等73國旅客入境入境者都須隔離14天\n \n \n 日本政府致力防堵武漢肺炎疫情，首相安倍晉三今天表示，將擴大實施入境禁令，總計禁止來自台灣等73個國家和地區的旅客入境。另... \n 2020-04-01 20:59\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疫情後來居上土耳其會變成下一個義大利嗎？\n \n \n 土耳其新冠肺炎疫情增長速度驚人，累計病例數「後來居上」，已進入全球前10名。跡象顯示，疫情有達到義大利那種規模的風險，遲未下達全國禁足令的中央政府飽受批評。 \n 2020-04-01 13:17\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 桑達姆號郵輪染疫外交部：船上14名台人台僑均安\n \n \n 荷美航運公司的郵輪「桑達姆號」（Zaamdam）爆發新冠肺炎疫情，外傳船上載有約30多名台籍旅客。我外交部今天表示，經我... \n 2020-03-30 13:35\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 川普：如果能把死亡人數壓低到10萬以內就做得很好了\n \n \n 美國總統川普29日表示，美國新冠肺炎死亡率將在兩周內攀上高峰，聯邦政府發布的保持社交距離準則，將持續到今年4月30日，以... \n 2020-03-30 12:32\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 首位染疫病逝皇室成員西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐過世\n \n \n 外媒報導，西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐、人稱「紅公主」的瑪麗亞‧特蕾莎在法國巴黎因新冠肺炎病逝，享壽86歲。 \n 2020-03-27 23:12\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 共 0 則留言\n \n \n \n \n \n 張貼文章或下標籤，不得有違法或侵害他人權益之言論，違者應自負法律責任。\n 對於明知不實或過度情緒謾罵之言論，經網友檢舉或本網站發現，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。\n 對於無意義、與本文無關、明知不實、謾罵之標籤，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除標籤、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿下標籤。\n 凡「暱稱」涉及謾罵、髒話穢言、侵害他人權利，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除發言文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新冠病毒大流行：意大利布拉托市 Prato 讓全世界上了一堂課！\n\n在布拉托市2萬多名中國人(加包括非法移工，中國人約5萬人) 在意大利發生新冠病毒大流行而天氣天哭泣卻沒有1人染新冠病毒！\n而且當地意大利居民從中國人學習到標準榜樣，使該城市新冠病毒感染率是全意大利最低的！\n\nPrato 布拉托意大利中部Tuscany 的成衣城市，距佛羅蘭斯Florence 20分鐘車程，19萬居民中2萬1千名是中國人，6500家中國人經營的成衣工廠。當地有1萬名非法移工。(意大利有30萬中國藉意大利人)\n\n意大利全國新冠病毒感染率每十萬人 115例，在布拉托只有每十萬人62例\n\n意大利城市封鎖時序：\n1月31日：禁止中港奧韓航機入境\n2月21日：意北十城市封鎖\n3月8日：意北擴大封鎖\n3月21日：意大利全國封鎖\n4月4日。意大利確診11萬9千人\n\nPrato 布拉托中國人農歷新年回大陸老家過年後回布拉托就在房間自己隔離14天才見家人，出外戴口罩手套。\n\n他們在大陸親自耳聞目睹疫情嚴重性，知悉 they knew 大條事情發生了；回布拉托後把工廠商店都關閉了，自動的群體的[居家隔離]，[出門戴口罩手套]，比意大利政府提前7星期自己封鎖，也勤意大利朋友要戴口罩。他們的孩子也提前𣎴上學。\n\n8星期後今天，布拉托市的新冠病毒確診病例是全意大利最少的！橄欖油味重的意大利人終於對布拉托市中國藉意大利人另眼相看！\n\n布拉托人給全球人上課講義摘要：\n越早封鎖城市越有效！\n居家隔離14天是關鍵\nStay home 出門戴口罩手套\n\nFrom confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy\n想當時意大利總理康提1月底時説：意大利有全歐洲最嚴格的防範措施 (對抗武漢病毒🦠！\nUndetected transmissions in early stage of outbreak at heart of current difficulties 10 Mar 2020\nhttps://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy\n\nThe city of Italy is where the Chinese are getting heroic status\nhttps://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/\n\n\nFrom zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus\nSilvia Ognibene | Reuters | Florence, Italy\nJakarta / Wed, April 1, 2020\nhttps://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html\n\n\n拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像…\n2020-01-31 08\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["id","jjxk7ududeqj"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T01:50:00.863Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","4QzmT3EBrhVJn3LNzHVC"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","HkXxOXABHjv_5zI2Qlbz"],["name","Ann"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",16]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","1. 托斯卡納（Tuscany）大區的衛生官員貝爾蒂（Renzo Berti）也認為，普拉托市（Prato）的華人在疫情中「做的比我們（義大利國人）更好」，該市的平均感染率不到義大利全國平均的「一半」，約5萬中國人口中也無人確診。\n2. 據《報導者》的採訪．布拉托市華人防範疫情的意識，確實遠比義大利本國人要強，提早關閉商店、自我隔離、派發口罩。\n\n據2016年的統計顯示，普拉托人口約19.2萬，持中國護照的移民約1.9萬人。關於當地實際到底有多少華人，以往報導的說法從2～6萬人不等，幾位受訪者普遍認為4萬人左右，其中原籍溫州的不少於四分之三。\n"],["reference","抗疫有成義大利中國人鹹魚翻身\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4460380\n\n溫州人把武漢肺炎帶到義大利？