{"articleList":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false]]}],["edges",null],["firstCursor",null],["lastCursor",null],["totalCount",null],["authFields",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[]}],["stats",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["repliedCount",0],["notRepliedCount",0]]}]]},"replyList":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",true]]}],["edges",null],["firstCursor",null],["lastCursor",null],["totalCount",null]]},"articleDetail":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isAuthLoading",false],["isReplyLoading",false]]}],["data",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",0],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_odmLQKhtuGjNyH3JTj3jrNEXYWrHfXwsdShDitoaQ6s"],["name","禮貌的吉安羅奈爾得"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Vision of China"],["url","https://youtu.be/e_Hchi6sm64"],["summary","Thierry Bornier has spent two years traveling across China and creating stunning photos look more like abstract paintings than landscapes. International Awar..."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","https://youtu.be/e_Hchi6sm64"],["replyRequests",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","3aekz0rvilidn__j4S8C_odmLQKhtuGjNyH3JTj3jrNEXYWrHfXwsdShDitoaQ6s__RUMORS_LINE_BOT"],["reason",""],["positiveFeedbackCount",0],["negativeFeedbackCount",0]]}]}],["id","3aekz0rvilidn"],["createdAt","2025-06-06T21:52:02.220Z"]]}],["replyConnections",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["relatedArticles",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_abdOZOmyMwc1xmp_1pdKJSRZa3ZN8hSSHjZWhaIVid0"],["name","健談的永靖賴昂內爾"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Groups claim YouTube illegally collects data from kids"],["url","http://money.cnn.com/2018/04/09/technology/youtube-ftc-kids/index.html"],["summary","Kids love YouTube. The service is packed with ostensibly kid-friendly content. But child, consumer, and privacy advocacy groups are claiming YouTube illegally collects data about under-age viewers. They want YouTube to change how it handles content for children and pay a fine up to \"tens of billions\" of dollars for allegedly profiting off young viewers. In a complaint filed Monday, more than 20 advocacy groups asked the FTC to investigate the Google subsidiary for violating the Child Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which limits how a company can collect data about kids under 13. Under the law, companies have to notify parents and get their consent before collecting data on children. \"Google has made substantial profits from the collection and use of personal data from children on YouTube. Its illegal collection has been going on for many years and involves tens of millions of US children,\" reads the complaint, which was led by the Center for Digital Democracy and Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. Related: Google is hiring 10,000 people to clean up YouTube YouTube's terms of service say it is not for anyone under 13. To sign up for a Google account, which is used to log into YouTube, a person must say they are older than 13. But anyone can watch YouTube videos without an account or logging in. Parents can let their children use their accounts, or kids can lie and claim to be older when creating an account. According to Trendera research, 45% of kids between 8- and 12-years-old have a YouTube Account. Kid-focused channels can have huge subscriber bases and make significant amounts of money on ads. LittleBabyBum churns out animated nursery rhymes. It has 14 million subscribers and its videos have been viewed more than 16 billion times. Ryan ToysReview, which features a 6-year-old kid testing toys, made $11 million in ad revenue in one year. While Google doesn't let advertisers select age groups under 18, the complaint says there are still a number of ways to target ads at children, like select keywords related to kids such as \"toddler\" and \"toy.\" YouTube has a standalone mobile app for children, YouTube Kids, which it launched in 2015. YouTube says the app complies with all COPPA rules, and doesn't collect data for ad-targeting. \"Protecting kids and families has always been a top priority for us. We will read the complaint thoroughly and evaluate if there are things we can do to improve,\" a Google spokesperson told CNN. \"Because YouTube is not for children, we've invested significantly in the creation of the YouTube Kids app to offer an alternative specifically designed for children.\" Related: Google cracks down on disturbing cartoons on YouTube Kids COPPA was written in 1998. It was expanded in 2012 to apply to more types of companies and new technologies, like mobile devices and targeted ads. The FTC has pursued about two dozen COPPA cases in 20 years. If the FTC does find that YouTube violated COPPA, it could force it to add an age gate — a screen that asks viewers if they're 13 or over. An FTC said the agency would review the complaint. The complaint estimates YouTube inappropriately collected data on 23 million children over \"a period of years.\" It asks the the FTC to fine YouTube up to $41,484 per violation, which would add up to billions. Denise Tayloe, CEO of COPPA consulting firm Privo, thinks the timing of the complaint could be tied to the new European privacy regulations (GDPR) that go into effect next month. \"The GDPR is really heating up the privacy space, putting a lot of pressure on Google, Facebook and others to really acknowledge that they deal with children in the protected COPPA age range than they care to admit,\" said Tayloe. Non-profit group Common Sense Media is a signer on the FTC complaint. It reviews and rates media like TV shows and movies for parents. \"We don't want to get rid of kids' content, and fear that an age gate could just lead to lying and then no protections for the kids' information since they say they are 13,\" said Common Sense Media VP Corbie Kiernan. \"We'd rather Google have this content for kids but then comply with COPPA.\" CNNMoney (San Francisco) First published April 9, 2018: 12:01 AM ET"],["topImageUrl","https://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/dam/assets/180403132613-youtube-kids-780x439.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Over 20 advocacy groups complain to FTC that YouTube is violating children’s privacy law"],["url","https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/over-20-advocacy-groups-complain-to-ftc-that-youtube-is-violating-childrens-privacy-law/"],["summary","A coalition of over 20 child advocacy, consumer and privacy groups filed a complaint with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission asking it to investigate and sanction YouTube for violation of federal children’s privacy laws. Specifically, the groups say YouTube is violating COPPA, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, which requires that websites directed at children under the age of 13 get parental consent before they’re allowed to collect children’s data. YouTube doesn’t do this, the complaint says.Technically, YouTube’s site is aimed at those users 13 and older, its terms state. That’s how it gets around having to abide by child privacy laws. But the complaint points to several examples of how the site is clearly targeting younger children, including its hosting of cartoon videos, nursery rhymes, and toy ads. Some of the most popular channels on YouTube are also those aimed at young kids,like ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs, which has 15.9 million subscribers and over 10 billion channel views, and LittleBabyBum, which has 14.6 million subscribers and over 14 billion channel views.Plus, advertisers can target kids’ programming through the “Parenting and Family” lineup in the Google Preferred ads platform, the complaint states.“Google has acted duplicitously by falsely claiming in its terms of service that YouTube is only for those who are age 13 or older, while it deliberately lured young people into an ad-filled digital playground,” said Jeff Chester of the Center for Digital Democracy, one of the groups who signed the complaint, in a statement. “Just like Facebook, Google has focused its huge resources on generating profits instead of protecting privacy.”The groups have a point. The proliferation of children’s’ videos on YouTube and the potential harm that came from having them mixed in with more adult-oriented content is what led YouTube to launch the YouTube Kids app several years ago. So it’s hard to argue, simply, that “YouTube is not for kids.”However, even that YouTube Kids has come under fire in recent days because it doesn’t fully protect children from inappropriate videos, including those that took advantage of YouTube’s algorithms for suggested videos, in order to attract views to their shady and sometimes downright disturbing content.YouTube has tried to crack down on these videos and demonetize them, but inappropriate content continues to slip through – most recently, with conspiracy videos suggested to children. Now the company is reportedly preparing to release a version of the YouTube Kids app without the algorithmic suggestions.YouTube pointed to the creation the Kids app in response to the groups’ complaint, according to CNET’s report, saying the app was built for younger viewers because YouTube itself is “not for children.”But the advocacy groups say that’s not true. The same content is available both on YouTube Kids and YouTube.com, and the latter benefits from the ability to collect data without having to play by the rules.“Kids have been watching videos on YouTube for years, something the company has known, and profited off of, by targeting content and ads at children under 13. It is time for Google to be completely transparent with all the facts and institute fundamentally responsible new policies moving forward to protect the privacy of kids,” said James P. Steyer, CEO of Common Sense. “We fully expect Google to work closely with advocates and reach out to parents with information about parental controls, content, and collection practices on YouTube so parents can make informed choices about what content they allow their kids to access and how to protect their privacy,” he added.The complaint arrives at a time when there’s a heightened awareness and concern over the data collection and data privacy practices of major tech companies in the U.S.,as well as how those systems can be compromised by foreign governments. Most notably, the news cycle is focused on Facebook’s involvement in the Cambridge Analytica scandal which will see CEO Mark Zuckerberg having to testify before Congress. But YouTube, too, has had issues with Russian trolls spreading propaganda on its site, like they had done on Facebook and Twitter.The combination of the poor data privacy practices across social media, abuse of social media platforms by foreign actors, YouTube’s misbehaving algorithms, and its other missteps with regard to its approach with children, may have this complaint taken more seriously than those in the past.Others who signed the complaint include:Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (CCFC), Berkeley Media Studies Group; Center for Media Justice; Common Sense; Consumer Action; Consumer Federation of America; Consumer Federation of California; Consumers Union, the advocacy division of Consumer Reports; Consumer Watchdog; Corporate Accountability; Defending the Early Years; Electronic Privacy Information Center (“EPIC”); New Dream; Obligation, Inc.; Parent Coalition for Student Privacy; Parents Across America; Parents Television Council; Privacy Rights Clearinghouse; Public Citizen; The Story of Stuff Project; TRUCE (Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Childhood Entertainment); and USPIRG."],["topImageUrl","https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/youtube-newsletter.jpg?w=640"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Advocacy Groups, Citing Children's Privacy Laws, Ask FTC To Investigate YouTube - Tubefilter"],["url","https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/04/09/ftc-youtube-kids-coppa/"],["summary","YouTube may say that its platform is intended for ages 13 and up, but there are likely millions of children who browse the world’s top video site, and their activity may be causing YouTube to violate federal policy.\nAs reported by outlets like The New York Times, a coalition of more than 20 consumer advocacy groups is petitioning the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate YouTube over its potential breach of the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).\nCOPPA, first passed in 1998, prevents companies from gathering data about children, such as their location or contact information, without first obtaining parental consent. While the standalone YouTube Kids app seems to comply with those guidelines, the primary YouTube platform may not, since new users must agree to Google’s privacy policy, which stipulates the ways in the tech company shares personal information with advertisers.\nYouTube attempts to comply with COPPA by making new users confirm they are at least 13 years old, but despite that check, content aimed at kids is prevalent across the video site. In the complaint they are filing with the FTC, the advocacy groups cite nursery rhyme compilations, toy unboxing videos, and other content that is both heavily viewed on YouTube and clearly intended for small children. They also noted that the Google Preferred advertising program includes a “Family” section that caters to young viewers.\n“Google has been continually growing its child-directed service in the United States and all over the world without any kind of acknowledgment of this law and its responsibilities,” said Jeffrey Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy and a leader of the effort to petition the FTC. “It’s living in a world of online fiction and denied that it’s serving children.”\nYouTube, for its part, has expressed a desire to comply with the FTC’s wishes. “We will read the complaint thoroughly and evaluate if there are things we can do to improve,” reads a statement from the video site. “Because YouTube is not for children, we’ve invested significantly in the creation of the YouTube Kids app to offer an alternative specifically designed for children.”\nYouTube Kids has encountered its own share of issues and has itself drawn the ire of advocacy groups. In 2015, some groups decried “deceptive” branded content on the app, which they said breached FTC regulations. Two years later, a massive controversy erupted when reporters discovered a significant amount of inappropriate content on YouTube Kids.\nSince then, YouTube has taken strides to improve the family-friendly nature of its Kids app, but there’s still more work to be done. One change that could arrive soon is a human-curated version of the YouTube Kids app, which would cut out the YouTube algorithm and its tendency to recommend dicey, inappropriate content. A more polished Kids app curated with a human touch could help the video site appease its detractors in the advocacy world. In the meantime, it may soon have the FTC breathing down its neck."],["topImageUrl","https://www.tubefilter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/google-preferred-family.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Google蒐集兒少個資大賺廣告財 - 國際 - 自由時報電子報"],["url","http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/1191089"],["summary","2018-04-10〔編譯陳正健／綜合報導〕在社群網站龍頭「臉書」面臨侵犯隱私風暴之際，另一家科技巨擘Google及其旗下全球最大影音平台YouTube，也陷入類似爭議；YouTube聲稱僅限十三歲以上人士使用，Google卻在該平台鎖定兒童的廣告中大量獲利，顯然違反法律，美國消費者與權益團體呼籲當局徹查。\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t美國消費者團體指控Google蒐集兒少個資，在全球最大影音平台YouTube大打兒童廣告牟利。\b（路透檔案照）\n\t\n美國二十三個倡議團體連署向聯邦貿易委員會（FTC）投訴，YouTube是兒童最常使用的線上平台之一，提供許多兒童節目，但Google蒐集該平台上的未成年用戶個資，包括所在位置、行動電話號碼及特殊裝置識別碼等，利用這些個資在網路上對兒童投放特定廣告，顯然未獲家長同意。投訴書指控，YouTube提供針對兒童的頻道，例如擁有數百萬名訂閱者的「ChuChu電視童謠及兒歌頻道」，廣告主付費成為白金會員，得以在YouTube「育兒及家庭」等群組中投放廣告。Google稱該平台不宜兒童使用將研發替代案連署投訴的「童年無廣告運動」（CCFC）成員葛林抨擊，Google多年來已放棄對兒童及家庭的責任，聲稱YouTube平台充斥流行卡通、童謠及玩具廣告，不適合十三歲以下兒童使用，顯然心口不一。Google在鎖定兒童的廣告中大量獲利，應受兒童線上隱私保護法（COPPA）規範。Google發言人回應，保護兒童及家庭一直是該公司的首要考量，迄今尚未接獲投訴書。由於YouTube並非給兒童使用，Google已投入龐大資金開發「YouTube Kids」應用程式，提供專為兒童設計的替代方案。"],["topImageUrl","http://img.ltn.com.tw/2018/new/apr/10/images/bigPic/600_152.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","標題：Google蒐集兒少個資，大賺廣告財\n\n摘要：\n美國二十三個倡議團體連署向聯邦貿易委員會（FTC）投訴，YouTube是兒童最常使用的線上平台之一，提供許多兒童節目，但Google蒐集該平台上的未成年用戶個資，包括所在位置、行動電話號碼及特殊裝置識別碼等，利用這些個資在網路上對兒童投放特定廣告，顯然未獲家長同意。\n\n投訴書指控，YouTube提供針對兒童的頻道，例如擁有數百萬名訂閱者的「ChuChu電視童謠及兒歌頻道」，廣告主付費成為白金會員，得以在YouTube「育兒及家庭」等群組中投放廣告。\n\n原始資料：\nGroups claim YouTube illegally collects data from kids\nhttp://money.cnn.com/2018/04/09/technology/youtube-ftc-kids/index.html\n\n\nOver 20 advocacy groups complain to FTC that YouTube is violating children’s privacy law\nhttps://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/over-20-advocacy-groups-complain-to-ftc-that-youtube-is-violating-childrens-privacy-law/\n\nAdvocacy Groups, Citing Children’s Privacy Laws, Ask FTC To Investigate YouTube\nhttps://www.tubefilter.com/2018/04/09/ftc-youtube-kids-coppa/\n\n引用來源：\nhttp://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/1191089"],["id","2nb9eyw654bt3"],["createdAt","2018-04-11T13:47:03.605Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",5],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_jSrASeI7pyChEJo5D6oocnJhdzYpv0YmqzIZn-b8jAE"],["name","好沉思的✖石門✖維爾莉特®"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65% | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323"],["summary","美國今年流感季迄今死4800人，增多65%。 (美聯社) 分享聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)10日公布初步報告估計，2019至2020年流感季的死亡增多65%，達4800人，其中包括32名兒童，因病住院者更已多達8萬7000人。全國傳染病基金會表示，今年的流感季來得早、爆發快，在東南部數州出現後迅速擴散，迄今沒有減緩的跡象，其中33個州的流感最嚴重，包括南方地區、西部的部分地區、紐約市和華盛頓。CDC的資料顯示，過去幾個流感爆發季死亡的兒童，從最少的37人到最多的187人。儘管目前流感季的死亡人數增多，但在截至1月4日的一周，住院人數卻減少，不清楚是否民眾因為節假日而沒到醫院看病。CDC估計，全國今年迄今有970萬人感染上流感，其中主要是B型流感和維多利亞流感病毒。通常兒童易於染上B型流感，A型流感是在老年人中常見。但今年的流感季有多嚴重和持續多久，目前判斷為時尚早。流感的症狀是發燒、喉嚨疼、渾身無力、發冷、出汗和疲勞，由於流感是常見疾病並且年年爆發，可能被認為是小病，但嚴重者可引發肺炎、支氣管炎和心臟病等。65歲以上老年人和嬰幼兒的免疫系統弱，是易於感染的高危群體；醫生建議，有流感症狀的人應待在家裡，不要上班和去公共場所，以免傳染他人。沒有症狀的人要勤洗手，避免與感染者接觸。專家表示，接種疫苗是預防流感的最佳途徑，預防針最好是儘早打，因為疫苗注射後要數周才能生效。但注射疫苗不怕晚，因為流感季還要持續較長時間，哪怕只採取部分預防措施，也可避免出現最嚴重的症狀。兒童與成年人的預防措施不同，在六個月大至八歲的兒童中，部分人應打疫苗針兩次，每次間隔四周，或是由醫生決定是否需注射兩次。但許多美國人誤以為流感疫苗不起作用，或是有副作用，今年只有半數民眾注射或準備注射疫苗。"],["topImageUrl","https://pgw.udn.com.tw/gw/photo.php?u=https://uc.udn.com.tw/photo/2020/01/11/4/7320489.jpg&s=Y&x=0&y=8&sw=1279&sh=852&exp=3600"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405"],["summary","16:302020/01/20中時電子報\n \n CTWANT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疾管署副署長莊人祥（中）表示，國內今天新增一例武漢肺炎疑似病例，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。（圖／報系資料照）\n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 今日疾管署接獲中國大陸疾病控制中心的通知，表示在18、19日確診了近140名新型冠狀病毒肺炎個案，除了武漢之外就連北京、深圳都有病例出現，另國內也新增一名疑似個案，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 目前武漢肺炎在全球有205例確診病例，在中國大陸境內就高達201例，日本、泰國、韓國都出現有確診病患，分別1名、2名、1名，而昨日國內也出現了1名傳染性肺炎通報病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，目前國內通報的疑似病例有6例，最新通報的為1歲男童，跟隨父母住在武漢，本月6日隨父母返台，在9日時出現發燒、13出現腹瀉症狀，目前已經在醫院負壓隔離房觀察治療中，據了解並沒有在華南海鮮市場的活動史，而為了進一步確定，已經採樣送驗。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 莊人祥則表示，目前武漢肺炎高達205名病例，但只有3例死亡，跟之前SARS的死亡率相比低了許多，民眾不用過度驚慌，不過為了防止病情擴大，疾管署將成立三級中央流行疫情指揮中心。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 三級中央流行疫情指揮中心將由疾管署署長擔任指揮官，讓各部會可以更容易連繫不同單位，也可以依照《傳染病防治法》徵用人力、物資，會讓應變更加有效率。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 也許您會感興趣\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 推薦閱讀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 發表意見\n \n \n \n \n \n 中時電子報對留言系統使用者發布的文字、圖片或檔案保有片面修改或移除的權利。當使用者使用本網站留言服務時，表示已詳細閱讀並完全了解，且同意配合下述規定：\n \n 請勿重覆刊登一樣的文章，或大意內容相同、類似的文章\n 請不要刊登與主題無相關之內容\n 發言涉及攻擊、侮辱、影射或其他有違社會善良風俗、社會正義、國家安全、政府法令之內容，本網站將會直接移除\n 請勿以發文、回文等方式，進行商業廣告、騷擾網友等行為，或是為特定網站、blog宣傳，一經發現，將會限制您的發言權限或者封鎖帳號\n 為避免留言系統變成發洩區和口水版，請勿轉貼新聞性文章、報導或相關連結\n 請勿提供軟體註冊碼等違反智慧財產權之資訊\n 禁止發表涉及他人隱私、含有個人對公眾人物之私評，且未經證實、未註明消息來源的網路八卦、不實謠言等\n 請確認發表或回覆的內容（圖片）未侵害到他人的著作權、商標、專利等權利；若因發表或回覆內容而產生的版權法律責任將由使用者自行承擔，不代表中時電子報的立場，請遵守相關法律規範\n \n 違反上述規定者，中時電子報有權刪除留言，或者直接封鎖帳號！請使用者在發言前，務必先閱讀留言板規則，謝謝配合。"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120003289.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","China virus cases up sharply as infection spreads"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035"],["summary","Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The majority of cases have been detected in the city of Wuhan\n \n \n \n The number of people infected with a new virus in China tripled over the weekend, with the outbreak spreading from Wuhan to other major cities.Wuhan reported 136 new cases of the respiratory illness. The capital Beijing reported two cases, while Shenzhen confirmed one.Total known infections now exceed 200, and three people have died.The sharp uptick in cases comes as millions of Chinese prepare to travel for the Lunar New Year holidays.Health officials have identified the infection, which first appeared in Wuhan in December, as being a strain of coronavirus. They say it has led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia, but much about it remains unknown. Although the outbreak is believed to have originated from a market, officials and scientists are yet to determine exactly how it has been spreading.South Korea reported its first confirmed case of the virus on Monday, following two in Thailand and one in Japan. The outbreak has revived memories of the Sars virus - also a coronavirus - that killed 774 people in the early 2000s across dozens of countries, mostly in Asia. Analysis of the genetic code of the new virus shows it is more closely related to Sars than any other human coronavirus.Experts in the UK told the BBC the number of people infected could still be far greater than official figures suggest, with estimates closer to 1,700. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n What we know about the virus\n2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans\nCoronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people\nScientists believe an animal source is \"the most likely primary source\" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred \nSigns of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties\nPeople are being advised to avoid \"unprotected\" contact with live animals, thoroughly cook meat and eggs, and avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms\nSource: World Health Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who has been infected? Authorities in Wuhan, a central Chinese city of 11 million that has been at the heart of the outbreak, on Monday said 136 new cases had been confirmed over the weekend, with a third person dying of the virus. There had previously been only 62 confirmed cases in the city. As of late Sunday, officials said 170 people in Wuhan were still being treated in hospital, including nine in critical condition. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Airports including Narita in Tokyo have been screening passengers\n \n \n \n Health officials in Beijing's Daxing district meanwhile said two people who had travelled to Wuhan were treated for pneumonia linked to the virus. In Shenzhen, a major tech hub close to Hong Kong, officials said a 66-year-old man showed symptoms of the virus following a trip to visit relatives in Wuhan. Eight others in Shenzhen have been quarantined and are under observation to determine if they have the virus. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Four cases have been confirmed abroad - all of them involving people who are either from Wuhan or have visited the city.In South Korea, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said a 35-year-old Chinese woman was suffering from a fever and respiratory problems after travelling there from Wuhan. She was put into isolation and treated at a local hospital. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The World Health Organization said it was currently not recommending restrictions on travel or trade, but was providing guidance to countries preparing for any outbreak.Airports in Singapore, Hong Kong and the Japanese capital Tokyo have been screening air passengers from Wuhan, and US authorities last week announced similar measures at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.What are the Chinese authorities saying?How China is responding to the outbreak is under close scrutiny, given that it was widely criticised for initially covering up the Sars crisis in late 2002 and early 2003. On Monday, Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time publicly addressed the outbreak, saying that the virus must be \"resolutely contained\".The foreign ministry, meanwhile, said China was providing \"timely information about the disease\" and would \"work with all parties to deal with the virus\". State media has been urging citizens not to panic and on Sunday the National Health Commission said the virus was \"still preventable and controllable\" although close monitoring was needed. It said there had been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another, but that it had instead crossed the species barrier and come from infected animals at a seafood and wildlife market in Wuhan.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Health officials have been analysing the seafood market where they believe the virus originated\n \n \n \n However the WHO said it believed there had been \"some limited human-to-human transmission occurring between close contacts\".\"As more… cases are identified and more analysis undertaken, we will get a clearer picture of disease severity and transmission patterns,\" it wrote on Twitter. It noted that the rise in cases in China was a result of \"increased searching and testing for [the virus] among people sick with respiratory illness\". \n \n Media playback is unsupported on your device\n \n \n \n Media captionCoronavirus feared to have infected more than initially thought according to scientists\nWhat impact could Lunar New Year have?From Friday, most Chinese will begin their week-long Lunar New Year holidays.It's a time when hundreds of millions travel around China to visit family, raising fears that authorities will not be able to adequately monitor further spread of the disease.Wuhan is a transport hub and authorities there have for nearly a week been using temperature scanners at airports, and train and bus stations. Those showing signs of fever have been registered, given masks and taken to hospitals and clinics.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Chinese companies shut down for Lunar New Year, with hundreds of millions of people travelling\n \n \n \n Authorities say they will now also be screening everyone leaving the city.At Beijing's central railway station, some travellers donned masks but did not appear overly concerned about the virus.\"Watching the news, I do feel a little worried. But I haven't taken precautionary measures beyond wearing regular masks,\" Li Yang, a 28-year-old account manager travelling to the region of Inner Mongolia, told the AFP news agency. But the tone in Chinese social media, where the outbreak has been a top trending topic, was different. \"Who knows how many people who have been to Wuhan may be unaware that they have already been infected?\" one Weibo user said.What is your question about coronavirus in China?Use the form below to submit your question:\n \n \n \n Sign me up for your newsletter!Please don't publish my nameMade with Hearken\n \n\nIf you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/EDE0/production/_110569806_9ac4763d-4c70-4d9e-aeb9-8b1358e0914c.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405"],["summary","因應大陸武漢肺炎加劇，疾管署今天緊急成立中央指揮中心，並將通報定義擴大，從原本武漢來台，擴大到全大陸來台者，若有出現肺炎症狀，通通都要通報，就可依法隔離檢驗。且即起，也將針對中、港、澳發放中英文對照的衛教單張。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 中國大陸武漢「新型冠狀病毒」2日內暴增140例，首度跨出武漢，包含北京、深圳也淪陷；國際間，南韓也確診1境外移入中國籍病例，成為繼日本、泰國後的第三國，全球目前累計達205例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，由於評估大陸疫情有明顯社區傳播與擴大現象，因此成立「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎中央流行疫情指揮中心」，由署長周志浩擔任指揮官，今天召開專家會議。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 副院長陳其邁也到場聆聽簡報，並指示各部會務必迅速到位並全力協助衛福部防疫，包括落實國際機場、小三通港埠檢疫措施；加強民眾之風險溝通與衛教宣導；確保防疫物資整備，以防供應短缺或哄抬之相關假訊息發生，降低民眾恐慌；針對醫療院所感染管制預作規劃、演練等，減少疫情對國內衝擊。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 今天第一次專家會議，針對特殊嚴重傳染性肺炎通報對象，莊人祥表示，專家建議擴大為具中國大陸旅遊史，不在局限武漢，且具有肺炎者，均列入通報，以加寬監視範圍，及早發現疑似病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 此外，登機檢疫部分，維持武漢直航班機，但將新增針對中、港、澳入境飛機會發放中英文對照的衛教單張，請旅客有任何疾病，需和檢疫人員說明，旅客有旅遊史，儘早告知，並後送。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 台灣兒童感染症醫學會理事長李秉穎表示，目前病例突然暴增現象來看，並非急速擴散，而是之前的病例沒有被診斷出來，與大陸改用更敏感方式有關。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 春節要來了，兩岸往返，各界擔心台灣是否出現確診個案，李秉穎表示，定義加嚴，加強機場檢疫，有信心即使有病例進來，也可以即時掌握。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120004299.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Chinese virus: How worried should we be?"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366"],["summary","Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The outbreak occurred in the city of Wuhan, south of Beijing\n \n \n \n A virus - previously unknown to science - is causing severe lung disease in the Chinese city of Wuhan and has been detected in two other countries.Three people are known to have died from the virus, which appeared in the city in December.There are more than two hundred confirmed cases of the virus, but UK experts estimate the figure is closer to 1,700.A new virus arriving on the scene, leaving patients with pneumonia, is always a worry and health officials around the world are on high alert.But is this a brief here-today-gone-tomorrow outbreak or the first sign of something far more dangerous?What is this virus?Viral samples have been taken from patients and analysed in the laboratory.And officials in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have concluded the infection is a coronavirus.Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is caused by a coronavirus, killed 774 of the 8,098 people infected in an outbreak that started in China in 2002.\"There is a strong memory of Sars, that's where a lot of fear comes from, but we're a lot more prepared to deal with those types of diseases,\" says Dr Josie Golding, from the Wellcome Trust.Is it serious? Coronaviruses can cause symptoms ranging from a mild cold all the way through to death.This new virus appears to be somewhere in the middle.\"When we see a new coronavirus, we want to know how severe are the symptoms - this is more than cold-like symptoms and that is a concern but it is not as severe as Sars,\" says Prof Mark Woolhouse, from the University of Edinburgh.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n There were six coronaviruses known to infect people.\n \n \n \n Where has it come from?New viruses are detected all the time. They jump from one species, where they went unnoticed, into humans.\"If we think about outbreaks in the past, if it is a new coronavirus, it will have come from an animal reservoir,\" says Prof Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. Sars jumped from the civet cat into humans. And Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed 858 out of the 2,494 recorded cases since it emerged in 2012, regularly makes the jump from the dromedary camel.Which animal?Once the animal reservoir where the virus normally camps out is detected, the problem becomes much easier to deal with. The cases have been linked to the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, in Wuhan. But while some sea-going mammals can carry coronaviruses (such as the Beluga whale), the market also has live wild animals, including chickens, bats, rabbits, snakes, which are more likely to be the source. Why China?Prof Woolhouse says it is because of the size and density of the population and close contact with animals harbouring viruses. \"No-one is surprised the next outbreak is in China or that part of the world,\" he says.\n \n How easily does it spread?Chinese officials say there have been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another.At present, the WHO and Wuhan health authorities have not concluded that the virus can be passed from person-to-person.This is a major concern with new viruses that infect the lungs, as coughs and sneezes are a highly effective way for a virus to spread.If it was going person-to-person, then you would expect cases in healthcare workers as they come into close contact with sick patients. However, some experts have cautioned it may be too soon to rule out human-to-human transmission.Prof Woolhouse says: \"I'm cautious rather than sceptical, it is early too tell - most coronaviruses are actually transmissible and that would be my initial concern.\"How fast is it spreading?The outbreak was thought to be limited, but new cases have been reported since it started in December. While the outbreak is centred on Wuhan, there have been two cases in Thailand, one in Japan and another in South Korea. Those people travelled from Wuhan recently.Experts say there could be more cases going undetected. A report by the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London suggested there could be more than 1,700 infections.\"It is likely that the Wuhan outbreak of a novel coronavirus has caused substantially more cases of moderate or severe respiratory illness than currently reported,\" said the report.There are concerns that the virus could be spread by the hundreds of millions of people travelling for Chinese New Year later this month.Singapore and Hong Kong have been screening air passengers from Wuhan and US authorities announced similar measures starting on Friday at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.How have Chinese authorities responded? \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Temperature screening can help identify people who have been infected\n \n \n \n Infected people have been treated in isolation to minimise the risk of the bug spreading. Extra checks such as temperature scans have been put in place to screen travellers. And the seafood market was closed for cleaning and disinfection.The US and most Asian countries have stepped up screenings of travellers from Wuhan and the WHO has warned hospitals worldwide that a wider outbreak is possible.How worried are the experts?Dr Golding says: \"At the moment, until we have more information, it's really hard to know how worried we should be.\"Until we have confirmation of the source, that's always going to make us uneasy.\"Prof Ball says: \"We should be worried about any virus that explores humans for the first time, because it's overcome the first major barrier.\"Once inside a [human] cell and replicating, it can start to generate mutations that could allow it to spread more efficiently and become more dangerous. \"You don't want to give the virus the opportunity.\""],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/11751/production/_110450517_gettyimages-1076618282.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405"],["summary","過年在即，被傳染感冒是一件很討厭的事，《日刊現代》請教日本內科醫師後，匯整出「絕對不感冒防衛術」，發現原則上只要掌握「二要二不要」的觀念，不用花大錢買太多保健食品，就能讓感冒病菌遠離自己。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 在「絕對不感冒的防衛術」中，提到「二要二不要」觀念，主要是指一：「不要」碰觸被傳染者碰到的東西；二：「不要」碰觸飛沬飛散得到的一兩公尺內；三「要」戴口罩；「四」要勤洗手。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 報導中提到，戴口罩的好處不只在於防止飛沬侵入口鼻，還可以防止吃進病菌。根據澳洲新南威爾斯大學研究，一般人一個小時會無意識的摸臉2、3次，當中摸到嘴巴的時間約2秒、鼻子眼睛約1秒，戴口罩可以降低這類途徑的感染風險！\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 其次，要常洗手，若一天洗手超過11次，感冒機會降低一半。假設人一天睡8小時，有24小時會到處活動，以一個半小時徹底洗一次手辛算的話，一天至少要洗11次。洗手後儘量使用一次性的衛生紙擦乾水份，家族共用的手巾或手巾容易滋生細菌要小心。\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 另外，房間溫度設定攝氏22度、濕度50～60％，可降低病毒活動力。最後，據京都大學研究實驗顯示，外出時常潄口的人比不常潄口的人，更不容易感冒。若是不方便潄口，可以嚼無糖口香糖保護喉頭。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2019-12-12/900/20191212001455.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病 - 全球財經"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv"],["summary","針對大陸武漢市近日爆發由「2019新型冠狀病毒」引發的肺炎疫情，武漢市衛生健康委員會（簡稱武漢衛健委）15日凌晨通報，發現一對夫婦先後發病，屬「家庭聚集性」病例，不能排除有限人傳人的可能，但持續人傳人的風險較低。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委指出，在目前確診的41宗病例中，發現一宗屬「家庭聚集性」病例，夫妻兩人發病，丈夫先發病，為華南海鮮批發市場從業人員，妻子則否認曾出現在華南海鮮批發市場。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 由於世界衛生組織（WHO）14日認為該病毒可能有限度的人傳人。疾管署15日宣布，將「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」列為法定傳染病，醫療院所若發現可疑個案，須在24小時內通報、隔離，否則最重可開罰200萬元。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 疾管署說明，「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」目前是指「2019新型冠狀病毒」在大陸武漢引發的肺炎，而新增法定傳染病有利防疫系統快速反應，未來若再出現其他不明原因肺炎，都可依「傳染病防治法」，要求各級醫療院所必須在24小時內通報疑似病例，疑似病例也要依法隔離於醫院，避免傳染給其他人。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，疾管署說，稍早發布符合「武漢旅遊史之發燒肺炎病例」通報定義的2名「檢驗中」個案，檢驗結果出爐，一名為流感與新型冠狀病毒、皆陰性，另一名為H1N1流感病毒陽性，因此皆排除；至今通報9例疑似案例，也均已排除。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 據武漢衛健委官網顯示，2020年1月13至14日，台灣、香港與澳門專家團隊到武漢市針對疫情防控、醫療診治、病原檢測等進行全面考察，也訪察金銀潭醫院。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 香港信報15日報導，代表團成員之一、香港衛生防護中心傳染病處主任張竹君15日表示，從病患前往街市的時間點推斷，病毒潛伏期大概是兩周以內，香港政府已在全部口岸加強體溫檢測與抽查措施，更特別為由武漢直接返港的旅客增加額外監測措施。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，武漢衛健委14日晚間通報，當地無新增新型冠狀病毒感染的病例，累計報告病例41宗，7人已治癒出院，6人在治重症，1人死亡，其餘患者病情穩定，正接受隔離治療。當地累計追蹤密切接觸者763人，已解除醫學觀察187人；密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例 - 兩岸"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv"],["summary","武漢市衛生健康委員會20日清晨通報，關於新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎情況，迄2020年1月18日0-24時，治癒出院5例，新增病例59例，死亡1例；1月19日0-22時，治癒出院1例，新增病例77例。截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委表示，武漢市在不斷規範各級各類醫療機構預檢分診和發熱門診運行的基礎上，按照新修訂的新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案，進一步加大了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疑似病例篩查力度，同時進一步完善檢測方案，優化檢測流程，加快了檢測速度。大陸國家、省市專家組結合臨床表現、流行病學史和病原學檢測結果進行綜合研判，1月18日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例59例，1月19日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例77例，兩日共新確診病例136例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 136例患者中，男性66例、女性70例；年齡最小的25歲，年齡最大的89歲；發病日期均在2020年1月18日前；首發症狀大多為發熱、咳嗽或胸悶、呼吸困難。根據新修訂的診療方案，患者病情按照輕、重和危重進行分類，其中輕症100例、重症33例、危重症3例（其中死亡1例）。新增病例相關流行病學調查正在深入進行，其密切接觸者也在追蹤中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。目前仍在院治療170例，其中輕症126例、重症35例、危重症9例，均在武漢市定點醫療機構接受隔離治療。累計追蹤密切接觸者 817人，已解除醫學觀察727人，尚在接受醫學觀察90人，密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。將繼續對新發現的疑似病例及時進行採樣檢測。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 冬春季是呼吸道傳染病高發季節，也是病毒性肺炎的高發時期。專家提示，民眾要注意防寒保暖、室內通風和個人衛生，加強體育鍛煉，保持清淡飲食，避免到人群密集場所活動。有咳嗽、噴嚏時戴口罩或用紙巾、衣物遮擋口鼻以減少病菌傳播。密切關注發熱、咳嗽等症狀，出現此類症狀應及時就近就醫。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["summary","根據衛福部資料顯示，1月初接獲中國大陸通知，武漢肺炎病原體初步判定為新型冠狀病毒，已完成病毒全長基因定序，電子顯微鏡下亦呈典型冠狀病毒型態，該病毒不同於以往發現的人類冠狀病毒。冠狀病毒(CoV)為一群有外套膜之RNA病毒，外表為圓形，在電子顯微鏡下可看到類似皇冠的突起因此得名。除已知會感染人類的六種冠狀病毒以外，其他的動物宿主包括蝙蝠、豬、牛、火雞、貓、狗、雪貂等。並有零星的跨物種傳播報告。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 2002~2003年在東亞造成恐慌的SARS（嚴重急性呼吸道症候群）就屬於冠狀病毒，當時中國8098名感染者中有774人死亡。對於武漢肺炎病毒的分析顯示，它與SARS病毒之間的相似程度，比其他會感染人類的冠狀病毒都還要更高，屬於SARS病毒親戚。亞東醫院內科部副主任暨感染管制中心主任廖俊星醫師表示，目前武漢新型冠狀病毒的資料尚不清楚，所以無法得知具體危害與如何預防，但以冠狀病毒來說，最值得觀察的重點是有沒有「人傳人」的可能性。根據目前感染的患者來說，例如泰國新增案例就完全沒有接近武漢華南海鮮市場，所以目前不排除新型冠狀病毒有人傳人的可能性。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 廖俊星醫師說，這類冠狀病毒僅能依症狀治療，並沒有藥物可解，過去SARS疫情也是依靠避免傳染、症狀治療患者來阻止疫情擴大，再逐漸減少患者人數，最終才控制住傳染疫情，因此，針對冠狀病毒最好的預防方式就是做好自我保護，包括出入公共場合要戴口罩、勤洗手，若有發燒等症狀也要趕緊就醫。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新聞強力放送武漢肺炎..不知有沒有同等地報導美國呢？\n\n大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65%\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323\n\n國內已有6起經通報的疑似病例！武漢肺炎已擴散至臺灣？！\n（新聞）國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 \nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405\n從武漢開始之類 Sars 冠狀病毒感染案例已擴散至北京等主要都市。