But Florence Ndimubakunzi is not pregnant. Her heart is failing. It pumps so poorly that blood backs up in her veins, bloating her liver and spleen, …Death PenaltyHow NAFTA Destroyed the Mexican DietThis story was originally published on Civil Eats.

When Alyshia Gálvez’s mother was growing up in California in the 1950s, she traveled to Michigan every winter to visit family. When she returned home, she would march into a grocery store, buy a head of lettuce, and eat it while sitting on the curb …Public HealthWhy a ‘Memory Town’ Is Coming to Your Local Strip MallWeeks after opening near San Diego, a model town for treating dementia is set to be replicated around the U.S.

On August 13, a brand-new town in Southern California welcomed its first residents. They trickled through the doors of a generic beige warehouse on a light-industrial stretch of Main Street …San DiegoSolving the genome puzzleWith advances in gene technology helping to diagnose very rare diseases, has the new era of personalised medicine finally arrived?

Evie Walker sits on her mother’s lap, playing a game she never grows tired of: turning her mother’s hand over and over, stroking and examining it. When she takes a break …The Re-reinvention of Chris(tine and the Queens)In her third act, France’s Héloïse Letissier is playfully muddying the gender lines. But under the name Chris, she continues to make pop’s brashest, queerest records with absolute clarity.

A petite Chris (née Christine and the Queens) lounges in New York’s Standard Hotel. Dressed in a white polo …Short HairThere are now more $100 bills than $1 bills in the worldA funny thing happened on the way to a world of cryptocurrencies and mobile payments. Cash became more popular than ever. The main reason? The one hundred dollar bill.

In 2017, for the first time ever, the one hundred dollar bill became the most popular US bill in circulation, beating out the one …Mobile PaymentsThe epic rise and fall of the name HeatherWhen people think of endangered species, they tend to think of the giant panda, the blue whale, or maybe the snow leopard. We need to add another group to the list: women named Heather.

A Quartz analysis of US baby-name data that goes back to 1880 finds that no name in history has become so popular …Giant PandasSilicon Valley thinks everyone feels the same six emotionsThe world is being flooded with technology designed to monitor our emotions. Amazon’s Alexa is one of many virtual assistants that detect tone and timbre of voice in order to better understand commands. CCTV cameras can track faces through public space, and supposedly detect criminals before they …Papua New GuineaIce Surveys and Neckties at Dinner: Here’s Life at an Arctic OutpostWant climate news in your inbox? Sign up here for Climate Fwd:, our email newsletter.

For the past 40 years, thanks to satellite measurements, scientists have known that sea ice coverage in the Arctic is shrinking. Global warming has reduced the extent of ice in the region in summer, when it is at its …The ArcticDaily Edition Top 10 (September 17, 2018)The controversy surrounding Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Dr. Christine Blasey Ford, Kavanaugh’s former classmate who has accused him of sexually assaulting her when they were teenagers, escalated this week. Congressional Republicans are reportedly offering to hold the hearing Wednesday …U.S. Supreme CourtHow Puberty Kills Girls’ ConfidenceIn their tween and teenage years, girls become dramatically less self-assured—a feeling that often lasts through adulthood.

The change can be baffling to many parents: Their young girls are masters of the universe, full of gutsy fire. But as puberty sets in, their confidence nose-dives, and those …PollingHow Far Have We Really Come Since Anita Hill?Christine Blasey Ford’s allegations against Brett Kavanaugh present a test that the Senate very well may not pass.

With a Supreme Court nominee’s confirmation hearings thrown into chaos by accusations of sexual misconduct, the Brett Kavanaugh drama feels like a familiar spectacle. During Clarence …Brett KavanaughThe Man Behind Trump’s ‘Invisible Wall’USCIS Director Lee Francis Cissna is the son of an immigrant, the son-in-law of a refugee and a man who says he’s just obsessed with the fair implementation of laws. So why is he making them so much harder for immigrants?

This summer, as anger over the separation of migrant families at the border …Homeland SecuritySee How the Fall Equinox Is Celebrated Around the WorldCulture & ExplorationPhoto Gallery

From early-morning gatherings at Stonehenge to torch-bearing revelers parading through a city in Spain, people around the world herald the seasonal change in myriad ways.

Next time you watch a TED talk or a political speech, take a moment to look closely at the speaker’s hand movements. Is the motion slow or energetic? Is it subtle or …CharismaJF Kennedy's childhood photos published – in picturesImages have been released as part of a year-long effort by the John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum to make 1,700 vulnerable nitrate negative photographs available online. They provide a glimpse of the Kennedy family from before JFK’s birth through to the early 1950sJohn F. KennedyHow Russia’s Skate Culture Found Its Own Unique Sense of StyleThough they were initially influenced by America, skaters from Moscow and beyond now present a truly local take on fashion.

Some people will tell you that the internet killed style subcultures—or a least turned them into a global, universally accessible phenomenon. We say that’s bullshit. Even as …Ralph LaurenWhere a Sore Throat Becomes a Death SentenceKIGALI, Rwanda — Neighbors whisper that she is pregnant, a disgrace for a young, unmarried woman. The rumors mortify her. She hates her swollen belly.