Prada、Gucci背後的華工：我們可以給世界一個解釋\nhttps://www.twreporter.org/a/covid-19-wenzhou-people-in-italy\n\n義大利最大華人社區「5萬人零確診」　完美「閃疫」靠這個關鍵\nhttps://www.ettoday.net/news/20200401/1682053.htm"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4460380"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","溫州人把武漢肺炎帶到義大利？Prada、Gucci背後的華工：我們可以給世界一個解釋 - 報導者 The Reporter"],["url","https://www.twreporter.org/a/covid-19-wenzhou-people-in-italy"],["summary","在1980年代中國「改革開放」的背景下，50萬溫州人走向世界，不少前往義大利去經營餐館和成衣業。義大利目前至少有30萬中國人，其中溫州是最大族群。而在這場COVID-19（又稱武漢肺炎、新冠肺炎）疫情裡，溫州人成為可能是把病毒帶到義大利、甚至帶到歐洲的重點懷疑對象。《報導者》採訪多位身在普拉托（Prato）的溫州人，試圖理解義大利境內溫州社群的面貌；也試著揭開在多重迷思的夾殺下，以溫州人為主的基層華工真實處境。2019新型冠狀病毒起源於武漢，傳遍中國，又沿著「一帶一路」等通道席捲全球。被認為是G7工業國裡最親中的義大利，3月裡成了當下全球除中國外疫情最嚴重的地方，截稿前超過6萬人確診。3月11日，義大利總理孔蒂（Giuseppe Conte）宣布「鎖國」，20日官方公布的死亡人數已超過中國，火化爐24小時運轉的悲劇，從武漢轉移到了義大利半島。究竟是誰把病毒從中國帶到了義大利、帶到了歐洲？中國最著名的移民城市溫州成了部分外界重點懷疑的對象。因為有大量溫州人在武漢經商，又在春節前回家過年，溫州一度疫情嚴峻，2月2日即實施「封城」。同時，在歐洲也有大量原籍溫州的移民，尤其是義大利的服裝產業基地普拉托（Prato），Prada、Gucci等著名品牌和許多「快速時尚」服裝均在此生產，老闆和工人幾乎都是華人，絕大部分正是來自溫州。有外國人把這條線連起來，看似邏輯合理。而當疫情重災區轉為歐洲後，也有不少中國人開始指責這些海外移民，平時在外國賺錢，遇到問題又急著逃回祖國避難。但事實果真如此嗎？《報導者》採訪了多位身在普拉托的華人，試圖揭開在多重迷思的夾殺下，以溫州人為主的基層移工真實狀況和處境。停工之後生活停頓「在普拉托，自己有住家的工人並不多，我目前還是在老闆家裡搭鋪。」「搭鋪」是當地華人的「術語」，指的是員工住在老闆提供的集體宿舍裡。胡先生在這位溫州老闆的服裝廠裡幹了2年，覺得他人還不錯，從3月初停工到現在，「對我們8個員工還是管吃管住。」但因為不知道什麼時候可以復工，焦慮還是難免的。「我聽說，有些廠停工之後，就一直在趕走搭鋪的員工。還有一些老闆為了賺錢，就算現在疫情嚴重，也還在冒險開工。不過這兩種情況應該都很少見。」胡先生的話得到了其他受訪者的印證，另一位普拉托華人表示：「也不能完全怪老闆，生意不好，到頭來裁員都是難以避免的。」普拉托是托斯塔尼大區（Tuscany）僅次於佛羅倫斯（Florence）的第二大城市。據2016年的統計顯示，普拉托人口約19.2萬，其中持中國護照的移民約1.9萬人（註）不包括已獲得義大利國籍的華人和沒有合法身分的中國移工。。關於當地到底有多少華人，以往報導的說法從2～6萬人不等，幾位受訪者普遍認為4萬人左右，其中原籍溫州的不少於四分之三。因為疫情，熱鬧的普拉托安靜了下來，隨處可見中文招牌的街道上，空空如也。從溫州來此已經十餘年的姜先生說，因為買不到口罩，大家都不敢出門，幸而自己之前囤了不少食物，「足夠吃兩個月了。」返中避難？多數只敢想想而已祖籍溫州的「90後」Marc說：「每天就在家自我隔離，打打遊戲看看片，日子也還不算太無聊。」義大利現在形勢嚴峻，中國政府又宣傳國內現在很安全，已經實現全國「零新增」，在普拉托的中國人確實有不少想回去，但多是想想就知道不現實，決定放棄，真正能邁開腿的，卻沒有幾個。28歲的丹丹在微信朋友圈動態裡po了一張圖，內容是米蘭到溫州的航班機票價格：經濟艙成人票價2,665歐元／人，折合人民幣約21,000元／人公務艙（商務艙）成人票價3,643歐元／人，折合人民幣約28,700元／人兒童票價為成人票價的75%這樣的機票，每個月在餐館打工收入1,200歐元（約合人民幣9,000元，新台幣39,000元）出頭的她，買不到也買不起，「而且還有兩個孩子，也怕他們萬一在飛機上被感染。」既然如此，索性就帶著兩個孩子在家做做餅乾，玩玩遊戲。但經濟壓力讓她擔心，之前上班的餐館關了，沒有了收入；餐館不知道何時恢復營業，即便重開會不會還需要自己，也不確定。萬一失業，很可能一時不容易找到新的工作。回國發展？「離開8年了，回去也不知道可以做什麼。」出生在普拉托的Marc估計：「疫情之後，肯定會有很多人失業。」溫州，有一個和「歐」相似的簡稱「甌」。它位於浙江省東南部，戶籍人口800餘萬，被認為是中國最具移民特質的城市，歷史上出現過4次移民潮，最早可以上溯到先秦、西漢時期的東甌國，最近一次則以1980年代的「改革開放」為背景，形成了50萬溫州人走向世界、170萬溫州人走向全中國以及280萬外來務工人員湧入溫州的複雜情勢（註）資料來源：任柏強、奚從清（2007）。〈關於溫州移民社會研究幾個問題的思考〉，《溫州大學學報·社會版》，20（6）：1-6。。義大利國家統計局（ISTAT）公布的2018年統計顯示，在當地的中國人有30萬，但這並不包括以義大利籍留下來的華人，此外非法居住者據估計有5～8萬人。其中最大的一個族群就是溫州人。1980年代後，義大利實行吸收外國移民的政策，先後在1986、1990、1995、1998年實施「大赦」或接受非法移民居留申請，來自東歐、北非和中國的移民由此大量湧入（註）資料來源：陳翊、吳海蓉（2017）。〈從立足到發展：海外移民創業的跨國動態化實踐——以法意溫州移民為例〉，《華人華僑歷史研究》，3：27。。早期溫州移民在歐洲站穩腳跟後，與之存在血緣、親緣、地緣聯繫的親友，也隨之接踵而來。丹丹說：「我公婆大約是2003年左右到義大利來的，每天就是拼命工作賺錢，攢了錢就寄回家。10年前我老公也過來了，然後過了2年，我和老公結婚，也來了普拉托。」為了3倍薪水遠行的基層華工福建籍的關先生，現在一家普拉托頗有知名度的服裝公司擔任管理工作。他說：「我記得2005年的時候，我在國內的收入大概是人民幣1,500元（約新台幣6,000元），到了這裡之後，收入是國內的3倍。現在則可以拿到每個月2,000歐元左右（約人民幣1.5萬元，新台幣6.5萬元）。」他也介紹說，從事服裝行業的移工，每月收入差不多1,500～2,000歐元。在中國，很多白領的收入水準也不低，但從事服裝、餐飲等行業，確實不可能拿到這樣的薪水。丹丹說：「國外花銷也會比較多，但節約的話，可以存起來的錢是比國內多。」在普拉托的4萬華人中，這樣的基層移工佔了絕大多數。「我們哪能算什麼華僑，說穿了就是『華工』，」在服裝廠打工十餘年的姜先生如是說。早期的移工，勞動條件很差，在服裝廠每週至少6天，每天工作15、16個小時司空見慣。現在工作條件有所改善，但遇到趕工，連續工作12、13個小時的情況仍然存在。義大利中文媒體《華人街》網站上，除了提供資訊，也供使用者自由發布招聘或求職的訊息，從其「欄目分類」中可以看出，職位幾乎都是工廠、餐飲、司機、按摩、保姆、臨時工等體力勞動。外界迷思：溫州移民都是「土豪」？不過，經過長時間的資本、經驗、人脈的積累，還是有一些溫州移民，完成了「黑手變頭家」的過程。Marc的父母離開溫州已經20多年，他自己也出生在這裡，拿的是義大利護照。父母現在普拉托經營一家小型服裝企業，家裡也在當地置產，但國籍仍然是中國。根據義大利商會聯盟統計，華人中平均每5位就有1位創業者（註）資料來源：張子宇、馬歡等（2012）。〈活在邊緣：溫州人在羅馬〉，《國家經濟地理》，1：85。。Marc表示，這和自己了解的情況相符，「要開廠並不難，但未必都能賺到錢。做得好的，一家廠每個月能賺幾萬歐元，但現在也愈來愈難了。」那會有在國內本來就已經很富裕的溫州人在普拉托生活嗎？所有受訪者均表示，從未聽說過這樣的情況。確有一些以往報導中，溫州商人大舉收購義大利品牌，但這樣的富翁與同鄉的移工之間，從無交集。中國人與普拉托產業的愛恨情仇一年前，中國國家主席習近平訪義，並與義大利總理孔蒂簽署「一帶一路」協議。因為經貿交往密切和「親中」，義大利爆發嚴重疫情後，還遭到了一些「反中」人士的嘲笑。但在基層移工的世界裡，「一帶一路」和自己並沒有多大關係，他們說自己不關心、不了解。即便在一家頗有知名度的服裝企業裡擔任管理職、手下有40多名員工，關先生也表示，他從未聽自己的溫州老闆說起過「一帶一路」的影響。