\nNew China virus: Number of cases jumps as infection spreads to Beijing\nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035\n防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405\nChinese virus: How worried should we be? \nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366\n「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405\n武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv　　\n新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv　　\n武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["id","2957s8142u923"],["createdAt","2020-01-21T17:51:21.645Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_E90wXtLvmWMO_OXrljpOI_aAAFbrXUvei7BubdK-RIk"],["name","激勵性的壯圍愛葛莎"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy | Italy"],["url","https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy"],["summary","Show captionRoadblocks in Milan. In the initial stages of the coronavirus outbreak, the authorities’ confidence was palpable. Photograph: Carlo Cozzoli/Rex/ShutterstockItalyTue 10 Mar 2020 19.02 GMTBad timing and bad luckItaly appeared well ahead of the curve when the coronavirus outbreak began to spread outside China.After detecting three cases, including two Chinese tourists at the end of January, patients were isolated in a hospital in Rome. Contacts were traced, and the country became one of the world’s first to cut transport links with China.The sense of confidence was palpable. “The system of prevention put into place by Italy is the most rigorous in Europe,” the prime minister, Giuseppe Conte, boasted on 31 January.We're unable to serve this media because your browser does not support HTML 5 audio.In reality, as would become clear in February, the virus had been circulating unnoticed in northern Italy via other local chains of infection, in all probability since mid-January.Another critical misunderstanding also appears to have emerged, this time between central government and hospitals in the north.It concerns what the proper protocols were for testing unexplained fevers and respiratory complaints, and whether people with no apparent connection to China should be tested.On 18 February, a fit 38-year old with no apparent links to China fell ill in Codogno. He saw his GP and visited his local hospital several times, but his symptoms were not picked up as resulting from the coronavirus.Italy on lockdown: PM 'forced to intervene' amid coronavirus crisis – video report Known as Patient One by the Italian media, when he was finally admitted to hospital he was tested after a 36-hour delay, which he spent outside isolation. By that time he had infected a number of medical personnel and other contacts over a period of days.Adam Kucharski, an associate professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said the initial spread of the virus in Italy “has shown the ability for this to become a serious outbreak in a very short time.“The message is, if you have undetected transmission, if that is not taken seriously, you can very quickly get to numbers that can easily put a burden on your health service. You need ideally to be detecting outbreaks as early as possible.”The age profile of Italy’s population also appears to have made it particularly vulnerable.“Italy is a country of old people,” Prof Massimo Galli, the director of infectious diseases at Sacco hospital in Milan, said. “The elderly with previous pathologies are notoriously numerous here. I think this could explain why we are seeing more serious cases of coronavirus here.”Early decision-makingMuch of what we know about the dramatic spread of the virus in Italy remains provisional. All that can be safely said, as the former prime minister Matteo Renzi put it, is that Italy has become the the guinea pig of Europe.Confronted with the first infections spreading in the north, Italian authorities initially suspected they were tied to the cases of the two Chinese tourists in Rome who had visited Parma.Authorities moved to shut 10 towns linked to the initial cluster of cases in the northern provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. The local lockdowns, which began on the same day that Patient One was confirmed as infected, were hailed in some quarters at time as speedy and decisive.According to some critics of the Italian approach, however, what seemed like sound decision-making at the outset of the crisis may have led in part to the problems the country now faces.“Mistakes were made, probably, in late January,” the author Beppe Severgnini wrote in an op-ed for the New York Times on 2 March. “Italy may have been ill advised to stop flights to and from China; those flights would have provided a clear indication of who was arriving from that country, making health checks easier.”For Christian Althaus, who models infectious diseases at the University of Bern in Switzerland, said Italy’s issues may come down to the simplest explanation: that it was unlucky.“You can argue they noticed it late, but that could have happened elsewhere too,” he said. “Once they realised what was happening, I think they took it seriously. The first lockdown was the right choice, and expanding it nationwide probably too. They realise they need to curb the epidemic.”Mixed messagesIt is less clear whether the first lockdown was undermined both by a desire to avoid alarm and unnecessary economic impact in the country’s industrial centre, and a belief that the outbreak remained limited.In this respect, mixed political messaging may have been more at fault than any weaknesses in Italy’s health system. We know now too that the geographical scope of those initial quarantines was far too limited.As anxiety spread to bigger cities, including the industrial hub of Milan and the tourist centre of Venice, the political messaging was confusing.Among those pushing a “business as usual” message was Nicola Zingaretti, the head of the centre-left Democratic Party, who travelled to Milan for a meet and greet with young people to reinforce his pitch. Zingaretti announced at the weekend that he had tested positive for the virus.'It has arrived': Italian Democratic party leader announces he has coronavirus – video For Elisabetta Groppelli, a lecturer in global health at St George’s, University of London, a full reckoning is still some way off.“Until viral genetic analysis sheds more light on the situation, it’s hard to say exactly why Italy has been so badly affected,” she said. “Northern Italy is the economic hub of the country as well as a tourist hotspot, and therefore has lots of travel in and out of the region.“With more people moving constantly and interacting with each other, this could provide a greater context for spread of the disease.”Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShare on LinkedInShare on PinterestShare on WhatsAppShare on Messenger"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus"],["url","https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html"],["summary","A handout photo, taken in February, shows a businessman Luca Zhou, 56, wearing a face mask on the streets of Prato, home to the biggest ethnic Chinese community in Italy.(Handout via Reuters/Maurizio Ciampolini) \n \n \n \n In the storm of infection and death sweeping Italy, one big community stands out to health officials as remarkably unscathed -- the 50,000 ethnic Chinese who live in the town of Prato.\n\nTwo months ago, the country's Chinese residents were the target of what Amnesty International described as shameful discrimination, the butt of insults and violent attack by people who feared they would spread the coronavirus through Italy.\n\nBut in the Tuscan town of Prato, home to Italy's biggest single Chinese community, the opposite has been true. Once scapegoats, they are now held up by authorities as a model for early, strict adoption of infection-control measures.\n\n\"We Italians feared that the Chinese of Prato were to be the problem. Instead, they did much better than us,\" said Renzo Berti, top state health official for the area, which includes Florence.\n\n\"Among Chinese resident in Prato there isn't even one case of COVID contagion,\" he said, referring to COVID-19, which has killed almost 12,000 people in Italy, more than in any other country.\n\nEthnic Chinese make up about a quarter of Prato's population, but Berti credits them with bringing down the entire town's infection rate to almost half the Italian average -- 62 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 115 for the country.\n\nPrato's Chinese community, built originally around the textile industry, went into lockdown from the end of January, three weeks before Italy's first recorded infection.\n\nMany were returning from new year holidays in China, the then epicenter.\n\nThey knew what was coming and spread the word: stay home.\n\nSo as Italians headed to the ski slopes and crowded into cafes and bars as normal, the Chinese inhabitants of Prato had seemingly disappeared. Its streets, still festooned with Chinese New Year decorations, were semi-deserted, shops shuttered.\n\nThere is some anecdotal evidence that Chinese people elsewhere in Italy took similar precautions, though national data on infection rates among the community is unavailable. The health ministry did not respond to an email seeking comment.\n\nMilan restaurateur Francesco Wu, a representative of Italian business lobby Confcommercio, said he urged Italian counterparts in February to shut down their businesses, as he had done.\n\n\"Most of them looked at me like a Cassandra,\" he said. \"No one could believe it was happening here ... Now Troy is burning and we are all locked inside.\"\n\n'Italian friends looked at me oddly'\n\nWhen Chinese-born businessman Luca Zhou flew home from China on Feb. 4 to rejoin his wife and 28-year-old son in Prato, he put himself straight into quarantine in his bedroom for 14 days, separated from his wife and son.\n\n\"We had seen what was happening in China and we were afraid for ourselves, our families and our friends,\" said the 56-year-old, who has a business exporting Italian wine to China.\n\nAfter emerging from his self-quarantine, he ventured outside in mask and gloves. He said the few other Chinese on the streets also wore them, anxious not to spread the virus to others.\n\n\"My Italian friends looked at me oddly. I tried many times to explain to them that they should wear them ... but they didn't understand,\" Luca said.\n\n\"When I came back to Prato, no Italian authority told me anything. We did it all by ourselves. If we had not done it, we would all be infected, Chinese and Italians.\"\n\nItaly was one of the first nations to cut air links with China, on Jan. 31, though many of its Chinese residents found their way home via third countries. On Feb. 8, almost a month before closing all schools, it offered students returning from holidays in China the right to stop attending classes.\n\n\"In Prato, there was a boom in take-up,\" said local health director Berti, saying families had been obliged to contact his authority if they wanted to pursue this option. It was then that he began to realize how differently the Chinese were behaving.\n\nMore than 360 families, or around 1,300 people, registered as having put themselves into self-isolation and also signed up to his authority's health surveillance scheme, which monitored symptoms remotely and communicated with them in Chinese.\n\nAs Italian infections began to take off in late February and early March, some families, many of whom retain Chinese citizenship, even began sending children to relatives in China, alarmed at the attitude and behavior of Italians around them.\n\nAnother who went into self-isolation after returning home from China was 23-year-old university student Chiara Zheng.\n\n\"I was conscious of the gravity of the situation. I felt a duty to do it for other people and those close to me.\""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像… | 聯合新聞網：最懂你的新聞網站"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["summary","udn\n 要聞\n 武漢肺炎全球燒\n \n\n \n\n \n \n Your browser does not support HTML5 Audio! 😢\n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n\n \n\n 義大利米蘭街頭醜化中國人的塗鴉。武漢肺炎疫情在歐洲各國引發公然歧視亞裔現象。（法新社）\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n武漢肺炎疫情持續在全球延燒，某些西方國家的亞裔居民因此遭受前所未見的公開歧視。\n英國BBC報導，法國到30日有5個武漢肺炎確診病例，都是來自中國大陸的遊客，並未出現本土傳染案例。但一些亞裔居民在社交媒體上抱怨，他們在路上、大眾運輸工具和社交媒體上遭到謾罵和公然歧視，英國和其他國家也傳出類似狀況。\n\n●媒體叫亞裔黃…你敢說黑人是黑禍？\n法國亞裔居民在社交媒體貼文時還用了我不是病毒（#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus）的標籤回擊。Je suis ChinoisMais je ne suis pas un virus!!Je sais que tout le monde a peur au virus, mais pas de préjugé, svp.#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus pic.twitter.com/38bUTNWj3t— Lou Chengwang (@ChengwangL) January 28, 2020 \n法國當地報社《皮卡爾信使報》（Le Courrier picard）用煽動性標題「黃色警報」（Alerte jaune）和「黃禍？」（Le péril jaune?），還配上一張戴口罩的華裔女子來報導疫情，引發強烈抗議。該報很快就道歉，表示不是故意使用某些「最差的亞裔刻板印象」。Cette leçon de racisme décomplexé vous est offerte par le @CourrierPicard #coronavirus pic.twitter.com/jhcoNmsmm5— Madjid Messaoudene (@MadjidFalastine) January 26, 2020 \n反對種族主義國際聯盟（Licra）主席尼維表示，沒有報社敢用「黑色警報」這種標題，所以這顯然是個問題。\n一名住在法國的亞裔女子陳凱西（Cathy Tran，音譯）表示，她在前往科爾馬東部城鎮工作的路上聽見兩名男子說：「小心點，那個中國女孩朝我們走過來了。」●旁邊乘客說：她會汙染我們…\n陳女士說：「我下班回家的途中，一名騎著滑板車的男子經過我，要我戴上口罩。」\n17歲的巴黎居民、擁有越南和柬埔寨血統的女子鄭莎娜（Shana Cheng，音譯）表示，她26日在巴黎的一輛公車上遭受來自男女老少的人身攻擊。她聽見一名乘客說：「那邊有個中國女人，她會汙染我們，她必須回家。」她說，人們用作嘔的表情看著她，「彷彿我是病毒」。\n鄭女士說，沒有人出面阻止這些歧視言行，所以她決定忽略那些言論並繼續聽音樂，還故意咳嗽和發出吸鼻涕的聲音，「讓他們更害怕」。武漢肺炎疫情造成全球恐慌，加拿大多倫多機場許多人戴著口罩。（美聯社）●武漢肺炎疫情為內心的歧視找到出口\n陳女士說，她對人們的反應並不訝異，這次武漢肺炎疫情只是人們展現種族歧視行為的藉口。不同的是，這次她感受到公然歧視的程度遠比過去嚴重，「我們很少聽見亞洲人談論種族歧視，因為大家都知道，我們在默默忍受。但現在我們亞裔都同樣遭受歧視，而且非常過分。」\n法籍華裔作家兼導演葛蕾斯．李（Grace Ly，音譯）形容這種敵意是刻意「打壓中國」，並煽動反亞裔仇恨，「這些城鎮被隔離，人們被孤立還要面對死亡，這是很有趣的事嗎？」\n加拿大華裔社區也擔心，SARS疫情高峰期在多倫多發生的事會重演。2002年SARS在大陸爆發，有8098人感染，造成774人死亡。當時，加拿大有438個疑似感染SARS的病例，其中44人在2003年的春季和夏季死亡。當年大部分病例都在多倫多。\n多倫多市議員和華裔社區領袖29日在記者會上敦促居民，不要因為擔心疫情，就責怪或歧視亞裔居民。加拿大多倫多唐人街街頭的民眾。（路透）●前加國總理 SARS時堅持唐人街用餐\nSARS疫情期間人們都盡量待在家，觀光業和消費產業受到重創，華裔企業和唐人街商家遭到的打擊尤其巨大，收入少了40%至80%。加拿大華人全國理事會多倫多分會執行長賈斯汀．孔說：「當時的傷害很嚴重。人們失去收入、工作，有人被迫變賣房子，還在學校和工作場合被汙名化。」\nSARS疫情最嚴重的時候，時任加拿大總理克瑞強堅持在多倫多的唐人街吃午飯，顯示沒有理由躲避亞裔商家。加拿大前總理克瑞強。（路透）\n加拿大目前有2個武漢肺炎確診病例，孔先生表示，人們仍嘗試理解武漢肺炎的影響。但他也說：「華人社區有居民擔心武漢肺炎疫情，也擔心歧視會影響我們的日常生活。這會對企業、工人、商家和社區帶來巨大影響。」 \n \n\n \n 武漢肺炎\n 霸凌\n SARS\n 社群媒體\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 邊境管制加嚴日發給中、韓的簽證9日起失效\n \n \n 日本政府6日決定為新冠肺炎防疫，採取更嚴格的邊境措施，已發給中國大陸、南韓的簽證9日0時起失效；至於原為免簽對象國的南韓... \n 2020-03-06 10:30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 英相強生高燒不退住院！能否繼續領導國政受質疑\n \n \n 衛報和CNBC報導，英國首相強生在染上新冠肺炎10天後，周日（5日）住進醫院，為包括高燒在內「持續不退」的症狀作進一步檢... \n 2020-04-06 07:27\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 西班牙再延長全國緊急狀態2周直至4月26日\n \n \n 路透報導，西班牙新冠肺炎確診人數超越義大利，累積至12萬4736例，成為歐洲染疫人數最多的國家。西國總理桑傑士表示，將再... \n 2020-04-04 20:24\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 當機立斷全面對外封鎖西班牙觀光小鎮零確診\n \n \n 西班牙疫情已淪為重災區，然而在疫情肆虐之際，南部小鎮札哈拉因及早採取全面封鎖策略，幸而無人確診。鎮長的當機立斷與居民的支... \n 2020-04-04 19:48\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 義大利傳奇鞋王Sergio Rossi疑因新冠肺炎病逝\n \n \n 新冠肺炎在義大利境內肆虐，造成多人死亡，而傳奇的義大利高級鞋履品牌創辦人Sergio Rossi也在此刻傳來病逝消息，而... \n 2020-04-03 18:49\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 歐洲疫情嚴峻西班牙病故人數破萬\n \n \n 法新社報導，西班牙當局2日表示，過去24小時暴增950起新冠肺炎死亡病例，創單日新高，病故人數也累計破萬，達10003人... \n 2020-04-02 22:43\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本擬放寬新冠病毒感染患者出院標準舒緩收治壓力\n \n \n 日本NHK報導，鑑於東京等地新冠病毒感染病例激增，日本厚生勞動省決定放寬症狀獲改善的患者的出院標準，以便醫院優先治療重症... \n 2020-04-02 16:52\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本禁台灣等73國旅客入境入境者都須隔離14天\n \n \n 日本政府致力防堵武漢肺炎疫情，首相安倍晉三今天表示，將擴大實施入境禁令，總計禁止來自台灣等73個國家和地區的旅客入境。另... \n 2020-04-01 20:59\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疫情後來居上土耳其會變成下一個義大利嗎？\n \n \n 土耳其新冠肺炎疫情增長速度驚人，累計病例數「後來居上」，已進入全球前10名。跡象顯示，疫情有達到義大利那種規模的風險，遲未下達全國禁足令的中央政府飽受批評。 \n 2020-04-01 13:17\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 桑達姆號郵輪染疫外交部：船上14名台人台僑均安\n \n \n 荷美航運公司的郵輪「桑達姆號」（Zaamdam）爆發新冠肺炎疫情，外傳船上載有約30多名台籍旅客。我外交部今天表示，經我... \n 2020-03-30 13:35\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 川普：如果能把死亡人數壓低到10萬以內就做得很好了\n \n \n 美國總統川普29日表示，美國新冠肺炎死亡率將在兩周內攀上高峰，聯邦政府發布的保持社交距離準則，將持續到今年4月30日，以... \n 2020-03-30 12:32\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 首位染疫病逝皇室成員西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐過世\n \n \n 外媒報導，西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐、人稱「紅公主」的瑪麗亞‧特蕾莎在法國巴黎因新冠肺炎病逝，享壽86歲。 \n 2020-03-27 23:12\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 共 0 則留言\n \n \n \n \n \n 張貼文章或下標籤，不得有違法或侵害他人權益之言論，違者應自負法律責任。\n 對於明知不實或過度情緒謾罵之言論，經網友檢舉或本網站發現，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。\n 對於無意義、與本文無關、明知不實、謾罵之標籤，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除標籤、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿下標籤。\n 凡「暱稱」涉及謾罵、髒話穢言、侵害他人權利，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除發言文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新冠病毒大流行：意大利布拉托市 Prato 讓全世界上了一堂課！\n\n在布拉托市2萬多名中國人(加包括非法移工，中國人約5萬人) 在意大利發生新冠病毒大流行而天氣天哭泣卻沒有1人染新冠病毒！\n而且當地意大利居民從中國人學習到標準榜樣，使該城市新冠病毒感染率是全意大利最低的！\n\nPrato 布拉托意大利中部Tuscany 的成衣城市，距佛羅蘭斯Florence 20分鐘車程，19萬居民中2萬1千名是中國人，6500家中國人經營的成衣工廠。當地有1萬名非法移工。(意大利有30萬中國藉意大利人)\n\n意大利全國新冠病毒感染率每十萬人 115例，在布拉托只有每十萬人62例\n\n意大利城市封鎖時序：\n1月31日：禁止中港奧韓航機入境\n2月21日：意北十城市封鎖\n3月8日：意北擴大封鎖\n3月21日：意大利全國封鎖\n4月4日。意大利確診11萬9千人\n\nPrato 布拉托中國人農歷新年回大陸老家過年後回布拉托就在房間自己隔離14天才見家人，出外戴口罩手套。\n\n他們在大陸親自耳聞目睹疫情嚴重性，知悉 they knew 大條事情發生了；回布拉托後把工廠商店都關閉了，自動的群體的[居家隔離]，[出門戴口罩手套]，比意大利政府提前7星期自己封鎖，也勤意大利朋友要戴口罩。他們的孩子也提前𣎴上學。\n\n8星期後今天，布拉托市的新冠病毒確診病例是全意大利最少的！橄欖油味重的意大利人終於對布拉托市中國藉意大利人另眼相看！\n\n布拉托人給全球人上課講義摘要：\n越早封鎖城市越有效！\n居家隔離14天是關鍵\nStay home 出門戴口罩手套\n\nFrom confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy\n想當時意大利總理康提1月底時説：意大利有全歐洲最嚴格的防範措施 (對抗武漢病毒🦠！\nUndetected transmissions in early stage of outbreak at heart of current difficulties 10 Mar 2020\nhttps://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy\n\nThe city of Italy is where the Chinese are getting heroic status\nhttps://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/\n\n\nFrom zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus\nSilvia Ognibene | Reuters | Florence, Italy\nJakarta / Wed, April 1, 2020\nhttps://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html\n\n\n拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像…\n2020-01-31 08\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["id","jjxk7ududeqj"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T01:50:00.863Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Why the ballpoint pen has eluded China"],["url","http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38566114"],["summary","It has sent rockets into space, produced millions of the world's smartphones and built high-speed trains. But until now, one bit of manufacturing had perhaps unexpectedly eluded China: the ballpoint pen.A year ago Premier Li Keqiang went on national television and bemoaned the failure of his country to produce a good quality version of this seemingly-simple implement.Locally-made versions felt \"rough\" compared to those from Germany, Switzerland and Japan, Mr Li complained.High precisionThe problem was not the body of the pen, but the tip - the tiny ball that dispenses ink as you write. It might be something we take for granted, but making them requires high-precision machinery and very hard, ultra-thin steel plates.Put simply, China's steel has not been good enough. And it has struggled to shape its pen tips accurately.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Li Keqiang has held a few pens in his time as Chinese Premier\n \n \n \n Without that ability, China's 3,000 penmakers have had to import this crucial component from abroad, costing the industry a reported 120m yuan ($17.3m; £14.3m) a year.But according to People's Daily, the state-owned Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co thinks it has cracked the problem, after five years of research.The first batch of 2.3-millimetre ballpoint pen tips has recently rolled off its production lines, the paper says.And once lab tests are completed, it's expected China could phase out pen tip imports completely within two years. SymbolicOn one level, whether China can make a great pen is not hugely important in the scheme of things.High-tech and innovative manufacturing lie at the heart of the central government's Made in China 2025 programme - designed to help domestic growth.Relatively low-value items, like ballpoint pens, have not been a priority. But the pen-conundrum is a symbolic one.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n European firms have dominated the ballpoint pen industry at both the top and lower ends of the market\n \n \n \n Despite producing more than half of the world's crude iron and steel, China has still heavily relied on imports for high-grade steel.It was a failing that Mr Li said highlighted the need to upgrade China's manufacturing capabilities.Different culture\"Historically, China has never been able to do precision engineering very well and the ballpoint pen is an example of that,\" says Professor George Huang, head of the University of Hong Kong's department of industrial and mechanical engineering.\"Its parts are so small and very precise, and it's not easy to solve this problem\" Precision engineering is thriving only in certain sectors such as aerospace and defence where the government has placed a high priority, says Prof Huang. Even when it comes to smartphones and computers, the high end computer chips are usually imported from Japan and Taiwan.Prof Huang says that China lacks a culture of excellence in precision engineering.He uses the Mandarin term \"fuzao\" which describes something that is not 100% solid or reliable.\"The culture is different from the Japanese and Germans,\" he says, who are known for innovation in engineering.\"We Chinese are supposed to be craftsmen, but somehow the spirit is not as good.\"Additional reporting by the BBC's Tessa Wong."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/AB57/production/_93336834_ballpointpen.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38566114"],["id","5481389976357-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-10T09:25:00.000Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_8SU6w_lKU8142Pd-hyVJRULJNF7mjehuE3om7Vc6i8c"],["name","滿足的✖東勢✖艾薇拉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Diabetes drug is promising Alzheimer's treatment after 'significantly reversing' memory loss"],["url","http://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html"],["summary","A drug developed for type 2 diabetes significantly reverses memory loss and could have potential as a new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, scientists say.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study, by UK and Chinese universities, is the first to look at a new combined diabetes drug and found improvements in several characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer’s.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lead researcher Professor Christian Holscher, from Lancaster University, said these “very promising outcomes” show multi-action drugs developed for type 2 diabetes “consistently show neurological protective effects”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Independent academics said a reduction in nerve-cell-killing protein molecules was particularly interesting and this was likely to be another avenue in the search for an elusive drug to combat dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n He has previously reported optimistic findings from an older diabetes drug, liraglutide, and clinical trials in humans are currently under way.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n This latest study, published in the journal Brain Research, looked at a “triple action” treatment that combine three different drugs for type 2 diabetes, acting on biological pathways that could also have an impact on dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n Type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for Alzhemier’s disease and impaired production of insulin – the hormone that people with diabetes don’t produce sufficiently to control their blood sugar – is linked to brain degeneration.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The identification of this link had a twofold benefit, according to charities.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It opened up new research and drug development opportunities, such as this study.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But it also means that by making lifestyle changes, like eating healthily and exercising, patients can avoid developing type-2 diabetes and lower their risk of Alzheimer’s disease as well.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n There are currently half a million people living with Alzheimer’s disease in the UK and more than five million people with diabetes, both conditions pose a major cost to the NHS, and health systems worldwide.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n The treatment in this study combined; GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, which, like insulin protect against neurological deterioration, and tested them in mice with genetic mutations that cause Alzheimer’s disease.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n After two months of daily injections the mice were shown to significantly improve their performance in a maze designed to test memory.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Treated mice also had lower levels of proteins which clump together and form plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, inhibiting nerve cells’ ability to communicate and causing them to die.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study also found these mice lost nerve cells to the disease at a slower rate and had lower levels of nerve inflammation.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It concludes that the triple treatment “holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \nThe seven Alzheimer's risk factors\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n The Alzheimer’s Society, a charity which part-funded the latest study research, said that after 15 years without a new drug for Alzheimer’s disease the promising results from these crossover treatments, which are already known to be safe for humans, are likely to bring earliest benefits.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Professor Holscher added that further tests to compare its benefits against other potential treatments, and its effects in humans were needed.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But Professor John Hardy, a professor of neuroscience, at University College London who was not involved in the trial, said the study was “a first step, at best” towards a Alzheimer’s drug for humans.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n “The results showing less amyloid deposition of amyloid in mice treated with glucagon receptor stimulating drugs is interesting,” he said.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n “However, it should be noted that several other drugs have shown positive results in mice models of Alzheimer’s disease and then failed in human trials.”\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dr David Reynolds, chief scientific officer at Alzheimer’s Research UK, echoed this, but added: “There is a long road between studies that show an effect in animals and treatments in the hands of patients, and scientists will only be able to realise the potential of promising findings like these if we continue to invest in research.”"],["topImageUrl","https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2015/04/14/21/web-alzheimers-2-alamy.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease"],["url","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596"],["summary","AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) that have anti-diabetic properties show very promising effects in animal models of AD. Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain. Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. In the present study, the effects of the TA were evaluated in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. The TA was injected once-daily (10 nmol/kg i.p.) for two months. The results showed that treatment with TA significantly reversed the memory deficit in the APP/PS1 mice in a spatial water maze test. Moreover, the drug reduced levels of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signaling molecule BAX, increased the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule Bcl-2 and enhanced the levels of BDNF, a key growth factor that protects synaptic function. Levels of synaptophysin were enhanced, demonstrating protection from synaptic loss that is observed in AD. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was furthermore enhanced as shown in the increase of doublecortin positive cells. Furthermore, TA treatment reduced the total amount of β-amyloid, reduced neuroinflammation (activated microglia and astrocytes), and oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus, these findings show that novel TAs are a promising lead for the design of future treatment strategies in AD.Previous Next KeywordsInflammationGrowth factorBDNFBrainInsulinNeurodegeneration1. IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized clinically by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and aberrant behavior [1]. Currently, there is no treatment can improve this condition. Epidemiological studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) (Luchsinger et al., 2004, Ohara et al., 2011). The underlying mechanism is most likely that insulin signaling is impaired in the brains of AD patients (Moloney et al., 2010, Talbot et al., 2012). This motivated research in drugs that have shown good effects in treating diabetes to investigate if they could be helpful in treating AD as well. Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) can play a neuroprotective role in the brain and show very promising effects in animal models of AD (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Li et al., 2010, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain (Hoosein and Gurd, 1984, Mayo et al., 2003). Activation of the receptor can activate neuronal activity and cellular Ca2+ signaling and may have neuroprotective properties (Ayush et al., 2015). Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. This novel drug has been developed as a potential treatment for diabetes (Finan et al., 2015). No studies have been published that test the neuroprotective effects of this novel drug. We therefore tested this promising TA in the APPSWE/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD. This mouse model recapitulates some of the hallmarks of AD, such as memory loss, synaptic loss, reduction of synaptic plasticity, reduction of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, chronic inflammation in the brain, and formation of amyloid plaques in the brain (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Goto et al., 2008, Hamilton et al., 2011, Hamilton and Holscher, 2012, McClean et al., 2011). We tested the effects of TA in this transgenic mouse model and evaluated the neuroprotective effects. We analyzed memory formation, hippocampal neurogenesis, the expression levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (Blurton-Jones et al., 2009), mitochondrial apoptosis signaling proteins, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress levels.2. Results2.1. TA-treatment improved the learning and memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice in the water mazeA two-way ANOVA found a significant difference between groups (p < 0.0001) and over time (p < 0.001). In the Morris water test, it was observed that the control mice, APP/PS1 mice and TA-treated APP/PS1 mice had a similar escape latency (P > 0.05). On day 5, the average escape distance in searching for the hidden platform in the APP/PS1 mice was significantly longer than that in the control mice (P < 0.05). Compared to the APP/PS1 group, the TA-treated APP/PS1 group’s average escape distance was decreased (P < 0.01). There was no difference in swimming speed among these three groups in training days (P > 0.05).Then on day 6, the platform was removed and the probe trail test was conducted. A one way ANOVA analysis showed an overall difference between groups. The APP/PS1 mice spent less time in the target quadrant (P < 0.01) and had fewer times passing through the original position of the hidden platform (P < 0.01), compared with control mice. In the TA-treated APP/PS1 group, the time spent in target quadrant (P < 0.05) and the frequencies to cross the platform significantly increased (P < 0.05), compared to the APP/PS1 group Fig. 1.Download high-res image (302KB)Download full-size imageFig. 1. The novel TA improved the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice in the spatial water maze task. (A) The escape latency and swimming speed in the training trails. (B) The percentage of time in target quadrant and crossing platform times in the probe trials. The circle indicates the position of the platform during acquisition (C) Representative swimming tracks of the probe trial. * = P < .05, ** = P < .01 compared to the control group, ## = P < .01, # = P < .05 compared to the APP/PS1 group; Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests.2.2. TA-treatment ameliorated amyloid plaques in the brains of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, we analyzed the amount of amyloid plaques present in the brains of APP-PS1 mice. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the amyloid deposits in the cortex (F = 31.10, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 30.38, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The Aβ1-42 depositions in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased the deposition (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 2.Download high-res image (211KB)Download full-size imageFig. 2. TA treatment reduced amyloid deposits in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.3. TA-treatment reduced the chronic inflammation response in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-GFAP antibody was used as an indication of activated astrocytes. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the GFAP expression in the cortex (F = 77.03, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 86.51, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of GFAP in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 3.Download high-res image (362KB)Download full-size imageFig. 3. TA-treatment reduced the number of GFAP positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA. Scale bar in image D: 50μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained astroglia. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-IBA1 antibody was used as an indication of microglia activation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the IBA-1 expression in the cortex (F = 28.71, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 66.42, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of IBA-1 in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 4.Download high-res image (347KB)Download full-size imageFig. 4. TA treatment reversed the increase of IBA-1 positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained microglia. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.4. TA-treatment suppressed oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of APP /PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, 4-HNE was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the 4-HNE expression in the cortex (F = 60.60, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 35.22, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 4-HNE in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5a.Download high-res image (397KB)Download full-size imageFig. 5. Oxidative stress was reduced by the TA. 5A. TA-treatment reduced the increase of 4-HNE levels in the cortex and hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with controls; ###=P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. 5B. TA treatment reduced the increase of 8-OHdG levels in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures ***post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, 8-OHdG was measured as an indicator of DNA oxidation. A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the 8-OHdG expression in the cortex (F = 38.72, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 56.60, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 8-OHdG in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5b.2.5. TA-treatment increased immature neurons in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, numbers of neurogenesis, assessed by doublecortin (DCX). A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the DCX positive cell in the dentate gyrus (F = 43.61, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The numbers of DCX were much reduced in the APP/PS1 mice (P < 0.001) compared to the control mice. While TA-treatment partially prevented the reduction (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 mice. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 6.Download high-res image (169KB)Download full-size imageFig. 6. TA-treatment enhanced neurogenesis and increased numbers of DCX positive cell numbers in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice. A: control group; B: APP/PS1 group; C: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image A: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.6. TA-treatment reversed the decrease of BDNF levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 miceBDNF, a key neurotrophic factor in the brain, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.01, P < 0.001). The expression of BDNF in hippocampus was reduced in APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. TA-treatment reversed the decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7a.Download high-res image (304KB)Download full-size imageFig. 7. A) TA-treatment increased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001compared with the control group; # = P < .05 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. B) TA-treatment increased levels of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ## = P < .01 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. C) TA-treatment increased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.7. TA-treatment reversed the reduction of synaptophysin levelsSynaptophysin (SYN), a synaptic markers, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.46, P < 0.001). The level of SYN in hippocampus was decreased in the APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment prevent the reduction (P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7b.2.8. TA-treatment showed potential anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in APP/PS1 miceThe expression of apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 (that suppress apoptosis) and BAX (that promotes apoptosis), was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 77.64, P < 0.001). The ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in hippocampus was increased (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment partly decreased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7c.3. DiscussionThe results demonstrate for the first time that the novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist has clear neuroprotective effects in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Memory formation in the spatial water maze task was improved by the drug, and the amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus was reduced. This result confirms our previous findings that single GLP-1 or GIP analogues can protect from memory loss in this mouse model of AD (Faivre and Holscher, 2013a, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). The chronic inflammation response as seen in the activation of microglia and astrocytes is much reduced by the novel TA, similar to single GLP-1 or GIP receptor agonists (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Ji et al., 2016a, McClean et al., 2011). Levels of the peroxidized lipid 4-HNE that also acts as a pro-apoptotic signal in mitochondria have been reduced by the TA. 4-HNE is one of the markers of membrane lipid peroxidation induced by cytotoxic radicals such as OH. 4-HNE has cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic properties and 4-HNE is reported to stimulate apoptosis via caspase 3 activation and by inducing mitochondrial damage as shown in cytochrome c release (Ji et al., 2001). The levels of the mitochondrial apoptosis signal BAX (Kim et al., 2005) were also reduced. Importantly, the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) which is active in functioning mitochondria that have normal inner membrane voltage potentials (Kavitha et al., 2013) is upregulated by the TA, adding to the neuroprotective effect. The level of chronic oxidative stress as measure by the levels of the oxidized nucleotide 8-Hydroxiguanosine (8-OHdG) was also reduced by the drug. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was normalized. Importantly, the levels of the key growth factor BDNF were normalized in the brain. BDNF has shown clear neuroprotective effects in a range of animal models of disease (Allen et al., 2013, Benedetti et al., 2014, Blurton-Jones et al., 2009, Nagahara et al., 2013). An important factor of BNDF activity is that it maintains synaptic activity and protects synapses from stressors (Kuipers and Bramham, 2006). The observation that the synaptic marker synaptophysin was expressed at normal levels after TA treatment also indicates that synaptic numbers and function was improved in the AD mouse. We have shown previously that GLP-1 and GIP analogues protect synapses from amyloid induced stress and keeps them functional (Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Gault and Holscher, 2008a, Gault and Holscher, 2008b, McClean and Holscher, 2014).Recently, multiple receptor agonists have been developed to treat type II diabetes (Finan et al., 2013, Finan et al., 2015). We have tested novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists that showed good neuroprotective effects that are superior to single GLP-1 analogues (Cao et al., 2016, Jalewa et al., 2017, Ji et al., 2016b, Yuan et al., 2017). The novel dual agonist DA3-CH was found to be superior to liraglutide in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (Yuan et al., 2017), demonstrating that the strategy of activating more than one incretin receptor type offers an advantage over single receptor agonists. Here, we show that a novel triple receptor agonist also shows promise as a potential treatment for AD, but further dose–response tests and direct comparisons with other drugs have to be conducted in order to evaluate if this new drug is superior to previous ones.GLP-1, GIP and glucagon are members of the growth factor family (Hölscher, 2016). Their respective receptors are classic 7-membrane spanning domain, G-protein coupled receptors that activate cAMP synthesis (Campbell and Drucker, 2013, Doyle and Egan, 2007, Holst et al., 2011). The activation of the second messenger cascade cAMP-PKA-CREB induces a number of cytoprotective processes, including the normalization of energy utilization, cell repair and growth-factor related gene expression (Holscher, 2014, Jalewa et al., 2016, Perry and Greig, 2004, Sharma et al., 2013). Importantly, GLP-1 and GIP also have anti-inflammatory properties. Astroglia and microglia express the receptors, and activating these reduce the inflammation response (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Jalewa et al., 2017, Parthsarathy and Holscher, 2013, Spielman et al., 2017). Chronic inflammation is a main driver of neurodegenerative disorders, and a reduction of the inflammation in the brain shows protective effects (Akiyama et al., 2000, Clark et al., 2012, Lee et al., 2010).Based on the impressive preclinical data that demonstrate neuroprotection of such drugs, clinical trials have started that investigate the neuroprotective effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 (Byetta, Bydureon®) and liraglutide (Victoza®) in patients with AD or with Parkinson disease (PD). A pilot study testing the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in AD patients showed promising results. In a double blind, placebo controlled trial, AD patients showed no deterioration in brain activity as measured in the 18FDG-PET scan after 12 months of drug treatment. In contrast, the placebo group showed clear reductions in cortical activity as expected for this progressive neurodegenerative disease (Gejl et al., 2016). A phase II clinical trial is currently ongoing (Hölscher, 2016). A pilot trial testing exendin-4 in PD patients has shown good effects (NCT01174810). This open-label study tested the effects of exendin-4 in 45 patients. There were clear improvements in the motor coordination as shown in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment, and cognition was improved as measured by the Mattis DRS-2 test battery that had been designed to evaluate cognitive impairments in PD patients (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2013). Patients were re-tested 12 months later, and the differences in motor performance and cognitive scores were still visible (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2014). A phase II double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial that tested the once-weekly formulation of exendin-4, Bydureon®, confirmed the results of the pilot study. The drug group did not deteriorate in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment after 48 weeks of treatment, and after 12 weeks of a wash-out period, the disease-modifying effect was still visible. In contrast, the placebo group deteriorated over time as would be expected in this disease (Athauda et al., 2017). In addition, a phase II trial testing liraglutide in PD patients has started, testing patients in a double blind, placebo controlled trial for one year (NCT02953665). A further clinical trial testing the GLP-1 receptor agonist Lixisenatide in PD patients is in planning.These very promising preclinical and the first clinical outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of these novel multiple receptor agonists that originally were developed to treat type II diabetes, but have shown consistent neuroprotective effects in several studies. In the present study, the novel TA improved learning and memory, reduce amyloid plaque load, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial stress signaling, and improved BDNF release and synaptic markers while normalising neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. The novel triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.4. Materials and methods4.1. Peptide and chemicalsThe triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg used in this study was synthesized by China Peptides Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China) to 95% purity. The identity and purity of the peptide was confirmed by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized using matrix assisted laser resorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry. The peptide was stored in dry form and dissolved in double-distilled water containing 0.9% NaCl2 before experiments. A Bi-cinchoninicacid (BCA) protein assay kit was purchased from Apply gen Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was purchased from ZSGB-BIO Co. (Beijing, China). The primary antibodies recognizing Aβ1-42, IBA-1, BDNF, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), synaptophysin (SYN) and β-actin were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The primary antibody GFAP, Bcl-2, and BAX were obtained from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). The primary antibody doublecortin (DCX) buy from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG, biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG, avidinbiotin peroxidase complex reagent was purchased from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). All other reagents used in the research were of analytical grade and of the highest quality commercially available. The peptide sequence was as follows (Finan et al., 2015):HXQGTFTSDKSKYLDERAAQDFVQWLLDGGPSSGAPPPSX = aminoisobutyric acid, K = γE-C16 acylation (with a C16 fatty acid).4.2. Animals and treatmentsAPP/PS1 transgenic mice were purchased from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS, China), were maintained in a constant temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and humidity (relative 30%) under a 12 h light/dark cycle in animal house. As well as age-matched non-AD mice, which are wild-type animals as control. When animals were 6 months of age, TA was dissolved in saline. The dose was a once-daily injection of 10 nmol/kg body weight ip. for two months. Injections were given in the morning (8:00 am). Control mice received equal volumes of saline solution. All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of Shanxi Medical University and conform to the guidelines of National Institute of Health (NIH) guideline (NIH publication No. 85-23. Revised 1985). They were divided into three different groups (n = 12). (i): control group treated with saline only; (ii): APP/PS1 group treated with saline only; (iii): APP/PS1 group treated with TA. At the end of drug treatments, measurements of behavioral change, neuronal damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted.4.3. Morris water maze testThe water maze test is a standard method for assessing learning and memory in animals. The water maze (WM) task was performed 5 days after two months intraperitoneal injection. The apparatus was a circular, white painted pool (150 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height) which was filled to a depth of 40 cm with warm water at a temperature 23 ± 2 °C to avoid hypothermia, and was surrounded by a white curtain around the pool. The pool was divided into four quadrants with four starting locations, north (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W), the starting quadrant was randomly chosen. A perspex platform (diameter, 10 cm) was located in a specific location during the acquisition trials and submerged approximately 1.0 cm below the surface of the water. A video camera was mounted directly above the pool to record the movement and the trail of the mice. During the acquisition phase, each mouse was subjected to four consecutive training trials on each day. The mouse was gently placed in the water between the quadrants, and allowed 60 s to search the hidden platform. If it failed to find the platform within 60 s, it was guided to the platform and allowed to remain there for 10 s. Training continued for 5 days. On the sixth day, the hidden platform was removed and each mouse was allowed to swim in the pool for 60 s. The mean time spent in all four quadrants and the target area for searching the hidden platform was recorded.4.4. Brain tissue preparationHalf of the animals were decapitated after anesthetization with ethyl carbamate, hippocampus tissues were immediately isolated and stored at −80 °C for further investigations. The second half of each group was used for immunohistochemistry analysis. Animals were perfused intracardially with saline and cold 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h.4.5. ImmunohistochemistryFor DAB staining, fixed tissues were embedded in paraffin. Coronal sections (5 μm thick) of the brains were cut on a Leica microtome for immunohistochemistry. Paraffin was removed from the tissue sections with xylene, and the sections were rehydrated in graded ethanol solutions. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating in 10 mmol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 min. After blocked with 5% BSA, sections were incubated with the primary antibody for doublecortin (goat anti-DCX; 1:50), GFAP (rabbit anti-GFAP; 1:100), IBA-1 (goat anti-IBA1; 1:200), 4-Hydroxynonenal antibody (goat anti-4 HNE; 1:200) and anti-8 Hydroxyguanosine antibody (goat anti-8 OHdG; 1:200) at 37 °C for 2 h. For the Anti-8 OHdG histology, enzymatic antigen retrieval with 10 μm/ml proteinase K for 40 min at 37 °C was performed. To detect amyloid deposits, the primary antibody was Aβ1-42 (rabbit anti-Aβ1-42; 1:100), brain sections were pre-incubated with 70% formic acid and incubated at 4 °C for 24 h. They were rinsed in PBS and incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG or biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG at 37 °C for 0.5 h and incubated with the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex reagent at 37 °C for 0.5 h. Samples were stained in DAB solution in the presence of H2O2. All stained sections were viewed and photographed under a Zeiss light microscope, and images were captured by Motic Images Plus2.0ML software. The numbers of DCX positive neurons, the areas of Aβ1-42, GFAP, IBA-1, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG positive cells were determined using Image-pro plus6.0 software. The software counts objects that are defined in size and staining threshold by the user. This automated process avoided user bias.4.6. Western blotThe hippocampal tissues from mice was homogenized in ice cold RIPA buffer (containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% deoxycholate) and PMSF (phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride). The homogenate was centrifuged 12,000 rpm/min for 5 min at 4 °C before taking the supernatant. Tissue containing 60 μg of protein was separated on 10–12% gradient Bis–Tris gel with molecular marker and electrophoresed in running buffer at 120 mV for 90 min followed by transfer to the PVDF membrane. Following protein transfer, the membrane was washed in TBST (tris buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20, pH 8) and blocked in 5% skim milk for 1 h. Then incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit anti-synaptophysin (SYN) (1:10,000), rabbit anti-Bcl-2 (1:400), rabbit anti-BAX (1:400), rabbit anti-BDNF (1:5000), after three washes in TBS further incubation for 2 h at room temperature with the HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (1:5000). In some cases, the blots were stripped and reprobed with a rabbit anti-β-actin (1:5000) to ensure equal sample loading. The bound antibodies were then visualized by ECL-enhanced chemiluminescence (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blot images were captured with a chemiluminescent imaging system (Sage Creation, Beijing, China). All bands were quantified using the image system of Alpha View SA.4.7. Statistical analysisThe data were presented as the mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M.) and analyzed by one-way or two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test using the software Prism 5 (Graph Pad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical significance is defined as P < 0.05.ContributorsJT, WL and YL conducted the experiments, LL and CH conceived the experiment and wrote the manuscript.AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Shanxi Province [(2010)255], by a Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, and supported by a grant from the Alzheimer Society UK. The authors declare no conflict of interestAppendix A. Supplementary dataReferencesAkiyama et al., 2000H. Akiyama, S. Barger, S. Barnum, B. Bradt, J. Bauer, G.M. Cole, N.R. Cooper, P. Eikelenboom, M. Emmerling, B.L. Fiebich, C.E. Finch, S. Frautschy, W.S. Griffin, H. Hampel, M. Hull, G. Landreth, L. Lue, R. Mrak, I.R. Mackenzie, P.L. McGeer, M.K. O'Banion, J. 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HölscherA novel GLP-1/GIP dual agonist is more effective than liraglutide in reducing inflammation and enhancing GDNF release in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."],["topImageUrl","https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0006899317X0022X-cov150h.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","阿茲海默症(Alzheimer’s disease)疾病對於病人及家屬皆會帶來很大的影響，然而至目前為止，疾病的發生機轉及可能的治療方式卻仍在研究階段。《Cell Reports》日前刊登中國山西醫科大學(Shanxi Medical University)的最新發表，研究團隊表示，原先發展用來治療糖尿病的特定藥物，有機會反轉阿茲海默症的記憶喪失症狀。第二型糖尿病已知為阿茲海默症的風險因子之一，其病程會影響到胰島素的分泌，而在過去的研究中亦曾發現，這個影響人體血糖調節的荷爾蒙，其分泌不足可能與大腦的退化情形有關。本篇研究中，作者發現結合第二型糖尿病的特定藥物，可能改善數項阿茲海默症的獨特病徵。作者表示，這項研究發現，有助於未來發展阿茲海默症及其它神經退化疾病的新治療方法。\n \n新聞出處：Alzheimer's treatment: Diabetes drug holds promise for fighting disease after 'significantly reversing' memory loss《Independent》\nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html\n研究刊登在《Cell Reports》第1678卷第64-74頁\nhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596\n "],["id","AWEET-BFyCdS-nWhunGr"],["createdAt","2018-01-17T13:29:59.107Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_TNx8Po1tzuAiHXSQyraUToQPsZDNiaE3hHn7GpTisr8"],["name","友善的坪林費滋"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Coronavirus: China orders its citizen to give up meat, become Vegetarian"],["url","https://www.theyouth.in/2020/02/01/coronavirus-china-orders-its-citizen-to-give-up-meat-become-vegetarian/"],["summary","Everyone is aware of the fact that Coronavirus is spreading across China and the world quickly. By far, the virus has affected over 11,800 people and the global death toll has risen to at least 250.\n\n\n\nNow, the Government of China has urged its people to give up non-veg because scientists believe that eating slaughtered animals’ flesh may be the cause of the disease. The virus is believed to have spread from animals to humans. \n\n\n\nOne research from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that more than 75% of emerging diseases originate in animals. Experts believe that the dangerous virus might have originated in a market in Wuhan, China, where humans have direct contact with live animals and animal flesh. So far, many dangerous viruses have originated in animals such as the new coronavirus, SARS, bird flu, and more.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a global health emergency. Coronavirus has become a major concern for China affecting thousands of people in the country. President Xi Jinping urged people to stop eating meat which is the main cause of deadly disease. He encouraged them to become vegetarian. \n\n\n\nThe virus is quickly spreading across the globe affecting thousands of people in China. Now, Chinese President Xi Jinping has asked Army personnel to control the spread of coronavirus that has killed 213 people in the country so far. Jinping’s call to the military comes at a time when the deadly virus is spreading from state to state and has infected thousands of people so far. Amid fears, China has imposed travel restrictions that have affected the movement of over 56 million people in over a dozen cities.\n\n\n\nSeveral countries including India, Canada, United States and others have started evacuating their citizens from Wuhan, the epicentre of the deadly virus. India is already working on evacuating its citizens from China’s Wuhan.\n\n\n\nAccording to the latest report, the first positive case of Novel Coronavirus patient has been reported in Kerala. The patient was a student of Wuhan University in China. \n\n\n\nSource Navbharat Times"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","中國政府呼籲停止肉食以解決新型冠狀病毒問題\nhttps://www.theyouth.in/2020/02/01/coronavirus-china-orders-its-citizen-to-give-up-meat-become-vegetarian/"],["id","1o7r9wtrc38yi"],["createdAt","2020-02-03T07:48:05.739Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s-edTXPzIgWtyOG8MYSxOYwF3KlGNPV7dQv4LroFUuU"],["name","儉樸的六腳奧德莉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years"],["url","https://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["summary","In January 2020, Taiwan will hold elections for its president and legislature. Campaigning for the presidency has long since commenced, and the prosperity of Taiwan's economy and the continuance of democratic freedoms might depend on whether voters will give President Tsai Ing-wen another four years or elect Kuomintang (KMT) candidate Han Kuo-yu.\nThe electoral campaign has entered a crucial moment; the developments of the farce of the Communist Spy Case became the talk of the town in Taiwan. Its dramatic developments have exceeded the tension of a \"farce of espionage,\" making people associate it with the Bullet Gate Shooting Incident Case of 2004.\nThe Tsai government is indeed forcefully playing the anti-China card. With the catalysis of the protests and demonstrations over the extradition bill, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, in Hong Kong, it has all the more been pandering \"a sense of losing one’s country,\" while commenting here and there on the Hong Kong question. Thus, it is being considered by the other side of the Strait as \"external forces\" on a par with the United States. Cross-Strait relations will be destined to further deteriorate, and Taiwan's economy and democracy will be in the doldrums as a result.\nFirst, let's scrutinize Taiwan's economic relationship with China. Since the Tsai government came to office, it has restricted cross-Strait investments, coupled with the New Southward Policy, proclaiming to reduce economic reliance on China, but after implementing the policies for close to four years, the effect is zero, as the reliance of Taiwan’s exports on China has inversely increased to 41 percent. As seen from this, Tsai’s plan to use political force for reducing the reliance of Taiwan's economy on China can never succeed. The pragmatic approach is to handle cross-Strait relations properly, never allowing the economy to be impacted by negative cross-Strait ties.\nCertain fundamentalist faction members believe the international trade war will devastate China's economy, thus delinking Taiwan’s economy with that of China. However, this kind of thing will not happen because the structure of China’s economy has changed, with exports occupying less than 20 percent of GDP, and exports to the United States occupying 20 percent of the entire export volume, coupled with the fact that large scale economies themselves have greater room for maneuvering. Therefore, although the trade war is impactful, it won’t devastate China’s economy.\nConversely, in the unlikely event that China’s economy really collapsed, it would truly be a disaster for Taiwan’s economy, because Taiwan’s economy is destined to rely on China’s economy. The scales of the cross-Strait economies are 20 to 1; China’s market occupies 40 percent of Taiwan’s exports, while Taiwan enjoys a trade surplus of more than US$80 billion. If a similar trade war should occur across the Strait, there is no doubt whatsoever that the Taiwan economy would immediately be mired in decline, while the effect on China would be minimal.\nSecondly, we need to recognize that Taiwan's democracy is worth defending. Today, the existing Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba and North Korea. These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building toward the establishment of socialism in their countries and utilizing the evil tactics of democracy to realize political objectives. If the Taiwanese people could not see through the Tsai's government despicable political approaches, they would quickly become subjects of existing Communist states, regretting in the end, but too late. \nPeople might doubt that today’s Taiwan, under the rule of the Tsai government, though with rampant political patronage and abuses of power, should still be a democratic society, which after all could be similar to the communist states. In fact, a democratic system relies on the esteem of the participants and self-restraint; otherwise, various kinds of distortions and abuses would erode the democratic spirit, leaving it in an empty shell. The original spirit of Taiwan’s evolving democratic system has long been hollowed out, step by step, by the Tsai government, devoid of democratic culture.\nThe democratic system relies on the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with checks and balances amongst them, plus the preservative represented by the oversight of the media and public opinion. However, in its three and a half years of governance, Tsai, nevertheless, has blatantly, through the grasp of the Supreme Court, the Grand Justices and the Central Election Commission, firmly controlled “judicial power” in her hand. In addition, through various types of monetary means, the absolute majority of important media outlets have been one-sidedly slanted towards the ruling party, all day long scrutinizing and criticizing the opposition parties in violation of the normal state of democracy, causing the virtual “succumbing” of the media.\nBecause the Tsai government’s massive electioneering practices through issuing “attractive policies” have befuddled the Taiwanese people’s vision—just like Communist states’ march toward dictatorship—the general public may be bought by these short-sighted policies and elect a president and majority of legislators of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) affiliation. If this occurs, then Tsai will take a further step to firmly grasp the Executive Yuan and legislative power, meaning the so-called \"four powers of democracy\" will entirely belong to Tsai. According to the experiences of the past few years, Tsai will substantively terminate Taiwan’s democratic system.\nFor the electoral campaign, the Tsai government has been publicizing that Taiwan's economy is performing extremely well, but in reality, the situation is absolutely not as the Tsai government has said. This year, Taiwan’s export growth rate is negative, and private sector investments are in the doldrums, with its a little over 2 percent growth rate belonging to the lower bracket growth. In the cross-Strait economic race, Taiwan has lost; in order to sustain growth, it should seek complementarity with China’s economy. To win the election, Tsai is using cross-Strait relations as a sacrificial offering; in fact, it is using the future of Taiwan’s economy as a burial sacrifice.\nSince Tsai took complete control of the government, she has thoroughly used her powers to the extreme, concentrating power in the name of democracy. In the forthcoming general elections, she has been exhausting all means to safeguard her political powers. Under the atmospherics of \"hating the DPP\" permeating society last year, the DPP suffered heavy setbacks; however, facing electoral defeat, she did not stop using anti-China rhetoric, but conversely used it as the strongest medicine, even dispensing the maximum dosage at the crucial moment of the electoral campaign, catalyzing the public’s Sinophobic sentiments in order to help preserve political power. \nOver the past several months, national security agencies have repeatedly released news about \"China’s interference in elections\"; now the time has arrived, verily a veritable human spy has appeared before our eyes, and does so through an international connection format. How fantastic! \"Cutting the throat of one’s political foe to the end” has always been the DPP's approach to election campaigning and through these approaches, it has accumulated many successes. However, this time, by tossing out a fraudster communist spy, whether it could harvest the intended shocking and intimidating effect, all depends on whether the public would take the bait.\nTaiwan is now situated in a critical moment: Are we going to allow Tsai to further grasp the executive and legislative powers, and then, through various chilling effects, allow the natural duty of oversight on the part of the opposition parties to encounter suppression and withering, creating one-party rule, or should we make Tsai step down, allowing cross-Strait exchanges and reconciliation, thus winning the opportunity for mutual respect and joint development? The voters must not give Tsai four more years.\nKent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.\nImage: Reuters."],["topImageUrl","https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/main_images/RTS2LY2C%20%281%29_0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國人風向變了!?\n傳遞特殊訊息!?\n\n經查證\n美國The National Interest官網\n轉載～～～\n\n5日剛出刊的美國國家利益期刊\n標題就是\n台灣不可以讓蔡連任四年\n\nhttps://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["id","2ur7b3otw74jg"],["createdAt","2020-01-07T10:54:53.580Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_q2hAkxKvYw4TKym3u_YXuzDAxHEIohixD4Tm8jqyUG0"],["name","虛懷若谷的平鎮阿娜絲塔西夏"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US and Russian warships nearly collide in the Pacific"],["url","https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/07/politics/us-russia-navy-near-collision-intl/index.html"],["summary","(CNN)The United States and Russian navies are at odds over an apparent near collision in the Pacific Friday with each side blaming the other. The US and Russian warships came somewhere between 50 feet and 165 feet of each other, according to the two opposing reports, with both sides alleging their ships were forced to perform emergency maneuvers to avoid a collision, which can be seen in video and a picture of the event obtained by CNN.In the video taken from the American ship, the two ships come so close that Russian sailors can be seen appearing to sunbathe on the stern of their vessel.\"A Russian destroyer .... made an unsafe maneuver against USS Chancellorsville, closing to 50-100 feet, putting the safety of her crew and ship at risk,\" US Navy spokesman Cmdr. Clayton Doss told CNN in a statement.\"This unsafe action forced Chancellorsville to execute all engines back full and to maneuver to avoid collision,\" Doss said.This latest incident comes just days after the US Navy accused Russia of intercepting a US aircraft and amid tensions with Moscow on a wide range of geopolitical issues. Last month, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo met Russian Vladimir Putin in the resort town of Sochi, where he warned Russia about interfering in US elections, taking a tougher public line than President Donald Trump on the issue.It also comes at a time of increasing cooperation between China and Russia. After a meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the Kremlin Wednesday, Russian leader Vladimir Putin said relations between the two countries have reached an \"unprecedented level.\" Russia's geopolitical views align with those of China on many international and regional issues, Putin added.Both leaders agreed that there is no alternative to a peaceful solution on the Korean Peninsula. They discussed joint efforts to resolve the crisis in Syria and attempts to stabilize the situation in Venezuela, he said.Xi called the Russian President \"a friend,\" and reiterated Putin's view, saying that \"our cooperation is based on mutual trust.\"Acting Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan told reporters Friday that he is concerned about the safety of sailors following the \"unsafe and unprofessional\" incident and said the US will engage the Russians in \"military to military\" talks to convey a formal diplomatic message of concern, known as a démarche, to Moscow.\"We'll have military to military conversations with the Russians and of course we'll démarche them. To me its safety that is most important. It will not deter us when conducting our operations,\" he said before greeting Greek Minister of National Defence Evangelos Apostolakis to the Pentagon. 'Unsafe and unprofessional'The US guided-missile cruiser was traveling in a straight line and trying to recover its helicopter when the incident occurred, he said.\"We consider Russia's actions during this interaction as unsafe and unprofessional,\" Doss said.CNN obtained the video and picture of the event after a US official told CNN earlier that the Navy was working to declassify images to dispute the Russian narrative that the US was at fault.Two navy officials tell CNN the Russian wake in the photo could only come from a steep turn that has to be executed at high speed.\"The wakes suggest the Russian ship didn't adhere to either the rules of the road or the incidents at sea agreement,\" according to Carl Schuster, a retired US Navy captain and former director of operations at the US Pacific Command's Joint Intelligence Center.International maritime law requires ships to maintain a safe distance, normally interpreted as 1,000 yards, when passing another. It also requires navies not to interfere with another ship conducting flight operations, he said.The US account was contradicted by Russia's Pacific Fleet, which claimed it was the US ship that instigated the incident, according to comments carried by the state-run RIA-Novosti news agency.\"When moving (on) parallel courses of a detachment of ships of the Pacific Fleet and a carrier group of the US Navy, the cruiser Chancellorsville suddenly changed its direction and crossed within 50 meters of the Admiral Vinogradov,\" forcing the Russian destroyer to take emergency evasive action, the RIA-Novosti report said. The US Navy said the incident occurred in the Philippine Sea while the Russian report said it happened in the East China Sea. The boundary between the two bodies of water is the Senakaku Islands (also known as the Diaoyu islands in China), to the south of Japan and east of Taiwan.Regardless, the incident occurred in international waters and unusually far away from Russia, Schuster said.\"The Russians normally harass our ships when they are operating in waters the Russian consider to be within their sphere of Influence (Black Sea, Barents Sea and the waters off Vladivostok,\" said Schuster, who spent 12 years at sea on US warships.Sending a message?Retired rear admiral and CNN military analyst John Kirby added that the timing of the encounter is also noteworthy as it coincides with Xi's visit to Moscow. \"Clearly this sends a strong message to President Xi, from Putin's perspective, that we are on your team,\" Kirby told CNN's Jim Sciutto. \"We have seen the Russians and Chinese cooperate increasingly ... when it suits their interests,\" he said, adding that the two countries participated in a major military exercise together just last year.But at the end of the day, both Kirby and Schuster said that Friday's incident was primarily about sending a message to the US. \"Putin clearly has ordered the Russian Navy to pressure the USN whenever opportunities exist. It may possibly be a show of political support for China while Xi is in Moscow, but more likely to signal that Russia is willing to challenge the US dominance on the world stage and at sea,\" Schuster said.On Tuesday, the US accused Russia of intercepting a US aircraft flying in international airspace over the Mediterranean Sea three times in just under three hours.The second of the three interactions \"was determined to be unsafe\" due to the Russian aircraft \"conducting a high speed pass directly in front of the mission aircraft, which put our pilots and crew at risk,\" the US Navy said.The Russian aircraft was armed and passed about 150 feet directly in front of the US plane, according to two US officials.The Russian military disputed the US Navy's characterization of the intercept as unsafe.\"All flights of Russian aircraft were carried out in accordance with the international rules for the use of airspace,\" the Russian Ministry of Defense told reporters Wednesday. \"There were no questions or complaints from the American center of flight deconfliction line in Syria to the Russian command.\"Still, US officials argue that Friday's incident in the Philippine Sea and Tuesday's encounter over the Mediterranean Sea are evidence of a larger pattern of Russian misbehavior.\"The behavior by the Captain of the Russian destroyer in the Philippine Sea was irresponsible and reckless. This unwise maneuver, combined with the unsafe maneuvers by the Russian aircraft in the eastern Mediterranean earlier this week, make it clear that these dangerous actions by Russian military forces across the globe do not match what the world expects from a responsible and trustworthy world power,\" Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson said Friday in a tweet. \"The US Navy will not be deterred from supporting the free and open use of the seas and skies where international law clearly allows all to operate,\" he added. CNN's Mary Ilyushina contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/190607073240-us-navy-russia-destroyer-incident-super-tease.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","我不知道台灣媒體報不報導？\n\n為了答謝習近平博士對俄羅斯的友好訪問，俄羅斯驅逐艦昨天就在釣魚台附近為中國強力驅逐美國導彈驅逐艦。\n\n地點敏感，CNN也不明說，但播出實況影片，兩艦最近距離少於100碼，俄艦是橫衝上來急轉彎，美艦直航到被逼成雙俥退5，並立刻轉向。美國軍方強烈表態要求進行軍事談判，俄國不理，並公開宣稱就是支持中國對付美艦在中國的東海橫行霸道。\n\nhttps://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/07/politics/us-russia-navy-near-collision-intl/index.html"],["id","xomtsd1r16kz"],["createdAt","2019-06-12T02:33:14.185Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s6srJ0EX4cwLT9JCTACtyoYDt7dz_fb7DmZACYdDh_E"],["name","反應快的歸仁克萊得"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Hong Kong-China extradition plans explained"],["url","https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723"],["summary","Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Critics fear the proposed amendments will expose anyone in Hong Kong to China's flawed justice system\n \n \n \n Hong Kong is set to push ahead with a highly controversial plan to allow extraditions to mainland China, despite mass protestsThe government argues the proposed amendments will \"plug the loopholes\" so that the city would not be a safe haven for criminals. But critics say those in the former British colony would be exposed to China's deeply flawed justice system, and it would lead to further erosion of the city's judicial independence.Hundreds of thousands of people have protested against the bill, which is widely opposed.Hong Kong's leader Carrie Lam has refused to scrap it and is pushing for the amendments to be passed before July.What are the changes?The changes will allow for extradition requests from authorities in mainland China, Taiwan and Macau for suspects accused of criminal wrongdoings, such as murder and rape. The requests will then be decided on a case-by-case basis. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Reuters\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Hong Kong is part of China but has its own judicial system\n \n \n \n Several commercial offences such as tax evasion have been removed from the list of extraditable offences amid concerns from the business community. Hong Kong officials have said Hong Kong courts will have the final say whether to grant such extradition requests, and suspects accused of political and religious crimes will not be extradited.The government has sought to reassure the public with some concessions, including promising to only hand over fugitives for offences carrying maximum sentences of at least seven years. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Hundreds of thousands of people have rallied against the bill\n \n \n \n Why is this controversial? There has been a lot of public opposition, and critics say people would be subject to arbitrary detention, unfair trial and torture under China's judicial system. \"The proposed changes to the extradition laws will put anyone in Hong Kong doing work related to the mainland at risk,\" said Sophie Richardson of Human Rights Watch in a statement. \"No one will be safe, including activists, human rights lawyers, journalists, and social workers.