This summer, as anger over the separation of migrant families at the border …Homeland SecuritySee How the Fall Equinox Is Celebrated Around the WorldCulture & ExplorationPhoto Gallery

From early-morning gatherings at Stonehenge to torch-bearing revelers parading through a city in Spain, people around the world herald the seasonal change in myriad ways.

As the autumn equinox approaches, days begin to shorten in the Northern Hemisphere, and people …National Parks"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/7e211185df7384dc5032a1b22b634616c56c1238.jpeg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","僅 13% 喜歡自己的工作！人生苦短，你還要花幾年承受過度 KPI 、公私不明下的「職業枯竭症」？\n\nhttp://flip.it/TDnC4H"],["id","AV2Tck64yCdS-nWhudTW"],["createdAt","2017-07-30T12:22:08.311Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",3],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_xpwMw-S2qE1Jd4f6AwjPh8KqzGLPCQD1innQ2hucGeE"],["name","意志堅強的芎林維拉妮卡"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","The Tip of the Iceberg: Virologist David Ho (BS '74) Speaks About COVID-19"],["url","https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ))"],["summary","As of March 20, more than 8,700 people worldwide had died of COVID-19, the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Caltech trustee David Ho (BS '74) of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University, says that this is just the tip of the iceberg. Ho, an expert on viral epidemics, has spent decades researching HIV/AIDS, having begun his career in Los Angeles, \"ground zero\" of the first outbreak, in the early 1980s. On March 18, Ho sat down with members of the Caltech community to discuss the novel coronavirus and the future of our society in the light of this global pandemic.Walk us through the spread of the virus in the United States. What does the country look like right now?Let me just give you a picture of what I see here in New York. About two weeks ago, we had our initial case, and now in New York City newly diagnosed confirmed cases are tripling every two days. In our New York Presbyterian Hospital, approximately 25 percent of the swab samples that are submitted for testing are positive. In the suburban communities outside of New York, approximately 10 percent of the swabs submitted are positive. So, the virus is everywhere. And in New York, we know that we are in the exponential growth phase of the epidemic.Looking back at what has transpired throughout the world, we saw the first wave hit China; the second wave hit South Korea, Italy, and Iran; and then, trailed by only about a week or so, France, Germany, Spain, and the U.S. We all know that China went through a period of great devastation. It has over 80,000 cases. Italy is rapidly catching up, with over 31,000 cases. We suspect that in the U.S. this will rapidly sweep from the coastal regions and it will hit middle America. It is already there, but we will see exponential growth very, very soon. Then of course we are all worried about what would happen when this epidemic strikes places like Africa and India where the health care system is less developed.Can you tell us about the pathology of the disease?COVID-19 typically causes fever and a dry cough. One may have aches in the body—the muscles—and if it's severe enough, there would be shortness of breath due to pneumonia.Gastrointestinal symptoms can occur and are an indication of more severe disease. It's not very common to have a runny nose or the sniffles, and a sore throat is not common either.The incubation period from exposure to onset of symptoms is between four and six days; and if you want to cover 95–98 percent of the cases it is between three and 10 days. It's pretty rare to have an incubation period outside of that range.What in particular makes this virus so dangerous?What is disturbing is that virus shedding, as detected in the mouth or nose, is very, very common and could be