指稱這些已經在義大利生活已久的移工，是中國的國家資本主義沿「一帶一路」向外輸出的載體，存在著倒果為因的誤解。但義大利人對華人的感受，確實複雜。一方面，華人族裔的經濟對普拉托地區生產總值的貢獻超過11%，購買力驚人的中國遊客和中國市場更對義大利人充滿誘惑力。但另一方面，「中國製造」的低成本優勢，嚴重衝擊了小規模家族企業為主的義大利傳統產業，紡織、皮革、製鞋等產業「傷亡慘重」。2008年金融危機之後，大量當地工廠倒閉，工人失業。一些瀕臨倒閉的企業主索性把工廠賣給了中國人，普拉托的紡織、時裝行業就此被佔領。2009～2014年，過往意識型態在共產黨和左翼政黨輻射範圍內的普拉托，選出了一位受到中右翼支持的市長，上任之後曾對華人企業進行過一番掃蕩，包括凍結賬戶，沒收車輛、不動產等資產，禁止餐飲店在零點後營業。Made in Italy by Chinese義大利記者佩拉琪妮（Silvia Pieraccini）於2010年出版了《中國衝鋒》（L'Assedio Cinese）一書，講述了義大利人眼中，溫州移民如何在普拉托扎根的故事。其中提到，中國人如何嚴重衝擊了當地傳統經濟紡織業——他們初來乍到的1991年，普拉托有8,141家紡織廠，時裝公司只有2,000家；到了2009年，紡織廠只剩3,300家，時裝公司卻增加2倍。擔任服裝廠管理工作的關先生坦承：「普拉托現在幾乎所有的服裝企業都是溫州老闆開的。」溫州移民在普拉托開發一種新產業模式，義大利語叫做「pronto moda」，意味「快速時尚」，其運作模式是：從中國進口廉價布料，以閃電般的速度將布料變成時尚服裝，以跟上快速變化的風格，賣給全球低價零售商與市集。此外，Prada、Gucci等奢侈品牌的製造商也都是當地的中國工廠，雖然這些高端品牌仍然印著「Made in Italy」的標籤，但懂行的人心知肚明，完整的表述應該是「Made in Italy by Chinese」。Marc的父母經營小型服裝企業，自己也先後在印花廠、裁剪公司、布行等工作過。他說：「這個我太清楚了，無論大牌還是快速時尚品，應該都是華人製作的，品質差別並沒有太大，貴的是牌子，大錢還是他們賺的。」網路上有一個略帶戲謔的說法，將肺炎疫情比作球賽，中國打上半場，其他各國打下半場，而海外華人則不幸要出戰全場。而義大利華人，無疑又是所有打滿全場的「球員」中，最體力透支、心力交瘁的一群。丹丹說：「我公婆春節前回溫州了，開始是我們擔心他們在國內的情況，現在又成了他們擔心我們，每天要用微信和我們視頻一次。」那有沒有可能是春節後，一些溫州人在家鄉被感染，又急於避疫，反而把病毒帶到了義大利呢？雖然無法百分百排除這種可能，但受訪者們認為機率很小。「回義大利來的人應該很少，像我家畢竟有兩個孩子在這裡，公婆也害怕，萬一自己被感染了，又把病傳給孩子。」零號病人是誰？仍證據不足《報導者》聯絡到的這些受訪者均表示，自己在義大利的親友中，還沒有聽說有被傳染的。義大利《華人街》網站的一位工作人員向我們透露：「官方不公布國籍訊息，沒有確切的數字。被傳染肺炎的義大利華人，我知道的有十幾位，不知道的還有很多。」但在已確診的6萬多人中，這個比例並不大，由此推出是溫州人把肺炎帶到義大利，證據不足。事實上，到底誰是義大利的「零號病人」，仍存在不同說法；究竟疫情是如何傳入，目前尚難釐清。但較為明確的是，義大利疫情爆發始於北部倫巴第大區（Lombardy），難說和中部的普拉托間有怎樣的直接關係。防疫意識的「比賽」雖然絕大多數義大利人對華人態度比較友善，但在COVID-19疫情初期，還是發生了一些針對、乃至攻擊華人的事件。「華人街那裡，就發生過一起老外打中國人的事，他們說病毒是中國人帶來的，」姜先生略感氣憤，「現在看到被感染的，基本上都是老外，他們總該沒話說了吧。」而且，在他們看來，華人的防範意識遠比本國人要強。丹丹說：「畢竟我們一直在關注國內的狀況，早在2月底，義大利感染者超過500人的時候，大家就已經很警惕了。我打工的餐飲店，老闆已經開始提早關門。」姜先生記得：「當時有華人在路上派發口罩，還被義大利人嘲笑。」義大利《世界中國》雜誌社社長胡蘭波在《南方周末》撰文說：中國人特別聰明，早就覺得義大利那麼不重視疫情不行，自己先把自己武裝好了，備好口罩，關上店門居家。\n⋯⋯義大利人就是太不在乎了，我想，大部分的西方人都該有偏見，覺得傳染病只會發生在第三世界。\n⋯⋯早幾天免費發給義大利人口罩，他們都不要，現在有的直接敲中國鄰居的門討口罩。多位受訪者也表示，目前都處於在家自我隔離的狀態中，「但有些義大利人，還沒有完全隔離，有些至今也不戴口罩。」在社群媒體上，則熱傳一段影片，內容是說義大利一位市長，以近乎咆哮的方式向市民喊話，呼籲大家不要出門。針對一些市民每天出門購物、跑步甚至開派對的情況，市長怒嗆：「我們城市常年跑步的人最多20個，現在全都變得熱愛跑步了？」義大利有個奇怪的傳聞叫「中國人從來不死」（註）兩位義大利記者Oriani Raffaele、Staglianò Riccardo還以此傳聞出發，到義大利各地採訪，寫了一本書《I Cinesi Non Muoiono Mai》（簡體版譯為《不死的中國人》）。，會有這樣的迷思，一是因為華人很少參加公共活動，二來則是因為義大利人很少見到他們的葬禮。對義大利華人來說，最大的痛點始終是無法真正融入當地社會。2019年，義大利地方議會首次出現華人面孔，祖籍浙江溫州甌海的林詩璇、祖籍麗水青田的王小波雙雙進入普拉托議會，但華人族群與當地社會的區隔仍然根深蒂固。原因首先是溫州人本身就非常注重血緣、親緣、地緣關係，因而族群內的向心力較強。加之當地華人實在太多，所以在普拉托，哪怕不會講義大利語，只要會講溫州話，也完全可以生存。來自河北的胡先生說，即便同樣是中國人，自己也是花了一段時間進入這個溫州人為主的環境。建立出自己的社會支持系統「要和義大利人交往，語言還是很大的障礙，」丹丹說，雖然自己在這裡已經生活了8年，但義大利語其實還根本談不上流利。語言能力背後，是教育程度的限制。義大利福利機構（Caritas）的一項統計則指出，中國移民中只有12%上過高中，遠低於外國移民平均水平的28%。講到義大利目前的疫情，幾乎每一位身在普拉托的受訪者都會提起「華人街」這個中文網站，那是他們每天獲取資訊的主要管道，關注義大利語媒體的人相比少得多。丹丹說，房東對自己很客氣，這樣的義大利人算是難得。大部分受訪者則表示，義大利人對華人談不上歧視，但終究涇渭分明。鎖國又封城中的義大利，從南到北，很多自我隔離中的人，辦起了陽台音樂會，在各自家中的陽台上，播放或演唱義大利國歌。在普拉托，也有華人在陽台播放起了中國國歌《義勇軍進行曲》。「雖然我們在異國他鄉，但就像生活在中國一樣，還可以聽到國歌，」聽到中義兩國國歌交替響起，自認為中國人的Marc心中分外激動。單看護照，Marc其實是土生土長的義大利人，但他輾轉換過幾個工作，老闆都是華人，不久前還在「華人街」網站發文想找一份穩定的工作，但卻從沒想過到義大利人的公司去應徵，「他們是不會歧視中國人，但要說到工作，肯定還是留給自己人。」Marc覺得，自己拿著義大利護照，好處也就是出國旅行比較方便，其他和中國護照也沒有什麼差別。義大利並不是像北歐那樣的高福利國家，所以「如果找不到工作，也沒有什麼失業金，還是只能吃土。」上海華東師範大學博士勞拉・德・普雷托（Laura De Pretto）做的〈義大利溫州移民的社會認同：亞洲價值觀的堅持和雙文化的可能性〉研究顯示，「移民到義大利後，溫州人表現出更強的民族身分認同意識，這是由於他們必須建立一個強大的社會支持系統，以成功應對一個完全不熟悉、甚至是不友好的環境。中國人的身分認同和親密的家庭關係是其社會支持系統的堅實基礎，以助於他們面對外國的陌生環境。隨著在義大利生活的時間延長，溫州人對亞洲價值觀的堅持有微微降低的趨勢，但並不顯著。」不想扎根歐洲，仍盼落葉歸根長期在普拉托的移工，有不少拿到了義大利綠卡，但是入籍的比例很小，不僅僅是因為義大利移民政策收緊，也由於他們並不想在歐洲扎根。「我不喜歡入籍，因為我是中國人，而且很多家人也都在國內。」丹丹的兩個孩子都出生在義大利，但拿的卻是都是中國護照，她甚至想過把孩子留在中國。「公公婆婆平時要管孩子，只能做每天4、5小時的辦公，我自己收入也不多，老公稍微多一些。但一家人租套房子，加上電費垃圾費，每個月1,000歐元（約人民幣7,600元，新台幣32,000元。）也不夠。」丹丹和老公的老家都在溫州的鄉下，他們一直想賺錢在老家買套房子，但因為收入就這些，還有兩個孩子要養，所以一套房子人民幣3、40萬元的首付，他們也還沒有攢夠。這些溫州移工，只是身在歐洲的漂泊者，希望賺到足夠的錢，回家買房子，做點小生意，最後落葉歸根。