\"Lam Wing Kee, a Hong Kong bookseller said he was abducted and detained in China in 2015 for selling books critical of Chinese leaders and charged with \"operating a bookstore illegally\". \"If I don't go, I will be extradited,\" Mr Lam said during a recent protest against the bill. \"I don't trust the government to guarantee my safety, or the safety of any Hong Kong resident.\"In late April, Mr Lam fled Hong Kong and moved to Taiwan where he was granted a temporary residency visa.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Scuffles broke out among Hong Kong lawmakers during deliberation of the controversial amendment\n \n \n \n Who opposes the proposal in Hong Kong?Opposition against the law is widespread, with groups from all sections of society - ranging from lawyers to schools to house wives - having voiced their criticism or started petitions against the changes.Organisers estimate that one million people took part in a march against the bill on Sunday, although police put the figure at 240,000 at its peak.If the organisers' estimate is confirmed as correct, it would be the largest demonstration in Hong Kong since the territory was handed over to China by the British in 1997.Earlier this month, 3,000 lawyers, prosecutors, law students and academics marched in silence and called on the government to shelve the proposal. Hundreds of petitions against the amendments started by university and secondary school alumni, overseas students and church groups have also appeared online. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Anthony Kwan\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Some 3,000 stage a silent march protesting against the extradition amendments\n \n \n \n The petition from St. Francis' Canossian College - Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam's alma mater - has been signed by more than 1,300. There's even one for housewives, which has collected over 6,000 signatures. Wong Choi Fung, a mother of one living in working-class Kwun Tong district, told local media that she did this to fight for her son's future. Some powerful business groups have said the amendments, if passed, would damage Hong Kong's competitiveness. \"The proposed changes will lead to people to reconsider whether to choose Hong Kong to be the base of operation or the regional headquarters as there is risk of their being removed to another jurisdiction which does not provide the protection they enjoy in Hong Kong,\" wrote the International Chamber of Commerce in a submission to the legislature. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The proposed amendments to Hong Kong's extradition laws have been met with opposition\n \n \n \n How about internationally? The proposal has been met with concern by several countries. A US congressional commission said in May the proposed changes would make Hong Kong more susceptible to China's \"political coercion\" and further erode Hong Kong's autonomy.Britain and Canada expressed similar views in a joint statement, adding they were concerned over the \"potential effect\" that the proposed changes would have on UK and Canadian citizens in Hong Kong.The European Union has also issued a diplomatic note to Mrs Lam expressing concerns over the proposed changes to the law.China's foreign ministry has refuted such views, calling them attempts to \"politicise\" the Hong Kong government proposal and interference in China's internal affairs.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Hong Kong and China - one country, two systems\n \n \n \n Why the change now?The latest proposal has come after a 19-year-old Hong Kong man allegedly murdered his 20-year-old pregnant girlfriend, while holidaying in Taiwan together in February last year. The man fled Taiwan and returned to Hong Kong last year.Taiwanese officials have sought help from Hong Kong authorities to extradite the man, but Hong Kong officials say they cannot comply because of a lack of extradition agreement with Taiwan.But the Taiwanese government has said it will not seek to extradite the murder suspect under the proposed changes, and has urged Hong Kong to handle the case separately.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Under Xi Jinping, Beijing is seeking increasing control over Hong Kong\n \n \n \n Isn't Hong Kong part of China anyway?A former British colony, Hong Kong is semi-autonomous under the principle of \"one country, two systems\" after it returned to Chinese rule in 1997. The city has its own laws and its residents enjoy civil liberties unavailable to their mainland counterparts. Hong Kong has entered into extradition agreements with 20 countries, including the UK and the US, but no such agreements have been reached with mainland China despite ongoing negotiations in the past two decades. Critics have attributed such failures to poor legal protection for defendants under Chinese law. Reporting by Jeff Li, BBC Chinese."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/134D5/production/_107316097_hi053824623.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","怕積非成是讓大家了解\n何為（反送中）\n\n其實英國的BBC有比較中立看法，大致跟下面的說法類似。https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723\n\n轉發：\n看不懂台灣的《群愚》為什麼跟著瞎起鬨，混淆視聽，疾呼《反送中》，《台灣不能變為明日香港》！簡直笑掉下巴！ \n去年，一位香港男士到台灣島殺人了，\n逃回香港，所以無罪，台灣司法只能呼口號。\n港府為補救這個漏洞，才增訂可以共同打擊犯罪的地區！\n\n台灣島的送報生被喝醉酒的英國人撞死，\n英國人判刑四年，他跑回英國，台灣司法也莫可奈何，這叫做---->台灣有【尊嚴】？\n \n\n⭕️我來給這群廣大《法盲》普及下常識\n\n第一，逃犯條例本來在香港回歸之前就有，這次只是增修，因為之前這條條例香港只與20個司法管轄區簽有移交逃犯的引渡條約，卻不包括中國大陸、澳門和台灣，這次是把中國大陸、澳門和台灣加進去。\n\n第二，增修條例草案明確規定只適用於移交必須是37種國際公認刑事犯罪，且刑期都在7年或以上的罪犯。\n\n第三，必須要特區法院和特首雙批准才能實施移交。\n\n第四，增修條例草案明確規定「八不移交」，明確說明移動的罪犯不涉及與言論相關的行為，即不涉及新聞、言論、學術、出版等方面行為。\n\n第五，促成這次增修條例草案的原因之一是香港人陳同佳在台灣殺害女友潘曉穎，卻由於台灣不在逃犯條例範疇內無法引渡回審。\n\n看懂沒有？這群法盲都不看條例內文在那邊扯什麼政治犯、司法獨立權和法治，他們懂什麼法治。部分香港人在【反對】的「送中條例」是甚麼？\n\n講白了就是：\n現在香港人，在中國大陸、台灣、澳門犯罪，只要逃回香港，不但不必遣送陸、台、澳受審，連在香港都不能審判(因為在當地沒犯罪)！\n\n有趣的是：\n香港人在馬來西亞、新加坡等英國前殖民地區或英國本土犯罪，卻要遣送去當地受審。\n\n這本來就是很詭異的司法狀態，香港有回歸嗎？\n還是香港人喜歡當【英屬】殖民地？\n\n蘇貞昌，也跟著香港人「反送中」還講了一堆：「台灣不能成為【明日】香港」！\n\n韓國瑜只講了，「不瞭解香港反送中」的問題。\n就被ㄧ些人，罵得狗血噴頭！\n\n蘇貞昌在睜眼說瞎話。\n\n台灣早就有「送中條例」，全名叫做：\n【「海峽兩岸共同打擊犯罪及司法互助協議」】\n2009年簽訂至今已十年，綠營的立委，有本事就把這條法律作廢。\n\n事實上,台灣要引渡香港男子陳同佳在台灣殺害女友潘曉穎所引起香港修法「逃犯條例」，可是現在假如香港通過此法，台灣政府卻又不要適用此法，要求香港政府要個案處理，執政黨只想要把它政治化，至於是否伸張正義，反而是其次的目的。"],["id","rc4izrjh3znz"],["createdAt","2019-06-15T11:42:23.375Z"]]}]}],["relatedReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_abdOZOmyMwc1xmp_1pdKJSRZa3ZN8hSSHjZWhaIVid0"],["name","健談的永靖賴昂內爾"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Groups claim YouTube illegally collects data from kids"],["url","http://money.cnn.com/2018/04/09/technology/youtube-ftc-kids/index.html"],["summary","Kids love YouTube. The service is packed with ostensibly kid-friendly content. But child, consumer, and privacy advocacy groups are claiming YouTube illegally collects data about under-age viewers. They want YouTube to change how it handles content for children and pay a fine up to \"tens of billions\" of dollars for allegedly profiting off young viewers. In a complaint filed Monday, more than 20 advocacy groups asked the FTC to investigate the Google subsidiary for violating the Child Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which limits how a company can collect data about kids under 13. Under the law, companies have to notify parents and get their consent before collecting data on children. \"Google has made substantial profits from the collection and use of personal data from children on YouTube. Its illegal collection has been going on for many years and involves tens of millions of US children,\" reads the complaint, which was led by the Center for Digital Democracy and Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood. Related: Google is hiring 10,000 people to clean up YouTube YouTube's terms of service say it is not for anyone under 13. To sign up for a Google account, which is used to log into YouTube, a person must say they are older than 13. But anyone can watch YouTube videos without an account or logging in. Parents can let their children use their accounts, or kids can lie and claim to be older when creating an account. According to Trendera research, 45% of kids between 8- and 12-years-old have a YouTube Account. Kid-focused channels can have huge subscriber bases and make significant amounts of money on ads. LittleBabyBum churns out animated nursery rhymes. It has 14 million subscribers and its videos have been viewed more than 16 billion times. Ryan ToysReview, which features a 6-year-old kid testing toys, made $11 million in ad revenue in one year. While Google doesn't let advertisers select age groups under 18, the complaint says there are still a number of ways to target ads at children, like select keywords related to kids such as \"toddler\" and \"toy.\" YouTube has a standalone mobile app for children, YouTube Kids, which it launched in 2015. YouTube says the app complies with all COPPA rules, and doesn't collect data for ad-targeting. \"Protecting kids and families has always been a top priority for us. We will read the complaint thoroughly and evaluate if there are things we can do to improve,\" a Google spokesperson told CNN. \"Because YouTube is not for children, we've invested significantly in the creation of the YouTube Kids app to offer an alternative specifically designed for children.\" Related: Google cracks down on disturbing cartoons on YouTube Kids COPPA was written in 1998. It was expanded in 2012 to apply to more types of companies and new technologies, like mobile devices and targeted ads. The FTC has pursued about two dozen COPPA cases in 20 years. If the FTC does find that YouTube violated COPPA, it could force it to add an age gate — a screen that asks viewers if they're 13 or over. An FTC said the agency would review the complaint. The complaint estimates YouTube inappropriately collected data on 23 million children over \"a period of years.\" It asks the the FTC to fine YouTube up to $41,484 per violation, which would add up to billions. Denise Tayloe, CEO of COPPA consulting firm Privo, thinks the timing of the complaint could be tied to the new European privacy regulations (GDPR) that go into effect next month. \"The GDPR is really heating up the privacy space, putting a lot of pressure on Google, Facebook and others to really acknowledge that they deal with children in the protected COPPA age range than they care to admit,\" said Tayloe. Non-profit group Common Sense Media is a signer on the FTC complaint. It reviews and rates media like TV shows and movies for parents. \"We don't want to get rid of kids' content, and fear that an age gate could just lead to lying and then no protections for the kids' information since they say they are 13,\" said Common Sense Media VP Corbie Kiernan. \"We'd rather Google have this content for kids but then comply with COPPA.\" CNNMoney (San Francisco) First published April 9, 2018: 12:01 AM ET"],["topImageUrl","https://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/dam/assets/180403132613-youtube-kids-780x439.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Over 20 advocacy groups complain to FTC that YouTube is violating children’s privacy law"],["url","https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/over-20-advocacy-groups-complain-to-ftc-that-youtube-is-violating-childrens-privacy-law/"],["summary","A coalition of over 20 child advocacy, consumer and privacy groups filed a complaint with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission asking it to investigate and sanction YouTube for violation of federal children’s privacy laws. Specifically, the groups say YouTube is violating COPPA, the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, which requires that websites directed at children under the age of 13 get parental consent before they’re allowed to collect children’s data. YouTube doesn’t do this, the complaint says.Technically, YouTube’s site is aimed at those users 13 and older, its terms state. That’s how it gets around having to abide by child privacy laws. But the complaint points to several examples of how the site is clearly targeting younger children, including its hosting of cartoon videos, nursery rhymes, and toy ads. Some of the most popular channels on YouTube are also those aimed at young kids,like ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs, which has 15.9 million subscribers and over 10 billion channel views, and LittleBabyBum, which has 14.6 million subscribers and over 14 billion channel views.Plus, advertisers can target kids’ programming through the “Parenting and Family” lineup in the Google Preferred ads platform, the complaint states.“Google has acted duplicitously by falsely claiming in its terms of service that YouTube is only for those who are age 13 or older, while it deliberately lured young people into an ad-filled digital playground,” said Jeff Chester of the Center for Digital Democracy, one of the groups who signed the complaint, in a statement. “Just like Facebook, Google has focused its huge resources on generating profits instead of protecting privacy.”The groups have a point. The proliferation of children’s’ videos on YouTube and the potential harm that came from having them mixed in with more adult-oriented content is what led YouTube to launch the YouTube Kids app several years ago. So it’s hard to argue, simply, that “YouTube is not for kids.”However, even that YouTube Kids has come under fire in recent days because it doesn’t fully protect children from inappropriate videos, including those that took advantage of YouTube’s algorithms for suggested videos, in order to attract views to their shady and sometimes downright disturbing content.YouTube has tried to crack down on these videos and demonetize them, but inappropriate content continues to slip through – most recently, with conspiracy videos suggested to children. Now the company is reportedly preparing to release a version of the YouTube Kids app without the algorithmic suggestions.YouTube pointed to the creation the Kids app in response to the groups’ complaint, according to CNET’s report, saying the app was built for younger viewers because YouTube itself is “not for children.”But the advocacy groups say that’s not true. The same content is available both on YouTube Kids and YouTube.com, and the latter benefits from the ability to collect data without having to play by the rules.“Kids have been watching videos on YouTube for years, something the company has known, and profited off of, by targeting content and ads at children under 13. It is time for Google to be completely transparent with all the facts and institute fundamentally responsible new policies moving forward to protect the privacy of kids,” said James P. Steyer, CEO of Common Sense. “We fully expect Google to work closely with advocates and reach out to parents with information about parental controls, content, and collection practices on YouTube so parents can make informed choices about what content they allow their kids to access and how to protect their privacy,” he added.The complaint arrives at a time when there’s a heightened awareness and concern over the data collection and data privacy practices of major tech companies in the U.S.,as well as how those systems can be compromised by foreign governments. Most notably, the news cycle is focused on Facebook’s involvement in the Cambridge Analytica scandal which will see CEO Mark Zuckerberg having to testify before Congress. But YouTube, too, has had issues with Russian trolls spreading propaganda on its site, like they had done on Facebook and Twitter.The combination of the poor data privacy practices across social media, abuse of social media platforms by foreign actors, YouTube’s misbehaving algorithms, and its other missteps with regard to its approach with children, may have this complaint taken more seriously than those in the past.Others who signed the complaint include:Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (CCFC), Berkeley Media Studies Group; Center for Media Justice; Common Sense; Consumer Action; Consumer Federation of America; Consumer Federation of California; Consumers Union, the advocacy division of Consumer Reports; Consumer Watchdog; Corporate Accountability; Defending the Early Years; Electronic Privacy Information Center (“EPIC”); New Dream; Obligation, Inc.; Parent Coalition for Student Privacy; Parents Across America; Parents Television Council; Privacy Rights Clearinghouse; Public Citizen; The Story of Stuff Project; TRUCE (Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Childhood Entertainment); and USPIRG."],["topImageUrl","https://techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/youtube-newsletter.jpg?w=640"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Advocacy Groups, Citing Children's Privacy Laws, Ask FTC To Investigate YouTube - Tubefilter"],["url","https://www.tubefilter.com/2018/04/09/ftc-youtube-kids-coppa/"],["summary","YouTube may say that its platform is intended for ages 13 and up, but there are likely millions of children who browse the world’s top video site, and their activity may be causing YouTube to violate federal policy.\nAs reported by outlets like The New York Times, a coalition of more than 20 consumer advocacy groups is petitioning the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate YouTube over its potential breach of the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).\nCOPPA, first passed in 1998, prevents companies from gathering data about children, such as their location or contact information, without first obtaining parental consent. While the standalone YouTube Kids app seems to comply with those guidelines, the primary YouTube platform may not, since new users must agree to Google’s privacy policy, which stipulates the ways in the tech company shares personal information with advertisers.\nYouTube attempts to comply with COPPA by making new users confirm they are at least 13 years old, but despite that check, content aimed at kids is prevalent across the video site. In the complaint they are filing with the FTC, the advocacy groups cite nursery rhyme compilations, toy unboxing videos, and other content that is both heavily viewed on YouTube and clearly intended for small children. They also noted that the Google Preferred advertising program includes a “Family” section that caters to young viewers.\n“Google has been continually growing its child-directed service in the United States and all over the world without any kind of acknowledgment of this law and its responsibilities,” said Jeffrey Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy and a leader of the effort to petition the FTC. “It’s living in a world of online fiction and denied that it’s serving children.”\nYouTube, for its part, has expressed a desire to comply with the FTC’s wishes. “We will read the complaint thoroughly and evaluate if there are things we can do to improve,” reads a statement from the video site. “Because YouTube is not for children, we’ve invested significantly in the creation of the YouTube Kids app to offer an alternative specifically designed for children.”\nYouTube Kids has encountered its own share of issues and has itself drawn the ire of advocacy groups. In 2015, some groups decried “deceptive” branded content on the app, which they said breached FTC regulations. Two years later, a massive controversy erupted when reporters discovered a significant amount of inappropriate content on YouTube Kids.\nSince then, YouTube has taken strides to improve the family-friendly nature of its Kids app, but there’s still more work to be done. One change that could arrive soon is a human-curated version of the YouTube Kids app, which would cut out the YouTube algorithm and its tendency to recommend dicey, inappropriate content. A more polished Kids app curated with a human touch could help the video site appease its detractors in the advocacy world. In the meantime, it may soon have the FTC breathing down its neck."],["topImageUrl","https://www.tubefilter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/google-preferred-family.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Google蒐集兒少個資大賺廣告財 - 國際 - 自由時報電子報"],["url","http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/1191089"],["summary","2018-04-10〔編譯陳正健／綜合報導〕在社群網站龍頭「臉書」面臨侵犯隱私風暴之際，另一家科技巨擘Google及其旗下全球最大影音平台YouTube，也陷入類似爭議；YouTube聲稱僅限十三歲以上人士使用，Google卻在該平台鎖定兒童的廣告中大量獲利，顯然違反法律，美國消費者與權益團體呼籲當局徹查。\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t美國消費者團體指控Google蒐集兒少個資，在全球最大影音平台YouTube大打兒童廣告牟利。\b（路透檔案照）\n\t\n美國二十三個倡議團體連署向聯邦貿易委員會（FTC）投訴，YouTube是兒童最常使用的線上平台之一，提供許多兒童節目，但Google蒐集該平台上的未成年用戶個資，包括所在位置、行動電話號碼及特殊裝置識別碼等，利用這些個資在網路上對兒童投放特定廣告，顯然未獲家長同意。投訴書指控，YouTube提供針對兒童的頻道，例如擁有數百萬名訂閱者的「ChuChu電視童謠及兒歌頻道」，廣告主付費成為白金會員，得以在YouTube「育兒及家庭」等群組中投放廣告。Google稱該平台不宜兒童使用將研發替代案連署投訴的「童年無廣告運動」（CCFC）成員葛林抨擊，Google多年來已放棄對兒童及家庭的責任，聲稱YouTube平台充斥流行卡通、童謠及玩具廣告，不適合十三歲以下兒童使用，顯然心口不一。Google在鎖定兒童的廣告中大量獲利，應受兒童線上隱私保護法（COPPA）規範。Google發言人回應，保護兒童及家庭一直是該公司的首要考量，迄今尚未接獲投訴書。由於YouTube並非給兒童使用，Google已投入龐大資金開發「YouTube Kids」應用程式，提供專為兒童設計的替代方案。"],["topImageUrl","http://img.ltn.com.tw/2018/new/apr/10/images/bigPic/600_152.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","標題：Google蒐集兒少個資，大賺廣告財\n\n摘要：\n美國二十三個倡議團體連署向聯邦貿易委員會（FTC）投訴，YouTube是兒童最常使用的線上平台之一，提供許多兒童節目，但Google蒐集該平台上的未成年用戶個資，包括所在位置、行動電話號碼及特殊裝置識別碼等，利用這些個資在網路上對兒童投放特定廣告，顯然未獲家長同意。\n\n投訴書指控，YouTube提供針對兒童的頻道，例如擁有數百萬名訂閱者的「ChuChu電視童謠及兒歌頻道」，廣告主付費成為白金會員，得以在YouTube「育兒及家庭」等群組中投放廣告。\n\n原始資料：\nGroups claim YouTube illegally collects data from kids\nhttp://money.cnn.com/2018/04/09/technology/youtube-ftc-kids/index.html\n\n\nOver 20 advocacy groups complain to FTC that YouTube is violating children’s privacy law\nhttps://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/over-20-advocacy-groups-complain-to-ftc-that-youtube-is-violating-childrens-privacy-law/\n\nAdvocacy Groups, Citing Children’s Privacy Laws, Ask FTC To Investigate YouTube\nhttps://www.tubefilter.com/2018/04/09/ftc-youtube-kids-coppa/\n\n引用來源：\nhttp://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/1191089"],["id","2nb9eyw654bt3"],["createdAt","2018-04-11T13:47:03.605Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","SZoPwGIBbyB_hvRuVoO0"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","Google旗下影音平台YouTube因允許業主鎖定兒童投放廣告，遭美國倡議團體指明顯違反法律，呼籲當局展開調查。"],["reference","https://www.udn.com/news/story/6811/3077399?from=udn-catebreaknews_ch2\nYouTube廣告鎖定兒童挨"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","YouTube廣告鎖定兒童挨批 | 社群網路 | 數位 | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://www.udn.com/news/story/6811/3077399?from=udn-catebreaknews_ch2"],["summary","Google旗下影音平台YouTube因允許業主鎖定兒童投放廣告，遭美國倡議團體指明顯違反法律，呼籲當局展開調查。共23個組織連署向美國聯邦貿易委員會（FTC）遞交投訴書，稱YouTube是孩童最常使用的線上平台之一，且提供許多針對兒童設計和推廣的節目。YouTube聲稱只許年滿13歲者使用平台，卻從平台上針對未滿13歲兒童投放的廣告中大量獲利。投訴書指控，Google收集YouTube未成年者用戶的個資，包括位置、特殊裝置識別碼及行動電話號碼，且明顯未經家長同意，便運用個資對兒童投放特定廣告。美聯社報導，截至上周YouTube上有訂閱數逾1,600萬的ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs等以孩童為目標受眾的頻道。連署組織之一童年無廣告運動的成員葛林說：葛林又說：「Google透過對兒童投放廣告大量獲利，應受兒童線上隱私保護法（COPPA）規範。」Google發言人在聲明中表示還沒看到投訴書，但「保護兒童及家庭一直是我們的優先考量」。FTC是否會採取行動目前不得而知，但此時網路個資外洩議題正熱，加上FTC上個月已開始調查臉書個資外洩問題，預料這次主管當局應該會採取更積極的態度看待此事。"],["topImageUrl","https://udn.com/static/img/UDN_BABY.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-04-13T17:30:53.497Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","fmI82G8Bd3n3h-WY3-mA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是反疫苗的陰謀論。\n\n古彥男醫師以古今中外案例表示，當疫苗接種率過低，會造成 (1) 傳染病爆發、 (2) 疫苗預算下修而導致藥廠不賣、疫苗短缺、(3) 增加病毒變異機會、(4) 醫療需求壓垮醫療系統。因此，不接種疫苗不只是影響個人，其後果是全國人民共同承擔。\n\n聯合國也譴責這些反疫苗接種的訊息，已經造成了海島國家麻疹的惡化；聯合國兒童基金會表示，這類在推特、臉書、Instagram 等網路平台上的反疫苗言論「極不負責任」。"],["reference","2016/10/25 如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相\nhttp://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html\n\n2019/12/6 聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化\nhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相 | 古彥男醫師｜兒科醫師的分享室"],["url","http://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html"],["summary","作者：古彥男醫師\n\n病毒的全境擴散\n\n2011 年上映的電影『全境擴散』，是身為醫護人員的我看過最寫實也最貼近我們生活的傳染病電影。片中有包括麥特戴蒙、葛妮絲派特蘿、凱特溫絲蕾，以及裘德洛等好萊塢巨星，但電影本身想表達給觀眾的內容，並沒有因為演員的星光熠熠而顯得黯淡（不過評價兩極，很多人覺得劇情過於沉悶而看到睡著）。\n\n故事描述著一種病毒，在蝙蝠跟豬之間交互傳染後產生了變異，對人的傳染力大增，迅速造成了全球的大流行以及節節高升的死亡人數。電影中對於政府官員、醫護人員、平民百姓，以及先進與落後國家的社會，面對來勢洶洶的疫情的各種反應，有深刻的刻劃。\n\n\n其實這部電影主要是根據 2003 年令全球陷入恐慌的 SARS 疫情改編而成，電影中病毒的變異模式與散播途徑，也跟我們熟悉的流感病毒十分相像......\n接種率最低的公費疫苗\n\n\n\n對台灣的民眾來說，我們擁有方便就醫的醫療環境，醫療費用也非常便宜，近幾年來一些原本很昂貴的自費疫苗，也慢慢被列入公費施打的計畫之中（如肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）。然而在眾多高接種率的公費疫苗中，流感疫苗的接種率可說是一枝獨秀的低。\n\n由於流感病毒變異的速度快，每年流行的病毒株都不一樣，世界衛生組織只能預測每一年度可能流行的病毒株，以此製作成疫苗。這樣會產生兩個讓大家不想接種疫苗的原因：一是每年都必須接種，無法注射一兩劑後就有長久的保護力；二是萬一預測錯誤，挨了針最後還是得了流感，許多人在情感上無法接受。\n\n再加上媒體對流感疫苗不良反應個案的重點報導，以及對 2009 年 H1N1 流感疫苗安全性的質疑，導致台灣近幾年的接種率幾乎都是在谷底徘徊。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n根據民國 104 年疾病管制署的統計資料，符合公費疫苗接種的對象，其接種率不到五成，如果放大到全國人口來看，接種率甚至連兩成都不到。當大家因為擔心疫苗的不良反應選擇不接種，且因為短期內沒有重大疫情發生而漸漸忘記傳染病的恐怖時，就在同一年，流感病毒給台灣的民眾與醫療系統帶來了沉重的負擔......\n不接種疫苗的結果－全國人民共同承擔\n\n\n\n\n\n我們可以看到，從 2011 年之後，流感病毒在台灣並沒有造成太重大的疫情。然而這不代表危機不在我們身邊－就在 2015 年 (民國 104 年)，流感病毒讓我們體驗到，傳染病的傳播與爆發，可以在短短的幾個月內，造成重症病例數破千，死亡人數破百！而且根據統計，95% 以上流感重症患者未接種疫苗！\n\n你覺得這只是單一年度或單一疾病的狀況，不代表每一年的疫情或其他傳染病？你覺得等到疫情要升溫了再接種也不遲？還是你覺得自己身強體壯，不怕傳染病侵襲，就算染病了在台灣這種便宜又方便的醫療環境也不怕沒得醫？\n\n讓我來告訴你甚麼是『醜陋的真相』。\n\n真相一：疫苗接種率過低，造成傳染病爆發，中外皆然。\n\n除了上述台灣的流感疫情，歐美國家早發生過更為知名的狀況。 1998 年一位英國醫師發表了一篇論文，內容指出接種三合一疫苗（麻疹、腮腺炎、德國麻疹）會造成小孩自閉症的發生率上升，雖然該論文最後被證實是假造的無稽之談，但仍造成歐美國家興起一股反疫苗運動，三合一疫苗的接種率更是逐年下降。\n\n疫苗接種率過低的結果永遠只有一個：傳染病的爆發。英國從 2000 年開始感染麻疹的人數逐漸上升，到現在仍是麻疹流行地區；美國曾經在 2000 年宣布麻疹病毒已在其境內絕跡，結果在 2014~2015 年加州爆發大流行。\n\n那你說台灣安全嗎？如果你的小孩有接種疫苗，那大可放心，但如果沒有怎麼辦？那就不要出國、不要去機場、不要坐高鐵、不要坐捷運、不要......\n\n\n真相二：你不打疫苗，政府下修預算，藥廠寧願不賣。\n\n由於疫苗這種生物製劑，在運輸及保存上的要求相當高，也有一定的保存期限，此外如流感疫苗，其內含的病毒株每年不一樣，今年的疫苗無法留到隔年再使用。當政府買得太多會增加運輸及保存的成本，用不完而過期的疫苗更是浪費已經捉襟見肘的疫苗預算。\n\n因此衛服部疾管署會根據各種公費疫苗施打的比率，以及未來需要接種的人口數，來編列預算。當施打人數下降時，預算金額就可能會下修，如果剛好遇到購買數量下降而需求又突然暴增，就會發生有人打不到疫苗的狀況（2015 年流感疫情爆發後，一直到隔年三月都還有家屬帶小孩來打早就用完的疫苗）。\n\n再來是台灣的市場跟歐美等大國比已經很小了，如果政府購買的數量一直在減少，我們又拿不出有力的購買價格跟別人競爭，最後就是落得疫苗搶輸人家，以及民眾有錢也打不到疫苗的後果。真相三：疫情升溫，病毒快速變異，補打疫苗也沒效。\n\n流感疫苗之所以每年都要接種才有效，就是因為流感病毒非常容易產生變異，讓我們的免疫系統無法在感染過後，或是接種一次疫苗後就能提供終身的保護力。\n\n病毒的變異從哪裡來？一個方式是當病毒在宿主體內大量複製時，本身的基因發生突變，另一個則是當同一個宿主（可以是人、豬、或是禽鳥類），體內有兩種以上的流感病毒時，不同的病毒間會互換基因，重組出一個新的病毒（如 2009 年的 H1N1）。這樣的變異都可以使我們的免疫系統與疫苗失效，造成大流行。\n\n因此當疫情升溫了，代表病毒在大量的傳播與複製，大大的增加了變異的機會，一旦產生變異，就算補打了本來有效的疫苗，也擋不住已經變身的病毒。所以先接種疫苗預防感染，不給病毒有大流行且變異的機會，才是最好的防治策略。真相四：醫療系統早已負擔沉重，疫情爆發醫院一床難求。\n\n當很多人因為健保的福利，以為醫療本來就是這麼便宜與便利時，台灣的醫療系統早就因為政策問題以及民眾的就醫習慣而負擔沉重，一旦因天災人禍或是傳染病流行，在短時間內造成大量的醫療需求，往往成為壓倒駱駝的最後一根稻草。\n\n從過去的八仙塵爆，以及流感疫情的爆發，各大醫學中心急診及加護病房都被塞爆，有的醫院兩度關閉急診，有的醫學中心重症病人多到連救命的葉克膜都不夠用，急診等住院病床的人數節節高升，醫護人員跟病人都叫苦連天。\n\n然而政府相關單位不僅連政策的調整不夠迅速，連對疫情的嚴重度還有醫療資源的分配都掌握不住，你還認為台灣的醫療在你生病的時候真能萬無一失？\n疫苗並不完美，但仍是預防疾病的有效方法\n\n我們知道有打疫苗不是每個人都會產生可以對抗疾病的抗體，我們也知道沒有疫苗可以百分之百不會有不良反應，然而疫苗從問世以來，也被證實是可以有效預防疾病，挽救許多生命的重要方法。當不良反應造成的損失大於預防疾病的利益時，這種疫苗就會被停止施打或是根本不會上市。\n\n在我們的社會中有許多人可能因為年紀太小、對疫苗有過敏反應、或是有其他禁忌症無法藉由接種疫苗獲得對疾病的保護力，他們也常常是傳染病造成重症的高風險群。如果我們接種疫苗的比率夠高，不僅獲得保護自己的抗體，同時也因為疾病不容易傳播而可以間接保護到這些容易被感染的族群。\n\n今年的公費流感疫苗已經開始施打，請問『你』會怎麼選擇呢？"],["topImageUrl","https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ77tZgdWE/WAJSVTbVolI/AAAAAAAABnY/Q5S7SQ1Dz_Ahnkupi8xzzdP1bFvqbPuJQCLcB/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/vaccinedeniedtitlepicture.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化 | 國際 | 中央社 CNA"],["url","https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["summary","（中央社威靈頓5日綜合外電報導）聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）太平洋島嶼負責人今天表示，社群媒體巨頭必須嚴厲取締反疫苗接種貼文，這些貼文助長薩摩亞（Samoa）致命麻疹疫情惡化。UNICEF地區代表耶特（Sheldon Yett）表示，推特（Twitter）、臉書（Facebook）和Instagram（IG）等網路平台上「極不負責任」的反疫苗接種訊息，加劇了薩摩亞爆發的麻疹疫情，自10月中旬以來已造成62人死亡。耶特告訴法新社：「很明顯地它們必需負起企業責任並展開行動，確保那些人民，特別是弱勢族群能獲得正確資訊，讓孩童得以存活。」在麻疹疫情爆發前，薩摩亞的疫苗接種率降至只剩略超過30%，遠低於公認最佳接種率90%，這也使得該海島國家極易受到感染。世界衛生組織（WHO）把矛頭指向反疫苗宣傳運動。耶特表示，這項運動主要是由海外倡議人士在網路上展開。「很不幸的是，這項運動在薩摩亞找到願意相信的民眾，那裡有一部分人懷疑醫療保健服務品質，且可能不信任當地（疫苗）供應者。」他說，來自諸如美國和澳洲等富裕已開發國家的運動人士，在網路上張貼反疫苗訊息，他們必須意識到自己的所作所為會對開發中國家帶來衝擊。他在薩摩亞首都阿庇亞（Apia）表示：「這對薩摩亞孩童來說可能形同死刑，因為當地除了低疫苗接種率，可能還面臨其他健康問題。」（實習編譯：趙珮宇/核稿：劉學源）1081205"],["topImageUrl","https://imgcdn.cna.com.tw/www/website/img/pic_fb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-03-01T09:07:27.741Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",5],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_jSrASeI7pyChEJo5D6oocnJhdzYpv0YmqzIZn-b8jAE"],["name","好沉思的✖石門✖維爾莉特®"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65% | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323"],["summary","美國今年流感季迄今死4800人，增多65%。 (美聯社) 分享聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)10日公布初步報告估計，2019至2020年流感季的死亡增多65%，達4800人，其中包括32名兒童，因病住院者更已多達8萬7000人。全國傳染病基金會表示，今年的流感季來得早、爆發快，在東南部數州出現後迅速擴散，迄今沒有減緩的跡象，其中33個州的流感最嚴重，包括南方地區、西部的部分地區、紐約市和華盛頓。CDC的資料顯示，過去幾個流感爆發季死亡的兒童，從最少的37人到最多的187人。儘管目前流感季的死亡人數增多，但在截至1月4日的一周，住院人數卻減少，不清楚是否民眾因為節假日而沒到醫院看病。CDC估計，全國今年迄今有970萬人感染上流感，其中主要是B型流感和維多利亞流感病毒。通常兒童易於染上B型流感，A型流感是在老年人中常見。但今年的流感季有多嚴重和持續多久，目前判斷為時尚早。流感的症狀是發燒、喉嚨疼、渾身無力、發冷、出汗和疲勞，由於流感是常見疾病並且年年爆發，可能被認為是小病，但嚴重者可引發肺炎、支氣管炎和心臟病等。65歲以上老年人和嬰幼兒的免疫系統弱，是易於感染的高危群體；醫生建議，有流感症狀的人應待在家裡，不要上班和去公共場所，以免傳染他人。沒有症狀的人要勤洗手，避免與感染者接觸。專家表示，接種疫苗是預防流感的最佳途徑，預防針最好是儘早打，因為疫苗注射後要數周才能生效。但注射疫苗不怕晚，因為流感季還要持續較長時間，哪怕只採取部分預防措施，也可避免出現最嚴重的症狀。兒童與成年人的預防措施不同，在六個月大至八歲的兒童中，部分人應打疫苗針兩次，每次間隔四周，或是由醫生決定是否需注射兩次。但許多美國人誤以為流感疫苗不起作用，或是有副作用，今年只有半數民眾注射或準備注射疫苗。"],["topImageUrl","https://pgw.udn.com.tw/gw/photo.php?u=https://uc.udn.com.tw/photo/2020/01/11/4/7320489.jpg&s=Y&x=0&y=8&sw=1279&sh=852&exp=3600"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405"],["summary","16:302020/01/20中時電子報\n \n CTWANT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疾管署副署長莊人祥（中）表示，國內今天新增一例武漢肺炎疑似病例，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。（圖／報系資料照）\n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 今日疾管署接獲中國大陸疾病控制中心的通知，表示在18、19日確診了近140名新型冠狀病毒肺炎個案，除了武漢之外就連北京、深圳都有病例出現，另國內也新增一名疑似個案，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 目前武漢肺炎在全球有205例確診病例，在中國大陸境內就高達201例，日本、泰國、韓國都出現有確診病患，分別1名、2名、1名，而昨日國內也出現了1名傳染性肺炎通報病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，目前國內通報的疑似病例有6例，最新通報的為1歲男童，跟隨父母住在武漢，本月6日隨父母返台，在9日時出現發燒、13出現腹瀉症狀，目前已經在醫院負壓隔離房觀察治療中，據了解並沒有在華南海鮮市場的活動史，而為了進一步確定，已經採樣送驗。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 莊人祥則表示，目前武漢肺炎高達205名病例，但只有3例死亡，跟之前SARS的死亡率相比低了許多，民眾不用過度驚慌，不過為了防止病情擴大，疾管署將成立三級中央流行疫情指揮中心。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 三級中央流行疫情指揮中心將由疾管署署長擔任指揮官，讓各部會可以更容易連繫不同單位，也可以依照《傳染病防治法》徵用人力、物資，會讓應變更加有效率。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 也許您會感興趣\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 推薦閱讀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 發表意見\n \n \n \n \n \n 中時電子報對留言系統使用者發布的文字、圖片或檔案保有片面修改或移除的權利。當使用者使用本網站留言服務時，表示已詳細閱讀並完全了解，且同意配合下述規定：\n \n 請勿重覆刊登一樣的文章，或大意內容相同、類似的文章\n 請不要刊登與主題無相關之內容\n 發言涉及攻擊、侮辱、影射或其他有違社會善良風俗、社會正義、國家安全、政府法令之內容，本網站將會直接移除\n 請勿以發文、回文等方式，進行商業廣告、騷擾網友等行為，或是為特定網站、blog宣傳，一經發現，將會限制您的發言權限或者封鎖帳號\n 為避免留言系統變成發洩區和口水版，請勿轉貼新聞性文章、報導或相關連結\n 請勿提供軟體註冊碼等違反智慧財產權之資訊\n 禁止發表涉及他人隱私、含有個人對公眾人物之私評，且未經證實、未註明消息來源的網路八卦、不實謠言等\n 請確認發表或回覆的內容（圖片）未侵害到他人的著作權、商標、專利等權利；若因發表或回覆內容而產生的版權法律責任將由使用者自行承擔，不代表中時電子報的立場，請遵守相關法律規範\n \n 違反上述規定者，中時電子報有權刪除留言，或者直接封鎖帳號！請使用者在發言前，務必先閱讀留言板規則，謝謝配合。"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120003289.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","China virus cases up sharply as infection spreads"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035"],["summary","Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The majority of cases have been detected in the city of Wuhan\n \n \n \n The number of people infected with a new virus in China tripled over the weekend, with the outbreak spreading from Wuhan to other major cities.Wuhan reported 136 new cases of the respiratory illness. The capital Beijing reported two cases, while Shenzhen confirmed one.Total known infections now exceed 200, and three people have died.The sharp uptick in cases comes as millions of Chinese prepare to travel for the Lunar New Year holidays.Health officials have identified the infection, which first appeared in Wuhan in December, as being a strain of coronavirus. They say it has led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia, but much about it remains unknown. Although the outbreak is believed to have originated from a market, officials and scientists are yet to determine exactly how it has been spreading.South Korea reported its first confirmed case of the virus on Monday, following two in Thailand and one in Japan. The outbreak has revived memories of the Sars virus - also a coronavirus - that killed 774 people in the early 2000s across dozens of countries, mostly in Asia. Analysis of the genetic code of the new virus shows it is more closely related to Sars than any other human coronavirus.Experts in the UK told the BBC the number of people infected could still be far greater than official figures suggest, with estimates closer to 1,700. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n What we know about the virus\n2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans\nCoronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people\nScientists believe an animal source is \"the most likely primary source\" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred \nSigns of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties\nPeople are being advised to avoid \"unprotected\" contact with live animals, thoroughly cook meat and eggs, and avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms\nSource: World Health Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who has been infected? Authorities in Wuhan, a central Chinese city of 11 million that has been at the heart of the outbreak, on Monday said 136 new cases had been confirmed over the weekend, with a third person dying of the virus. There had previously been only 62 confirmed cases in the city. As of late Sunday, officials said 170 people in Wuhan were still being treated in hospital, including nine in critical condition. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Airports including Narita in Tokyo have been screening passengers\n \n \n \n Health officials in Beijing's Daxing district meanwhile said two people who had travelled to Wuhan were treated for pneumonia linked to the virus. In Shenzhen, a major tech hub close to Hong Kong, officials said a 66-year-old man showed symptoms of the virus following a trip to visit relatives in Wuhan. Eight others in Shenzhen have been quarantined and are under observation to determine if they have the virus. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Four cases have been confirmed abroad - all of them involving people who are either from Wuhan or have visited the city.In South Korea, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said a 35-year-old Chinese woman was suffering from a fever and respiratory problems after travelling there from Wuhan. She was put into isolation and treated at a local hospital. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The World Health Organization said it was currently not recommending restrictions on travel or trade, but was providing guidance to countries preparing for any outbreak.Airports in Singapore, Hong Kong and the Japanese capital Tokyo have been screening air passengers from Wuhan, and US authorities last week announced similar measures at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.What are the Chinese authorities saying?How China is responding to the outbreak is under close scrutiny, given that it was widely criticised for initially covering up the Sars crisis in late 2002 and early 2003. On Monday, Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time publicly addressed the outbreak, saying that the virus must be \"resolutely contained\".The foreign ministry, meanwhile, said China was providing \"timely information about the disease\" and would \"work with all parties to deal with the virus\". State media has been urging citizens not to panic and on Sunday the National Health Commission said the virus was \"still preventable and controllable\" although close monitoring was needed. It said there had been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another, but that it had instead crossed the species barrier and come from infected animals at a seafood and wildlife market in Wuhan.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Health officials have been analysing the seafood market where they believe the virus originated\n \n \n \n However the WHO said it believed there had been \"some limited human-to-human transmission occurring between close contacts\".\"As more… cases are identified and more analysis undertaken, we will get a clearer picture of disease severity and transmission patterns,\" it wrote on Twitter. It noted that the rise in cases in China was a result of \"increased searching and testing for [the virus] among people sick with respiratory illness\". \n \n Media playback is unsupported on your device\n \n \n \n Media captionCoronavirus feared to have infected more than initially thought according to scientists\nWhat impact could Lunar New Year have?From Friday, most Chinese will begin their week-long Lunar New Year holidays.It's a time when hundreds of millions travel around China to visit family, raising fears that authorities will not be able to adequately monitor further spread of the disease.Wuhan is a transport hub and authorities there have for nearly a week been using temperature scanners at airports, and train and bus stations. Those showing signs of fever have been registered, given masks and taken to hospitals and clinics.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Chinese companies shut down for Lunar New Year, with hundreds of millions of people travelling\n \n \n \n Authorities say they will now also be screening everyone leaving the city.At Beijing's central railway station, some travellers donned masks but did not appear overly concerned about the virus.\"Watching the news, I do feel a little worried. But I haven't taken precautionary measures beyond wearing regular masks,\" Li Yang, a 28-year-old account manager travelling to the region of Inner Mongolia, told the AFP news agency. But the tone in Chinese social media, where the outbreak has been a top trending topic, was different. \"Who knows how many people who have been to Wuhan may be unaware that they have already been infected?\" one Weibo user said.What is your question about coronavirus in China?Use the form below to submit your question:\n \n \n \n Sign me up for your newsletter!Please don't publish my nameMade with Hearken\n \n\nIf you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/EDE0/production/_110569806_9ac4763d-4c70-4d9e-aeb9-8b1358e0914c.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405"],["summary","因應大陸武漢肺炎加劇，疾管署今天緊急成立中央指揮中心，並將通報定義擴大，從原本武漢來台，擴大到全大陸來台者，若有出現肺炎症狀，通通都要通報，就可依法隔離檢驗。且即起，也將針對中、港、澳發放中英文對照的衛教單張。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 中國大陸武漢「新型冠狀病毒」2日內暴增140例，首度跨出武漢，包含北京、深圳也淪陷；國際間，南韓也確診1境外移入中國籍病例，成為繼日本、泰國後的第三國，全球目前累計達205例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，由於評估大陸疫情有明顯社區傳播與擴大現象，因此成立「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎中央流行疫情指揮中心」，由署長周志浩擔任指揮官，今天召開專家會議。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 副院長陳其邁也到場聆聽簡報，並指示各部會務必迅速到位並全力協助衛福部防疫，包括落實國際機場、小三通港埠檢疫措施；加強民眾之風險溝通與衛教宣導；確保防疫物資整備，以防供應短缺或哄抬之相關假訊息發生，降低民眾恐慌；針對醫療院所感染管制預作規劃、演練等，減少疫情對國內衝擊。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 今天第一次專家會議，針對特殊嚴重傳染性肺炎通報對象，莊人祥表示，專家建議擴大為具中國大陸旅遊史，不在局限武漢，且具有肺炎者，均列入通報，以加寬監視範圍，及早發現疑似病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 此外，登機檢疫部分，維持武漢直航班機，但將新增針對中、港、澳入境飛機會發放中英文對照的衛教單張，請旅客有任何疾病，需和檢疫人員說明，旅客有旅遊史，儘早告知，並後送。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 台灣兒童感染症醫學會理事長李秉穎表示，目前病例突然暴增現象來看，並非急速擴散，而是之前的病例沒有被診斷出來，與大陸改用更敏感方式有關。