there prior to onset of symptoms. That's why transmission could occur from asymptomatic individuals. And virus shedding could continue for days up to three weeks after a person recovers. That is extremely worrisome for the spread of this virus. Furthermore, the stability of this virus is worrisome as well. If you put it in aerosol form and keep it in the air, the half-life is several hours; if you drop it on surfaces of copper or cardboard, it could survive about a day. But if it's on steel or plastic surfaces, you could still detect infectious virus after 72 hours, although the infectivity decreases with time.What do we know about the biology of the virus?The virus is highly related to another coronavirus called SARS coronavirus. That was another outbreak that occurred worldwide 17-18 years ago, and largely in China and Asia.The two viruses are about 80 percent identical. We know the origin of SARS was from a bat through an intermediary animal called the civet cat.Another virus called Middle Eastern Respiratory Virus, MERS, also originated in bats and infected camels, and camels passed it to humans. For COVID-19, we believe the original host must be a bat species, because that animal carries a virus that's 97 percent identical to what we're seeing now.Because of the SARS outbreak and the MERS outbreak, and research done on those two pathogens, we actually know quite a bit about coronaviruses.The outbreak began in China; how have they been dealing with the virus?This epidemic was first identified in a few cases with pneumonia in December 2019. In retrospect, there were scattered cases in November according to Chinese officials. I would say that initially there were missteps and lack of transparency that contributed to the explosive outbreak in the city of Wuhan in the central province of Hubei. That epidemic in central China accounts for 85 percent of the confirmed cases in China. It led Beijing officials to quarantine the entire province of 50 million people. The epidemic peaked in early February with 4,000 newly diagnosed cases each day. But since the lockdown and the various draconian measures applied, the number of new cases each day has been declining by half every week, and remarkably it's now down to about 20 per day. The rest of China's other provinces also applied very harsh measures and they indeed successfully flattened the curve outside of Hubei province.We know what they've done is not sustainable and the question is: What is China going to do now if it relaxes the infection control measures? Some of the recovered patients are still shedding virus and now China is surrounded by sick neighbors. Surely if they open up their borders, infection will come in the same way it came into the U.S. The world is waiting to see what China is going to do.Now in terms of the U.S., we obviously are undergoing exponential growth. The 10,400 confirmed cases is a gross underestimate. The lack of testing is embarrassing. It's an outright failure in leadership.What are the tests we need to detect coronavirus infection?Everybody's talking about testing and that's actually referring to PCR [polymerase chain reaction] testing, looking for viral RNA to determine whether a person is infected. But there's still no talk of antibody testing to determine which people have had it and are immune, and that is another crucial tool we need to combat this epidemic. Many research labs throughout the country—I'm sure at Caltech too—could be running antibody tests right now to survey the population and tell us what the real penetrance of this pathogen is in our communities. We are, on a research basis, embarking on that to understand the degree of infection in New York City and outside of New York City.How long before the U.S. sees test availability similar to what South Korea has implemented?The PCR testing, which is the one that's approved, is now ramping up very, very rapidly in state and local