在經濟之外的面向，以溫州人為代表的華人，始終是游離於義大利主流社會之外的「他者」。無論是第一代、第二代移民，無論是否入籍，他們的認同多數還是中國。在武漢肺炎疫情爆發後，大家不遺餘力地購買口罩等防護物資，寄回中國幫助同胞。Marc表示：「這是必須。而且大部分不是寄給親友，而是捐給醫療機構。」只是沒想到兩個月後，在義大利的中國人，又在等待國內反向援助。仇富情結下，被「跑毒」批評夾攻胡蘭波寫到：「義大利溫州人多，過去叫負債逃跑的人『跑路』，現在叫逃回國的人『跑毒』，中國語言太有意思。早點做『跑毒』還好，現在真要穿過萬千封鎖線，一路上隨時可遇毒彈，到了祖國還得到指定酒店隔離。在義大利也有幾個華僑染病了，好在第一個病人已經離開重症監護室，病情好轉了。」當疫情在中國趨緩、反在歐洲爆發後，中國人又開始擔心病毒從境外回流。一些人把矛頭指向了海外僑民，覺得他們想賺錢的時候就去國外，遇到麻煩了就想躲回國。這種情緒，可能也和很多中國人認為「溫州人都很有錢」的迷思，所導致的「仇富」心理有關。確實有富豪階級的溫州人曾告訴記者，「溫州人結婚的時候，都要裱一張幾百萬的存摺，掛在牆上」。但事實上，三面是山一面向海的溫州，並非處處經濟發達，人人有錢。一位溫州籍的資深媒體人表示：「世界各地差不多有60萬溫州人，改革開放之前就已經有人透過偷渡出國了，但那是因為溫州實在沒什麼資源，太窮了。」普拉托的溫州移工，幾乎來自溫州市轄的幾個縣，根本不是許多人想像中的「土豪」。姑且不論一張回國的機票，抵普通勞工2個月的收入，「我們是一家人，所以留在原地，如果只有一個人在歐洲呢？如果他又沒有住家的話，肯定會選擇回去（中國），」丹丹覺得，中國人會指責旅歐同胞，也是因為根本不了解國外的制度，在中國生病了至少去醫院還是可以掛上號，但義大利實行的是家庭醫生制度，從預約到看病時間漫長，她以前得病，都是自己在家吃藥，「即便回國的人，絕大多數也是服從政府安排，接受檢疫、隔離的。而且這是他們的權利啊。」"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.ettoday.net/news/20200401/1682053.htm"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-04-06T14:30:57.866Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_rTykobDDYz7U4UvNReSpG_Gf9p3ienHeSkBIB5m0HqU"],["name","守信的鳳林唐恩"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Zoom! You are using the video conference application (mostly) developed by Chinese"],["url","https://pandayoo.com/2020/03/10/zoom/"],["summary","On March 9, 2020, the U.S. stock market ushered in a comprehensive decline. But the stock of zoom video bucked the trend and its stock price has risen 67% in the past month.\n\n\n\nThis is novel coronavirus related to some extent. As the epidemic becomes more and more serious, many companies and organizations have to start work at home, and zoom is the most important basic tool for home office.\n\n\n\nPeople use zoom to launch teleconferencing and carry out daily communication. Zoom supports the daily operation of Companies in many epidemic areas.\n\n\n\nWhat many people don’t know, however, is that most of zoom’s engineers are in China, the country heavily affected by the virus outbreak.\n\n\n\nZoom makes it clear in the “risk factors” section of its prospectus:\n\n\n\nFor example, our product development team is largely based in China, where personnel costs are less expensive than in many other jurisdictions. If we had to relocate our product development team from China to another jurisdiction, we could experience, among other things, higher operating expenses, which would adversely impact our operating margins and harm our business. In addition, we would need to spend considerable time and effort recruiting a new product development team, which would distract management and adversely impact our ability to continue improving our platform’s features and functionality.\n\n\n\nAs of January 31, 2019, Zoom’s R&D HQ in China has more than 500 employees, accounting for about 30% of its total employees. This makes the research and development cost of zoom far lower than that of similar SaaS enterprises in the United States.\n\n\n\nAccording to the information of State Administration for Industry and commerce, Zoom has two companies in China, namely Soft Video Software (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. and Soft Video Software (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmong them, the highest-paid position is “system architect engineer”, with a monthly salary of between 20, 000 and 34,000 yuan, requiring more than eight years of relevant experience, according to a job posting released by Zoom’s company in Suzhou on March 4. The average pre-tax monthly salary for all posts is about 20,000 yuan.