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 春節要來了，兩岸往返，各界擔心台灣是否出現確診個案，李秉穎表示，定義加嚴，加強機場檢疫，有信心即使有病例進來，也可以即時掌握。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120004299.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Chinese virus: How worried should we be?"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366"],["summary","Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The outbreak occurred in the city of Wuhan, south of Beijing\n \n \n \n A virus - previously unknown to science - is causing severe lung disease in the Chinese city of Wuhan and has been detected in two other countries.Three people are known to have died from the virus, which appeared in the city in December.There are more than two hundred confirmed cases of the virus, but UK experts estimate the figure is closer to 1,700.A new virus arriving on the scene, leaving patients with pneumonia, is always a worry and health officials around the world are on high alert.But is this a brief here-today-gone-tomorrow outbreak or the first sign of something far more dangerous?What is this virus?Viral samples have been taken from patients and analysed in the laboratory.And officials in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have concluded the infection is a coronavirus.Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is caused by a coronavirus, killed 774 of the 8,098 people infected in an outbreak that started in China in 2002.\"There is a strong memory of Sars, that's where a lot of fear comes from, but we're a lot more prepared to deal with those types of diseases,\" says Dr Josie Golding, from the Wellcome Trust.Is it serious? Coronaviruses can cause symptoms ranging from a mild cold all the way through to death.This new virus appears to be somewhere in the middle.\"When we see a new coronavirus, we want to know how severe are the symptoms - this is more than cold-like symptoms and that is a concern but it is not as severe as Sars,\" says Prof Mark Woolhouse, from the University of Edinburgh.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n There were six coronaviruses known to infect people.\n \n \n \n Where has it come from?New viruses are detected all the time. They jump from one species, where they went unnoticed, into humans.\"If we think about outbreaks in the past, if it is a new coronavirus, it will have come from an animal reservoir,\" says Prof Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. Sars jumped from the civet cat into humans. And Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed 858 out of the 2,494 recorded cases since it emerged in 2012, regularly makes the jump from the dromedary camel.Which animal?Once the animal reservoir where the virus normally camps out is detected, the problem becomes much easier to deal with. The cases have been linked to the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, in Wuhan. But while some sea-going mammals can carry coronaviruses (such as the Beluga whale), the market also has live wild animals, including chickens, bats, rabbits, snakes, which are more likely to be the source. Why China?Prof Woolhouse says it is because of the size and density of the population and close contact with animals harbouring viruses. \"No-one is surprised the next outbreak is in China or that part of the world,\" he says.\n \n How easily does it spread?Chinese officials say there have been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another.At present, the WHO and Wuhan health authorities have not concluded that the virus can be passed from person-to-person.This is a major concern with new viruses that infect the lungs, as coughs and sneezes are a highly effective way for a virus to spread.If it was going person-to-person, then you would expect cases in healthcare workers as they come into close contact with sick patients. However, some experts have cautioned it may be too soon to rule out human-to-human transmission.Prof Woolhouse says: \"I'm cautious rather than sceptical, it is early too tell - most coronaviruses are actually transmissible and that would be my initial concern.\"How fast is it spreading?The outbreak was thought to be limited, but new cases have been reported since it started in December. While the outbreak is centred on Wuhan, there have been two cases in Thailand, one in Japan and another in South Korea. Those people travelled from Wuhan recently.Experts say there could be more cases going undetected. A report by the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London suggested there could be more than 1,700 infections.\"It is likely that the Wuhan outbreak of a novel coronavirus has caused substantially more cases of moderate or severe respiratory illness than currently reported,\" said the report.There are concerns that the virus could be spread by the hundreds of millions of people travelling for Chinese New Year later this month.Singapore and Hong Kong have been screening air passengers from Wuhan and US authorities announced similar measures starting on Friday at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.How have Chinese authorities responded? \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Temperature screening can help identify people who have been infected\n \n \n \n Infected people have been treated in isolation to minimise the risk of the bug spreading. Extra checks such as temperature scans have been put in place to screen travellers. And the seafood market was closed for cleaning and disinfection.The US and most Asian countries have stepped up screenings of travellers from Wuhan and the WHO has warned hospitals worldwide that a wider outbreak is possible.How worried are the experts?Dr Golding says: \"At the moment, until we have more information, it's really hard to know how worried we should be.\"Until we have confirmation of the source, that's always going to make us uneasy.\"Prof Ball says: \"We should be worried about any virus that explores humans for the first time, because it's overcome the first major barrier.\"Once inside a [human] cell and replicating, it can start to generate mutations that could allow it to spread more efficiently and become more dangerous. \"You don't want to give the virus the opportunity.\""],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/11751/production/_110450517_gettyimages-1076618282.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405"],["summary","過年在即，被傳染感冒是一件很討厭的事，《日刊現代》請教日本內科醫師後，匯整出「絕對不感冒防衛術」，發現原則上只要掌握「二要二不要」的觀念，不用花大錢買太多保健食品，就能讓感冒病菌遠離自己。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 在「絕對不感冒的防衛術」中，提到「二要二不要」觀念，主要是指一：「不要」碰觸被傳染者碰到的東西；二：「不要」碰觸飛沬飛散得到的一兩公尺內；三「要」戴口罩；「四」要勤洗手。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 報導中提到，戴口罩的好處不只在於防止飛沬侵入口鼻，還可以防止吃進病菌。根據澳洲新南威爾斯大學研究，一般人一個小時會無意識的摸臉2、3次，當中摸到嘴巴的時間約2秒、鼻子眼睛約1秒，戴口罩可以降低這類途徑的感染風險！\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 其次，要常洗手，若一天洗手超過11次，感冒機會降低一半。假設人一天睡8小時，有24小時會到處活動，以一個半小時徹底洗一次手辛算的話，一天至少要洗11次。洗手後儘量使用一次性的衛生紙擦乾水份，家族共用的手巾或手巾容易滋生細菌要小心。\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 另外，房間溫度設定攝氏22度、濕度50～60％，可降低病毒活動力。最後，據京都大學研究實驗顯示，外出時常潄口的人比不常潄口的人，更不容易感冒。若是不方便潄口，可以嚼無糖口香糖保護喉頭。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2019-12-12/900/20191212001455.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病 - 全球財經"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv"],["summary","針對大陸武漢市近日爆發由「2019新型冠狀病毒」引發的肺炎疫情，武漢市衛生健康委員會（簡稱武漢衛健委）15日凌晨通報，發現一對夫婦先後發病，屬「家庭聚集性」病例，不能排除有限人傳人的可能，但持續人傳人的風險較低。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委指出，在目前確診的41宗病例中，發現一宗屬「家庭聚集性」病例，夫妻兩人發病，丈夫先發病，為華南海鮮批發市場從業人員，妻子則否認曾出現在華南海鮮批發市場。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 由於世界衛生組織（WHO）14日認為該病毒可能有限度的人傳人。疾管署15日宣布，將「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」列為法定傳染病，醫療院所若發現可疑個案，須在24小時內通報、隔離，否則最重可開罰200萬元。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 疾管署說明，「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」目前是指「2019新型冠狀病毒」在大陸武漢引發的肺炎，而新增法定傳染病有利防疫系統快速反應，未來若再出現其他不明原因肺炎，都可依「傳染病防治法」，要求各級醫療院所必須在24小時內通報疑似病例，疑似病例也要依法隔離於醫院，避免傳染給其他人。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，疾管署說，稍早發布符合「武漢旅遊史之發燒肺炎病例」通報定義的2名「檢驗中」個案，檢驗結果出爐，一名為流感與新型冠狀病毒、皆陰性，另一名為H1N1流感病毒陽性，因此皆排除；至今通報9例疑似案例，也均已排除。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 據武漢衛健委官網顯示，2020年1月13至14日，台灣、香港與澳門專家團隊到武漢市針對疫情防控、醫療診治、病原檢測等進行全面考察，也訪察金銀潭醫院。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 香港信報15日報導，代表團成員之一、香港衛生防護中心傳染病處主任張竹君15日表示，從病患前往街市的時間點推斷，病毒潛伏期大概是兩周以內，香港政府已在全部口岸加強體溫檢測與抽查措施，更特別為由武漢直接返港的旅客增加額外監測措施。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，武漢衛健委14日晚間通報，當地無新增新型冠狀病毒感染的病例，累計報告病例41宗，7人已治癒出院，6人在治重症，1人死亡，其餘患者病情穩定，正接受隔離治療。當地累計追蹤密切接觸者763人，已解除醫學觀察187人；密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例 - 兩岸"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv"],["summary","武漢市衛生健康委員會20日清晨通報，關於新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎情況，迄2020年1月18日0-24時，治癒出院5例，新增病例59例，死亡1例；1月19日0-22時，治癒出院1例，新增病例77例。截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委表示，武漢市在不斷規範各級各類醫療機構預檢分診和發熱門診運行的基礎上，按照新修訂的新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案，進一步加大了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疑似病例篩查力度，同時進一步完善檢測方案，優化檢測流程，加快了檢測速度。大陸國家、省市專家組結合臨床表現、流行病學史和病原學檢測結果進行綜合研判，1月18日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例59例，1月19日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例77例，兩日共新確診病例136例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 136例患者中，男性66例、女性70例；年齡最小的25歲，年齡最大的89歲；發病日期均在2020年1月18日前；首發症狀大多為發熱、咳嗽或胸悶、呼吸困難。根據新修訂的診療方案，患者病情按照輕、重和危重進行分類，其中輕症100例、重症33例、危重症3例（其中死亡1例）。新增病例相關流行病學調查正在深入進行，其密切接觸者也在追蹤中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。目前仍在院治療170例，其中輕症126例、重症35例、危重症9例，均在武漢市定點醫療機構接受隔離治療。累計追蹤密切接觸者 817人，已解除醫學觀察727人，尚在接受醫學觀察90人，密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。將繼續對新發現的疑似病例及時進行採樣檢測。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 冬春季是呼吸道傳染病高發季節，也是病毒性肺炎的高發時期。專家提示，民眾要注意防寒保暖、室內通風和個人衛生，加強體育鍛煉，保持清淡飲食，避免到人群密集場所活動。有咳嗽、噴嚏時戴口罩或用紙巾、衣物遮擋口鼻以減少病菌傳播。密切關注發熱、咳嗽等症狀，出現此類症狀應及時就近就醫。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["summary","根據衛福部資料顯示，1月初接獲中國大陸通知，武漢肺炎病原體初步判定為新型冠狀病毒，已完成病毒全長基因定序，電子顯微鏡下亦呈典型冠狀病毒型態，該病毒不同於以往發現的人類冠狀病毒。冠狀病毒(CoV)為一群有外套膜之RNA病毒，外表為圓形，在電子顯微鏡下可看到類似皇冠的突起因此得名。除已知會感染人類的六種冠狀病毒以外，其他的動物宿主包括蝙蝠、豬、牛、火雞、貓、狗、雪貂等。並有零星的跨物種傳播報告。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 2002~2003年在東亞造成恐慌的SARS（嚴重急性呼吸道症候群）就屬於冠狀病毒，當時中國8098名感染者中有774人死亡。對於武漢肺炎病毒的分析顯示，它與SARS病毒之間的相似程度，比其他會感染人類的冠狀病毒都還要更高，屬於SARS病毒親戚。亞東醫院內科部副主任暨感染管制中心主任廖俊星醫師表示，目前武漢新型冠狀病毒的資料尚不清楚，所以無法得知具體危害與如何預防，但以冠狀病毒來說，最值得觀察的重點是有沒有「人傳人」的可能性。根據目前感染的患者來說，例如泰國新增案例就完全沒有接近武漢華南海鮮市場，所以目前不排除新型冠狀病毒有人傳人的可能性。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 廖俊星醫師說，這類冠狀病毒僅能依症狀治療，並沒有藥物可解，過去SARS疫情也是依靠避免傳染、症狀治療患者來阻止疫情擴大，再逐漸減少患者人數，最終才控制住傳染疫情，因此，針對冠狀病毒最好的預防方式就是做好自我保護，包括出入公共場合要戴口罩、勤洗手，若有發燒等症狀也要趕緊就醫。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新聞強力放送武漢肺炎..不知有沒有同等地報導美國呢？\n\n大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65%\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323\n\n國內已有6起經通報的疑似病例！武漢肺炎已擴散至臺灣？！\n（新聞）國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 \nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405\n從武漢開始之類 Sars 冠狀病毒感染案例已擴散至北京等主要都市。\nNew China virus: Number of cases jumps as infection spreads to Beijing\nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035\n防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405\nChinese virus: How worried should we be? \nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366\n「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405\n武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv　　\n新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv　　\n武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["id","2957s8142u923"],["createdAt","2020-01-21T17:51:21.645Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","BmPi5W8Bd3n3h-WYZ6oT"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","根據美國 CDC 的流感與肺炎監控圖表與資料，2019~20年因為流感或肺炎（P&I）死亡的病例佔整體死亡數的比例，與往年相比差異不大；因流感住院佔人口的比率，雖然比2019年同期高，但也比 2018 年同期低。雖然防疫每年都不應掉以輕心，但老實講 2020 年美國流感與往年相比，並沒有太多特別之處。\n\n網友也用美國 CDC 數據與 2019 新型冠狀病毒的數據，認為從台灣的角度，2019 新型冠狀病毒的關注度勝過美國流感是合理的。"],["reference","美國 CDC 資料：\n\n美國 CDC 流感致死監控圖表\nhttps://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/mortality.html\n美國 CDC 因流感而住院與人口的比率圖表（左上角可選擇過去的季別）\nhttps://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/FluHospRates.html\n\n網友解讀：\n\n2020/1/24 石明謹評美國流感\nhttps://www.facebook.com/tpcmax/posts/10157793721983260\n2020/1/24 Cheap 分析美國流感與中國肺炎疫情\nhttps://www.facebook.com/cheapAOE/posts/578050319411276\n2020/1/24 Puma Shen【肺炎訊息流】\nhttps://www.facebook.com/pumashen/posts/10163072643880654"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Surveillance System"],["url","https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/mortality.html"],["summary","Pneumonia and Influenza Mortality Surveillance from the National Center for Health Statistics Mortality Surveillance System"],["topImageUrl","https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/fluview/Flu7References/img/FluTitle_logo.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations"],["url","https://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/FluHospRates.html"],["summary","{{chart.chartWindow.title}}\n Week ending: {{chart.chartWindow.subtitle}}\n Rates per 100,000 by season\n Rates per 100,000 by Age Group\n \n \n — {{data.label}} \n {{data.value}}\n \n \n \n This week is not applicable to this season."],["topImageUrl","https://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/FluView3References/img/FluTitle_logo.png"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Security Check"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/tpcmax/posts/10157793721983260"],["summary","To personalise content, tailor and measure ads and provide a safer experience, we use cookies. By tapping on the site, you agree to our use of cookies on and off Facebook. Learn more, including about controls: Cookie Policy."],["topImageUrl","https://m.facebook.com/captcha/tfbimage.php?captcha_challenge_code=1580109818-fefd93176c7b739fe18fb7654aea0084&captcha_challenge_hash=AZkeZtB6XBKkntYq-MPZHmLbtPjhaygUGwWkRBp8qIFbkbN1I7DCcKflMwK3EkA83JZp8rvqbZP4C6y1KL1QdRsRA6FBOD29O1HJutoNHqfnu7UpIMhInYf2dIoUlZ2nPmDvZrqn5vd_IyuO-sj98PIvpyFAZy4o5IHOFH-yJAOdn3WWH2QbQABch2xczs_8EBI"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Security Check"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/cheapAOE/posts/578050319411276"],["summary","To personalise content, tailor and measure ads and provide a safer experience, we use cookies. By tapping on the site, you agree to our use of cookies on and off Facebook. Learn more, including about controls: Cookie Policy."],["topImageUrl","https://m.facebook.com/captcha/tfbimage.php?captcha_challenge_code=1580109818-ef673eaeecf1ad089104edcf42638272&captcha_challenge_hash=AZmAJN1RUQ_lC6DdYGtJh_IaCt3cwGf0bK2M7HxzUbu7F0OaqQ6rs5Wx_yvbzHLWqEgm-cyVuv-A8GN_60WeIkIfLz-JDtKo4BfN6uwzm0biaZ8BjKaqJbWayRwpuA4vbE7Orf3GwVWpPXgCByWvaOBSjUzrDGI-3k6V4kk-dIcLUrpi_ZlO5NbfCkYTpt5ULiM"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Security Check"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/pumashen/posts/10163072643880654"],["summary","Please enter the code belowWhy am I seeing this?"],["topImageUrl","https://m.facebook.com/captcha/tfbimage.php?captcha_challenge_code=1580109818-541790421e8933ae7f4667a5ffa0b134&captcha_challenge_hash=AZnI39vu677kbSMuJQohbCXiX_a8dLCIp0kTLFTIJfOMIOKngHewtYRPNw8672alUqiKvZ0s3wku_JDp8UOL1uRvFk3k1ca3kJx6Z7zXlYFdytVKPCzggG81lBVaBdw1Z45opzlWg6G2i4YVaWa1vZto0x0sT5t8X1U1cfDgSizGzUZsTDbX5ICOltTPXDz2qa0"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-27T07:23:37.623Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",5],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_jSrASeI7pyChEJo5D6oocnJhdzYpv0YmqzIZn-b8jAE"],["name","好沉思的✖石門✖維爾莉特®"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65% | 聯合新聞網"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323"],["summary","美國今年流感季迄今死4800人，增多65%。 (美聯社) 分享聯邦疾病防治中心(CDC)10日公布初步報告估計，2019至2020年流感季的死亡增多65%，達4800人，其中包括32名兒童，因病住院者更已多達8萬7000人。全國傳染病基金會表示，今年的流感季來得早、爆發快，在東南部數州出現後迅速擴散，迄今沒有減緩的跡象，其中33個州的流感最嚴重，包括南方地區、西部的部分地區、紐約市和華盛頓。CDC的資料顯示，過去幾個流感爆發季死亡的兒童，從最少的37人到最多的187人。儘管目前流感季的死亡人數增多，但在截至1月4日的一周，住院人數卻減少，不清楚是否民眾因為節假日而沒到醫院看病。CDC估計，全國今年迄今有970萬人感染上流感，其中主要是B型流感和維多利亞流感病毒。通常兒童易於染上B型流感，A型流感是在老年人中常見。但今年的流感季有多嚴重和持續多久，目前判斷為時尚早。流感的症狀是發燒、喉嚨疼、渾身無力、發冷、出汗和疲勞，由於流感是常見疾病並且年年爆發，可能被認為是小病，但嚴重者可引發肺炎、支氣管炎和心臟病等。65歲以上老年人和嬰幼兒的免疫系統弱，是易於感染的高危群體；醫生建議，有流感症狀的人應待在家裡，不要上班和去公共場所，以免傳染他人。沒有症狀的人要勤洗手，避免與感染者接觸。專家表示，接種疫苗是預防流感的最佳途徑，預防針最好是儘早打，因為疫苗注射後要數周才能生效。但注射疫苗不怕晚，因為流感季還要持續較長時間，哪怕只採取部分預防措施，也可避免出現最嚴重的症狀。兒童與成年人的預防措施不同，在六個月大至八歲的兒童中，部分人應打疫苗針兩次，每次間隔四周，或是由醫生決定是否需注射兩次。但許多美國人誤以為流感疫苗不起作用，或是有副作用，今年只有半數民眾注射或準備注射疫苗。"],["topImageUrl","https://pgw.udn.com.tw/gw/photo.php?u=https://uc.udn.com.tw/photo/2020/01/11/4/7320489.jpg&s=Y&x=0&y=8&sw=1279&sh=852&exp=3600"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405"],["summary","16:302020/01/20中時電子報\n \n CTWANT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疾管署副署長莊人祥（中）表示，國內今天新增一例武漢肺炎疑似病例，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。（圖／報系資料照）\n \n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 今日疾管署接獲中國大陸疾病控制中心的通知，表示在18、19日確診了近140名新型冠狀病毒肺炎個案，除了武漢之外就連北京、深圳都有病例出現，另國內也新增一名疑似個案，為1歲男童，目前在負壓隔離病房觀察中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 目前武漢肺炎在全球有205例確診病例，在中國大陸境內就高達201例，日本、泰國、韓國都出現有確診病患，分別1名、2名、1名，而昨日國內也出現了1名傳染性肺炎通報病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，目前國內通報的疑似病例有6例，最新通報的為1歲男童，跟隨父母住在武漢，本月6日隨父母返台，在9日時出現發燒、13出現腹瀉症狀，目前已經在醫院負壓隔離房觀察治療中，據了解並沒有在華南海鮮市場的活動史，而為了進一步確定，已經採樣送驗。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 莊人祥則表示，目前武漢肺炎高達205名病例，但只有3例死亡，跟之前SARS的死亡率相比低了許多，民眾不用過度驚慌，不過為了防止病情擴大，疾管署將成立三級中央流行疫情指揮中心。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 三級中央流行疫情指揮中心將由疾管署署長擔任指揮官，讓各部會可以更容易連繫不同單位，也可以依照《傳染病防治法》徵用人力、物資，會讓應變更加有效率。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n 也許您會感興趣\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 推薦閱讀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 發表意見\n \n \n \n \n \n 中時電子報對留言系統使用者發布的文字、圖片或檔案保有片面修改或移除的權利。當使用者使用本網站留言服務時，表示已詳細閱讀並完全了解，且同意配合下述規定：\n \n 請勿重覆刊登一樣的文章，或大意內容相同、類似的文章\n 請不要刊登與主題無相關之內容\n 發言涉及攻擊、侮辱、影射或其他有違社會善良風俗、社會正義、國家安全、政府法令之內容，本網站將會直接移除\n 請勿以發文、回文等方式，進行商業廣告、騷擾網友等行為，或是為特定網站、blog宣傳，一經發現，將會限制您的發言權限或者封鎖帳號\n 為避免留言系統變成發洩區和口水版，請勿轉貼新聞性文章、報導或相關連結\n 請勿提供軟體註冊碼等違反智慧財產權之資訊\n 禁止發表涉及他人隱私、含有個人對公眾人物之私評，且未經證實、未註明消息來源的網路八卦、不實謠言等\n 請確認發表或回覆的內容（圖片）未侵害到他人的著作權、商標、專利等權利；若因發表或回覆內容而產生的版權法律責任將由使用者自行承擔，不代表中時電子報的立場，請遵守相關法律規範\n \n 違反上述規定者，中時電子報有權刪除留言，或者直接封鎖帳號！請使用者在發言前，務必先閱讀留言板規則，謝謝配合。"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120003289.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","China virus cases up sharply as infection spreads"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035"],["summary","Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The majority of cases have been detected in the city of Wuhan\n \n \n \n The number of people infected with a new virus in China tripled over the weekend, with the outbreak spreading from Wuhan to other major cities.Wuhan reported 136 new cases of the respiratory illness. The capital Beijing reported two cases, while Shenzhen confirmed one.Total known infections now exceed 200, and three people have died.The sharp uptick in cases comes as millions of Chinese prepare to travel for the Lunar New Year holidays.Health officials have identified the infection, which first appeared in Wuhan in December, as being a strain of coronavirus. They say it has led to an outbreak of viral pneumonia, but much about it remains unknown. Although the outbreak is believed to have originated from a market, officials and scientists are yet to determine exactly how it has been spreading.South Korea reported its first confirmed case of the virus on Monday, following two in Thailand and one in Japan. The outbreak has revived memories of the Sars virus - also a coronavirus - that killed 774 people in the early 2000s across dozens of countries, mostly in Asia. Analysis of the genetic code of the new virus shows it is more closely related to Sars than any other human coronavirus.Experts in the UK told the BBC the number of people infected could still be far greater than official figures suggest, with estimates closer to 1,700. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n What we know about the virus\n2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans\nCoronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people\nScientists believe an animal source is \"the most likely primary source\" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred \nSigns of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties\nPeople are being advised to avoid \"unprotected\" contact with live animals, thoroughly cook meat and eggs, and avoid close contact with anyone with cold or flu-like symptoms\nSource: World Health Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Who has been infected? Authorities in Wuhan, a central Chinese city of 11 million that has been at the heart of the outbreak, on Monday said 136 new cases had been confirmed over the weekend, with a third person dying of the virus. There had previously been only 62 confirmed cases in the city. As of late Sunday, officials said 170 people in Wuhan were still being treated in hospital, including nine in critical condition. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Airports including Narita in Tokyo have been screening passengers\n \n \n \n Health officials in Beijing's Daxing district meanwhile said two people who had travelled to Wuhan were treated for pneumonia linked to the virus. In Shenzhen, a major tech hub close to Hong Kong, officials said a 66-year-old man showed symptoms of the virus following a trip to visit relatives in Wuhan. Eight others in Shenzhen have been quarantined and are under observation to determine if they have the virus. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Four cases have been confirmed abroad - all of them involving people who are either from Wuhan or have visited the city.In South Korea, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said a 35-year-old Chinese woman was suffering from a fever and respiratory problems after travelling there from Wuhan. She was put into isolation and treated at a local hospital. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The World Health Organization said it was currently not recommending restrictions on travel or trade, but was providing guidance to countries preparing for any outbreak.Airports in Singapore, Hong Kong and the Japanese capital Tokyo have been screening air passengers from Wuhan, and US authorities last week announced similar measures at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.What are the Chinese authorities saying?How China is responding to the outbreak is under close scrutiny, given that it was widely criticised for initially covering up the Sars crisis in late 2002 and early 2003. On Monday, Chinese President Xi Jinping for the first time publicly addressed the outbreak, saying that the virus must be \"resolutely contained\".The foreign ministry, meanwhile, said China was providing \"timely information about the disease\" and would \"work with all parties to deal with the virus\". State media has been urging citizens not to panic and on Sunday the National Health Commission said the virus was \"still preventable and controllable\" although close monitoring was needed. It said there had been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another, but that it had instead crossed the species barrier and come from infected animals at a seafood and wildlife market in Wuhan.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Health officials have been analysing the seafood market where they believe the virus originated\n \n \n \n However the WHO said it believed there had been \"some limited human-to-human transmission occurring between close contacts\".\"As more… cases are identified and more analysis undertaken, we will get a clearer picture of disease severity and transmission patterns,\" it wrote on Twitter. It noted that the rise in cases in China was a result of \"increased searching and testing for [the virus] among people sick with respiratory illness\". \n \n Media playback is unsupported on your device\n \n \n \n Media captionCoronavirus feared to have infected more than initially thought according to scientists\nWhat impact could Lunar New Year have?From Friday, most Chinese will begin their week-long Lunar New Year holidays.It's a time when hundreds of millions travel around China to visit family, raising fears that authorities will not be able to adequately monitor further spread of the disease.Wuhan is a transport hub and authorities there have for nearly a week been using temperature scanners at airports, and train and bus stations. Those showing signs of fever have been registered, given masks and taken to hospitals and clinics.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Chinese companies shut down for Lunar New Year, with hundreds of millions of people travelling\n \n \n \n Authorities say they will now also be screening everyone leaving the city.At Beijing's central railway station, some travellers donned masks but did not appear overly concerned about the virus.\"Watching the news, I do feel a little worried. But I haven't taken precautionary measures beyond wearing regular masks,\" Li Yang, a 28-year-old account manager travelling to the region of Inner Mongolia, told the AFP news agency. But the tone in Chinese social media, where the outbreak has been a top trending topic, was different. \"Who knows how many people who have been to Wuhan may be unaware that they have already been infected?\" one Weibo user said.What is your question about coronavirus in China?Use the form below to submit your question:\n \n \n \n Sign me up for your newsletter!Please don't publish my nameMade with Hearken\n \n\nIf you are reading this page on the BBC News app, you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question on this topic."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/EDE0/production/_110569806_9ac4763d-4c70-4d9e-aeb9-8b1358e0914c.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405"],["summary","因應大陸武漢肺炎加劇，疾管署今天緊急成立中央指揮中心，並將通報定義擴大，從原本武漢來台，擴大到全大陸來台者，若有出現肺炎症狀，通通都要通報，就可依法隔離檢驗。且即起，也將針對中、港、澳發放中英文對照的衛教單張。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 中國大陸武漢「新型冠狀病毒」2日內暴增140例，首度跨出武漢，包含北京、深圳也淪陷；國際間，南韓也確診1境外移入中國籍病例，成為繼日本、泰國後的第三國，全球目前累計達205例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 疾管署副署長莊人祥表示，由於評估大陸疫情有明顯社區傳播與擴大現象，因此成立「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎中央流行疫情指揮中心」，由署長周志浩擔任指揮官，今天召開專家會議。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 副院長陳其邁也到場聆聽簡報，並指示各部會務必迅速到位並全力協助衛福部防疫，包括落實國際機場、小三通港埠檢疫措施；加強民眾之風險溝通與衛教宣導；確保防疫物資整備，以防供應短缺或哄抬之相關假訊息發生，降低民眾恐慌；針對醫療院所感染管制預作規劃、演練等，減少疫情對國內衝擊。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 今天第一次專家會議，針對特殊嚴重傳染性肺炎通報對象，莊人祥表示，專家建議擴大為具中國大陸旅遊史，不在局限武漢，且具有肺炎者，均列入通報，以加寬監視範圍，及早發現疑似病例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 此外，登機檢疫部分，維持武漢直航班機，但將新增針對中、港、澳入境飛機會發放中英文對照的衛教單張，請旅客有任何疾病，需和檢疫人員說明，旅客有旅遊史，儘早告知，並後送。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 台灣兒童感染症醫學會理事長李秉穎表示，目前病例突然暴增現象來看，並非急速擴散，而是之前的病例沒有被診斷出來，與大陸改用更敏感方式有關。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 春節要來了，兩岸往返，各界擔心台灣是否出現確診個案，李秉穎表示，定義加嚴，加強機場檢疫，有信心即使有病例進來，也可以即時掌握。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2020-01-20/900/20200120004299.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Chinese virus: How worried should we be?"],["url","https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366"],["summary","Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The outbreak occurred in the city of Wuhan, south of Beijing\n \n \n \n A virus - previously unknown to science - is causing severe lung disease in the Chinese city of Wuhan and has been detected in two other countries.Three people are known to have died from the virus, which appeared in the city in December.There are more than two hundred confirmed cases of the virus, but UK experts estimate the figure is closer to 1,700.A new virus arriving on the scene, leaving patients with pneumonia, is always a worry and health officials around the world are on high alert.But is this a brief here-today-gone-tomorrow outbreak or the first sign of something far more dangerous?What is this virus?Viral samples have been taken from patients and analysed in the laboratory.And officials in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have concluded the infection is a coronavirus.Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is caused by a coronavirus, killed 774 of the 8,098 people infected in an outbreak that started in China in 2002.\"There is a strong memory of Sars, that's where a lot of fear comes from, but we're a lot more prepared to deal with those types of diseases,\" says Dr Josie Golding, from the Wellcome Trust.Is it serious? Coronaviruses can cause symptoms ranging from a mild cold all the way through to death.This new virus appears to be somewhere in the middle.\"When we see a new coronavirus, we want to know how severe are the symptoms - this is more than cold-like symptoms and that is a concern but it is not as severe as Sars,\" says Prof Mark Woolhouse, from the University of Edinburgh.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n There were six coronaviruses known to infect people.\n \n \n \n Where has it come from?New viruses are detected all the time. They jump from one species, where they went unnoticed, into humans.\"If we think about outbreaks in the past, if it is a new coronavirus, it will have come from an animal reservoir,\" says Prof Jonathan Ball, a virologist at the University of Nottingham. Sars jumped from the civet cat into humans. And Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers), which has killed 858 out of the 2,494 recorded cases since it emerged in 2012, regularly makes the jump from the dromedary camel.Which animal?Once the animal reservoir where the virus normally camps out is detected, the problem becomes much easier to deal with. The cases have been linked to the South China Seafood Wholesale Market, in Wuhan. But while some sea-going mammals can carry coronaviruses (such as the Beluga whale), the market also has live wild animals, including chickens, bats, rabbits, snakes, which are more likely to be the source. Why China?Prof Woolhouse says it is because of the size and density of the population and close contact with animals harbouring viruses. \"No-one is surprised the next outbreak is in China or that part of the world,\" he says.\n \n How easily does it spread?Chinese officials say there have been no cases of the virus spreading from one person to another.At present, the WHO and Wuhan health authorities have not concluded that the virus can be passed from person-to-person.This is a major concern with new viruses that infect the lungs, as coughs and sneezes are a highly effective way for a virus to spread.If it was going person-to-person, then you would expect cases in healthcare workers as they come into close contact with sick patients. However, some experts have cautioned it may be too soon to rule out human-to-human transmission.Prof Woolhouse says: \"I'm cautious rather than sceptical, it is early too tell - most coronaviruses are actually transmissible and that would be my initial concern.\"How fast is it spreading?The outbreak was thought to be limited, but new cases have been reported since it started in December. While the outbreak is centred on Wuhan, there have been two cases in Thailand, one in Japan and another in South Korea. Those people travelled from Wuhan recently.Experts say there could be more cases going undetected. A report by the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London suggested there could be more than 1,700 infections.\"It is likely that the Wuhan outbreak of a novel coronavirus has caused substantially more cases of moderate or severe respiratory illness than currently reported,\" said the report.There are concerns that the virus could be spread by the hundreds of millions of people travelling for Chinese New Year later this month.Singapore and Hong Kong have been screening air passengers from Wuhan and US authorities announced similar measures starting on Friday at three major airports in San Francisco, Los Angeles and New York.How have Chinese authorities responded? \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Temperature screening can help identify people who have been infected\n \n \n \n Infected people have been treated in isolation to minimise the risk of the bug spreading. Extra checks such as temperature scans have been put in place to screen travellers. And the seafood market was closed for cleaning and disinfection.The US and most Asian countries have stepped up screenings of travellers from Wuhan and the WHO has warned hospitals worldwide that a wider outbreak is possible.How worried are the experts?Dr Golding says: \"At the moment, until we have more information, it's really hard to know how worried we should be.\"Until we have confirmation of the source, that's always going to make us uneasy.\"Prof Ball says: \"We should be worried about any virus that explores humans for the first time, because it's overcome the first major barrier.\"Once inside a [human] cell and replicating, it can start to generate mutations that could allow it to spread more efficiently and become more dangerous. \"You don't want to give the virus the opportunity.\""],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/11751/production/_110450517_gettyimages-1076618282.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405"],["summary","過年在即，被傳染感冒是一件很討厭的事，《日刊現代》請教日本內科醫師後，匯整出「絕對不感冒防衛術」，發現原則上只要掌握「二要二不要」的觀念，不用花大錢買太多保健食品，就能讓感冒病菌遠離自己。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 在「絕對不感冒的防衛術」中，提到「二要二不要」觀念，主要是指一：「不要」碰觸被傳染者碰到的東西；二：「不要」碰觸飛沬飛散得到的一兩公尺內；三「要」戴口罩；「四」要勤洗手。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 報導中提到，戴口罩的好處不只在於防止飛沬侵入口鼻，還可以防止吃進病菌。根據澳洲新南威爾斯大學研究，一般人一個小時會無意識的摸臉2、3次，當中摸到嘴巴的時間約2秒、鼻子眼睛約1秒，戴口罩可以降低這類途徑的感染風險！\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 其次，要常洗手，若一天洗手超過11次，感冒機會降低一半。假設人一天睡8小時，有24小時會到處活動，以一個半小時徹底洗一次手辛算的話，一天至少要洗11次。洗手後儘量使用一次性的衛生紙擦乾水份，家族共用的手巾或手巾容易滋生細菌要小心。\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n 另外，房間溫度設定攝氏22度、濕度50～60％，可降低病毒活動力。最後，據京都大學研究實驗顯示，外出時常潄口的人比不常潄口的人，更不容易感冒。若是不方便潄口，可以嚼無糖口香糖保護喉頭。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl","https://images.chinatimes.com/newsphoto/2019-12-12/900/20191212001455.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病 - 全球財經"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv"],["summary","針對大陸武漢市近日爆發由「2019新型冠狀病毒」引發的肺炎疫情，武漢市衛生健康委員會（簡稱武漢衛健委）15日凌晨通報，發現一對夫婦先後發病，屬「家庭聚集性」病例，不能排除有限人傳人的可能，但持續人傳人的風險較低。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委指出，在目前確診的41宗病例中，發現一宗屬「家庭聚集性」病例，夫妻兩人發病，丈夫先發病，為華南海鮮批發市場從業人員，妻子則否認曾出現在華南海鮮批發市場。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 由於世界衛生組織（WHO）14日認為該病毒可能有限度的人傳人。疾管署15日宣布，將「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」列為法定傳染病，醫療院所若發現可疑個案，須在24小時內通報、隔離，否則最重可開罰200萬元。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 疾管署說明，「嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」目前是指「2019新型冠狀病毒」在大陸武漢引發的肺炎，而新增法定傳染病有利防疫系統快速反應，未來若再出現其他不明原因肺炎，都可依「傳染病防治法」，要求各級醫療院所必須在24小時內通報疑似病例，疑似病例也要依法隔離於醫院，避免傳染給其他人。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，疾管署說，稍早發布符合「武漢旅遊史之發燒肺炎病例」通報定義的2名「檢驗中」個案，檢驗結果出爐，一名為流感與新型冠狀病毒、皆陰性，另一名為H1N1流感病毒陽性，因此皆排除；至今通報9例疑似案例，也均已排除。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 據武漢衛健委官網顯示，2020年1月13至14日，台灣、香港與澳門專家團隊到武漢市針對疫情防控、醫療診治、病原檢測等進行全面考察，也訪察金銀潭醫院。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 香港信報15日報導，代表團成員之一、香港衛生防護中心傳染病處主任張竹君15日表示，從病患前往街市的時間點推斷，病毒潛伏期大概是兩周以內，香港政府已在全部口岸加強體溫檢測與抽查措施，更特別為由武漢直接返港的旅客增加額外監測措施。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 另外，武漢衛健委14日晚間通報，當地無新增新型冠狀病毒感染的病例，累計報告病例41宗，7人已治癒出院，6人在治重症，1人死亡，其餘患者病情穩定，正接受隔離治療。當地累計追蹤密切接觸者763人，已解除醫學觀察187人；密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例 - 兩岸"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv"],["summary","武漢市衛生健康委員會20日清晨通報，關於新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎情況，迄2020年1月18日0-24時，治癒出院5例，新增病例59例，死亡1例；1月19日0-22時，治癒出院1例，新增病例77例。截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 武漢衛健委表示，武漢市在不斷規範各級各類醫療機構預檢分診和發熱門診運行的基礎上，按照新修訂的新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案，進一步加大了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疑似病例篩查力度，同時進一步完善檢測方案，優化檢測流程，加快了檢測速度。大陸國家、省市專家組結合臨床表現、流行病學史和病原學檢測結果進行綜合研判，1月18日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例59例，1月19日新認定新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例77例，兩日共新確診病例136例。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 136例患者中，男性66例、女性70例；年齡最小的25歲，年齡最大的89歲；發病日期均在2020年1月18日前；首發症狀大多為發熱、咳嗽或胸悶、呼吸困難。根據新修訂的診療方案，患者病情按照輕、重和危重進行分類，其中輕症100例、重症33例、危重症3例（其中死亡1例）。新增病例相關流行病學調查正在深入進行，其密切接觸者也在追蹤中。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 截至1月19日22時，武漢市累計報告新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎病例198例，已治癒出院25例，死亡3例。目前仍在院治療170例，其中輕症126例、重症35例、危重症9例，均在武漢市定點醫療機構接受隔離治療。累計追蹤密切接觸者 817人，已解除醫學觀察727人，尚在接受醫學觀察90人，密切接觸者中，沒有發現相關病例。將繼續對新發現的疑似病例及時進行採樣檢測。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 冬春季是呼吸道傳染病高發季節，也是病毒性肺炎的高發時期。專家提示，民眾要注意防寒保暖、室內通風和個人衛生，加強體育鍛煉，保持清淡飲食，避免到人群密集場所活動。有咳嗽、噴嚏時戴口罩或用紙巾、衣物遮擋口鼻以減少病菌傳播。密切關注發熱、咳嗽等症狀，出現此類症狀應及時就近就醫。\n \n\n\n (中時 )"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解 - 生活"],["url","https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["summary","根據衛福部資料顯示，1月初接獲中國大陸通知，武漢肺炎病原體初步判定為新型冠狀病毒，已完成病毒全長基因定序，電子顯微鏡下亦呈典型冠狀病毒型態，該病毒不同於以往發現的人類冠狀病毒。冠狀病毒(CoV)為一群有外套膜之RNA病毒，外表為圓形，在電子顯微鏡下可看到類似皇冠的突起因此得名。除已知會感染人類的六種冠狀病毒以外，其他的動物宿主包括蝙蝠、豬、牛、火雞、貓、狗、雪貂等。並有零星的跨物種傳播報告。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 2002~2003年在東亞造成恐慌的SARS（嚴重急性呼吸道症候群）就屬於冠狀病毒，當時中國8098名感染者中有774人死亡。對於武漢肺炎病毒的分析顯示，它與SARS病毒之間的相似程度，比其他會感染人類的冠狀病毒都還要更高，屬於SARS病毒親戚。亞東醫院內科部副主任暨感染管制中心主任廖俊星醫師表示，目前武漢新型冠狀病毒的資料尚不清楚，所以無法得知具體危害與如何預防，但以冠狀病毒來說，最值得觀察的重點是有沒有「人傳人」的可能性。根據目前感染的患者來說，例如泰國新增案例就完全沒有接近武漢華南海鮮市場，所以目前不排除新型冠狀病毒有人傳人的可能性。\n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n 廖俊星醫師說，這類冠狀病毒僅能依症狀治療，並沒有藥物可解，過去SARS疫情也是依靠避免傳染、症狀治療患者來阻止疫情擴大，再逐漸減少患者人數，最終才控制住傳染疫情，因此，針對冠狀病毒最好的預防方式就是做好自我保護，包括出入公共場合要戴口罩、勤洗手，若有發燒等症狀也要趕緊就醫。\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n 更多 CTWANT 報導\n \n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n \n \n\n\n (中時電子報)"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新聞強力放送武漢肺炎..不知有沒有同等地報導美國呢？\n\n大爆發美國今年流感季迄今4800死增65%\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/6809/4281323\n\n國內已有6起經通報的疑似病例！武漢肺炎已擴散至臺灣？！\n（新聞）國內新增武漢肺炎疑似病例 1歲男童發燒隔離 \nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120003285-260405\n從武漢開始之類 Sars 冠狀病毒感染案例已擴散至北京等主要都市。\nNew China virus: Number of cases jumps as infection spreads to Beijing\nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-51171035\n防武漢肺炎擴大通報定義即起大陸來台有肺炎都要隔離\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120004298-260405\nChinese virus: How worried should we be? \nhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51048366\n「絕不感冒」防衛術難怪醫師都這樣做\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001641-260405\n武漢肺炎我方列法定傳染病　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20200116000283-260203?chdtv　　\n新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎累計198例已死亡3例　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120001008-260409?chdtv　　\n武漢肺炎和SARS是親戚無藥可解　\nhttps://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200120002364-260405?chdtv"],["id","2957s8142u923"],["createdAt","2020-01-21T17:51:21.645Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","NGIOzG8Bd3n3h-WYIDf0"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVy6vkhAyCdS-nWhuaru"],["name","Rosalind"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f0db3a53dec901a797bdc90b87a0a6a9?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",17]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","是否報導與否，會考量實際狀況。美國的流感以統計、施打流感疫苗情況等，並沒有武漢肺炎令人需要報導。"],["reference","https://www.zhihu.com/question/267972767"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","为什么美国流感爆发会死那么多人，而中国报道的就很少？ - 知乎"],["url","https://www.zhihu.com/question/267972767"],["summary","这是统计问题。人种差异假说解释不了为什么同一场流感中广东的流感死亡率远低于香港。数据统计是要成本的，准确的统计基于高度发达、完备的制度、设备、医疗体系。更重要的是统计完了以后真实结果能被你知道。统计手段不同，路径不同。。。流感引发肺炎，栓塞，高烧，水肿，多脏器衰竭。。。把死因放到各自的领域，就看不出来了谢邀。那些说什么白人易感流感的“医学专业人士”，你们是认真的吗？昨天晚上看到这个问题邀请的时候随手看了一下当时的答案，真是让人触目惊心。大家在知乎上提有关专业知识的问题以及回答专业问题的时候可不可以多一点耐心？至少做一点功课之后再提问、再回答好吗？我一看到这种问题和底下的答案血压都升高了，真是让人窒息。我知道手机答题可能随便写一下就过去了，但是这种问题哪怕是花5分钟时间在网上搜索一下，提问和答题质量都会比现在这个样子强很多。知乎好歹是个回答问题的地方，不是随意灌水的微博，连抽出3到5分钟时间写个稍微认真一点的答案都做不到吗？针对题主的问题，是流感病毒不同还是统计原因？粗略回答如下：首先，请善用网络搜索，很多问题其实自己动动脑筋动动手指都能找到答案，比如这个问题。哪怕是国内搜索引擎再烂，但搜索美国疾控中心，欧洲疾控中心和中国疾控中心的官网应该是没有问题的吧？找到这些内容，这个问题其实已经回答了一大半。美国：Situation Update: Summary of Weekly FluView Report欧盟：Seasonal influenza中国：中国疾病预防控制中心中国疾控中心的网站内容很烂，但是美国和欧盟针对今年流感都有专门的网页专题，里面就有有关今年流感病毒毒株在各国各地区的流行趋势以及所占比例。我把答案直接贴在下面：美国：Seasonal Influenza (Flu)美国2017-2018年度流感病毒毒株流行分布比例欧盟：Weekly influenza update, week 8, February 2018欧盟各国2018年二月份流感病毒毒株流行分布比例中国：我国内地流感疫情和防控问答-热点关注中国CDC虽然网站很烂，数据也少，但是至少流感的问题还是在“热点关注”那一栏里，多花几秒钟点进去还是可以看到的，哪怕没有欧美CDC那么详细的图表，但是至少有一篇2018年3月2日刚刚更新过的文字通告描述了去年为止到现在中国的流感毒株分布比例。三者数据对比，可以看出中国去年到今年流感毒株的分布模式与欧洲地区的情况更加类似，都是以甲型流感(Flu A)的H1N1型和乙型流感(Flu B)的Yamagata型为主，而美国是以甲流H3型及乙流Yamagata型为主，H1N1型的反而占比例相对较少。至于各毒株的毒性强弱和致病性确实有不同，而且也跟被感染的人自身的健康状况有关，不能一概而论，但是流感的易感人群在教科书里并不会因为人种而异。至于流感相关的死亡率和人数，欧盟并非一个国家，各国流感死亡率数据都在各国，每个国家疾控的统计方法可能也不尽相同，欧盟CDC没有公布任何具体的汇总统计数据，但是有各国各自的重症流感/肺炎ICU的住院率和死亡率，总体而言相对去年来说今年欧盟地区流感相关死亡率有所上升，而且主要是乙流引起的；美国CDC有具体的死亡统计数据，且成人与儿童是分开的(具体见以上官网链接)。至于中国，我想这种数据应该还是有的，因为疾控中心官网上有这个：全国流感监测方案（试行）(2005年)-监测。而且热点关注里另外那篇有关流感的文章也提到今年流感疫情较以往3年同期有上升，而且跟欧洲一样也主要是乙流，只不过看完官网其他一些流感相关的链接，我并不知道具体的发病和死亡数据到底是在疾控中心手里还是在国家统计局手里，因为国家统计局网站里只能搜到2016年为止的禽流感数据。至于今年流感的其他数据去哪里找，会不会公布，我没有答案，留给其他知乎用户回答吧。病毒毒株问题，统计问题，和新闻报道问题属于三个完全不同的讨论范畴，一个是基础医学科研和医疗问题，一个是流行病学问题，还有一个是社会学/传播学并且有时候会带着点友善度的问题。从我个人专业角度来讲我不认为问题中提到的现象是病毒毒株不同造成的，毕竟中国和欧盟各国流行的毒株区别不大。至于这究竟是统计问题还是别的什么问题，没有具体数据的时候无法回答。死于心脑血管和肺炎等并发症的记录上就会写死于这些，而不是死于流感。果然又见37人梗。。。第一，那个说瞒报的答案，2月18日，卫生部提出严重警告，全国自2018年1月以来，已经确诊的流感病人达到27万例。。。。到2月18日，死亡56人。（不含港澳台地区，因为这三个地方的医疗系统是独立运行的）第二，那个说记录到其他疾病的答案，我国的流感死亡记录，是要记录发病原因的（例如：死亡原因为流感引发的肺部水肿。。。）涵盖所有年龄层人员，相反的是美国，美国超过65岁因流感死亡是不记入报告的，而卫生部的报告指出，中国流感死亡案例多发于65岁年龄段以上，占到总死亡人数的一半还多！所以发明“超限死亡率”这个名词的人回去打你美爹的脸去！第三，关于瞒报问题，香港因流感死亡人数达到327人是上了新闻的，而且这个东西一般来说瞒不住，如果真是出现大面积流感死亡，那从医院出来的死人一堆堆的。原因有三个，第一，流感疫苗在我国属于二类疫苗，对于学生来说，却是近乎强制接种的。你们读小学都有打疫苗的经历啦，胳膊上还有一小块圆形的疤痕（那个是水痘疫苗留下的^_^）。美国在本次流感突袭中死亡的儿童，多半都在北部疫苗不普及的地区，而美国科学家也说得很明白，疫苗是防止流感最有效的手段。第二，对于感冒，中国人有丰富的经验，一旦感冒，先自己找药吃，并且防止在室内连锁传染，包括学校内，公司内等，在中国这是生活常识，如果发现大面积病例就会紧急送医院，这种医疗体制的宣传有效控制了流感病毒无限量传播。简单地说：有病要处理，感冒要隔离在中国是常识，在美国不可以，你学校隔离学生会被起诉。第三，中国人的抵抗力的确比美国人强一些。。。在中国，是基本上没有花粉病（花粉过敏）这种病的，而在美国很常见，得益于我们还不咋滴的自然环境，中国人的免疫系统是很强大的，但是你可别跟一些超贫穷地区的人比哦，当年我支教的时候，就因为喝了一杯水，结果就拉了三天。而当地人当然毛事没有。。总结到最后，还是因为流感在我国属于多发病，对抗习惯了，自然就有办法了。白人对流感确实更敏感～流感起源于养猪，绿教觉得猪肉脏不是没有道理的，犹太教也把清真类饮食称为洁食，很可能与闪族人发现了猪与流感及其他寄生虫的关系有关～黄种人普遍抗流感性比较强因为洋人感冒不爱吃药，要靠\"自身抵抗力\"。免疫系统能完全起作用的话，古人夭亡率就没有这么高了。"],["topImageUrl","https://pic2.zhimg.com/70/v2-22b97f623735de3f5aa4cf2f3a988815.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-22T07:01:15.641Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_E90wXtLvmWMO_OXrljpOI_aAAFbrXUvei7BubdK-RIk"],["name","激勵性的壯圍愛葛莎"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy | Italy"],["url","https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy"],["summary","Show captionRoadblocks in Milan. In the initial stages of the coronavirus outbreak, the authorities’ confidence was palpable. Photograph: Carlo Cozzoli/Rex/ShutterstockItalyTue 10 Mar 2020 19.02 GMTBad timing and bad luckItaly appeared well ahead of the curve when the coronavirus outbreak began to spread outside China.After detecting three cases, including two Chinese tourists at the end of January, patients were isolated in a hospital in Rome. Contacts were traced, and the country became one of the world’s first to cut transport links with China.The sense of confidence was palpable. “The system of prevention put into place by Italy is the most rigorous in Europe,” the prime minister, Giuseppe Conte, boasted on 31 January.We're unable to serve this media because your browser does not support HTML 5 audio.In reality, as would become clear in February, the virus had been circulating unnoticed in northern Italy via other local chains of infection, in all probability since mid-January.Another critical misunderstanding also appears to have emerged, this time between central government and hospitals in the north.It concerns what the proper protocols were for testing unexplained fevers and respiratory complaints, and whether people with no apparent connection to China should be tested.On 18 February, a fit 38-year old with no apparent links to China fell ill in Codogno. He saw his GP and visited his local hospital several times, but his symptoms were not picked up as resulting from the coronavirus.Italy on lockdown: PM 'forced to intervene' amid coronavirus crisis – video report Known as Patient One by the Italian media, when he was finally admitted to hospital he was tested after a 36-hour delay, which he spent outside isolation. By that time he had infected a number of medical personnel and other contacts over a period of days.Adam Kucharski, an associate professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said the initial spread of the virus in Italy “has shown the ability for this to become a serious outbreak in a very short time.“The message is, if you have undetected transmission, if that is not taken seriously, you can very quickly get to numbers that can easily put a burden on your health service. You need ideally to be detecting outbreaks as early as possible.”The age profile of Italy’s population also appears to have made it particularly vulnerable.“Italy is a country of old people,” Prof Massimo Galli, the director of infectious diseases at Sacco hospital in Milan, said. “The elderly with previous pathologies are notoriously numerous here. I think this could explain why we are seeing more serious cases of coronavirus here.”Early decision-makingMuch of what we know about the dramatic spread of the virus in Italy remains provisional. All that can be safely said, as the former prime minister Matteo Renzi put it, is that Italy has become the the guinea pig of Europe.Confronted with the first infections spreading in the north, Italian authorities initially suspected they were tied to the cases of the two Chinese tourists in Rome who had visited Parma.Authorities moved to shut 10 towns linked to the initial cluster of cases in the northern provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. The local lockdowns, which began on the same day that Patient One was confirmed as infected, were hailed in some quarters at time as speedy and decisive.According to some critics of the Italian approach, however, what seemed like sound decision-making at the outset of the crisis may have led in part to the problems the country now faces.“Mistakes were made, probably, in late January,” the author Beppe Severgnini wrote in an op-ed for the New York Times on 2 March. “Italy may have been ill advised to stop flights to and from China; those flights would have provided a clear indication of who was arriving from that country, making health checks easier.”For Christian Althaus, who models infectious diseases at the University of Bern in Switzerland, said Italy’s issues may come down to the simplest explanation: that it was unlucky.“You can argue they noticed it late, but that could have happened elsewhere too,” he said. “Once they realised what was happening, I think they took it seriously. The first lockdown was the right choice, and expanding it nationwide probably too. They realise they need to curb the epidemic.”Mixed messagesIt is less clear whether the first lockdown was undermined both by a desire to avoid alarm and unnecessary economic impact in the country’s industrial centre, and a belief that the outbreak remained limited.In this respect, mixed political messaging may have been more at fault than any weaknesses in Italy’s health system. We know now too that the geographical scope of those initial quarantines was far too limited.As anxiety spread to bigger cities, including the industrial hub of Milan and the tourist centre of Venice, the political messaging was confusing.Among those pushing a “business as usual” message was Nicola Zingaretti, the head of the centre-left Democratic Party, who travelled to Milan for a meet and greet with young people to reinforce his pitch. Zingaretti announced at the weekend that he had tested positive for the virus.'It has arrived': Italian Democratic party leader announces he has coronavirus – video For Elisabetta Groppelli, a lecturer in global health at St George’s, University of London, a full reckoning is still some way off.“Until viral genetic analysis sheds more light on the situation, it’s hard to say exactly why Italy has been so badly affected,” she said. “Northern Italy is the economic hub of the country as well as a tourist hotspot, and therefore has lots of travel in and out of the region.“With more people moving constantly and interacting with each other, this could provide a greater context for spread of the disease.”Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShare on LinkedInShare on PinterestShare on WhatsAppShare on Messenger"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus"],["url","https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html"],["summary","A handout photo, taken in February, shows a businessman Luca Zhou, 56, wearing a face mask on the streets of Prato, home to the biggest ethnic Chinese community in Italy.(Handout via Reuters/Maurizio Ciampolini) \n \n \n \n In the storm of infection and death sweeping Italy, one big community stands out to health officials as remarkably unscathed -- the 50,000 ethnic Chinese who live in the town of Prato.\n\nTwo months ago, the country's Chinese residents were the target of what Amnesty International described as shameful discrimination, the butt of insults and violent attack by people who feared they would spread the coronavirus through Italy.\n\nBut in the Tuscan town of Prato, home to Italy's biggest single Chinese community, the opposite has been true. Once scapegoats, they are now held up by authorities as a model for early, strict adoption of infection-control measures.\n\n\"We Italians feared that the Chinese of Prato were to be the problem. Instead, they did much better than us,\" said Renzo Berti, top state health official for the area, which includes Florence.\n\n\"Among Chinese resident in Prato there isn't even one case of COVID contagion,\" he said, referring to COVID-19, which has killed almost 12,000 people in Italy, more than in any other country.\n\nEthnic Chinese make up about a quarter of Prato's population, but Berti credits them with bringing down the entire town's infection rate to almost half the Italian average -- 62 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 115 for the country.\n\nPrato's Chinese community, built originally around the textile industry, went into lockdown from the end of January, three weeks before Italy's first recorded infection.\n\nMany were returning from new year holidays in China, the then epicenter.\n\nThey knew what was coming and spread the word: stay home.\n\nSo as Italians headed to the ski slopes and crowded into cafes and bars as normal, the Chinese inhabitants of Prato had seemingly disappeared. Its streets, still festooned with Chinese New Year decorations, were semi-deserted, shops shuttered.\n\nThere is some anecdotal evidence that Chinese people elsewhere in Italy took similar precautions, though national data on infection rates among the community is unavailable. The health ministry did not respond to an email seeking comment.\n\nMilan restaurateur Francesco Wu, a representative of Italian business lobby Confcommercio, said he urged Italian counterparts in February to shut down their businesses, as he had done.\n\n\"Most of them looked at me like a Cassandra,\" he said. \"No one could believe it was happening here ... Now Troy is burning and we are all locked inside.\"\n\n'Italian friends looked at me oddly'\n\nWhen Chinese-born businessman Luca Zhou flew home from China on Feb. 4 to rejoin his wife and 28-year-old son in Prato, he put himself straight into quarantine in his bedroom for 14 days, separated from his wife and son.\n\n\"We had seen what was happening in China and we were afraid for ourselves, our families and our friends,\" said the 56-year-old, who has a business exporting Italian wine to China.\n\nAfter emerging from his self-quarantine, he ventured outside in mask and gloves. He said the few other Chinese on the streets also wore them, anxious not to spread the virus to others.\n\n\"My Italian friends looked at me oddly. I tried many times to explain to them that they should wear them ... but they didn't understand,\" Luca said.\n\n\"When I came back to Prato, no Italian authority told me anything. We did it all by ourselves. If we had not done it, we would all be infected, Chinese and Italians.\"\n\nItaly was one of the first nations to cut air links with China, on Jan. 31, though many of its Chinese residents found their way home via third countries. On Feb. 8, almost a month before closing all schools, it offered students returning from holidays in China the right to stop attending classes.\n\n\"In Prato, there was a boom in take-up,\" said local health director Berti, saying families had been obliged to contact his authority if they wanted to pursue this option. It was then that he began to realize how differently the Chinese were behaving.\n\nMore than 360 families, or around 1,300 people, registered as having put themselves into self-isolation and also signed up to his authority's health surveillance scheme, which monitored symptoms remotely and communicated with them in Chinese.\n\nAs Italian infections began to take off in late February and early March, some families, many of whom retain Chinese citizenship, even began sending children to relatives in China, alarmed at the attitude and behavior of Italians around them.\n\nAnother who went into self-isolation after returning home from China was 23-year-old university student Chiara Zheng.\n\n\"I was conscious of the gravity of the situation. I felt a duty to do it for other people and those close to me.\""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像… | 聯合新聞網：最懂你的新聞網站"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["summary","udn\n 要聞\n 武漢肺炎全球燒\n \n\n \n\n \n \n Your browser does not support HTML5 Audio! 😢\n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n\n \n\n 義大利米蘭街頭醜化中國人的塗鴉。武漢肺炎疫情在歐洲各國引發公然歧視亞裔現象。（法新社）\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n武漢肺炎疫情持續在全球延燒，某些西方國家的亞裔居民因此遭受前所未見的公開歧視。\n英國BBC報導，法國到30日有5個武漢肺炎確診病例，都是來自中國大陸的遊客，並未出現本土傳染案例。但一些亞裔居民在社交媒體上抱怨，他們在路上、大眾運輸工具和社交媒體上遭到謾罵和公然歧視，英國和其他國家也傳出類似狀況。\n\n●媒體叫亞裔黃…你敢說黑人是黑禍？\n法國亞裔居民在社交媒體貼文時還用了我不是病毒（#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus）的標籤回擊。Je suis ChinoisMais je ne suis pas un virus!!Je sais que tout le monde a peur au virus, mais pas de préjugé, svp.#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus pic.twitter.com/38bUTNWj3t— Lou Chengwang (@ChengwangL) January 28, 2020 \n法國當地報社《皮卡爾信使報》（Le Courrier picard）用煽動性標題「黃色警報」（Alerte jaune）和「黃禍？」（Le péril jaune?），還配上一張戴口罩的華裔女子來報導疫情，引發強烈抗議。該報很快就道歉，表示不是故意使用某些「最差的亞裔刻板印象」。Cette leçon de racisme décomplexé vous est offerte par le @CourrierPicard #coronavirus pic.twitter.com/jhcoNmsmm5— Madjid Messaoudene (@MadjidFalastine) January 26, 2020 \n反對種族主義國際聯盟（Licra）主席尼維表示，沒有報社敢用「黑色警報」這種標題，所以這顯然是個問題。\n一名住在法國的亞裔女子陳凱西（Cathy Tran，音譯）表示，她在前往科爾馬東部城鎮工作的路上聽見兩名男子說：「小心點，那個中國女孩朝我們走過來了。」●旁邊乘客說：她會汙染我們…\n陳女士說：「我下班回家的途中，一名騎著滑板車的男子經過我，要我戴上口罩。」\n17歲的巴黎居民、擁有越南和柬埔寨血統的女子鄭莎娜（Shana Cheng，音譯）表示，她26日在巴黎的一輛公車上遭受來自男女老少的人身攻擊。她聽見一名乘客說：「那邊有個中國女人，她會汙染我們，她必須回家。」她說，人們用作嘔的表情看著她，「彷彿我是病毒」。\n鄭女士說，沒有人出面阻止這些歧視言行，所以她決定忽略那些言論並繼續聽音樂，還故意咳嗽和發出吸鼻涕的聲音，「讓他們更害怕」。武漢肺炎疫情造成全球恐慌，加拿大多倫多機場許多人戴著口罩。（美聯社）●武漢肺炎疫情為內心的歧視找到出口\n陳女士說，她對人們的反應並不訝異，這次武漢肺炎疫情只是人們展現種族歧視行為的藉口。不同的是，這次她感受到公然歧視的程度遠比過去嚴重，「我們很少聽見亞洲人談論種族歧視，因為大家都知道，我們在默默忍受。但現在我們亞裔都同樣遭受歧視，而且非常過分。」\n法籍華裔作家兼導演葛蕾斯．李（Grace Ly，音譯）形容這種敵意是刻意「打壓中國」，並煽動反亞裔仇恨，「這些城鎮被隔離，人們被孤立還要面對死亡，這是很有趣的事嗎？」\n加拿大華裔社區也擔心，SARS疫情高峰期在多倫多發生的事會重演。2002年SARS在大陸爆發，有8098人感染，造成774人死亡。當時，加拿大有438個疑似感染SARS的病例，其中44人在2003年的春季和夏季死亡。當年大部分病例都在多倫多。\n多倫多市議員和華裔社區領袖29日在記者會上敦促居民，不要因為擔心疫情，就責怪或歧視亞裔居民。加拿大多倫多唐人街街頭的民眾。（路透）●前加國總理 SARS時堅持唐人街用餐\nSARS疫情期間人們都盡量待在家，觀光業和消費產業受到重創，華裔企業和唐人街商家遭到的打擊尤其巨大，收入少了40%至80%。加拿大華人全國理事會多倫多分會執行長賈斯汀．孔說：「當時的傷害很嚴重。人們失去收入、工作，有人被迫變賣房子，還在學校和工作場合被汙名化。」\nSARS疫情最嚴重的時候，時任加拿大總理克瑞強堅持在多倫多的唐人街吃午飯，顯示沒有理由躲避亞裔商家。加拿大前總理克瑞強。（路透）\n加拿大目前有2個武漢肺炎確診病例，孔先生表示，人們仍嘗試理解武漢肺炎的影響。但他也說：「華人社區有居民擔心武漢肺炎疫情，也擔心歧視會影響我們的日常生活。這會對企業、工人、商家和社區帶來巨大影響。」 \n \n\n \n 武漢肺炎\n 霸凌\n SARS\n 社群媒體\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 邊境管制加嚴日發給中、韓的簽證9日起失效\n \n \n 日本政府6日決定為新冠肺炎防疫，採取更嚴格的邊境措施，已發給中國大陸、南韓的簽證9日0時起失效；至於原為免簽對象國的南韓... \n 2020-03-06 10:30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 英相強生高燒不退住院！能否繼續領導國政受質疑\n \n \n 衛報和CNBC報導，英國首相強生在染上新冠肺炎10天後，周日（5日）住進醫院，為包括高燒在內「持續不退」的症狀作進一步檢... \n 2020-04-06 07:27\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 西班牙再延長全國緊急狀態2周直至4月26日\n \n \n 路透報導，西班牙新冠肺炎確診人數超越義大利，累積至12萬4736例，成為歐洲染疫人數最多的國家。西國總理桑傑士表示，將再... \n 2020-04-04 20:24\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 當機立斷全面對外封鎖西班牙觀光小鎮零確診\n \n \n 西班牙疫情已淪為重災區，然而在疫情肆虐之際，南部小鎮札哈拉因及早採取全面封鎖策略，幸而無人確診。鎮長的當機立斷與居民的支... \n 2020-04-04 19:48\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 義大利傳奇鞋王Sergio Rossi疑因新冠肺炎病逝\n \n \n 新冠肺炎在義大利境內肆虐，造成多人死亡，而傳奇的義大利高級鞋履品牌創辦人Sergio Rossi也在此刻傳來病逝消息，而... \n 2020-04-03 18:49\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 歐洲疫情嚴峻西班牙病故人數破萬\n \n \n 法新社報導，西班牙當局2日表示，過去24小時暴增950起新冠肺炎死亡病例，創單日新高，病故人數也累計破萬，達10003人... \n 2020-04-02 22:43\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本擬放寬新冠病毒感染患者出院標準舒緩收治壓力\n \n \n 日本NHK報導，鑑於東京等地新冠病毒感染病例激增，日本厚生勞動省決定放寬症狀獲改善的患者的出院標準，以便醫院優先治療重症... \n 2020-04-02 16:52\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本禁台灣等73國旅客入境入境者都須隔離14天\n \n \n 日本政府致力防堵武漢肺炎疫情，首相安倍晉三今天表示，將擴大實施入境禁令，總計禁止來自台灣等73個國家和地區的旅客入境。另... \n 2020-04-01 20:59\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疫情後來居上土耳其會變成下一個義大利嗎？\n \n \n 土耳其新冠肺炎疫情增長速度驚人，累計病例數「後來居上」，已進入全球前10名。跡象顯示，疫情有達到義大利那種規模的風險，遲未下達全國禁足令的中央政府飽受批評。 \n 2020-04-01 13:17\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 桑達姆號郵輪染疫外交部：船上14名台人台僑均安\n \n \n 荷美航運公司的郵輪「桑達姆號」（Zaamdam）爆發新冠肺炎疫情，外傳船上載有約30多名台籍旅客。我外交部今天表示，經我... \n 2020-03-30 13:35\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 川普：如果能把死亡人數壓低到10萬以內就做得很好了\n \n \n 美國總統川普29日表示，美國新冠肺炎死亡率將在兩周內攀上高峰，聯邦政府發布的保持社交距離準則，將持續到今年4月30日，以... \n 2020-03-30 12:32\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 首位染疫病逝皇室成員西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐過世\n \n \n 外媒報導，西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐、人稱「紅公主」的瑪麗亞‧特蕾莎在法國巴黎因新冠肺炎病逝，享壽86歲。 \n 2020-03-27 23:12\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 共 0 則留言\n \n \n \n \n \n 張貼文章或下標籤，不得有違法或侵害他人權益之言論，違者應自負法律責任。\n 對於明知不實或過度情緒謾罵之言論，經網友檢舉或本網站發現，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。\n 對於無意義、與本文無關、明知不實、謾罵之標籤，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除標籤、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿下標籤。\n 凡「暱稱」涉及謾罵、髒話穢言、侵害他人權利，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除發言文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新冠病毒大流行：意大利布拉托市 Prato 讓全世界上了一堂課！\n\n在布拉托市2萬多名中國人(加包括非法移工，中國人約5萬人) 在意大利發生新冠病毒大流行而天氣天哭泣卻沒有1人染新冠病毒！\n而且當地意大利居民從中國人學習到標準榜樣，使該城市新冠病毒感染率是全意大利最低的！\n\nPrato 布拉托意大利中部Tuscany 的成衣城市，距佛羅蘭斯Florence 20分鐘車程，19萬居民中2萬1千名是中國人，6500家中國人經營的成衣工廠。當地有1萬名非法移工。(意大利有30萬中國藉意大利人)\n\n意大利全國新冠病毒感染率每十萬人 115例，在布拉托只有每十萬人62例\n\n意大利城市封鎖時序：\n1月31日：禁止中港奧韓航機入境\n2月21日：意北十城市封鎖\n3月8日：意北擴大封鎖\n3月21日：意大利全國封鎖\n4月4日。意大利確診11萬9千人\n\nPrato 布拉托中國人農歷新年回大陸老家過年後回布拉托就在房間自己隔離14天才見家人，出外戴口罩手套。\n\n他們在大陸親自耳聞目睹疫情嚴重性，知悉 they knew 大條事情發生了；回布拉托後把工廠商店都關閉了，自動的群體的[居家隔離]，[出門戴口罩手套]，比意大利政府提前7星期自己封鎖，也勤意大利朋友要戴口罩。他們的孩子也提前𣎴上學。\n\n8星期後今天，布拉托市的新冠病毒確診病例是全意大利最少的！橄欖油味重的意大利人終於對布拉托市中國藉意大利人另眼相看！\n\n布拉托人給全球人上課講義摘要：\n越早封鎖城市越有效！\n居家隔離14天是關鍵\nStay home 出門戴口罩手套\n\nFrom confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy\n想當時意大利總理康提1月底時説：意大利有全歐洲最嚴格的防範措施 (對抗武漢病毒🦠！\nUndetected transmissions in early stage of outbreak at heart of current difficulties 10 Mar 2020\nhttps://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy\n\nThe city of Italy is where the Chinese are getting heroic status\nhttps://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/\n\n\nFrom zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus\nSilvia Ognibene | Reuters | Florence, Italy\nJakarta / Wed, April 1, 2020\nhttps://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html\n\n\n拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像…\n2020-01-31 08\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["id","jjxk7ududeqj"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T01:50:00.863Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","4QzmT3EBrhVJn3LNzHVC"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","HkXxOXABHjv_5zI2Qlbz"],["name","Ann"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",16]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","1. 托斯卡納（Tuscany）大區的衛生官員貝爾蒂（Renzo Berti）也認為，普拉托市（Prato）的華人在疫情中「做的比我們（義大利國人）更好」，該市的平均感染率不到義大利全國平均的「一半」，約5萬中國人口中也無人確診。\n2. 據《報導者》的採訪．布拉托市華人防範疫情的意識，確實遠比義大利本國人要強，提早關閉商店、自我隔離、派發口罩。\n\n據2016年的統計顯示，普拉托人口約19.2萬，持中國護照的移民約1.9萬人。關於當地實際到底有多少華人，以往報導的說法從2～6萬人不等，幾位受訪者普遍認為4萬人左右，其中原籍溫州的不少於四分之三。\n"],["reference","抗疫有成義大利中國人鹹魚翻身\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4460380\n\n溫州人把武漢肺炎帶到義大利？Prada、Gucci背後的華工：我們可以給世界一個解釋\nhttps://www.twreporter.org/a/covid-19-wenzhou-people-in-italy\n\n義大利最大華人社區「5萬人零確診」　完美「閃疫」靠這個關鍵\nhttps://www.ettoday.net/news/20200401/1682053.htm"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4460380"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","溫州人把武漢肺炎帶到義大利？Prada、Gucci背後的華工：我們可以給世界一個解釋 - 報導者 The Reporter"],["url","https://www.twreporter.org/a/covid-19-wenzhou-people-in-italy"],["summary","在1980年代中國「改革開放」的背景下，50萬溫州人走向世界，不少前往義大利去經營餐館和成衣業。義大利目前至少有30萬中國人，其中溫州是最大族群。而在這場COVID-19（又稱武漢肺炎、新冠肺炎）疫情裡，溫州人成為可能是把病毒帶到義大利、甚至帶到歐洲的重點懷疑對象。《報導者》採訪多位身在普拉托（Prato）的溫州人，試圖理解義大利境內溫州社群的面貌；也試著揭開在多重迷思的夾殺下，以溫州人為主的基層華工真實處境。2019新型冠狀病毒起源於武漢，傳遍中國，又沿著「一帶一路」等通道席捲全球。被認為是G7工業國裡最親中的義大利，3月裡成了當下全球除中國外疫情最嚴重的地方，截稿前超過6萬人確診。3月11日，義大利總理孔蒂（Giuseppe Conte）宣布「鎖國」，20日官方公布的死亡人數已超過中國，火化爐24小時運轉的悲劇，從武漢轉移到了義大利半島。究竟是誰把病毒從中國帶到了義大利、帶到了歐洲？中國最著名的移民城市溫州成了部分外界重點懷疑的對象。因為有大量溫州人在武漢經商，又在春節前回家過年，溫州一度疫情嚴峻，2月2日即實施「封城」。同時，在歐洲也有大量原籍溫州的移民，尤其是義大利的服裝產業基地普拉托（Prato），Prada、Gucci等著名品牌和許多「快速時尚」服裝均在此生產，老闆和工人幾乎都是華人，絕大部分正是來自溫州。有外國人把這條線連起來，看似邏輯合理。而當疫情重災區轉為歐洲後，也有不少中國人開始指責這些海外移民，平時在外國賺錢，遇到問題又急著逃回祖國避難。但事實果真如此嗎？《報導者》採訪了多位身在普拉托的華人，試圖揭開在多重迷思的夾殺下，以溫州人為主的基層移工真實狀況和處境。停工之後生活停頓「在普拉托，自己有住家的工人並不多，我目前還是在老闆家裡搭鋪。」「搭鋪」是當地華人的「術語」，指的是員工住在老闆提供的集體宿舍裡。胡先生在這位溫州老闆的服裝廠裡幹了2年，覺得他人還不錯，從3月初停工到現在，「對我們8個員工還是管吃管住。」但因為不知道什麼時候可以復工，焦慮還是難免的。「我聽說，有些廠停工之後，就一直在趕走搭鋪的員工。還有一些老闆為了賺錢，就算現在疫情嚴重，也還在冒險開工。不過這兩種情況應該都很少見。」胡先生的話得到了其他受訪者的印證，另一位普拉托華人表示：「也不能完全怪老闆，生意不好，到頭來裁員都是難以避免的。」普拉托是托斯塔尼大區（Tuscany）僅次於佛羅倫斯（Florence）的第二大城市。據2016年的統計顯示，普拉托人口約19.2萬，其中持中國護照的移民約1.9萬人（註）不包括已獲得義大利國籍的華人和沒有合法身分的中國移工。。關於當地到底有多少華人，以往報導的說法從2～6萬人不等，幾位受訪者普遍認為4萬人左右，其中原籍溫州的不少於四分之三。因為疫情，熱鬧的普拉托安靜了下來，隨處可見中文招牌的街道上，空空如也。從溫州來此已經十餘年的姜先生說，因為買不到口罩，大家都不敢出門，幸而自己之前囤了不少食物，「足夠吃兩個月了。」返中避難？多數只敢想想而已祖籍溫州的「90後」Marc說：「每天就在家自我隔離，打打遊戲看看片，日子也還不算太無聊。」義大利現在形勢嚴峻，中國政府又宣傳國內現在很安全，已經實現全國「零新增」，在普拉托的中國人確實有不少想回去，但多是想想就知道不現實，決定放棄，真正能邁開腿的，卻沒有幾個。28歲的丹丹在微信朋友圈動態裡po了一張圖，內容是米蘭到溫州的航班機票價格：經濟艙成人票價2,665歐元／人，折合人民幣約21,000元／人公務艙（商務艙）成人票價3,643歐元／人，折合人民幣約28,700元／人兒童票價為成人票價的75%這樣的機票，每個月在餐館打工收入1,200歐元（約合人民幣9,000元，新台幣39,000元）出頭的她，買不到也買不起，「而且還有兩個孩子，也怕他們萬一在飛機上被感染。」既然如此，索性就帶著兩個孩子在家做做餅乾，玩玩遊戲。但經濟壓力讓她擔心，之前上班的餐館關了，沒有了收入；餐館不知道何時恢復營業，即便重開會不會還需要自己，也不確定。萬一失業，很可能一時不容易找到新的工作。回國發展？「離開8年了，回去也不知道可以做什麼。」出生在普拉托的Marc估計：「疫情之後，肯定會有很多人失業。」溫州，有一個和「歐」相似的簡稱「甌」。它位於浙江省東南部，戶籍人口800餘萬，被認為是中國最具移民特質的城市，歷史上出現過4次移民潮，最早可以上溯到先秦、西漢時期的東甌國，最近一次則以1980年代的「改革開放」為背景，形成了50萬溫州人走向世界、170萬溫州人走向全中國以及280萬外來務工人員湧入溫州的複雜情勢（註）資料來源：任柏強、奚從清（2007）。〈關於溫州移民社會研究幾個問題的思考〉，《溫州大學學報·社會版》，20（6）：1-6。。義大利國家統計局（ISTAT）公布的2018年統計顯示，在當地的中國人有30萬，但這並不包括以義大利籍留下來的華人，此外非法居住者據估計有5～8萬人。其中最大的一個族群就是溫州人。1980年代後，義大利實行吸收外國移民的政策，先後在1986、1990、1995、1998年實施「大赦」或接受非法移民居留申請，來自東歐、北非和中國的移民由此大量湧入（註）資料來源：陳翊、吳海蓉（2017）。〈從立足到發展：海外移民創業的跨國動態化實踐——以法意溫州移民為例〉，《華人華僑歷史研究》，3：27。。早期溫州移民在歐洲站穩腳跟後，與之存在血緣、親緣、地緣聯繫的親友，也隨之接踵而來。丹丹說：「我公婆大約是2003年左右到義大利來的，每天就是拼命工作賺錢，攢了錢就寄回家。10年前我老公也過來了，然後過了2年，我和老公結婚，也來了普拉托。」為了3倍薪水遠行的基層華工福建籍的關先生，現在一家普拉托頗有知名度的服裝公司擔任管理工作。他說：「我記得2005年的時候，我在國內的收入大概是人民幣1,500元（約新台幣6,000元），到了這裡之後，收入是國內的3倍。現在則可以拿到每個月2,000歐元左右（約人民幣1.5萬元，新台幣6.5萬元）。」他也介紹說，從事服裝行業的移工，每月收入差不多1,500～2,000歐元。在中國，很多白領的收入水準也不低，但從事服裝、餐飲等行業，確實不可能拿到這樣的薪水。丹丹說：「國外花銷也會比較多，但節約的話，可以存起來的錢是比國內多。」在普拉托的4萬華人中，這樣的基層移工佔了絕大多數。「我們哪能算什麼華僑，說穿了就是『華工』，」在服裝廠打工十餘年的姜先生如是說。早期的移工，勞動條件很差，在服裝廠每週至少6天，每天工作15、16個小時司空見慣。現在工作條件有所改善，但遇到趕工，連續工作12、13個小時的情況仍然存在。義大利中文媒體《華人街》網站上，除了提供資訊，也供使用者自由發布招聘或求職的訊息，從其「欄目分類」中可以看出，職位幾乎都是工廠、餐飲、司機、按摩、保姆、臨時工等體力勞動。外界迷思：溫州移民都是「土豪」？不過，經過長時間的資本、經驗、人脈的積累，還是有一些溫州移民，完成了「黑手變頭家」的過程。Marc的父母離開溫州已經20多年，他自己也出生在這裡，拿的是義大利護照。父母現在普拉托經營一家小型服裝企業，家裡也在當地置產，但國籍仍然是中國。根據義大利商會聯盟統計，華人中平均每5位就有1位創業者（註）資料來源：張子宇、馬歡等（2012）。〈活在邊緣：溫州人在羅馬〉，《國家經濟地理》，1：85。。Marc表示，這和自己了解的情況相符，「要開廠並不難，但未必都能賺到錢。做得好的，一家廠每個月能賺幾萬歐元，但現在也愈來愈難了。」那會有在國內本來就已經很富裕的溫州人在普拉托生活嗎？所有受訪者均表示，從未聽說過這樣的情況。確有一些以往報導中，溫州商人大舉收購義大利品牌，但這樣的富翁與同鄉的移工之間，從無交集。中國人與普拉托產業的愛恨情仇一年前，中國國家主席習近平訪義，並與義大利總理孔蒂簽署「一帶一路」協議。因為經貿交往密切和「親中」，義大利爆發嚴重疫情後，還遭到了一些「反中」人士的嘲笑。但在基層移工的世界裡，「一帶一路」和自己並沒有多大關係，他們說自己不關心、不了解。即便在一家頗有知名度的服裝企業裡擔任管理職、手下有40多名員工，關先生也表示，他從未聽自己的溫州老闆說起過「一帶一路」的影響。指稱這些已經在義大利生活已久的移工，是中國的國家資本主義沿「一帶一路」向外輸出的載體，存在著倒果為因的誤解。但義大利人對華人的感受，確實複雜。一方面，華人族裔的經濟對普拉托地區生產總值的貢獻超過11%，購買力驚人的中國遊客和中國市場更對義大利人充滿誘惑力。但另一方面，「中國製造」的低成本優勢，嚴重衝擊了小規模家族企業為主的義大利傳統產業，紡織、皮革、製鞋等產業「傷亡慘重」。2008年金融危機之後，大量當地工廠倒閉，工人失業。一些瀕臨倒閉的企業主索性把工廠賣給了中國人，普拉托的紡織、時裝行業就此被佔領。2009～2014年，過往意識型態在共產黨和左翼政黨輻射範圍內的普拉托，選出了一位受到中右翼支持的市長，上任之後曾對華人企業進行過一番掃蕩，包括凍結賬戶，沒收車輛、不動產等資產，禁止餐飲店在零點後營業。Made in Italy by Chinese義大利記者佩拉琪妮（Silvia Pieraccini）於2010年出版了《中國衝鋒》（L'Assedio Cinese）一書，講述了義大利人眼中，溫州移民如何在普拉托扎根的故事。其中提到，中國人如何嚴重衝擊了當地傳統經濟紡織業——他們初來乍到的1991年，普拉托有8,141家紡織廠，時裝公司只有2,000家；到了2009年，紡織廠只剩3,300家，時裝公司卻增加2倍。擔任服裝廠管理工作的關先生坦承：「普拉托現在幾乎所有的服裝企業都是溫州老闆開的。」溫州移民在普拉托開發一種新產業模式，義大利語叫做「pronto moda」，意味「快速時尚」，其運作模式是：從中國進口廉價布料，以閃電般的速度將布料變成時尚服裝，以跟上快速變化的風格，賣給全球低價零售商與市集。此外，Prada、Gucci等奢侈品牌的製造商也都是當地的中國工廠，雖然這些高端品牌仍然印著「Made in Italy」的標籤，但懂行的人心知肚明，完整的表述應該是「Made in Italy by Chinese」。Marc的父母經營小型服裝企業，自己也先後在印花廠、裁剪公司、布行等工作過。他說：「這個我太清楚了，無論大牌還是快速時尚品，應該都是華人製作的，品質差別並沒有太大，貴的是牌子，大錢還是他們賺的。」網路上有一個略帶戲謔的說法，將肺炎疫情比作球賽，中國打上半場，其他各國打下半場，而海外華人則不幸要出戰全場。而義大利華人，無疑又是所有打滿全場的「球員」中，最體力透支、心力交瘁的一群。丹丹說：「我公婆春節前回溫州了，開始是我們擔心他們在國內的情況，現在又成了他們擔心我們，每天要用微信和我們視頻一次。」那有沒有可能是春節後，一些溫州人在家鄉被感染，又急於避疫，反而把病毒帶到了義大利呢？雖然無法百分百排除這種可能，但受訪者們認為機率很小。「回義大利來的人應該很少，像我家畢竟有兩個孩子在這裡，公婆也害怕，萬一自己被感染了，又把病傳給孩子。」零號病人是誰？仍證據不足《報導者》聯絡到的這些受訪者均表示，自己在義大利的親友中，還沒有聽說有被傳染的。義大利《華人街》網站的一位工作人員向我們透露：「官方不公布國籍訊息，沒有確切的數字。被傳染肺炎的義大利華人，我知道的有十幾位，不知道的還有很多。」但在已確診的6萬多人中，這個比例並不大，由此推出是溫州人把肺炎帶到義大利，證據不足。事實上，到底誰是義大利的「零號病人」，仍存在不同說法；究竟疫情是如何傳入，目前尚難釐清。但較為明確的是，義大利疫情爆發始於北部倫巴第大區（Lombardy），難說和中部的普拉托間有怎樣的直接關係。防疫意識的「比賽」雖然絕大多數義大利人對華人態度比較友善，但在COVID-19疫情初期，還是發生了一些針對、乃至攻擊華人的事件。「華人街那裡，就發生過一起老外打中國人的事，他們說病毒是中國人帶來的，」姜先生略感氣憤，「現在看到被感染的，基本上都是老外，他們總該沒話說了吧。」而且，在他們看來，華人的防範意識遠比本國人要強。丹丹說：「畢竟我們一直在關注國內的狀況，早在2月底，義大利感染者超過500人的時候，大家就已經很警惕了。我打工的餐飲店，老闆已經開始提早關門。」姜先生記得：「當時有華人在路上派發口罩，還被義大利人嘲笑。」義大利《世界中國》雜誌社社長胡蘭波在《南方周末》撰文說：中國人特別聰明，早就覺得義大利那麼不重視疫情不行，自己先把自己武裝好了，備好口罩，關上店門居家。\n⋯⋯義大利人就是太不在乎了，我想，大部分的西方人都該有偏見，覺得傳染病只會發生在第三世界。\n⋯⋯早幾天免費發給義大利人口罩，他們都不要，現在有的直接敲中國鄰居的門討口罩。多位受訪者也表示，目前都處於在家自我隔離的狀態中，「但有些義大利人，還沒有完全隔離，有些至今也不戴口罩。」在社群媒體上，則熱傳一段影片，內容是說義大利一位市長，以近乎咆哮的方式向市民喊話，呼籲大家不要出門。針對一些市民每天出門購物、跑步甚至開派對的情況，市長怒嗆：「我們城市常年跑步的人最多20個，現在全都變得熱愛跑步了？」義大利有個奇怪的傳聞叫「中國人從來不死」（註）兩位義大利記者Oriani Raffaele、Staglianò Riccardo還以此傳聞出發，到義大利各地採訪，寫了一本書《I Cinesi Non Muoiono Mai》（簡體版譯為《不死的中國人》）。，會有這樣的迷思，一是因為華人很少參加公共活動，二來則是因為義大利人很少見到他們的葬禮。對義大利華人來說，最大的痛點始終是無法真正融入當地社會。2019年，義大利地方議會首次出現華人面孔，祖籍浙江溫州甌海的林詩璇、祖籍麗水青田的王小波雙雙進入普拉托議會，但華人族群與當地社會的區隔仍然根深蒂固。原因首先是溫州人本身就非常注重血緣、親緣、地緣關係，因而族群內的向心力較強。加之當地華人實在太多，所以在普拉托，哪怕不會講義大利語，只要會講溫州話，也完全可以生存。來自河北的胡先生說，即便同樣是中國人，自己也是花了一段時間進入這個溫州人為主的環境。建立出自己的社會支持系統「要和義大利人交往，語言還是很大的障礙，」丹丹說，雖然自己在這裡已經生活了8年，但義大利語其實還根本談不上流利。語言能力背後，是教育程度的限制。義大利福利機構（Caritas）的一項統計則指出，中國移民中只有12%上過高中，遠低於外國移民平均水平的28%。講到義大利目前的疫情，幾乎每一位身在普拉托的受訪者都會提起「華人街」這個中文網站，那是他們每天獲取資訊的主要管道，關注義大利語媒體的人相比少得多。丹丹說，房東對自己很客氣，這樣的義大利人算是難得。大部分受訪者則表示，義大利人對華人談不上歧視，但終究涇渭分明。鎖國又封城中的義大利，從南到北，很多自我隔離中的人，辦起了陽台音樂會，在各自家中的陽台上，播放或演唱義大利國歌。在普拉托，也有華人在陽台播放起了中國國歌《義勇軍進行曲》。「雖然我們在異國他鄉，但就像生活在中國一樣，還可以聽到國歌，」聽到中義兩國國歌交替響起，自認為中國人的Marc心中分外激動。單看護照，Marc其實是土生土長的義大利人，但他輾轉換過幾個工作，老闆都是華人，不久前還在「華人街」網站發文想找一份穩定的工作，但卻從沒想過到義大利人的公司去應徵，「他們是不會歧視中國人，但要說到工作，肯定還是留給自己人。」Marc覺得，自己拿著義大利護照，好處也就是出國旅行比較方便，其他和中國護照也沒有什麼差別。義大利並不是像北歐那樣的高福利國家，所以「如果找不到工作，也沒有什麼失業金，還是只能吃土。」上海華東師範大學博士勞拉・德・普雷托（Laura De Pretto）做的〈義大利溫州移民的社會認同：亞洲價值觀的堅持和雙文化的可能性〉研究顯示，「移民到義大利後，溫州人表現出更強的民族身分認同意識，這是由於他們必須建立一個強大的社會支持系統，以成功應對一個完全不熟悉、甚至是不友好的環境。中國人的身分認同和親密的家庭關係是其社會支持系統的堅實基礎，以助於他們面對外國的陌生環境。隨著在義大利生活的時間延長，溫州人對亞洲價值觀的堅持有微微降低的趨勢，但並不顯著。」不想扎根歐洲，仍盼落葉歸根長期在普拉托的移工，有不少拿到了義大利綠卡，但是入籍的比例很小，不僅僅是因為義大利移民政策收緊，也由於他們並不想在歐洲扎根。「我不喜歡入籍，因為我是中國人，而且很多家人也都在國內。」丹丹的兩個孩子都出生在義大利，但拿的卻是都是中國護照，她甚至想過把孩子留在中國。「公公婆婆平時要管孩子，只能做每天4、5小時的辦公，我自己收入也不多，老公稍微多一些。但一家人租套房子，加上電費垃圾費，每個月1,000歐元（約人民幣7,600元，新台幣32,000元。）也不夠。」丹丹和老公的老家都在溫州的鄉下，他們一直想賺錢在老家買套房子，但因為收入就這些，還有兩個孩子要養，所以一套房子人民幣3、40萬元的首付，他們也還沒有攢夠。這些溫州移工，只是身在歐洲的漂泊者，希望賺到足夠的錢，回家買房子，做點小生意，最後落葉歸根。在經濟之外的面向，以溫州人為代表的華人，始終是游離於義大利主流社會之外的「他者」。無論是第一代、第二代移民，無論是否入籍，他們的認同多數還是中國。在武漢肺炎疫情爆發後，大家不遺餘力地購買口罩等防護物資，寄回中國幫助同胞。Marc表示：「這是必須。而且大部分不是寄給親友，而是捐給醫療機構。」只是沒想到兩個月後，在義大利的中國人，又在等待國內反向援助。仇富情結下，被「跑毒」批評夾攻胡蘭波寫到：「義大利溫州人多，過去叫負債逃跑的人『跑路』，現在叫逃回國的人『跑毒』，中國語言太有意思。早點做『跑毒』還好，現在真要穿過萬千封鎖線，一路上隨時可遇毒彈，到了祖國還得到指定酒店隔離。在義大利也有幾個華僑染病了，好在第一個病人已經離開重症監護室，病情好轉了。」當疫情在中國趨緩、反在歐洲爆發後，中國人又開始擔心病毒從境外回流。一些人把矛頭指向了海外僑民，覺得他們想賺錢的時候就去國外，遇到麻煩了就想躲回國。這種情緒，可能也和很多中國人認為「溫州人都很有錢」的迷思，所導致的「仇富」心理有關。確實有富豪階級的溫州人曾告訴記者，「溫州人結婚的時候，都要裱一張幾百萬的存摺，掛在牆上」。但事實上，三面是山一面向海的溫州，並非處處經濟發達，人人有錢。一位溫州籍的資深媒體人表示：「世界各地差不多有60萬溫州人，改革開放之前就已經有人透過偷渡出國了，但那是因為溫州實在沒什麼資源，太窮了。」普拉托的溫州移工，幾乎來自溫州市轄的幾個縣，根本不是許多人想像中的「土豪」。姑且不論一張回國的機票，抵普通勞工2個月的收入，「我們是一家人，所以留在原地，如果只有一個人在歐洲呢？如果他又沒有住家的話，肯定會選擇回去（中國），」丹丹覺得，中國人會指責旅歐同胞，也是因為根本不了解國外的制度，在中國生病了至少去醫院還是可以掛上號，但義大利實行的是家庭醫生制度，從預約到看病時間漫長，她以前得病，都是自己在家吃藥，「即便回國的人，絕大多數也是服從政府安排，接受檢疫、隔離的。而且這是他們的權利啊。」"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.ettoday.net/news/20200401/1682053.htm"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-04-06T14:30:57.866Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Why the ballpoint pen has eluded China"],["url","http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38566114"],["summary","It has sent rockets into space, produced millions of the world's smartphones and built high-speed trains. But until now, one bit of manufacturing had perhaps unexpectedly eluded China: the ballpoint pen.A year ago Premier Li Keqiang went on national television and bemoaned the failure of his country to produce a good quality version of this seemingly-simple implement.Locally-made versions felt \"rough\" compared to those from Germany, Switzerland and Japan, Mr Li complained.High precisionThe problem was not the body of the pen, but the tip - the tiny ball that dispenses ink as you write. It might be something we take for granted, but making them requires high-precision machinery and very hard, ultra-thin steel plates.Put simply, China's steel has not been good enough. And it has struggled to shape its pen tips accurately.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Li Keqiang has held a few pens in his time as Chinese Premier\n \n \n \n Without that ability, China's 3,000 penmakers have had to import this crucial component from abroad, costing the industry a reported 120m yuan ($17.3m; £14.3m) a year.But according to People's Daily, the state-owned Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co thinks it has cracked the problem, after five years of research.The first batch of 2.3-millimetre ballpoint pen tips has recently rolled off its production lines, the paper says.And once lab tests are completed, it's expected China could phase out pen tip imports completely within two years. SymbolicOn one level, whether China can make a great pen is not hugely important in the scheme of things.High-tech and innovative manufacturing lie at the heart of the central government's Made in China 2025 programme - designed to help domestic growth.Relatively low-value items, like ballpoint pens, have not been a priority. But the pen-conundrum is a symbolic one.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n European firms have dominated the ballpoint pen industry at both the top and lower ends of the market\n \n \n \n Despite producing more than half of the world's crude iron and steel, China has still heavily relied on imports for high-grade steel.It was a failing that Mr Li said highlighted the need to upgrade China's manufacturing capabilities.Different culture\"Historically, China has never been able to do precision engineering very well and the ballpoint pen is an example of that,\" says Professor George Huang, head of the University of Hong Kong's department of industrial and mechanical engineering.\"Its parts are so small and very precise, and it's not easy to solve this problem\" Precision engineering is thriving only in certain sectors such as aerospace and defence where the government has placed a high priority, says Prof Huang. Even when it comes to smartphones and computers, the high end computer chips are usually imported from Japan and Taiwan.Prof Huang says that China lacks a culture of excellence in precision engineering.He uses the Mandarin term \"fuzao\" which describes something that is not 100% solid or reliable.\"The culture is different from the Japanese and Germans,\" he says, who are known for innovation in engineering.\"We Chinese are supposed to be craftsmen, but somehow the spirit is not as good.\"Additional reporting by the BBC's Tessa Wong."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/AB57/production/_93336834_ballpointpen.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38566114"],["id","5481389976357-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-10T09:25:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV08qOphyCdS-nWhucQO"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","NOT_ARTICLE"],["text"," 疑似為訊息之節錄片段，並非全文。"],["reference",""],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["createdAt","2017-07-13T15:54:49.315Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_8SU6w_lKU8142Pd-hyVJRULJNF7mjehuE3om7Vc6i8c"],["name","滿足的✖東勢✖艾薇拉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Diabetes drug is promising Alzheimer's treatment after 'significantly reversing' memory loss"],["url","http://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html"],["summary","A drug developed for type 2 diabetes significantly reverses memory loss and could have potential as a new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, scientists say.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study, by UK and Chinese universities, is the first to look at a new combined diabetes drug and found improvements in several characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer’s.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lead researcher Professor Christian Holscher, from Lancaster University, said these “very promising outcomes” show multi-action drugs developed for type 2 diabetes “consistently show neurological protective effects”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Independent academics said a reduction in nerve-cell-killing protein molecules was particularly interesting and this was likely to be another avenue in the search for an elusive drug to combat dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n He has previously reported optimistic findings from an older diabetes drug, liraglutide, and clinical trials in humans are currently under way.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n This latest study, published in the journal Brain Research, looked at a “triple action” treatment that combine three different drugs for type 2 diabetes, acting on biological pathways that could also have an impact on dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n Type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for Alzhemier’s disease and impaired production of insulin – the hormone that people with diabetes don’t produce sufficiently to control their blood sugar – is linked to brain degeneration.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The identification of this link had a twofold benefit, according to charities.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It opened up new research and drug development opportunities, such as this study.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But it also means that by making lifestyle changes, like eating healthily and exercising, patients can avoid developing type-2 diabetes and lower their risk of Alzheimer’s disease as well.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n There are currently half a million people living with Alzheimer’s disease in the UK and more than five million people with diabetes, both conditions pose a major cost to the NHS, and health systems worldwide.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n The treatment in this study combined; GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, which, like insulin protect against neurological deterioration, and tested them in mice with genetic mutations that cause Alzheimer’s disease.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n After two months of daily injections the mice were shown to significantly improve their performance in a maze designed to test memory.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Treated mice also had lower levels of proteins which clump together and form plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, inhibiting nerve cells’ ability to communicate and causing them to die.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study also found these mice lost nerve cells to the disease at a slower rate and had lower levels of nerve inflammation.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It concludes that the triple treatment “holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \nThe seven Alzheimer's risk factors\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n The Alzheimer’s Society, a charity which part-funded the latest study research, said that after 15 years without a new drug for Alzheimer’s disease the promising results from these crossover treatments, which are already known to be safe for humans, are likely to bring earliest benefits.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Professor Holscher added that further tests to compare its benefits against other potential treatments, and its effects in humans were needed.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But Professor John Hardy, a professor of neuroscience, at University College London who was not involved in the trial, said the study was “a first step, at best” towards a Alzheimer’s drug for humans.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n “The results showing less amyloid deposition of amyloid in mice treated with glucagon receptor stimulating drugs is interesting,” he said.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n “However, it should be noted that several other drugs have shown positive results in mice models of Alzheimer’s disease and then failed in human trials.”\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dr David Reynolds, chief scientific officer at Alzheimer’s Research UK, echoed this, but added: “There is a long road between studies that show an effect in animals and treatments in the hands of patients, and scientists will only be able to realise the potential of promising findings like these if we continue to invest in research.”"],["topImageUrl","https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2015/04/14/21/web-alzheimers-2-alamy.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease"],["url","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596"],["summary","AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) that have anti-diabetic properties show very promising effects in animal models of AD. Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain. Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. In the present study, the effects of the TA were evaluated in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. The TA was injected once-daily (10 nmol/kg i.p.) for two months. The results showed that treatment with TA significantly reversed the memory deficit in the APP/PS1 mice in a spatial water maze test. Moreover, the drug reduced levels of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signaling molecule BAX, increased the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule Bcl-2 and enhanced the levels of BDNF, a key growth factor that protects synaptic function. Levels of synaptophysin were enhanced, demonstrating protection from synaptic loss that is observed in AD. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was furthermore enhanced as shown in the increase of doublecortin positive cells. Furthermore, TA treatment reduced the total amount of β-amyloid, reduced neuroinflammation (activated microglia and astrocytes), and oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus, these findings show that novel TAs are a promising lead for the design of future treatment strategies in AD.Previous Next KeywordsInflammationGrowth factorBDNFBrainInsulinNeurodegeneration1. IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized clinically by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and aberrant behavior [1]. Currently, there is no treatment can improve this condition. Epidemiological studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) (Luchsinger et al., 2004, Ohara et al., 2011). The underlying mechanism is most likely that insulin signaling is impaired in the brains of AD patients (Moloney et al., 2010, Talbot et al., 2012). This motivated research in drugs that have shown good effects in treating diabetes to investigate if they could be helpful in treating AD as well. Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) can play a neuroprotective role in the brain and show very promising effects in animal models of AD (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Li et al., 2010, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain (Hoosein and Gurd, 1984, Mayo et al., 2003). Activation of the receptor can activate neuronal activity and cellular Ca2+ signaling and may have neuroprotective properties (Ayush et al., 2015). Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. This novel drug has been developed as a potential treatment for diabetes (Finan et al., 2015). No studies have been published that test the neuroprotective effects of this novel drug. We therefore tested this promising TA in the APPSWE/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD. This mouse model recapitulates some of the hallmarks of AD, such as memory loss, synaptic loss, reduction of synaptic plasticity, reduction of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, chronic inflammation in the brain, and formation of amyloid plaques in the brain (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Goto et al., 2008, Hamilton et al., 2011, Hamilton and Holscher, 2012, McClean et al., 2011). We tested the effects of TA in this transgenic mouse model and evaluated the neuroprotective effects. We analyzed memory formation, hippocampal neurogenesis, the expression levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (Blurton-Jones et al., 2009), mitochondrial apoptosis signaling proteins, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress levels.2. Results2.1. TA-treatment improved the learning and memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice in the water mazeA two-way ANOVA found a significant difference between groups (p < 0.0001) and over time (p < 0.001). In the Morris water test, it was observed that the control mice, APP/PS1 mice and TA-treated APP/PS1 mice had a similar escape latency (P > 0.05). On day 5, the average escape distance in searching for the hidden platform in the APP/PS1 mice was significantly longer than that in the control mice (P < 0.05). Compared to the APP/PS1 group, the TA-treated APP/PS1 group’s average escape distance was decreased (P < 0.01). There was no difference in swimming speed among these three groups in training days (P > 0.05).Then on day 6, the platform was removed and the probe trail test was conducted. A one way ANOVA analysis showed an overall difference between groups. The APP/PS1 mice spent less time in the target quadrant (P < 0.01) and had fewer times passing through the original position of the hidden platform (P < 0.01), compared with control mice. In the TA-treated APP/PS1 group, the time spent in target quadrant (P < 0.05) and the frequencies to cross the platform significantly increased (P < 0.05), compared to the APP/PS1 group Fig. 1.Download high-res image (302KB)Download full-size imageFig. 1. The novel TA improved the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice in the spatial water maze task. (A) The escape latency and swimming speed in the training trails. (B) The percentage of time in target quadrant and crossing platform times in the probe trials. The circle indicates the position of the platform during acquisition (C) Representative swimming tracks of the probe trial. * = P < .05, ** = P < .01 compared to the control group, ## = P < .01, # = P < .05 compared to the APP/PS1 group; Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests.2.2. TA-treatment ameliorated amyloid plaques in the brains of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, we analyzed the amount of amyloid plaques present in the brains of APP-PS1 mice. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the amyloid deposits in the cortex (F = 31.10, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 30.38, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The Aβ1-42 depositions in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased the deposition (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 2.Download high-res image (211KB)Download full-size imageFig. 2. TA treatment reduced amyloid deposits in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.3. TA-treatment reduced the chronic inflammation response in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-GFAP antibody was used as an indication of activated astrocytes. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the GFAP expression in the cortex (F = 77.03, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 86.51, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of GFAP in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 3.Download high-res image (362KB)Download full-size imageFig. 3. TA-treatment reduced the number of GFAP positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA. Scale bar in image D: 50μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained astroglia. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-IBA1 antibody was used as an indication of microglia activation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the IBA-1 expression in the cortex (F = 28.71, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 66.42, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of IBA-1 in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 4.Download high-res image (347KB)Download full-size imageFig. 4. TA treatment reversed the increase of IBA-1 positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained microglia. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.4. TA-treatment suppressed oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of APP /PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, 4-HNE was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the 4-HNE expression in the cortex (F = 60.60, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 35.22, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 4-HNE in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5a.Download high-res image (397KB)Download full-size imageFig. 5. Oxidative stress was reduced by the TA. 5A. TA-treatment reduced the increase of 4-HNE levels in the cortex and hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with controls; ###=P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. 5B. TA treatment reduced the increase of 8-OHdG levels in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures ***post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, 8-OHdG was measured as an indicator of DNA oxidation. A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the 8-OHdG expression in the cortex (F = 38.72, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 56.60, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 8-OHdG in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5b.2.5. TA-treatment increased immature neurons in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, numbers of neurogenesis, assessed by doublecortin (DCX). A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the DCX positive cell in the dentate gyrus (F = 43.61, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The numbers of DCX were much reduced in the APP/PS1 mice (P < 0.001) compared to the control mice. While TA-treatment partially prevented the reduction (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 mice. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 6.Download high-res image (169KB)Download full-size imageFig. 6. TA-treatment enhanced neurogenesis and increased numbers of DCX positive cell numbers in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice. A: control group; B: APP/PS1 group; C: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image A: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.6. TA-treatment reversed the decrease of BDNF levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 miceBDNF, a key neurotrophic factor in the brain, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.01, P < 0.001). The expression of BDNF in hippocampus was reduced in APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. TA-treatment reversed the decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7a.Download high-res image (304KB)Download full-size imageFig. 7. A) TA-treatment increased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001compared with the control group; # = P < .05 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. B) TA-treatment increased levels of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ## = P < .01 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. C) TA-treatment increased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.7. TA-treatment reversed the reduction of synaptophysin levelsSynaptophysin (SYN), a synaptic markers, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.46, P < 0.001). The level of SYN in hippocampus was decreased in the APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment prevent the reduction (P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7b.2.8. TA-treatment showed potential anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in APP/PS1 miceThe expression of apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 (that suppress apoptosis) and BAX (that promotes apoptosis), was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 77.64, P < 0.001). The ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in hippocampus was increased (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment partly decreased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7c.3. DiscussionThe results demonstrate for the first time that the novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist has clear neuroprotective effects in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Memory formation in the spatial water maze task was improved by the drug, and the amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus was reduced. This result confirms our previous findings that single GLP-1 or GIP analogues can protect from memory loss in this mouse model of AD (Faivre and Holscher, 2013a, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). The chronic inflammation response as seen in the activation of microglia and astrocytes is much reduced by the novel TA, similar to single GLP-1 or GIP receptor agonists (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Ji et al., 2016a, McClean et al., 2011). Levels of the peroxidized lipid 4-HNE that also acts as a pro-apoptotic signal in mitochondria have been reduced by the TA. 4-HNE is one of the markers of membrane lipid peroxidation induced by cytotoxic radicals such as OH. 4-HNE has cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic properties and 4-HNE is reported to stimulate apoptosis via caspase 3 activation and by inducing mitochondrial damage as shown in cytochrome c release (Ji et al., 2001). The levels of the mitochondrial apoptosis signal BAX (Kim et al., 2005) were also reduced. Importantly, the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) which is active in functioning mitochondria that have normal inner membrane voltage potentials (Kavitha et al., 2013) is upregulated by the TA, adding to the neuroprotective effect. The level of chronic oxidative stress as measure by the levels of the oxidized nucleotide 8-Hydroxiguanosine (8-OHdG) was also reduced by the drug. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was normalized. Importantly, the levels of the key growth factor BDNF were normalized in the brain. BDNF has shown clear neuroprotective effects in a range of animal models of disease (Allen et al., 2013, Benedetti et al., 2014, Blurton-Jones et al., 2009, Nagahara et al., 2013). An important factor of BNDF activity is that it maintains synaptic activity and protects synapses from stressors (Kuipers and Bramham, 2006). The observation that the synaptic marker synaptophysin was expressed at normal levels after TA treatment also indicates that synaptic numbers and function was improved in the AD mouse. We have shown previously that GLP-1 and GIP analogues protect synapses from amyloid induced stress and keeps them functional (Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Gault and Holscher, 2008a, Gault and Holscher, 2008b, McClean and Holscher, 2014).Recently, multiple receptor agonists have been developed to treat type II diabetes (Finan et al., 2013, Finan et al., 2015). We have tested novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists that showed good neuroprotective effects that are superior to single GLP-1 analogues (Cao et al., 2016, Jalewa et al., 2017, Ji et al., 2016b, Yuan et al., 2017). The novel dual agonist DA3-CH was found to be superior to liraglutide in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (Yuan et al., 2017), demonstrating that the strategy of activating more than one incretin receptor type offers an advantage over single receptor agonists. Here, we show that a novel triple receptor agonist also shows promise as a potential treatment for AD, but further dose–response tests and direct comparisons with other drugs have to be conducted in order to evaluate if this new drug is superior to previous ones.GLP-1, GIP and glucagon are members of the growth factor family (Hölscher, 2016). Their respective receptors are classic 7-membrane spanning domain, G-protein coupled receptors that activate cAMP synthesis (Campbell and Drucker, 2013, Doyle and Egan, 2007, Holst et al., 2011). The activation of the second messenger cascade cAMP-PKA-CREB induces a number of cytoprotective processes, including the normalization of energy utilization, cell repair and growth-factor related gene expression (Holscher, 2014, Jalewa et al., 2016, Perry and Greig, 2004, Sharma et al., 2013). Importantly, GLP-1 and GIP also have anti-inflammatory properties. Astroglia and microglia express the receptors, and activating these reduce the inflammation response (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Jalewa et al., 2017, Parthsarathy and Holscher, 2013, Spielman et al., 2017). Chronic inflammation is a main driver of neurodegenerative disorders, and a reduction of the inflammation in the brain shows protective effects (Akiyama et al., 2000, Clark et al., 2012, Lee et al., 2010).Based on the impressive preclinical data that demonstrate neuroprotection of such drugs, clinical trials have started that investigate the neuroprotective effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 (Byetta, Bydureon®) and liraglutide (Victoza®) in patients with AD or with Parkinson disease (PD). A pilot study testing the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in AD patients showed promising results. In a double blind, placebo controlled trial, AD patients showed no deterioration in brain activity as measured in the 18FDG-PET scan after 12 months of drug treatment. In contrast, the placebo group showed clear reductions in cortical activity as expected for this progressive neurodegenerative disease (Gejl et al., 2016). A phase II clinical trial is currently ongoing (Hölscher, 2016). A pilot trial testing exendin-4 in PD patients has shown good effects (NCT01174810). This open-label study tested the effects of exendin-4 in 45 patients. There were clear improvements in the motor coordination as shown in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment, and cognition was improved as measured by the Mattis DRS-2 test battery that had been designed to evaluate cognitive impairments in PD patients (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2013). Patients were re-tested 12 months later, and the differences in motor performance and cognitive scores were still visible (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2014). A phase II double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial that tested the once-weekly formulation of exendin-4, Bydureon®, confirmed the results of the pilot study. The drug group did not deteriorate in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment after 48 weeks of treatment, and after 12 weeks of a wash-out period, the disease-modifying effect was still visible. In contrast, the placebo group deteriorated over time as would be expected in this disease (Athauda et al., 2017). In addition, a phase II trial testing liraglutide in PD patients has started, testing patients in a double blind, placebo controlled trial for one year (NCT02953665). A further clinical trial testing the GLP-1 receptor agonist Lixisenatide in PD patients is in planning.These very promising preclinical and the first clinical outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of these novel multiple receptor agonists that originally were developed to treat type II diabetes, but have shown consistent neuroprotective effects in several studies. In the present study, the novel TA improved learning and memory, reduce amyloid plaque load, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial stress signaling, and improved BDNF release and synaptic markers while normalising neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. The novel triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.4. Materials and methods4.1. Peptide and chemicalsThe triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg used in this study was synthesized by China Peptides Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China) to 95% purity. The identity and purity of the peptide was confirmed by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized using matrix assisted laser resorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry. The peptide was stored in dry form and dissolved in double-distilled water containing 0.9% NaCl2 before experiments. A Bi-cinchoninicacid (BCA) protein assay kit was purchased from Apply gen Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was purchased from ZSGB-BIO Co. (Beijing, China). The primary antibodies recognizing Aβ1-42, IBA-1, BDNF, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), synaptophysin (SYN) and β-actin were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The primary antibody GFAP, Bcl-2, and BAX were obtained from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). The primary antibody doublecortin (DCX) buy from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG, biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG, avidinbiotin peroxidase complex reagent was purchased from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). All other reagents used in the research were of analytical grade and of the highest quality commercially available. The peptide sequence was as follows (Finan et al., 2015):HXQGTFTSDKSKYLDERAAQDFVQWLLDGGPSSGAPPPSX = aminoisobutyric acid, K = γE-C16 acylation (with a C16 fatty acid).4.2. Animals and treatmentsAPP/PS1 transgenic mice were purchased from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS, China), were maintained in a constant temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and humidity (relative 30%) under a 12 h light/dark cycle in animal house. As well as age-matched non-AD mice, which are wild-type animals as control. When animals were 6 months of age, TA was dissolved in saline. The dose was a once-daily injection of 10 nmol/kg body weight ip. for two months. Injections were given in the morning (8:00 am). Control mice received equal volumes of saline solution. All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of Shanxi Medical University and conform to the guidelines of National Institute of Health (NIH) guideline (NIH publication No. 85-23. Revised 1985). They were divided into three different groups (n = 12). (i): control group treated with saline only; (ii): APP/PS1 group treated with saline only; (iii): APP/PS1 group treated with TA. At the end of drug treatments, measurements of behavioral change, neuronal damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted.4.3. Morris water maze testThe water maze test is a standard method for assessing learning and memory in animals. The water maze (WM) task was performed 5 days after two months intraperitoneal injection. The apparatus was a circular, white painted pool (150 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height) which was filled to a depth of 40 cm with warm water at a temperature 23 ± 2 °C to avoid hypothermia, and was surrounded by a white curtain around the pool. The pool was divided into four quadrants with four starting locations, north (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W), the starting quadrant was randomly chosen. A perspex platform (diameter, 10 cm) was located in a specific location during the acquisition trials and submerged approximately 1.0 cm below the surface of the water. A video camera was mounted directly above the pool to record the movement and the trail of the mice. During the acquisition phase, each mouse was subjected to four consecutive training trials on each day. The mouse was gently placed in the water between the quadrants, and allowed 60 s to search the hidden platform. If it failed to find the platform within 60 s, it was guided to the platform and allowed to remain there for 10 s. Training continued for 5 days. On the sixth day, the hidden platform was removed and each mouse was allowed to swim in the pool for 60 s. The mean time spent in all four quadrants and the target area for searching the hidden platform was recorded.4.4. Brain tissue preparationHalf of the animals were decapitated after anesthetization with ethyl carbamate, hippocampus tissues were immediately isolated and stored at −80 °C for further investigations. The second half of each group was used for immunohistochemistry analysis. Animals were perfused intracardially with saline and cold 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h.4.5. ImmunohistochemistryFor DAB staining, fixed tissues were embedded in paraffin. Coronal sections (5 μm thick) of the brains were cut on a Leica microtome for immunohistochemistry. Paraffin was removed from the tissue sections with xylene, and the sections were rehydrated in graded ethanol solutions. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating in 10 mmol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 min. After blocked with 5% BSA, sections were incubated with the primary antibody for doublecortin (goat anti-DCX; 1:50), GFAP (rabbit anti-GFAP; 1:100), IBA-1 (goat anti-IBA1; 1:200), 4-Hydroxynonenal antibody (goat anti-4 HNE; 1:200) and anti-8 Hydroxyguanosine antibody (goat anti-8 OHdG; 1:200) at 37 °C for 2 h. For the Anti-8 OHdG histology, enzymatic antigen retrieval with 10 μm/ml proteinase K for 40 min at 37 °C was performed. To detect amyloid deposits, the primary antibody was Aβ1-42 (rabbit anti-Aβ1-42; 1:100), brain sections were pre-incubated with 70% formic acid and incubated at 4 °C for 24 h. They were rinsed in PBS and incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG or biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG at 37 °C for 0.5 h and incubated with the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex reagent at 37 °C for 0.5 h. Samples were stained in DAB solution in the presence of H2O2. All stained sections were viewed and photographed under a Zeiss light microscope, and images were captured by Motic Images Plus2.0ML software. The numbers of DCX positive neurons, the areas of Aβ1-42, GFAP, IBA-1, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG positive cells were determined using Image-pro plus6.0 software. The software counts objects that are defined in size and staining threshold by the user. This automated process avoided user bias.4.6. Western blotThe hippocampal tissues from mice was homogenized in ice cold RIPA buffer (containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% deoxycholate) and PMSF (phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride). The homogenate was centrifuged 12,000 rpm/min for 5 min at 4 °C before taking the supernatant. Tissue containing 60 μg of protein was separated on 10–12% gradient Bis–Tris gel with molecular marker and electrophoresed in running buffer at 120 mV for 90 min followed by transfer to the PVDF membrane. Following protein transfer, the membrane was washed in TBST (tris buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20, pH 8) and blocked in 5% skim milk for 1 h. Then incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit anti-synaptophysin (SYN) (1:10,000), rabbit anti-Bcl-2 (1:400), rabbit anti-BAX (1:400), rabbit anti-BDNF (1:5000), after three washes in TBS further incubation for 2 h at room temperature with the HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (1:5000). In some cases, the blots were stripped and reprobed with a rabbit anti-β-actin (1:5000) to ensure equal sample loading. The bound antibodies were then visualized by ECL-enhanced chemiluminescence (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blot images were captured with a chemiluminescent imaging system (Sage Creation, Beijing, China). All bands were quantified using the image system of Alpha View SA.4.7. Statistical analysisThe data were presented as the mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M.) and analyzed by one-way or two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test using the software Prism 5 (Graph Pad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical significance is defined as P < 0.05.ContributorsJT, WL and YL conducted the experiments, LL and CH conceived the experiment and wrote the manuscript.AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Shanxi Province [(2010)255], by a Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, and supported by a grant from the Alzheimer Society UK. The authors declare no conflict of interestAppendix A. Supplementary dataReferencesAkiyama et al., 2000H. Akiyama, S. Barger, S. Barnum, B. Bradt, J. Bauer, G.M. Cole, N.R. Cooper, P. Eikelenboom, M. Emmerling, B.L. Fiebich, C.E. Finch, S. Frautschy, W.S. Griffin, H. Hampel, M. Hull, G. Landreth, L. Lue, R. Mrak, I.R. Mackenzie, P.L. McGeer, M.K. O'Banion, J. 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HölscherA novel GLP-1/GIP dual agonist is more effective than liraglutide in reducing inflammation and enhancing GDNF release in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."],["topImageUrl","https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0006899317X0022X-cov150h.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","阿茲海默症(Alzheimer’s disease)疾病對於病人及家屬皆會帶來很大的影響，然而至目前為止，疾病的發生機轉及可能的治療方式卻仍在研究階段。《Cell Reports》日前刊登中國山西醫科大學(Shanxi Medical University)的最新發表，研究團隊表示，原先發展用來治療糖尿病的特定藥物，有機會反轉阿茲海默症的記憶喪失症狀。第二型糖尿病已知為阿茲海默症的風險因子之一，其病程會影響到胰島素的分泌，而在過去的研究中亦曾發現，這個影響人體血糖調節的荷爾蒙，其分泌不足可能與大腦的退化情形有關。本篇研究中，作者發現結合第二型糖尿病的特定藥物，可能改善數項阿茲海默症的獨特病徵。作者表示，這項研究發現，有助於未來發展阿茲海默症及其它神經退化疾病的新治療方法。\n \n新聞出處：Alzheimer's treatment: Diabetes drug holds promise for fighting disease after 'significantly reversing' memory loss《Independent》\nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html\n研究刊登在《Cell Reports》第1678卷第64-74頁\nhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596\n "],["id","AWEET-BFyCdS-nWhunGr"],["createdAt","2018-01-17T13:29:59.107Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AWEElGNbyCdS-nWhunHT"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","美國布朗大學沃倫阿爾伯特醫學院（The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University）的蘇珊教授（Suzanne de la Monte），後續發現阿茲海默症患者不一定有第一型或第二型糖尿病，但腦部也會出現血糖代謝異常的狀況，因此認為阿茲海默症和糖尿病有高度相似性，因此學者提出阿茲海默症為第三型糖尿病的說法。"],["reference","http://www.cofit.me/229093913535506/4688052\n飲食與生活習慣的改善，才是預防阿茲海默症的根本"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","This area is password protected [401]"],["url","http://www.cofit.me/229093913535506/4688052"],["summary","This area is password protected"],["topImageUrl",""],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-01-17T14:44:49.119Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_TNx8Po1tzuAiHXSQyraUToQPsZDNiaE3hHn7GpTisr8"],["name","友善的坪林費滋"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Coronavirus: China orders its citizen to give up meat, become Vegetarian"],["url","https://www.theyouth.in/2020/02/01/coronavirus-china-orders-its-citizen-to-give-up-meat-become-vegetarian/"],["summary","Everyone is aware of the fact that Coronavirus is spreading across China and the world quickly. By far, the virus has affected over 11,800 people and the global death toll has risen to at least 250.\n\n\n\nNow, the Government of China has urged its people to give up non-veg because scientists believe that eating slaughtered animals’ flesh may be the cause of the disease. The virus is believed to have spread from animals to humans. \n\n\n\nOne research from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that more than 75% of emerging diseases originate in animals. Experts believe that the dangerous virus might have originated in a market in Wuhan, China, where humans have direct contact with live animals and animal flesh. So far, many dangerous viruses have originated in animals such as the new coronavirus, SARS, bird flu, and more.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a global health emergency. Coronavirus has become a major concern for China affecting thousands of people in the country. President Xi Jinping urged people to stop eating meat which is the main cause of deadly disease. He encouraged them to become vegetarian. \n\n\n\nThe virus is quickly spreading across the globe affecting thousands of people in China. Now, Chinese President Xi Jinping has asked Army personnel to control the spread of coronavirus that has killed 213 people in the country so far. Jinping’s call to the military comes at a time when the deadly virus is spreading from state to state and has infected thousands of people so far. Amid fears, China has imposed travel restrictions that have affected the movement of over 56 million people in over a dozen cities.\n\n\n\nSeveral countries including India, Canada, United States and others have started evacuating their citizens from Wuhan, the epicentre of the deadly virus. India is already working on evacuating its citizens from China’s Wuhan.\n\n\n\nAccording to the latest report, the first positive case of Novel Coronavirus patient has been reported in Kerala. The patient was a student of Wuhan University in China. \n\n\n\nSource Navbharat Times"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","中國政府呼籲停止肉食以解決新型冠狀病毒問題\nhttps://www.theyouth.in/2020/02/01/coronavirus-china-orders-its-citizen-to-give-up-meat-become-vegetarian/"],["id","1o7r9wtrc38yi"],["createdAt","2020-02-03T07:48:05.739Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","mme-I3ABd3n3h-WYQt6Z"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","YGd5I3ABd3n3h-WYNdit"],["name","Steve 郝"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/ab7981cbd224f4129db064aa1307c259?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",5]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","該新聞自稱由印度的「Navbharat時報」網站轉貼，但是去Navbharat時報並未找到此則新聞。\n\n內容提及的「中國政府呼籲停止肉食」並未能查到任何佐證。"],["reference","Google資料庫"],["hyperlinks",null],["createdAt","2020-02-08T07:40:36.380Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s-edTXPzIgWtyOG8MYSxOYwF3KlGNPV7dQv4LroFUuU"],["name","儉樸的六腳奧德莉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years"],["url","https://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["summary","In January 2020, Taiwan will hold elections for its president and legislature. Campaigning for the presidency has long since commenced, and the prosperity of Taiwan's economy and the continuance of democratic freedoms might depend on whether voters will give President Tsai Ing-wen another four years or elect Kuomintang (KMT) candidate Han Kuo-yu.\nThe electoral campaign has entered a crucial moment; the developments of the farce of the Communist Spy Case became the talk of the town in Taiwan. Its dramatic developments have exceeded the tension of a \"farce of espionage,\" making people associate it with the Bullet Gate Shooting Incident Case of 2004.\nThe Tsai government is indeed forcefully playing the anti-China card. With the catalysis of the protests and demonstrations over the extradition bill, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, in Hong Kong, it has all the more been pandering \"a sense of losing one’s country,\" while commenting here and there on the Hong Kong question. Thus, it is being considered by the other side of the Strait as \"external forces\" on a par with the United States. Cross-Strait relations will be destined to further deteriorate, and Taiwan's economy and democracy will be in the doldrums as a result.\nFirst, let's scrutinize Taiwan's economic relationship with China. Since the Tsai government came to office, it has restricted cross-Strait investments, coupled with the New Southward Policy, proclaiming to reduce economic reliance on China, but after implementing the policies for close to four years, the effect is zero, as the reliance of Taiwan’s exports on China has inversely increased to 41 percent. As seen from this, Tsai’s plan to use political force for reducing the reliance of Taiwan's economy on China can never succeed. The pragmatic approach is to handle cross-Strait relations properly, never allowing the economy to be impacted by negative cross-Strait ties.\nCertain fundamentalist faction members believe the international trade war will devastate China's economy, thus delinking Taiwan’s economy with that of China. However, this kind of thing will not happen because the structure of China’s economy has changed, with exports occupying less than 20 percent of GDP, and exports to the United States occupying 20 percent of the entire export volume, coupled with the fact that large scale economies themselves have greater room for maneuvering. Therefore, although the trade war is impactful, it won’t devastate China’s economy.\nConversely, in the unlikely event that China’s economy really collapsed, it would truly be a disaster for Taiwan’s economy, because Taiwan’s economy is destined to rely on China’s economy. The scales of the cross-Strait economies are 20 to 1; China’s market occupies 40 percent of Taiwan’s exports, while Taiwan enjoys a trade surplus of more than US$80 billion. If a similar trade war should occur across the Strait, there is no doubt whatsoever that the Taiwan economy would immediately be mired in decline, while the effect on China would be minimal.\nSecondly, we need to recognize that Taiwan's democracy is worth defending. Today, the existing Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba and North Korea. These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building toward the establishment of socialism in their countries and utilizing the evil tactics of democracy to realize political objectives. If the Taiwanese people could not see through the Tsai's government despicable political approaches, they would quickly become subjects of existing Communist states, regretting in the end, but too late. \nPeople might doubt that today’s Taiwan, under the rule of the Tsai government, though with rampant political patronage and abuses of power, should still be a democratic society, which after all could be similar to the communist states. In fact, a democratic system relies on the esteem of the participants and self-restraint; otherwise, various kinds of distortions and abuses would erode the democratic spirit, leaving it in an empty shell. The original spirit of Taiwan’s evolving democratic system has long been hollowed out, step by step, by the Tsai government, devoid of democratic culture.\nThe democratic system relies on the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with checks and balances amongst them, plus the preservative represented by the oversight of the media and public opinion. However, in its three and a half years of governance, Tsai, nevertheless, has blatantly, through the grasp of the Supreme Court, the Grand Justices and the Central Election Commission, firmly controlled “judicial power” in her hand. In addition, through various types of monetary means, the absolute majority of important media outlets have been one-sidedly slanted towards the ruling party, all day long scrutinizing and criticizing the opposition parties in violation of the normal state of democracy, causing the virtual “succumbing” of the media.\nBecause the Tsai government’s massive electioneering practices through issuing “attractive policies” have befuddled the Taiwanese people’s vision—just like Communist states’ march toward dictatorship—the general public may be bought by these short-sighted policies and elect a president and majority of legislators of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) affiliation. If this occurs, then Tsai will take a further step to firmly grasp the Executive Yuan and legislative power, meaning the so-called \"four powers of democracy\" will entirely belong to Tsai. According to the experiences of the past few years, Tsai will substantively terminate Taiwan’s democratic system.\nFor the electoral campaign, the Tsai government has been publicizing that Taiwan's economy is performing extremely well, but in reality, the situation is absolutely not as the Tsai government has said. This year, Taiwan’s export growth rate is negative, and private sector investments are in the doldrums, with its a little over 2 percent growth rate belonging to the lower bracket growth. In the cross-Strait economic race, Taiwan has lost; in order to sustain growth, it should seek complementarity with China’s economy. To win the election, Tsai is using cross-Strait relations as a sacrificial offering; in fact, it is using the future of Taiwan’s economy as a burial sacrifice.