labs as well as in academic medical centers and in the commercial sector. Their production will grow tremendously. Roche has a machine that will run 1,000 samples at a time. If you go to a commercial lab, they take a swab, they package it, they quite often send it to another facility somewhere else. The turnaround time is typically 72 hours. In that period, it's very, very hard to manage patients and their contacts. It's a nightmare for the healthcare worker.We need point-of-care tests. Those kinds of tests are available for HIV and for many other diseases; you use a finger stick, drop the blood on a small device, and have a readout in 15 minutes. These tests measure antibody response to the virus and are extremely useful. Yet we don't have a single test licensed in the U.S. In China, in South Korea, and in Europe, those tests are used. The manufacturer for this rapid test is producing a million a day. It's there. But in the name of protecting the public, the FDA has moved very, very slowly. That delay, in my view, has caused more harm than good.Can you elaborate on point-of-care testing?It's almost like a home pregnancy test or home HIV test. These tests have been around for a long time. The test that I'm specifically referring to, coming out of China, South Korea, and approved in Europe, is an antibody test. You put a drop of blood on a plastic slide, add another drop of the buffer that comes with the test, and you let it sit for 15 minutes. Then, you look at the bands. You're negative if you have just one band, or you're positive if you have more than one band. The test also tells you type of antibody. There's a type of antibody called IgG [immunoglobulin G] and another type called IgM [immunoglobulin M]. Typically, when a person is infected, the IgM response is earlier and the IgG response is later. The two bands indicate the course of the infection.This kind of test is available all over the world for HIV. The technology is there, the tests are there. But they're not FDA approved. While I think they are fairly close to being approved, we have let several weeks go by and to me that's tragic.Will this coronavirus be seasonal?Everyone is asking whether this virus is here to stay. Initially, just based on what China did with SARS long ago, there was hope that warmer weather and more sunlight would help kill the virus in our environment and therefore lower the probability of transmission.But now this virus has gained such a strong foothold in the human population. It's already 25 times larger than SARS and it's already embedded in the Southern hemisphere. If you look at Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, there are cases there already, and community transmission is occurring. As the weather changes, perhaps the Northern hemisphere will gain an advantage. But the epidemic in the Southern hemisphere is going to accelerate.The long-term outcome may resemble influenza so that we have seasonal bouts, with the virus bouncing back and forth between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This is of course just speculation, but that's what we see with influenza.Why does COVID-19 have less impact on children and more impact on the elderly?Well, the latter part is easy. Older people generally do less well with all sorts of respiratory infections, including influenza and SARS. So that's just the typical scenario we see. The children, however, are a mystery. As you know, children typically get flu or other respiratory viruses very quickly and bring them home to infect the parents. But in this particular case, the number of children infected in China, after extensive studies, don't seem to indicate that this is the case for this coronavirus.Some people seem to show mild symptoms while others have a more severe experience. Has the virus already mutated?RNA viruses all replicate with low fidelity. Mutations occur at pretty similar rates and these viruses