\n\n\n\nFor Zoom, having a Chinese founder and CEO seems to be more helpful in recruiting talent in China. Zoom also wrote in the prospectus:\n\n\n\nEric S. Yuan, is critical to our overall management, as well as the continued development of our products, services, the Zoom platform, our culture, our strategic direction, engineering and our operations in China.\n\n\n\nThe international version of Zoom was banned in mainland China in September last year, and users in mainland China can only use its Chinese version. It has been announced that services will be provided free of charge to users in mainland China during the epidemic.\n\n\n\nA Chinese business owner said in an interview that when users of the Chinese version of Zoom video conferencing with foreign users, the video and audio quality deteriorated significantly, accompanied by stutters and disconnections. By contrast, he prefers to communicate with foreign customers through Google Meet with VPN.\n\n\n\nIn the App Store ranking on March 7th, the first Tencent Meeting, the second was Ding Talk, and the fifth was WeChat for Work.\n\n\n\nIn China, Zoom has a strong rival, Tencent meeting, a free online conference system launched by Tencent, a Chinese social giant. On March 6, Tencent meeting topped the free app list of Apple App Store in China.\n\n\n\nIn addition, “Ding talk”, an office application developed by Alibaba, and “Lark” developed by byte skipping, also achieved high-speed growth in this epidemic. These two are not just video conferencing software, but “Slack” integrated with video conferencing function.\n\n\n\nWith the end of the winter vacation in mid-February, almost all Chinese schools began to use the Internet for classes. Most of them use “Ding Talk” because it is an enhanced version of the chat software. Teachers can manage classes through group functions, collect students’ homework, count attendance information, and generate various statistical reports-functions that were originally used for business management.\n\n\n\nThe proudest feature of Ding Talk is called “Ding”, which is a kind of push notification that gradually enhances the effect of notification over time. When you send a “Ding”, if the message is not read by the recipient for a period of time, the notification method of the message will gradually escalate: the user will initially receive a App notification, followed by a text message, then a voice call from App, and finally a phone call (dialed by Ding Talk’s call center, a machine voice will read out the message. )\n\n\n\nJapanese users describe nail as Monkey King’s tight hoop Mantra\n\n\n\nDue to the convenience of function, some schools in Japan also begin to use Ding Talk. As primary and middle school students do not want to take online classes, Ding Talk has received a large number of poor reviews in App Store in many countries, Alibaba regards it as an honor."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Wolfgang ʬ on Twitter: \"Everyone working remotely:\n\nZOOM monitors the activity on your computer and collects data on the programs running and captures which window you have focus on. \n\nIf you manage the calls, you can monitor what programs users on the call are running as well. It's fucked up.\" / Twitter"],["url","https://twitter.com/Ouren/status/1241398181205889024"],["summary","Everyone working remotely:\n\nZOOM monitors the activity on your computer and collects data on the programs running and captures which window you have focus on. \n\nIf you manage the calls, you can monitor what programs users on the call are running as well. It's fucked up.— \"Whether you have Zoom account or not,\" the company's privacy page states, \"we may collect Personal Data from or about you when you use or otherwise interact with our Products.