\nSince Tsai took complete control of the government, she has thoroughly used her powers to the extreme, concentrating power in the name of democracy. In the forthcoming general elections, she has been exhausting all means to safeguard her political powers. Under the atmospherics of \"hating the DPP\" permeating society last year, the DPP suffered heavy setbacks; however, facing electoral defeat, she did not stop using anti-China rhetoric, but conversely used it as the strongest medicine, even dispensing the maximum dosage at the crucial moment of the electoral campaign, catalyzing the public’s Sinophobic sentiments in order to help preserve political power. \nOver the past several months, national security agencies have repeatedly released news about \"China’s interference in elections\"; now the time has arrived, verily a veritable human spy has appeared before our eyes, and does so through an international connection format. How fantastic! \"Cutting the throat of one’s political foe to the end” has always been the DPP's approach to election campaigning and through these approaches, it has accumulated many successes. However, this time, by tossing out a fraudster communist spy, whether it could harvest the intended shocking and intimidating effect, all depends on whether the public would take the bait.\nTaiwan is now situated in a critical moment: Are we going to allow Tsai to further grasp the executive and legislative powers, and then, through various chilling effects, allow the natural duty of oversight on the part of the opposition parties to encounter suppression and withering, creating one-party rule, or should we make Tsai step down, allowing cross-Strait exchanges and reconciliation, thus winning the opportunity for mutual respect and joint development? The voters must not give Tsai four more years.\nKent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.\nImage: Reuters."],["topImageUrl","https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/main_images/RTS2LY2C%20%281%29_0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國人風向變了!?\n傳遞特殊訊息!?\n\n經查證\n美國The National Interest官網\n轉載～～～\n\n5日剛出刊的美國國家利益期刊\n標題就是\n台灣不可以讓蔡連任四年\n\nhttps://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["id","2ur7b3otw74jg"],["createdAt","2020-01-07T10:54:53.580Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","Zl8_lG8Bd3n3h-WYDgBK"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","qTquemUBbZnN2I-Em5wS"],["name","Zzzz"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f4fda727ca69d01ed09b0e7e41453fee?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",15]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","1. 這篇文章只是《國家利益》的一篇投書。\n2. 台灣事實查核中心向《國家利益》求證，《國家利益》表示，該篇投書不代表《國家利益》立場。"],["reference","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/1944"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","【部分錯誤】網傳文章「美媒丟震撼彈籲：台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年」？"],["url","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/1944"],["summary","網傳文章「美媒丟震撼彈籲：台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年」，經查：\n一、網傳引述自美國媒體《國家利益》的評論文章。此文並不是社論，而是撰稿人投稿文章。\n二、查核中心向《國家利益》求證，據其指出，《國家利益》接受不同意見的來稿，該篇投書不代表《國家利益》立場。網傳文章是引自《國家利益》雜誌，但翻譯誤讀此文為代表《國家利益》立場的評論和分析，因此，為「部分錯誤」。\n\n背景\n\n近期於社群平台、通訊軟體流傳一則網站文章，標題為「美媒丟震撼彈籲：台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年」，內文指出：\n\n「2020總統立委大選倒數4天，美國媒體《國家利益》雜誌卻丟出震撼彈，發出題為〈台灣不可以讓蔡英文連任四年〉的評論，稱在蔡政府執政下，宣稱減少對中國的依賴，但台灣對中國及香港市場的出口仍高達41%。...\n\n長期關注國際事務與外交的美國媒體《國家利益》，5日刊出評論稱，台灣選舉活動已進入關鍵時刻，共產黨間諜案的鬧劇發展，成為台灣的話題。...\n\n《國家利益》稱，蔡英文確實在強力打出「反中牌」。在針對香港《逃犯條例》的抗議和示威活動催化下，蔡英文在對香港問題發表評論時，一直給予人民「亡國感」。...」\n\n該篇文章亦出現圖文版本，在社群平台、通訊軟體流傳。\n\n\n圖1：網傳文章擷圖\n\n\n圖2：該篇文章指出，美國媒體《國家利益》批評總統蔡英文。\n\n\n圖3：網傳文章被做成圖文版本，在社群平台上流傳。\n\n查核\n\n爭議點一、這篇文章從何而來？\n\n（一）查核中心查證，文章是引述美國《國家利益》雜誌於2020年1月5日刊登的投書〈台灣不應該再給蔡英文四年〉（Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years）。\n\n根據《國家利益》官網，《國家利益》雜誌是美國智庫「國家利益中心（Center for the National Interest）」旗下的刊物。\n\n\n圖4：美國《國家利益》雜誌投書擷圖\n\n（二）查核中心檢視此文章，此文章為評論文章，撰稿作者為「Kent Wang」，文末介紹如下：\n\n「Kent Wang 是台美關係研究中心的研究員，他撰寫亞太安全及戰略事務，其中，特別關注美台中三邊關係的台灣議題，以及東亞國際政治與區域安全的相關議題。」\n\n（原文：Kent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.）\n\n\n圖5：該篇投書文末的作者介紹擷圖\n\n查核中心進一步查證，在台美關係研究中心的網站上找到「Kent Wang」的介紹，確認他是該研究單位的成員。\n\n爭議點二、這篇文章是否代表《國家利益》的立場？\n\n（一）查核中心向《國家利益》雜誌執行編輯Harry Kazianis求證，他透過電子郵件回覆：\n\n「《國家利益》是一本主要以意見為主的雜誌，我們在過去一年出版許多關於台灣的文章，過去也曾舉辦跟台灣議題相關的討論會。我們對台灣並沒有任何社論立場，無論如何，這篇文章不代表我們的編輯立場。我們歡迎並鼓勵在任何國際議題有價值且有重要貢獻的任何內容。我們的任務是出版所有意見和想法，而非推銷單一想法，或單獨挑出某一種意見，說長道短。」\n\n\n圖6：《國家利益》執行編輯Harry Kazianis回信擷圖。\n\n因此，台灣報導引述〈台灣不應該再給蔡英文四年〉一文時，將作者Kent Wang的個人評論文章，誤寫為美媒《國家利益》雜誌撰文表示，並不準確。\n\n（二）查核中心檢視《國家利益》的台灣系列文章，在2019年全年到2020年1月8日，共刊登163篇文章，大多數為探討台灣和兩岸的軍事武器和戰略問題，僅有少數幾篇為政治分析。其中，在2019年2月21日刊登的評論文章〈美國為何應該邀請台灣總統到華盛頓〉，撰稿人為Gary Sands。\n\n如執行編輯Harry Kazianis介紹，《國家利益》雜誌致力於引介不同意見。\n\n\n圖7：《國家利益》在2019年2月有評論文章指出〈美國為何應該邀請台灣總統到華盛頓〉\n\n結論\n\n一、網傳引述自美國媒體《國家利益》的評論文章。此文並不是社論，而是撰稿人投稿文章。\n\n二、查核中心向《國家利益》求證，據其指出，《國家利益》接受不同意見的來稿，該篇投書不代表《國家利益》立場。\n\n因此，網傳文章是引自《國家利益》雜誌，但翻譯誤讀此文為代表《國家利益》立場的評論和分析，為「部分錯誤」。\n\n參考資料\n\n〈Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years〉台美關係研究中心網站The National Interest: Taiwan"],["topImageUrl","https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/sites/default/files/upload/node/field_blog_images/259_01.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-11T10:55:58.068Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",2],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s-edTXPzIgWtyOG8MYSxOYwF3KlGNPV7dQv4LroFUuU"],["name","儉樸的六腳奧德莉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Taiwan Must Not Give Tsai Ing-wen Four More Years"],["url","https://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["summary","In January 2020, Taiwan will hold elections for its president and legislature. Campaigning for the presidency has long since commenced, and the prosperity of Taiwan's economy and the continuance of democratic freedoms might depend on whether voters will give President Tsai Ing-wen another four years or elect Kuomintang (KMT) candidate Han Kuo-yu.\nThe electoral campaign has entered a crucial moment; the developments of the farce of the Communist Spy Case became the talk of the town in Taiwan. Its dramatic developments have exceeded the tension of a \"farce of espionage,\" making people associate it with the Bullet Gate Shooting Incident Case of 2004.\nThe Tsai government is indeed forcefully playing the anti-China card. With the catalysis of the protests and demonstrations over the extradition bill, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance, in Hong Kong, it has all the more been pandering \"a sense of losing one’s country,\" while commenting here and there on the Hong Kong question. Thus, it is being considered by the other side of the Strait as \"external forces\" on a par with the United States. Cross-Strait relations will be destined to further deteriorate, and Taiwan's economy and democracy will be in the doldrums as a result.\nFirst, let's scrutinize Taiwan's economic relationship with China. Since the Tsai government came to office, it has restricted cross-Strait investments, coupled with the New Southward Policy, proclaiming to reduce economic reliance on China, but after implementing the policies for close to four years, the effect is zero, as the reliance of Taiwan’s exports on China has inversely increased to 41 percent. As seen from this, Tsai’s plan to use political force for reducing the reliance of Taiwan's economy on China can never succeed. The pragmatic approach is to handle cross-Strait relations properly, never allowing the economy to be impacted by negative cross-Strait ties.\nCertain fundamentalist faction members believe the international trade war will devastate China's economy, thus delinking Taiwan’s economy with that of China. However, this kind of thing will not happen because the structure of China’s economy has changed, with exports occupying less than 20 percent of GDP, and exports to the United States occupying 20 percent of the entire export volume, coupled with the fact that large scale economies themselves have greater room for maneuvering. Therefore, although the trade war is impactful, it won’t devastate China’s economy.\nConversely, in the unlikely event that China’s economy really collapsed, it would truly be a disaster for Taiwan’s economy, because Taiwan’s economy is destined to rely on China’s economy. The scales of the cross-Strait economies are 20 to 1; China’s market occupies 40 percent of Taiwan’s exports, while Taiwan enjoys a trade surplus of more than US$80 billion. If a similar trade war should occur across the Strait, there is no doubt whatsoever that the Taiwan economy would immediately be mired in decline, while the effect on China would be minimal.\nSecondly, we need to recognize that Taiwan's democracy is worth defending. Today, the existing Communist states in the world are in China, Cuba and North Korea. These Communist states often do not claim to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building toward the establishment of socialism in their countries and utilizing the evil tactics of democracy to realize political objectives. If the Taiwanese people could not see through the Tsai's government despicable political approaches, they would quickly become subjects of existing Communist states, regretting in the end, but too late. \nPeople might doubt that today’s Taiwan, under the rule of the Tsai government, though with rampant political patronage and abuses of power, should still be a democratic society, which after all could be similar to the communist states. In fact, a democratic system relies on the esteem of the participants and self-restraint; otherwise, various kinds of distortions and abuses would erode the democratic spirit, leaving it in an empty shell. The original spirit of Taiwan’s evolving democratic system has long been hollowed out, step by step, by the Tsai government, devoid of democratic culture.\nThe democratic system relies on the separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers, with checks and balances amongst them, plus the preservative represented by the oversight of the media and public opinion. However, in its three and a half years of governance, Tsai, nevertheless, has blatantly, through the grasp of the Supreme Court, the Grand Justices and the Central Election Commission, firmly controlled “judicial power” in her hand. In addition, through various types of monetary means, the absolute majority of important media outlets have been one-sidedly slanted towards the ruling party, all day long scrutinizing and criticizing the opposition parties in violation of the normal state of democracy, causing the virtual “succumbing” of the media.\nBecause the Tsai government’s massive electioneering practices through issuing “attractive policies” have befuddled the Taiwanese people’s vision—just like Communist states’ march toward dictatorship—the general public may be bought by these short-sighted policies and elect a president and majority of legislators of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) affiliation. If this occurs, then Tsai will take a further step to firmly grasp the Executive Yuan and legislative power, meaning the so-called \"four powers of democracy\" will entirely belong to Tsai. According to the experiences of the past few years, Tsai will substantively terminate Taiwan’s democratic system.\nFor the electoral campaign, the Tsai government has been publicizing that Taiwan's economy is performing extremely well, but in reality, the situation is absolutely not as the Tsai government has said. This year, Taiwan’s export growth rate is negative, and private sector investments are in the doldrums, with its a little over 2 percent growth rate belonging to the lower bracket growth. In the cross-Strait economic race, Taiwan has lost; in order to sustain growth, it should seek complementarity with China’s economy. To win the election, Tsai is using cross-Strait relations as a sacrificial offering; in fact, it is using the future of Taiwan’s economy as a burial sacrifice.\nSince Tsai took complete control of the government, she has thoroughly used her powers to the extreme, concentrating power in the name of democracy. In the forthcoming general elections, she has been exhausting all means to safeguard her political powers. Under the atmospherics of \"hating the DPP\" permeating society last year, the DPP suffered heavy setbacks; however, facing electoral defeat, she did not stop using anti-China rhetoric, but conversely used it as the strongest medicine, even dispensing the maximum dosage at the crucial moment of the electoral campaign, catalyzing the public’s Sinophobic sentiments in order to help preserve political power. \nOver the past several months, national security agencies have repeatedly released news about \"China’s interference in elections\"; now the time has arrived, verily a veritable human spy has appeared before our eyes, and does so through an international connection format. How fantastic! \"Cutting the throat of one’s political foe to the end” has always been the DPP's approach to election campaigning and through these approaches, it has accumulated many successes. However, this time, by tossing out a fraudster communist spy, whether it could harvest the intended shocking and intimidating effect, all depends on whether the public would take the bait.\nTaiwan is now situated in a critical moment: Are we going to allow Tsai to further grasp the executive and legislative powers, and then, through various chilling effects, allow the natural duty of oversight on the part of the opposition parties to encounter suppression and withering, creating one-party rule, or should we make Tsai step down, allowing cross-Strait exchanges and reconciliation, thus winning the opportunity for mutual respect and joint development? The voters must not give Tsai four more years.\nKent Wang is a research fellow at the Institute for Taiwan-America Studies. He writes on Asia-Pacific security and strategic affairs with a special focus on the Taiwan issue in the U.S.-Taiwan-China trilateral equations, as well as other topics on East Asian international politics and regional security.\nImage: Reuters."],["topImageUrl","https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/main_images/RTS2LY2C%20%281%29_0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國人風向變了!?\n傳遞特殊訊息!?\n\n經查證\n美國The National Interest官網\n轉載～～～\n\n5日剛出刊的美國國家利益期刊\n標題就是\n台灣不可以讓蔡連任四年\n\nhttps://nationalinterest.org/feature/taiwan-must-not-give-tsai-ing-wen-four-more-years-110576"],["id","2ur7b3otw74jg"],["createdAt","2020-01-07T10:54:53.580Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","JV0-gG8Bd3n3h-WYuMFn"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","Cv1am2YBP8WrztivvG8z"],["name","Puzzle"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=100&d=mp"],["level",9]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是國民黨智庫董事投書美國媒體的評論文章，而不是該媒體自己的新聞報導。芋傳媒報導，《國家利益》這篇文章的作者Kent Wang，中文名字是王福權，學歷為美國加州州立大學電機工程碩士，經歷為國民黨黨營報紙中央日報海外版專欄作家，現職是「台美關係研究中心（The Institute For Taiwan-American Studies）」的董事。"],["reference","https://taronews.tw/2020/01/07/580233/"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","獨家》扯台灣後腿！藍瘋傳「國家利益」雜誌批蔡文章作者是國民黨智庫寫手 | 芋傳媒 TaroNews"],["url","https://taronews.tw/2020/01/07/580233/"],["summary","（芋傳媒記者陳宇義報導）「自己人」去投書美國期刊，然後說美國政府對台灣態度改變，這種愚蠢的事情，大概只有國民黨做得出來，也只有國民黨支持者才會傻傻的相信。近期藍營群組瘋傳一則訊息，內容是引用一篇《國家利益（The National Interest）》期刊上的文章，認為美國政府不支持蔡英文總統。但本傳媒記者深入調查，發現該篇文章的作者是國民黨智庫董事，整起事件根本是國民黨在海外扯台灣後腿！不但可恥，而且還很國民黨。\n《國家利益》刊載的這篇文章，標題非常聳動：「台灣絕對不能再給蔡英文四年」。內容大意為蔡英文要減少台灣對中國的經濟依賴是不可能成功的。\n作者將近期立法院通過的《反滲透法》和前總統陳水扁的「兩顆子彈事件」相提並論，暗示都是政治操作；此外，作者也指控蔡英文藉由香港反送中示威大打「反中牌」、將中國定義成「境外勢力」，這些將會讓台灣的經濟與民主陷入停滯。文章的最後，作者強調台灣正處於關鍵階段，是要讓蔡英文繼續掌握行政與立法權，造成寒蟬效應，創造一黨獨統治，還是要讓海峽兩岸的關係進行和解，以便贏得相互尊重與共同發展的機會？\n一般來說，要判斷文章能否代表政府的態度，文章作者的身份是關鍵。例如中國官媒環球時報總編輯胡錫進，言論在一定程度上可以判斷是中國政府的意思。然而，《國家利益》這篇文章的作者Kent Wang，中文名字是王福權，學歷為美國加州州立大學電機工程碩士，經歷為國民黨黨營報紙中央日報海外版專欄作家，現職是「台美關係研究中心（The Institute For Taiwan-American Studies）」的董事。\n「台美關係研究中心」的性質又是什麼呢？記者進一步追查，發現是國民黨不分區立委候選人陳以信擔任執行長的機構，網站首頁還大刺刺地放上陳以信的競選廣告與一些談話片段影片，與其說是智庫，更像是競選官網。\n圖片來源：截自台美關係研究中心網頁\n總結目前所得知的資訊，顯然可見，這篇文章並不是什麼「美國政府態度改變」的訊號。事實上，這篇文章跟美國政府一點關係都沒有，只不過是國民黨的智庫，找了之前黨營報紙的寫手，用英文投書在海外罵蔡英文而已。\n雖然說民主國家，人人都有評論政治的言論自由，但明明就是國民黨智庫的意見，還要牽拖給美國政府，未免也太敢做不敢當？還是說國民黨心知肚明，自己說的話連支持者都不太會買單，才要用這種方式，來提高一點公信力？背刺還不敢承認，實在有夠母湯。\n國民黨副發言人黃心華和不分區立委參選人李貴敏、陳以信。圖片來源：中央社\n\n芋傳媒專欄徵稿時事・藝文・財經・生活・運動"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.taronews.tw/files/2020/01/截圖-2020-01-07-下午4.12.57.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-01-07T13:43:50.347Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_q2hAkxKvYw4TKym3u_YXuzDAxHEIohixD4Tm8jqyUG0"],["name","虛懷若谷的平鎮阿娜絲塔西夏"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US and Russian warships nearly collide in the Pacific"],["url","https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/07/politics/us-russia-navy-near-collision-intl/index.html"],["summary","(CNN)The United States and Russian navies are at odds over an apparent near collision in the Pacific Friday with each side blaming the other. The US and Russian warships came somewhere between 50 feet and 165 feet of each other, according to the two opposing reports, with both sides alleging their ships were forced to perform emergency maneuvers to avoid a collision, which can be seen in video and a picture of the event obtained by CNN.In the video taken from the American ship, the two ships come so close that Russian sailors can be seen appearing to sunbathe on the stern of their vessel.\"A Russian destroyer .... made an unsafe maneuver against USS Chancellorsville, closing to 50-100 feet, putting the safety of her crew and ship at risk,\" US Navy spokesman Cmdr. Clayton Doss told CNN in a statement.\"This unsafe action forced Chancellorsville to execute all engines back full and to maneuver to avoid collision,\" Doss said.This latest incident comes just days after the US Navy accused Russia of intercepting a US aircraft and amid tensions with Moscow on a wide range of geopolitical issues. Last month, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo met Russian Vladimir Putin in the resort town of Sochi, where he warned Russia about interfering in US elections, taking a tougher public line than President Donald Trump on the issue.It also comes at a time of increasing cooperation between China and Russia. After a meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the Kremlin Wednesday, Russian leader Vladimir Putin said relations between the two countries have reached an \"unprecedented level.\" Russia's geopolitical views align with those of China on many international and regional issues, Putin added.Both leaders agreed that there is no alternative to a peaceful solution on the Korean Peninsula. They discussed joint efforts to resolve the crisis in Syria and attempts to stabilize the situation in Venezuela, he said.Xi called the Russian President \"a friend,\" and reiterated Putin's view, saying that \"our cooperation is based on mutual trust.\"Acting Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan told reporters Friday that he is concerned about the safety of sailors following the \"unsafe and unprofessional\" incident and said the US will engage the Russians in \"military to military\" talks to convey a formal diplomatic message of concern, known as a démarche, to Moscow.\"We'll have military to military conversations with the Russians and of course we'll démarche them. To me its safety that is most important. It will not deter us when conducting our operations,\" he said before greeting Greek Minister of National Defence Evangelos Apostolakis to the Pentagon. 'Unsafe and unprofessional'The US guided-missile cruiser was traveling in a straight line and trying to recover its helicopter when the incident occurred, he said.\"We consider Russia's actions during this interaction as unsafe and unprofessional,\" Doss said.CNN obtained the video and picture of the event after a US official told CNN earlier that the Navy was working to declassify images to dispute the Russian narrative that the US was at fault.Two navy officials tell CNN the Russian wake in the photo could only come from a steep turn that has to be executed at high speed.\"The wakes suggest the Russian ship didn't adhere to either the rules of the road or the incidents at sea agreement,\" according to Carl Schuster, a retired US Navy captain and former director of operations at the US Pacific Command's Joint Intelligence Center.International maritime law requires ships to maintain a safe distance, normally interpreted as 1,000 yards, when passing another. It also requires navies not to interfere with another ship conducting flight operations, he said.The US account was contradicted by Russia's Pacific Fleet, which claimed it was the US ship that instigated the incident, according to comments carried by the state-run RIA-Novosti news agency.\"When moving (on) parallel courses of a detachment of ships of the Pacific Fleet and a carrier group of the US Navy, the cruiser Chancellorsville suddenly changed its direction and crossed within 50 meters of the Admiral Vinogradov,\" forcing the Russian destroyer to take emergency evasive action, the RIA-Novosti report said. The US Navy said the incident occurred in the Philippine Sea while the Russian report said it happened in the East China Sea. The boundary between the two bodies of water is the Senakaku Islands (also known as the Diaoyu islands in China), to the south of Japan and east of Taiwan.Regardless, the incident occurred in international waters and unusually far away from Russia, Schuster said.\"The Russians normally harass our ships when they are operating in waters the Russian consider to be within their sphere of Influence (Black Sea, Barents Sea and the waters off Vladivostok,\" said Schuster, who spent 12 years at sea on US warships.Sending a message?Retired rear admiral and CNN military analyst John Kirby added that the timing of the encounter is also noteworthy as it coincides with Xi's visit to Moscow. \"Clearly this sends a strong message to President Xi, from Putin's perspective, that we are on your team,\" Kirby told CNN's Jim Sciutto. \"We have seen the Russians and Chinese cooperate increasingly ... when it suits their interests,\" he said, adding that the two countries participated in a major military exercise together just last year.But at the end of the day, both Kirby and Schuster said that Friday's incident was primarily about sending a message to the US. \"Putin clearly has ordered the Russian Navy to pressure the USN whenever opportunities exist. It may possibly be a show of political support for China while Xi is in Moscow, but more likely to signal that Russia is willing to challenge the US dominance on the world stage and at sea,\" Schuster said.On Tuesday, the US accused Russia of intercepting a US aircraft flying in international airspace over the Mediterranean Sea three times in just under three hours.The second of the three interactions \"was determined to be unsafe\" due to the Russian aircraft \"conducting a high speed pass directly in front of the mission aircraft, which put our pilots and crew at risk,\" the US Navy said.The Russian aircraft was armed and passed about 150 feet directly in front of the US plane, according to two US officials.The Russian military disputed the US Navy's characterization of the intercept as unsafe.\"All flights of Russian aircraft were carried out in accordance with the international rules for the use of airspace,\" the Russian Ministry of Defense told reporters Wednesday. \"There were no questions or complaints from the American center of flight deconfliction line in Syria to the Russian command.\"Still, US officials argue that Friday's incident in the Philippine Sea and Tuesday's encounter over the Mediterranean Sea are evidence of a larger pattern of Russian misbehavior.\"The behavior by the Captain of the Russian destroyer in the Philippine Sea was irresponsible and reckless. This unwise maneuver, combined with the unsafe maneuvers by the Russian aircraft in the eastern Mediterranean earlier this week, make it clear that these dangerous actions by Russian military forces across the globe do not match what the world expects from a responsible and trustworthy world power,\" Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson said Friday in a tweet. \"The US Navy will not be deterred from supporting the free and open use of the seas and skies where international law clearly allows all to operate,\" he added. CNN's Mary Ilyushina contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/190607073240-us-navy-russia-destroyer-incident-super-tease.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","我不知道台灣媒體報不報導？\n\n為了答謝習近平博士對俄羅斯的友好訪問，俄羅斯驅逐艦昨天就在釣魚台附近為中國強力驅逐美國導彈驅逐艦。\n\n地點敏感，CNN也不明說，但播出實況影片，兩艦最近距離少於100碼，俄艦是橫衝上來急轉彎，美艦直航到被逼成雙俥退5，並立刻轉向。美國軍方強烈表態要求進行軍事談判，俄國不理，並公開宣稱就是支持中國對付美艦在中國的東海橫行霸道。\n\nhttps://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/07/politics/us-russia-navy-near-collision-intl/index.html"],["id","xomtsd1r16kz"],["createdAt","2019-06-12T02:33:14.185Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","k709omsBqwaEkHKwYS4E"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","俄羅斯媒體援引俄羅斯海軍的消息來源說，美國的錢斯勒斯維爾號導彈巡洋艦行駛到距離俄羅斯太平洋艦隊的維諾格拉多夫海軍上將號驅逐艦50米的位置，迫使俄羅斯驅逐艦為避免相撞而緊急轉向。"],["reference","https://www.voacantonese.com/a/russia-said-us-warship-nearly-collided-a-russian-ship-inecs-20190607/4949674.html"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","俄羅斯指美國軍艦於東中國海與俄羅斯軍艦險相撞"],["url","https://www.voacantonese.com/a/russia-said-us-warship-nearly-collided-a-russian-ship-inecs-20190607/4949674.html"],["summary","Embed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n俄羅斯指美國軍艦於東中國海與俄羅斯軍艦險相撞\n\n\nby 美國之音\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEmbed\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe code has been copied to your clipboard.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe URL has been copied to your clipboard\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNo media source currently available\n\n\n\n\n\n0:00\n0:33\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n網頁鏈接\n\n\n\n\n\n128 kbps | MP3\n\n\n\n\n64 kbps | MP3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n俄羅斯媒體報導，俄羅斯太平洋艦隊指稱一艘美國軍艦做危險動作，在東中國海險些與一艘俄羅斯軍艦相撞。\n俄羅斯媒體援引俄羅斯海軍的消息來源說，美國的錢斯勒斯維爾號導彈巡洋艦行駛到距離俄羅斯太平洋艦隊的維諾格拉多夫海軍上將號驅逐艦50米的位置，迫使俄羅斯驅逐艦為避免相撞而緊急轉向。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nComments sorting:\n\n\nNewest\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNewest\n\n\n\n\n\nOldest\n\n\n\n\n\n\n您的意見\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n姓名\n\n\n您的評論 *\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n所有評論 (0)\n\n\n\n這個論壇尚無評論。請捷足先登發表評論。"],["topImageUrl","https://gdb.voanews.com/66FAF763-3D8F-4F35-AF99-9BBE8BF16460_w1200_s.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-06-29T07:57:39.976Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_s6srJ0EX4cwLT9JCTACtyoYDt7dz_fb7DmZACYdDh_E"],["name","反應快的歸仁克萊得"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Hong Kong-China extradition plans explained"],["url","https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723"],["summary","Image copyright\n AFP\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Critics fear the proposed amendments will expose anyone in Hong Kong to China's flawed justice system\n \n \n \n Hong Kong is set to push ahead with a highly controversial plan to allow extraditions to mainland China, despite mass protestsThe government argues the proposed amendments will \"plug the loopholes\" so that the city would not be a safe haven for criminals. But critics say those in the former British colony would be exposed to China's deeply flawed justice system, and it would lead to further erosion of the city's judicial independence.Hundreds of thousands of people have protested against the bill, which is widely opposed.Hong Kong's leader Carrie Lam has refused to scrap it and is pushing for the amendments to be passed before July.What are the changes?The changes will allow for extradition requests from authorities in mainland China, Taiwan and Macau for suspects accused of criminal wrongdoings, such as murder and rape. The requests will then be decided on a case-by-case basis. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Reuters\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Hong Kong is part of China but has its own judicial system\n \n \n \n Several commercial offences such as tax evasion have been removed from the list of extraditable offences amid concerns from the business community. Hong Kong officials have said Hong Kong courts will have the final say whether to grant such extradition requests, and suspects accused of political and religious crimes will not be extradited.The government has sought to reassure the public with some concessions, including promising to only hand over fugitives for offences carrying maximum sentences of at least seven years. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Hundreds of thousands of people have rallied against the bill\n \n \n \n Why is this controversial? There has been a lot of public opposition, and critics say people would be subject to arbitrary detention, unfair trial and torture under China's judicial system. \"The proposed changes to the extradition laws will put anyone in Hong Kong doing work related to the mainland at risk,\" said Sophie Richardson of Human Rights Watch in a statement. \"No one will be safe, including activists, human rights lawyers, journalists, and social workers.\"Lam Wing Kee, a Hong Kong bookseller said he was abducted and detained in China in 2015 for selling books critical of Chinese leaders and charged with \"operating a bookstore illegally\". \"If I don't go, I will be extradited,\" Mr Lam said during a recent protest against the bill. \"I don't trust the government to guarantee my safety, or the safety of any Hong Kong resident.\"In late April, Mr Lam fled Hong Kong and moved to Taiwan where he was granted a temporary residency visa.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Scuffles broke out among Hong Kong lawmakers during deliberation of the controversial amendment\n \n \n \n Who opposes the proposal in Hong Kong?Opposition against the law is widespread, with groups from all sections of society - ranging from lawyers to schools to house wives - having voiced their criticism or started petitions against the changes.Organisers estimate that one million people took part in a march against the bill on Sunday, although police put the figure at 240,000 at its peak.If the organisers' estimate is confirmed as correct, it would be the largest demonstration in Hong Kong since the territory was handed over to China by the British in 1997.Earlier this month, 3,000 lawyers, prosecutors, law students and academics marched in silence and called on the government to shelve the proposal. Hundreds of petitions against the amendments started by university and secondary school alumni, overseas students and church groups have also appeared online. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Anthony Kwan\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Some 3,000 stage a silent march protesting against the extradition amendments\n \n \n \n The petition from St. Francis' Canossian College - Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam's alma mater - has been signed by more than 1,300. There's even one for housewives, which has collected over 6,000 signatures. Wong Choi Fung, a mother of one living in working-class Kwun Tong district, told local media that she did this to fight for her son's future. Some powerful business groups have said the amendments, if passed, would damage Hong Kong's competitiveness. \"The proposed changes will lead to people to reconsider whether to choose Hong Kong to be the base of operation or the regional headquarters as there is risk of their being removed to another jurisdiction which does not provide the protection they enjoy in Hong Kong,\" wrote the International Chamber of Commerce in a submission to the legislature. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n The proposed amendments to Hong Kong's extradition laws have been met with opposition\n \n \n \n How about internationally? The proposal has been met with concern by several countries. A US congressional commission said in May the proposed changes would make Hong Kong more susceptible to China's \"political coercion\" and further erode Hong Kong's autonomy.Britain and Canada expressed similar views in a joint statement, adding they were concerned over the \"potential effect\" that the proposed changes would have on UK and Canadian citizens in Hong Kong.The European Union has also issued a diplomatic note to Mrs Lam expressing concerns over the proposed changes to the law.China's foreign ministry has refuted such views, calling them attempts to \"politicise\" the Hong Kong government proposal and interference in China's internal affairs.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n EPA\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Hong Kong and China - one country, two systems\n \n \n \n Why the change now?The latest proposal has come after a 19-year-old Hong Kong man allegedly murdered his 20-year-old pregnant girlfriend, while holidaying in Taiwan together in February last year. The man fled Taiwan and returned to Hong Kong last year.Taiwanese officials have sought help from Hong Kong authorities to extradite the man, but Hong Kong officials say they cannot comply because of a lack of extradition agreement with Taiwan.But the Taiwanese government has said it will not seek to extradite the murder suspect under the proposed changes, and has urged Hong Kong to handle the case separately.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Getty Images\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Under Xi Jinping, Beijing is seeking increasing control over Hong Kong\n \n \n \n Isn't Hong Kong part of China anyway?A former British colony, Hong Kong is semi-autonomous under the principle of \"one country, two systems\" after it returned to Chinese rule in 1997. The city has its own laws and its residents enjoy civil liberties unavailable to their mainland counterparts. Hong Kong has entered into extradition agreements with 20 countries, including the UK and the US, but no such agreements have been reached with mainland China despite ongoing negotiations in the past two decades. Critics have attributed such failures to poor legal protection for defendants under Chinese law. Reporting by Jeff Li, BBC Chinese."],["topImageUrl","https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/branded_news/134D5/production/_107316097_hi053824623.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","怕積非成是讓大家了解\n何為（反送中）\n\n其實英國的BBC有比較中立看法，大致跟下面的說法類似。https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-47810723\n\n轉發：\n看不懂台灣的《群愚》為什麼跟著瞎起鬨，混淆視聽，疾呼《反送中》，《台灣不能變為明日香港》！簡直笑掉下巴！ \n去年，一位香港男士到台灣島殺人了，\n逃回香港，所以無罪，台灣司法只能呼口號。\n港府為補救這個漏洞，才增訂可以共同打擊犯罪的地區！\n\n台灣島的送報生被喝醉酒的英國人撞死，\n英國人判刑四年，他跑回英國，台灣司法也莫可奈何，這叫做---->台灣有【尊嚴】？\n \n\n⭕️我來給這群廣大《法盲》普及下常識\n\n第一，逃犯條例本來在香港回歸之前就有，這次只是增修，因為之前這條條例香港只與20個司法管轄區簽有移交逃犯的引渡條約，卻不包括中國大陸、澳門和台灣，這次是把中國大陸、澳門和台灣加進去。\n\n第二，增修條例草案明確規定只適用於移交必須是37種國際公認刑事犯罪，且刑期都在7年或以上的罪犯。\n\n第三，必須要特區法院和特首雙批准才能實施移交。\n\n第四，增修條例草案明確規定「八不移交」，明確說明移動的罪犯不涉及與言論相關的行為，即不涉及新聞、言論、學術、出版等方面行為。\n\n第五，促成這次增修條例草案的原因之一是香港人陳同佳在台灣殺害女友潘曉穎，卻由於台灣不在逃犯條例範疇內無法引渡回審。\n\n看懂沒有？這群法盲都不看條例內文在那邊扯什麼政治犯、司法獨立權和法治，他們懂什麼法治。部分香港人在【反對】的「送中條例」是甚麼？\n\n講白了就是：\n現在香港人，在中國大陸、台灣、澳門犯罪，只要逃回香港，不但不必遣送陸、台、澳受審，連在香港都不能審判(因為在當地沒犯罪)！\n\n有趣的是：\n香港人在馬來西亞、新加坡等英國前殖民地區或英國本土犯罪，卻要遣送去當地受審。\n\n這本來就是很詭異的司法狀態，香港有回歸嗎？\n還是香港人喜歡當【英屬】殖民地？\n\n蘇貞昌，也跟著香港人「反送中」還講了一堆：「台灣不能成為【明日】香港」！\n\n韓國瑜只講了，「不瞭解香港反送中」的問題。\n就被ㄧ些人，罵得狗血噴頭！\n\n蘇貞昌在睜眼說瞎話。\n\n台灣早就有「送中條例」，全名叫做：\n【「海峽兩岸共同打擊犯罪及司法互助協議」】\n2009年簽訂至今已十年，綠營的立委，有本事就把這條法律作廢。\n\n事實上,台灣要引渡香港男子陳同佳在台灣殺害女友潘曉穎所引起香港修法「逃犯條例」，可是現在假如香港通過此法，台灣政府卻又不要適用此法，要求香港政府要個案處理，執政黨只想要把它政治化，至於是否伸張正義，反而是其次的目的。"],["id","rc4izrjh3znz"],["createdAt","2019-06-15T11:42:23.375Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","TmnKU2sBFV14knB4dKzT"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","M0Y0qGgBFV14knB4wbaC"],["name","Ray"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/2bbf12f4d152f805568d4260d4cf5367?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",4]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","❌第一，「逃犯條例本來在香港回歸之前就有⋯卻不包括中國大陸、澳門和台灣，這次是把中國大陸、澳門、台灣⋯」\n\n✅根據逃犯條例現行法第2條，逃犯條例的適用僅排除「中央人民政府或中華人民共和國」。\n💁🏻‍♀️香港政府與中國是把台灣定義為『中華人民共和國的任何其他部分』，所以才認為台灣沒有逃犯條例的適用。按照法條文義只要中國憲法不要硬把台灣當他們的領土，根本不需要修逃犯條例，台灣本來就應可以通過逃犯條例引渡香港疑犯。\n\n❌第二，「移交必須是37種國際公認刑事犯罪，且刑期都在7年或以上的罪犯。」\n\n✅公認的國際犯罪的陳述其實太過籠統。而且所有財產犯罪、電腦犯罪都囊括在其中，這些犯罪在很多個案中都不是重大的刑事犯罪。\n💁🏻‍♀️逃犯條例的移交不是經過法院嚴格審查的移交，而是單純移交嫌疑犯。在沒有經過法院實質審查之下，單單經過行政簽署就可以把人送去沒有無罪推定、偵查中羈押期間限制的中國關個一年半載再跟你說呵呵誤會一場。\n\n❌第三，「必須要特區法院和特首雙批准才能實施移交。」\n\n✅根據逃犯條例草案第3A條，移交逃犯特別安排，只需要行政長官簽署。\n✅根據逃犯條例23條，縱使經過法院的批准的案件，也只能形式審查是否符合移交要件（犯罪類型、文書齊備、被告被送去會不會危險等問題），不能實質審查嫌疑犯成不成立犯罪。\n\n❌第四，「增修條例草案明確規定「八不移交」，明確說明移動的罪犯不涉及與言論相關的行為，即不涉及新聞、言論、學術、出版等方面行為。」\n\n✅八不移交只是口號，應該是指3A（6）條明訂豁免的9項罪行。但是扣除豁免罪行還是有很多一般性的非重大犯罪被規範在移交的種類中。\n💁🏻‍♀️因為移交的對象是嫌疑犯，且法院根本沒有權利實質審查嫌疑犯構不構成被控的犯罪就會被送走。所以就算有豁免條例，還是無法保障香港人民以及過境香港的人。\n\n❌❌❌第五，「促成這次增修條例草案的原因之一是香港人陳同佳在台灣殺害女友潘曉穎，卻由於台灣不在逃犯條例範疇內無法引渡回審。」\n\n✅回到逃犯條例第2條。香港政府與中國是把台灣定義為中華人民共和國的任何其他部分，如果中國憲法不要硬是要把自己跟台灣綁在一起，香港其實完全可以把人送來台灣受審。\n💁🏻‍♀️香港政府及中國通過逃犯條例混淆「中華人民共和國的任何其他部分」與我國的差異，目的是要利用這個案件去修逃犯條例。\n🔴此舉一方面增加中國對港人控制、另一方面模糊中台的區別跟界線，弱化台灣主權。\n\n‼️附註補充第五點：回應共同的質疑，為什麼香港政府實際上無法直接把陳同佳送來台灣？\n1、中華人民共和國憲法序章裡明白表示台灣是中國「神聖不可分」的領土。\n2、香港是中國的領土，因此中華人民共和國憲法無條件適用在香港。\n💁🏻‍♀️所以香港政府必須依照中華人民共和國憲法，在逃犯條例中將台灣解釋成「中華人民共和國的任何其他部分」。\n\n🔴真心想把人送過來受審，中共可以改一下自己的憲法，不要一直吃台灣豆腐啊！"],["reference","https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2804220599595154&set=a.139960209354553&type=3"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Paige Yeh"],["url","https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2804220599595154&set=a.139960209354553&type=3"],["summary","登登～果不其然下午就在家族群組中看到這篇「長輩文」。大家的長輩可能也收到了吧🤔講得煞有介事還罵大家法盲，看到的話還是幫忙澄清一下吧！第一，「逃犯條例本來在香港回歸之前就有⋯卻不包括中國大陸、澳門和台灣，這次是把中國大陸、澳門、台灣⋯」❌ ✅根據逃犯條例現行法第2條，逃犯條例的適用僅排除「中央人民政府或中華人民共和國」。 💁🏻‍♀️香港政府與中國是把台灣定義為『中華人民共和國的任何其他部分』，所以才認為台灣沒有逃犯條例的適用。按照法條文義只要中國憲法不要硬把台灣當他們的領土，根本不需要修逃犯條例，台灣本來就應可以通過逃犯條例引渡香港疑犯。第二，「移交必須是37種國際公認刑事犯罪，且刑期都在7年或以上的罪犯。」❌ ✅公認的國際犯罪的陳述其實太過籠統。而且所有財產犯罪、電腦犯罪都囊括在其中，這些犯罪在很多個案中都不是重大的刑事犯罪。 💁🏻‍♀️逃犯條例的移交不是經過法院嚴格審查的移交，而是單純移交嫌疑犯。在沒有經過法院實質審查之下，單單經過行政簽署就可以把人送去沒有無罪推定、偵查中羈押期間限制的中國關個一年半載再跟你說呵呵誤會一場。第三，「必須要特區法院和特首雙批准才能實施移交。」❌ ✅根據逃犯條例草案第3A條，移交逃犯特別安排，只需要行政長官簽署。 ✅根據逃犯條例23條，縱使經過法院的批准的案件，也只能形式審查是否符合移交要件（犯罪類型、文書齊備、被告被送去會不會危險等問題），不能實質審查嫌疑犯成不成立犯罪。第四，「增修條例草案明確規定「八不移交」，明確說明移動的罪犯不涉及與言論相關的行為，即不涉及新聞、言論、學術、出版等方面行為。」❌ ✅八不移交只是口號，應該是指3A（6）條明訂豁免的9項罪行。但是扣除豁免罪行還是有很多一般性的非重大犯罪被規範在移交的種類中。 💁🏻‍♀️因為移交的對象是嫌疑犯，且法院根本沒有權利實質審查嫌疑犯構不構成被控的犯罪就會被送走。所以就算有豁免條例，還是無法保障香港人民以及過境香港的人。第五，「促成這次增修條例草案的原因之一是香港人陳同佳在台灣殺害女友潘曉穎，卻由於台灣不在逃犯條例範疇內無法引渡回審。」❌❌❌ ✅回到逃犯條例第2條。香港政府與中國是把台灣定義為中華人民共和國的任何其他部分，如果中國憲法不要硬是要把自己跟台灣綁在一起，香港其實完全可以把人送來台灣受審。 💁🏻‍♀️香港政府及中國通過逃犯條例混淆「中華人民共和國的任何其他部分」與我國的差異，目的是要利用這個案件去修逃犯條例。 🔴此舉一方面增加中國對港人控制、另一方面模糊中台的區別跟界線，弱化台灣主權。 ‼️附註補充第五點：回應共同的質疑，為什麼香港政府實際上無法直接把陳同佳送來台灣？ 1、中華人民共和國憲法序章裡明白表示台灣是中國「神聖不可分」的領土。 2、香港是中國的領土，因此中華人民共和國憲法無條件適用在香港。 💁🏻‍♀️所以香港政府必須依照中華人民共和國憲法，在逃犯條例中將台灣解釋成「中華人民共和國的任何其他部分」。 🔴講個幹話：真心想把人送過來受審，中共可以改一下自己的憲法，不要一直吃台灣豆腐啊！"],["topImageUrl","https://scontent-nrt1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/fr/cp0/e15/q65/62493957_2804220612928486_2075971068132065280_o.jpg?_nc_cat=110&_nc_ht=scontent-nrt1-1.xx&oh=e902671226f29b88b315c2202c3ad47a&oe=5D987A84"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-06-26T09:09:03.079Z"]]}]]}]}],["searchArticles",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["searchReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}]]}]]},"replyDetail":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isAuthLoading",false],["isReplyLoading",false]]}],["data",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["reply",null],["originalReplyConnection",null]]}]]},"auth":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isDialogShown",false]]}],["user",null]]}}

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