typically don't have proofreading functions. In contrast, we replicate our DNA with high fidelity and we have a proofreading function to fix the errors. So, every time they replicate, there's a fixed rate of mutation. This virus is mutating but it has mutated very little so far. There are differences but probably they are functionally not important, so that's not the explanation for why you see different disease courses among the infected.For HIV it's the same thing: 10 people could be infected by the same strain but you have very different outcomes. With HIV, genetics and environmental factors play a role. Some of the genetics has been worked out; we know that there are certain tissue types that would protect and others that would harm. I suspect it's the same here.Once you become infected with the virus, can you get it again?There are a few anecdotes from China about re-infection but, if you look at those reports carefully, they're not well-documented. It could be that folks just continued to shed virus from the initial infection. Only one study was formally done and it is not a human study. It's a macaque study. They infected macaques with this virus, then waited until the monkeys recovered and tried to re-infect them. They could not. This just came out in the past few days. That bodes well for human immunity.We have now looked at a lot of serum from convalescent individuals and those serum samples have antibodies against the so-called spike protein of the virus. That's the protein that sits on the surface of the virus particle. By tightly binding, the antibody could neutralize the virus. Once an infected person develops antibodies, there should be protective immunity for quite some time. That's why we need to buy time for immunity to develop in the population.After a person recovers from the virus, how long are they still contagious?That's a very important question. We're not sure; one individual in China was shown to have persistent virus shedding for over a month. But typically, we're looking at a three-week period from onset of symptoms.What should we be doing to limit the spread of this epidemic?The social distancing and good hygiene strategies have been successfully applied, in South Korea for example, to bring their epidemic down. They're the only other country that has flattened the curve—slowed down the number of new infections to not overwhelm the healthcare system—and gradually brought this epidemic under control. There are many places that have done a pretty good job of not allowing the epidemic to explode, such as Taiwan and Hong Kong. These are places that had quite a bit of experience in fighting SARS, 17 years ago.Are you optimistic that these measures combined with research will be enough to combat the coronavirus?I personally believe we will blunt this epidemic, but I think we wasted a good four to six weeks largely because of lack of testing and lack of a certain preparedness. But I think we could still make a difference and bring it under control with very harsh measures.But again, are these measures sustainable? We've got to expect that businesses must reopen and schools must teach again. Whether it's travel or sports or live entertainment, we're going to have to return to some semblance of normalcy. But what are the measures that are effective and sustainable? That's a question we as a society have to deal with. We need to buy time so that gradually the population will have a degree of immunity.Most importantly, we need to buy time to allow science to deliver solutions. We're going to have to develop drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. I think the mobilization by the scientific community, from my perspective, is amazing. So many people have mobilized and jumped on this and are contributing, from discovering small-molecule drugs that could block various enzymes of this virus to coming up with antibodies that could neutralize