\"All's you gotta do is search for \"Zoom attention monitoring\" and read their privacy policy. (Their policy is that there is no privacy)\n\nTech startups can neve be trusted. Ever.Additional information from the :I don't have a real soundcloud, but here are various links where you can buy our games, request keys, hire our services and more:\nhttp://listography.com/poppyworks\n\n(we only work on games, not infosec, sorry!)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","What You Should Know About Online Tools During the COVID-19 Crisis"],["url","https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/what-you-should-know-about-online-tools-during-covid-19-crisis"],["summary","A greater portion of the world’s work, organizing, and care-giving is moving onto digital platforms and tools that facilitate connection and productivity: video conferencing, messaging apps, healthcare and educational platforms, and more. It’s important to be aware of the ways these tools may impact your digital privacy and security during the COVID-19 crisis. \nHere are a few things you should know in order to make informed decisions about what works best for you and your communities, and ways you can use security and privacy best practices to protect yourself and others.\nFree Slacks\nEFF has written a lot about Slack’s data retention issues when it comes to free versions of the software. With so many mutual aid networks and organizing groups coalescing on Slack to support our communities, it’s important that users are aware that the company retains their messages if they're using a free plan—and they can't automatically delete them. By default, Slack retains all the messages in a workspace or channel (including direct messages) for as long as the workspace exists. \nIf you are using a paid workspace, you can change how many messages are retained in Slack’s databases by setting shorter retention periods. If you’re using the free version though, that option is not available to you. Additionally, free workspace users only have the ability to search through the most recent 10,000 messages. And while users can’t see messages sent prior to the 10,000 message mark, they are still available to Slack, law enforcement, and any third-party hackers through a data breach. Leaking or sharing of this data could prove catastrophic, especially for groups who are working to provide aid and support for our most at-risk communities.\nZoom Conferencing\nThe best way to stave off the effects of isolation is to maintain contact with friends, family, and coworkers. Zoom has quickly become a popular option to work and keep in touch with others in the midst of social distancing and shelter-in-place protocols. There are a few things to keep in mind when using Zoom, particularly in instances where users are relying on the conferencing tool for their studies, or for work-related activities.\nAttendee Attention-Tracking\nThe host of a Zoom call has the capacity to monitor the activities of attendees while screen-sharing. This functionality is available in Zoom version 4.0 and higher. If attendees of a meeting do not have the Zoom video window in focus during a call where the host is screen-sharing, after 30 seconds the host can see indicators next to each participant’s name indicating that the Zoom window is not active.\nAdministrators and User Tracking\nZoom allows administrators to see detailed views on how, when, and where users are using Zoom, with detailed dashboards in real-time of user activity. Zoom also provides a ranking system of users based on total number of meeting minutes. If a user records any calls via Zoom, administrators can access the contents of that recorded call, including video, audio, transcript, and chat files, as well as access to sharing, analytics, and cloud management privileges. \nFor any meeting that has occurred or is in-process, Zoom allows administrators to see the operating system, IP address, location data, and device information of each participant. This device information includes the type of machine (PC/Mac/Linux/mobile/etc), specs on the make/model of your peripheral audiovisual devices like cameras or speakers, and names for those devices (for example, the user-configurable names given to AirPods). Administrators also have the ability to join any call at any time on their organization’s instance of Zoom, without in-the-moment consent or warning for the attendees of the call.\nSchools Moving to Online Learning\nSurveillance shouldn’t be a prerequisite for getting an education. But even before more school districts started moving their classes and coursework to digital forums for purposes of social distancing, surveillance has become more and more common in schools. With the advent of COVID-19 and the associated uptick in distributed digital learning, the potential for this surveillance to ramp up is alarming. \nThis is true from kindergarten all the way through graduate school, though it is most prevalent and insidious in K-12 schools. School administrators are choosing to use tools and tactics that encroach on students’ privacy in ways that can break down trust amongst students and their peers, teachers, families, and administrators. Many K-12 schools offer or mandate the use of school-issued devices, and those devices come with pre-installed spyware that monitors all student activities and reports them to school administrators.\nMany schools are already experimenting with mass surveillance technologies with no evidence, and no way for concerned parents and students to opt out. If your school is using or is considering using technologies like Bark, GoGuardian, Gaggle, Securly, or Social Sentinel, check out our guide to Privacy for Students. It covers many of the privacy and surveillance concerns that these technologies raise, with ways to minimize the data being tracked, risk mitigation strategies, and advocacy tactics.\nTelehealth and Non-HIPAA Platforms\nThe HHS has altered HIPAA rules during the COVID-19 crisis, allowing health care providers to use applications such as FaceTime, Facebook Messenger, Hangouts, Skype, Zoom, etc so they are able to provide care to patients remotely:\nDuring the COVID-19 national emergency, which also constitutes a nationwide public health emergency, covered health care providers subject to the HIPAA Rules may seek to communicate with patients, and provide telehealth services, through remote communications technologies. Some of these technologies, and the manner in which they are used by HIPAA covered health care providers, may not fully comply with the requirements of the HIPAA Rules.\n\nIf your healthcare provider is using an application or platform that is not covered under HIPAA, check with them on what safeguards they have in place to ensure your privacy is protected, and what their plans and timelines are for moving to platforms that do fall under HIPAA compliance.\nTools for Assessing Risk and Staying Safe Online\nOne of the best things you can do to keep yourself and others safe during this crisis is to learn how to minimize risk. Many of the problems presented in this post can be mitigated or circumvented with careful consideration of the risks, employing “privacy as a team sport” tactics, and minimizing the data that corporations, employers, and others can track. Our resource site, Surveillance Self-Defense, is full of practical tips, tools, how-to’s, and explainers for communicating safely online. Here’s a list of useful guides with concrete steps you can take to get started:\n\nEvaluate and choose the tools you use to make sure they work for you.