the virus. Researchers have already come up with a few promising chemicals that could be a good start to drug development. There are already a few neutralizing antibodies isolated from infected individuals; my own group is in the midst of doing all that.And, of course, people are working on vaccines. A lot of companies are working on vaccines and those vaccines are at various stages. A couple are within weeks of entering human testing and that's quite, quite remarkable. There is one thing about vaccines, though: Some of the experiments previously done on SARS suggested that when animals developed antibodies and then were given the virus, they had greater lung injury due to the presence of the antibodies. The scientific community would have to resolve that issue quickly and its resolution would either halt the current approaches or unleash them to move full speed ahead. We certainly will take a part in doing that. I think we have the real possibility that COVID-19 may become a fact of life until science comes through as it has done for past epidemics.This is going to take some time. But I'm very confident that the science will rise to the task and provide a solution. But it's not going to be a few months as our president suggests. It's going to be much longer than that. I would say 18 months, or 24 months. I think we are all facing tough challenges ahead."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","一位北醫畢業目前在紐約當住院醫師的張銘凱醫師寫照顧COVID-19經驗，寫得非常棒，跟大家分享這篇文章：\n[經驗分享]\n我在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓，七月開始會做美國感染科次專訓練。目前紐約災情慘重，我所在醫院確診加疑似病人就超過一百人，我這段其間都在顧ICU因此對於重症COVID的照顧也算有心得，我至少照顧過超過20位以上之住院病人，因為在ICU的關係大部分病人都插管，到目前為止，我應該比許多台灣醫生有武漢新冠肺炎治療之實戰經驗。因為台灣目前防疫做的非常好，多半輕症或無症狀隔離，但是我們隨時要準備如果已經是社區流行，那作為醫生該如何care這些病人，因此做個簡單的分享與教學，所以講解的對象應該是以臨床第一線之醫師或NP為主。但我要說很多evidence都不斷更新，以下是盡量有所依據的臨床處理方式，reference就不一一列舉，有些我可能覺得是一般臨床工作者應有的基本概念也許就沒有多加說明，如造成閱讀上不順暢，也請多多包涵。\n\n#流病學:相信台灣臨床醫生現在非常仰賴旅遊史畢竟沒有大規模社區感染，但是我要提醒的是如果有天已經大流行，旅遊史可能不是那麼重要了，懷疑就該驗。美國之前CDC一直很在意旅遊史而不隨意驗，結果後來發現根本大流行已經來不及了。在大爆發之前，可能會有一個空窗期就是很多原本我們以為低感染風險而沒有驗到的人，他們其實已經可能被感染。此外年輕人或沒有病史病人也非常多，這是在過去醫院前所未見的。在美國輕症就算陽性也不會住院讓他們回家，所以我所看到是真正的病人，我們已經擴充非常多病房了，但是病人真的很多，感染力真的很強要小心！至今我們已經有三個住院醫師中獎了。\n\n#臨床表現:除了發燒咳等呼吸道症狀，還常有拉肚子等GI症狀，我要特別提醒很多病人會有\"味覺失調或消失\"的症狀，這不是鼻塞引起的味覺降低。很多文獻少提味覺問題，但是一定要注意，這可能是一個sign就該檢驗。此外有些病人會表達胸痛，不一定就是很嚴重的myocarditis，就純粹是無法解釋的胸痛，但還是會建議驗一下CPK/Trop。這個病毒的潛伏期根據我看到的paper，大概平均是五天多，當然最長可能兩個禮拜，不過我現在講的是一個常態分佈的結果，你要算到最嚴苛標準，也許就兩個禮拜，但是平均還是五天多，所以你如果有接觸史，過了一個禮拜還是沒發病，你大概就safe了。\n\n#抽血:CBC(不一定會leukocytosis，反而容易lymphocytopenia and or thrombocytopenia), 常transaminitis(GOT/GPT高)。我們會大概三天監測一次Ferritin, ESR/CRP, LDH, D-dimer來觀察對藥物反應。基本blood culture, HIV, urine Legionella/strep pneumonia最好也住院時驗一下排除其他問題。\n\n#影像:CXR bilateral infiltrations。相信大家一定常常不知道病人什麼問題但是看到CXR有點白白髒髒就當肺炎收進來打抗生素住院(其實可能根本不明顯)。我要說的是這些COVID住院病人，不會只是CXR微微白白髒髒，而是一看就是明顯兩側蔓延，在我住院醫師期間真的從來沒有看到那麼多CXR都是長這個樣子的，現在我幾乎可以看到CXR就診斷。至於CT chest雖然比較清楚，但是我認為不需要，因為大部分CXR就很明顯了，加上抽血上述markers等等就算PCR還沒有等到就可以很有把握診斷了。安排CT chest只會讓醫院感控暴露風險(因為機器要大消毒，浪費時間也可能使真正需要CT的人沒辦法照到)\n\n#氧氣治療方面:如果有SOB or hypoxia，當然要監測O2 sat.一開始nasal cannula, simple mask 下一個nonrebreather mask，中間不要試BiPAP/CPAP/High flow NC你就要early intubation了！因為BiPAP等會有把病毒釋放出來空氣傳播的風險。而且COVID病人desaturation or decompensation進展真的非常快！sat keep不住就要early intubation。另外不要使用neubulizer等會霧化的藥物治療，如需支氣管闊張劑可以用MDI手壓的pump。另外ARDS常用的臥趴姿勢prone position效果感覺非常好，病人一prone血氧真的會稍微提升，有些病人甚至沒有被插管的，血氧稍微差一點的我們就會叫他趕快趴著!還真的很有用。很多插管病人我們也會給他prone，我看討論串好像台灣不是很喜歡prone因為很耗費護理師人力，不過至少我在我們醫院我看到是一大早三個主治醫師就一起合力把病人翻姿勢，其實美國醫師工作也是很辛苦的。\n\n#藥物治療:\n\n1.我知道很多診所喜歡開類固醇給\"感冒\"的病人，但是絕對要避免因為類固醇有延長viral shedding的副作用，之前在MERS等病人的研究也是類固醇壞處大於好處，因此使用類固醇除非是有其indication才用(例如septic shock等等)。\n\n2.高劑量Statin似乎有研究對防止病毒結合有幫助，因此如果LFT, CK允許可以考慮使用(lipitor 40 or 80, etc)。\n\n3.Litonavir愛滋病藥物nejm已經發表確定沒用。\n\n4.在美國我們幾乎每個病人都會給hydroxychloroquine(400mg bid for a day, then 200mg bid for 4 days)會影響lysosome fusion抑制病毒, 使用藥物前一定要EKG，如果QTc>500就不要用。我們醫院現在不加azithromycin了因為兩個一起用會延長QTc就有致死案例。