\nLearn about best practices for communicating with others and incorporate them into your routines and tools.\nUse a password manager to create strong passwords.\nEnsure that you have two-factor authentication (also known as 2FA) enabled for as many accounts as possible.\nConsider your needs and choose the VPN that’s right for you.\n\nAnd lastly, remember—we’re all in this together. Take care of each other by safeguarding each others’ physical and digital health."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","最近大紅的 ZOOM 繼「透過大量僱用中國工程師大幅降低成本」後\nhttps://pandayoo.com/2020/03/10/zoom/\n現在又被發現會收集與會者電腦上正在執行的「其它程式」跟視窗切換的紀錄，並回報雲端\nhttps://twitter.com/Ouren/status/1241398181205889024\n\n不行我覺得太噁心了，無論是企業風格跟程式的設計思路的都讓人作嘔\n\n以後不會再用他，也會盡量不參與任何使用 zoom 開啟的會議，盡量用其他程式替代（Ex: google meet, jitsi meet）\n\n歡迎參考 EFF 電子前線基金會的報告：https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/what-you-should-know-about-online-tools-during-covid-19-crisis"],["id","2jz0pw77he53s"],["createdAt","2020-03-25T03:11:10.899Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","egczFnEBrhVJn3LNn83u"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","HkXxOXABHjv_5zI2Qlbz"],["name","Ann"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",16]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","1.zoom提供了「注意力追蹤」（attention tracking）功能（聊天室管理員可以停用/啟用），能夠追蹤聊天室成員是否在zoom以外的視窗點擊、縮放，若參與者未聚焦在zoom視窗超過半分鐘，便會在名字旁顯示「時鐘圖式」。\n2.澳大利亞《金融評論報》指出2019年Zoom曾爆出嚴重資安問題，包括駭客可能利用程式漏洞，在用戶未允許下強制視訊通話等，如今隱私問題再度引發關注。由於用戶僅須透過「點擊連結」即可加入Zoom會議，等同Zoom在沒有提供「共享條款」、沒有徵得與會者同意或未正確告知他們的狀態下，收集了許多隱私數據，包括：cookie、工作訊息、地址、電話規格等。"],["reference","使用Zoom進行會議和通話，這應該是您該注意的隱私問題 If You’re Using Zoom for Meetings and Calls, These Should Be Your Privacy Concerns\nhttps://www.insidehook.com/daily_brief/tech/zoom-privacy-concerns\n\n居家辦公？Zoom將告訴老闆你是否專注在會議程式 Working From Home? Zoom Tells Your Boss If You're Not Paying Attention\nhttps://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qjdnmm/working-from-home-zoom-tells-your-boss-if-youre-not-paying-attention\n\nZoom的隱私風險 The trouble with Zoom\nhttps://www.afr.com/technology/zoom-is-the-next-privacy-challenge-20200324-p54dff\n\n【Zoom】與會者注意力追蹤功能\nhttps://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/115000538083-Attendee-attention-tracking\n\n【Zoom Blog】Zoom Tips For Educators: Attendee Attention Tracking\nhttps://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2018/01/26/zoom-tips-for-educators-attendee-attention-tracking/\n\n矽谷企業的東方秘密武器是「中國工程師」：薪水只要三分之一，加班配合度高無怨言\nhttps://buzzorange.com/techorange/2019/10/17/engineer-in-china/\n\n駭客可能使用Zoom控制Mac視訊鏡頭 Hackers can hijack your Mac webcam with Zoom. Here’s how to prevent it.（2019.07.11）\nhttps://www.vox.com/recode/2019/7/9/20687689/zoom-mac-vulnerability-medium-jonathan-leitschuh-camera"],["hyperlinks",null],["createdAt","2020-03-26T09:36:54.266Z"]]}]]}]}],["searchArticles",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["searchReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}]]}]]},"replyDetail":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isAuthLoading",false],["isReplyLoading",false]]}],["data",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["reply",null],["originalReplyConnection",null]]}]]},"auth":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isDialogShown",false]]}],["user",null]]}}

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