對於法國研究Hydroxychloroquine+azithro很好但是我保持樂觀態度，那個研究病人量很少(n=21)，而且我實際臨床經驗覺得幫助好像有限，但是因為in vitro研究有效，我們還是會給病人就是了！\n\nCOVID似乎會跟其他呼吸道病毒一起co-infection所以還是要驗一下flu, 但是如果flu negative也不需要給tamiflu因為對covid無效。除了病毒還常bacterial superinfection，所以我們幾乎還是會給抗細菌抗生素，macrolide or levofloxacin擔心prolong QT所以我們醫院現在給doxycycline。記得驗一下Urine Legionella因為跟covid一樣都常有GI症狀。\n\n5.Remdesivir在美國第一個case就是靠這個治好的，各國都在臨床試驗中，我個人很看好，我們醫院也要開始實驗這個了...\n\n6.日本藥favipiravir聽說也很成功但是因為我在美國比較不熟。\n\n7.很多COVID病人為什麼這麼sick，明明年輕人卻full blown ARDS比老人更嚴重，因為很多是cytokine release syndrome的關係。所以IL-6 inhibitor如tocilizumab or sarilumab本來治rheumatoid arthritis的生物製劑或許也有用。現階段也還在臨床試驗中，可以抽血IL-6監測。聽說MGH用tocilizumab，而我的醫院也要開始臨床試驗sarilumab\n\n#Code status：COVID大部分還是胸腔性疾病，很多就是插管呼吸器ARDS mode來治療，因此插管是很重要的環節。但是有些運氣不是很好的病人，多重器官衰竭等等突然coded需要CPR的情況，這對醫療團隊來說是暴露極高風險甚至多半可能徒勞。我認為有必要一開始就要跟病人談好DNR，這不代表就要DNI，該插管還是要插管，但是真的不幸心跳停止等，要量力而為。\n\n#醫院管理：至少在紐約我們的物資設備都輸台灣很多也嚴重不足，不過也許可以給台灣要是不幸疫情大爆發做個借鏡。現在醫院幾乎都是COVID病人，也不可能一人一間病房了，因此直接把COVID病人直接放在同一間房間，反正都得病了也不怕被感染了。不過還是建議最好病房的門是有窗戶的至少從外面看進去可以知道病人好不好，而且就我剛剛所說，病人原本可能好好的就突然血氧掉非常喘需要趕快插管，每個住院病人真的像未爆彈。另外ICU病人因為常常有很多pump點滴，護理師要一直進出隔離房不方便穿脫PPE，可以考慮直接把pump放在房間外面，點滴線延長出去就好，這樣如果護理師要調sedation or pressors等等就可以不用進入房間更改設定。\n\n#國家防疫：現階段台灣防疫做很好，還在containment的階段，就是把最有可能的人抓出來隔離，但是對於平均每個個案的隔離成本很高，國家也很不容易控制，目前台灣有兩百多的個案，但是某天要是慢慢累積好幾百個病人甚至破千，我們也許就要調整策略，因為把全部只要是陽性的病人都抓到醫院關那是不可能的，台灣沒有那麼多的醫療能量，也不能這樣浪費，而且輕症染病的病人，要多久PCR會轉陰性，我還沒看到研究統計出來，應該也很少人會做這樣研究，因為很少國家會像台灣如此嚴格標準檢疫隔離的，就好像今天得influenza A，如果不太嚴重也是讓病人回家，病癒就是病癒，一般醫師也不會再重複flu swab；同樣如果有C.diff病人，把PO Vanc的療程吃完沒有再拉肚子，你也是當作好了不會再去驗糞便。個人覺得台灣可以把輕症病人平均多久時間PCR轉陰性做個統計發表研究。我最近看了世界著名病毒學專家何大一博士的專訪([https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ](https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/tip-iceberg-virologist-david-ho-bs-74-speaks-about-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR1XVnPHq82gD97Y2Y06FkIFzAtNNfopnMgqa98fHAwX7WHzHGyBVbnZlIQ)) 個人覺得這篇寫得不錯，裡面他就有寫到目前也不知道陽性的病人過多久後才不會有傳染力，他說猜測大概三週。至於已經得過COVID的病人之後會不會再重複感染，他是覺得應該是不會，也就是現在所有的防疫工作，就是在爭取時間讓疫苗可以製造出來讓群體都可以有保護效果。現階段幾乎的國家都大爆發，就不可能像台灣還在containment的防疫階段，因為你要假設所有人都有可能是病人，那能做的就是#緩和曲線了flatten the curve，我覺得這個概念相當重要\n\n，基本上就是拖延戰術，減少不必要的社交和聚集，要social distancing，不必要的商業活動要停止，電影院酒吧夜店要關，餐廳只能外帶等等，這可以避免加速接觸感染，讓病人增加量不要達這麼快一下超出醫療能負荷的數量避免醫療崩壞，很多國家都在這麼做了，目前聽起來表現比較好的國家像是南韓，雖然他們一開始防疫沒有做好導致非常多人得病，但是經過大規模檢驗，還有避免出門要待在家等等，目前疫情也有和緩的趨勢，算是亡羊補牢，也不是不行。台灣目前表現全球數一數二，但是我們總是要做最壞的準備跟打算。\n\n#後記：沒想到一下就寫這麼多，這算是我第一線醫療工作者的紀實與經驗分享，目前紐約疫情雖然已嚴重崩壞，但實際上還只是開始而已不見緩和。不過美國參戰之後相信會有更多醫學研究與臨床治療準則可以參考，實際上也不完全是壞事。你問我會不會怕我每天也是提心吊膽的，都很怕生病，每天都要很注意自己的身體狀態，但偏偏美國住院醫師工時非常長(週休一日而已也沒有PM off)又不斷把我們明明不是在病房rotate的時候抓來上班取消我們的門診等等，我都盡量多休息有時間就睡覺保持免疫力。現在在醫院其實也是看到很多恐慌的面孔，我們醫院是公立醫院，平常病人多為社會最底層的人，吸毒的、遊民的、酗酒的，總之各種問題台灣一個比較健康的社會大概很難想像是一個怎麼樣的場所。不過最近因為COVID病人大爆發，我發現很多可能社會上的一般人或中產階級，他們可能是警察、可能是清潔工、就某天感染病毒生病了，這時候醫護站起來照顧他們治療他們，讓他們免於恐懼，這是作為醫學生涯也算比較榮光的時候，因為我們平常的訓練，就在這時候派上用場，也算是找到一點點行醫的意義跟價值。可以平安地活著其實就很好。目前台灣社會可以安全的生活著也真的很好。"],["id","ioxspw9mf0sf"],["createdAt","2020-03-29T01:46:42.817Z"]]}]}],["relatedReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","fmI82G8Bd3n3h-WY3-mA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是反疫苗的陰謀論。\n\n古彥男醫師以古今中外案例表示，當疫苗接種率過低，會造成 (1) 傳染病爆發、 (2) 疫苗預算下修而導致藥廠不賣、疫苗短缺、(3) 增加病毒變異機會、(4) 醫療需求壓垮醫療系統。因此，不接種疫苗不只是影響個人，其後果是全國人民共同承擔。\n\n聯合國也譴責這些反疫苗接種的訊息，已經造成了海島國家麻疹的惡化；聯合國兒童基金會表示，這類在推特、臉書、Instagram 等網路平台上的反疫苗言論「極不負責任」。"],["reference","2016/10/25 如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相\nhttp://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html\n\n2019/12/6 聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化\nhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相 | 古彥男醫師｜兒科醫師的分享室"],["url","http://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html"],["summary","作者：古彥男醫師\n\n病毒的全境擴散\n\n2011 年上映的電影『全境擴散』，是身為醫護人員的我看過最寫實也最貼近我們生活的傳染病電影。片中有包括麥特戴蒙、葛妮絲派特蘿、凱特溫絲蕾，以及裘德洛等好萊塢巨星，但電影本身想表達給觀眾的內容，並沒有因為演員的星光熠熠而顯得黯淡（不過評價兩極，很多人覺得劇情過於沉悶而看到睡著）。\n\n故事描述著一種病毒，在蝙蝠跟豬之間交互傳染後產生了變異，對人的傳染力大增，迅速造成了全球的大流行以及節節高升的死亡人數。電影中對於政府官員、醫護人員、平民百姓，以及先進與落後國家的社會，面對來勢洶洶的疫情的各種反應，有深刻的刻劃。\n\n\n其實這部電影主要是根據 2003 年令全球陷入恐慌的 SARS 疫情改編而成，電影中病毒的變異模式與散播途徑，也跟我們熟悉的流感病毒十分相像......\n接種率最低的公費疫苗\n\n\n\n對台灣的民眾來說，我們擁有方便就醫的醫療環境，醫療費用也非常便宜，近幾年來一些原本很昂貴的自費疫苗，也慢慢被列入公費施打的計畫之中（如肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）。然而在眾多高接種率的公費疫苗中，流感疫苗的接種率可說是一枝獨秀的低。\n\n由於流感病毒變異的速度快，每年流行的病毒株都不一樣，世界衛生組織只能預測每一年度可能流行的病毒株，以此製作成疫苗。這樣會產生兩個讓大家不想接種疫苗的原因：一是每年都必須接種，無法注射一兩劑後就有長久的保護力；二是萬一預測錯誤，挨了針最後還是得了流感，許多人在情感上無法接受。\n\n再加上媒體對流感疫苗不良反應個案的重點報導，以及對 2009 年 H1N1 流感疫苗安全性的質疑，導致台灣近幾年的接種率幾乎都是在谷底徘徊。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n根據民國 104 年疾病管制署的統計資料，符合公費疫苗接種的對象，其接種率不到五成，如果放大到全國人口來看，接種率甚至連兩成都不到。當大家因為擔心疫苗的不良反應選擇不接種，且因為短期內沒有重大疫情發生而漸漸忘記傳染病的恐怖時，就在同一年，流感病毒給台灣的民眾與醫療系統帶來了沉重的負擔......\n不接種疫苗的結果－全國人民共同承擔\n\n\n\n\n\n我們可以看到，從 2011 年之後，流感病毒在台灣並沒有造成太重大的疫情。然而這不代表危機不在我們身邊－就在 2015 年 (民國 104 年)，流感病毒讓我們體驗到，傳染病的傳播與爆發，可以在短短的幾個月內，造成重症病例數破千，死亡人數破百！而且根據統計，95% 以上流感重症患者未接種疫苗！\n\n你覺得這只是單一年度或單一疾病的狀況，不代表每一年的疫情或其他傳染病？你覺得等到疫情要升溫了再接種也不遲？還是你覺得自己身強體壯，不怕傳染病侵襲，就算染病了在台灣這種便宜又方便的醫療環境也不怕沒得醫？\n\n讓我來告訴你甚麼是『醜陋的真相』。\n\n真相一：疫苗接種率過低，造成傳染病爆發，中外皆然。\n\n除了上述台灣的流感疫情，歐美國家早發生過更為知名的狀況。 1998 年一位英國醫師發表了一篇論文，內容指出接種三合一疫苗（麻疹、腮腺炎、德國麻疹）會造成小孩自閉症的發生率上升，雖然該論文最後被證實是假造的無稽之談，但仍造成歐美國家興起一股反疫苗運動，三合一疫苗的接種率更是逐年下降。\n\n疫苗接種率過低的結果永遠只有一個：傳染病的爆發。英國從 2000 年開始感染麻疹的人數逐漸上升，到現在仍是麻疹流行地區；美國曾經在 2000 年宣布麻疹病毒已在其境內絕跡，結果在 2014~2015 年加州爆發大流行。\n\n那你說台灣安全嗎？如果你的小孩有接種疫苗，那大可放心，但如果沒有怎麼辦？那就不要出國、不要去機場、不要坐高鐵、不要坐捷運、不要......\n\n\n真相二：你不打疫苗，政府下修預算，藥廠寧願不賣。\n\n由於疫苗這種生物製劑，在運輸及保存上的要求相當高，也有一定的保存期限，此外如流感疫苗，其內含的病毒株每年不一樣，今年的疫苗無法留到隔年再使用。當政府買得太多會增加運輸及保存的成本，用不完而過期的疫苗更是浪費已經捉襟見肘的疫苗預算。\n\n因此衛服部疾管署會根據各種公費疫苗施打的比率，以及未來需要接種的人口數，來編列預算。當施打人數下降時，預算金額就可能會下修，如果剛好遇到購買數量下降而需求又突然暴增，就會發生有人打不到疫苗的狀況（2015 年流感疫情爆發後，一直到隔年三月都還有家屬帶小孩來打早就用完的疫苗）。\n\n再來是台灣的市場跟歐美等大國比已經很小了，如果政府購買的數量一直在減少，我們又拿不出有力的購買價格跟別人競爭，最後就是落得疫苗搶輸人家，以及民眾有錢也打不到疫苗的後果。真相三：疫情升溫，病毒快速變異，補打疫苗也沒效。\n\n流感疫苗之所以每年都要接種才有效，就是因為流感病毒非常容易產生變異，讓我們的免疫系統無法在感染過後，或是接種一次疫苗後就能提供終身的保護力。\n\n病毒的變異從哪裡來？一個方式是當病毒在宿主體內大量複製時，本身的基因發生突變，另一個則是當同一個宿主（可以是人、豬、或是禽鳥類），體內有兩種以上的流感病毒時，不同的病毒間會互換基因，重組出一個新的病毒（如 2009 年的 H1N1）。這樣的變異都可以使我們的免疫系統與疫苗失效，造成大流行。\n\n因此當疫情升溫了，代表病毒在大量的傳播與複製，大大的增加了變異的機會，一旦產生變異，就算補打了本來有效的疫苗，也擋不住已經變身的病毒。所以先接種疫苗預防感染，不給病毒有大流行且變異的機會，才是最好的防治策略。真相四：醫療系統早已負擔沉重，疫情爆發醫院一床難求。\n\n當很多人因為健保的福利，以為醫療本來就是這麼便宜與便利時，台灣的醫療系統早就因為政策問題以及民眾的就醫習慣而負擔沉重，一旦因天災人禍或是傳染病流行，在短時間內造成大量的醫療需求，往往成為壓倒駱駝的最後一根稻草。\n\n從過去的八仙塵爆，以及流感疫情的爆發，各大醫學中心急診及加護病房都被塞爆，有的醫院兩度關閉急診，有的醫學中心重症病人多到連救命的葉克膜都不夠用，急診等住院病床的人數節節高升，醫護人員跟病人都叫苦連天。\n\n然而政府相關單位不僅連政策的調整不夠迅速，連對疫情的嚴重度還有醫療資源的分配都掌握不住，你還認為台灣的醫療在你生病的時候真能萬無一失？\n疫苗並不完美，但仍是預防疾病的有效方法\n\n我們知道有打疫苗不是每個人都會產生可以對抗疾病的抗體，我們也知道沒有疫苗可以百分之百不會有不良反應，然而疫苗從問世以來，也被證實是可以有效預防疾病，挽救許多生命的重要方法。當不良反應造成的損失大於預防疾病的利益時，這種疫苗就會被停止施打或是根本不會上市。\n\n在我們的社會中有許多人可能因為年紀太小、對疫苗有過敏反應、或是有其他禁忌症無法藉由接種疫苗獲得對疾病的保護力，他們也常常是傳染病造成重症的高風險群。如果我們接種疫苗的比率夠高，不僅獲得保護自己的抗體，同時也因為疾病不容易傳播而可以間接保護到這些容易被感染的族群。\n\n今年的公費流感疫苗已經開始施打，請問『你』會怎麼選擇呢？"],["topImageUrl","https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ77tZgdWE/WAJSVTbVolI/AAAAAAAABnY/Q5S7SQ1Dz_Ahnkupi8xzzdP1bFvqbPuJQCLcB/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/vaccinedeniedtitlepicture.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化 | 國際 | 中央社 CNA"],["url","https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["summary","（中央社威靈頓5日綜合外電報導）聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）太平洋島嶼負責人今天表示，社群媒體巨頭必須嚴厲取締反疫苗接種貼文，這些貼文助長薩摩亞（Samoa）致命麻疹疫情惡化。UNICEF地區代表耶特（Sheldon Yett）表示，推特（Twitter）、臉書（Facebook）和Instagram（IG）等網路平台上「極不負責任」的反疫苗接種訊息，加劇了薩摩亞爆發的麻疹疫情，自10月中旬以來已造成62人死亡。耶特告訴法新社：「很明顯地它們必需負起企業責任並展開行動，確保那些人民，特別是弱勢族群能獲得正確資訊，讓孩童得以存活。」在麻疹疫情爆發前，薩摩亞的疫苗接種率降至只剩略超過30%，遠低於公認最佳接種率90%，這也使得該海島國家極易受到感染。世界衛生組織（WHO）把矛頭指向反疫苗宣傳運動。耶特表示，這項運動主要是由海外倡議人士在網路上展開。「很不幸的是，這項運動在薩摩亞找到願意相信的民眾，那裡有一部分人懷疑醫療保健服務品質，且可能不信任當地（疫苗）供應者。」他說，來自諸如美國和澳洲等富裕已開發國家的運動人士，在網路上張貼反疫苗訊息，他們必須意識到自己的所作所為會對開發中國家帶來衝擊。他在薩摩亞首都阿庇亞（Apia）表示：「這對薩摩亞孩童來說可能形同死刑，因為當地除了低疫苗接種率，可能還面臨其他健康問題。」（實習編譯：趙珮宇/核稿：劉學源）1081205"],["topImageUrl","https://imgcdn.cna.com.tw/www/website/img/pic_fb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-03-01T09:07:27.741Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",7],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_8K2j7ulOoiGUESmrLrwuct7AT98L-mYuQab3OFk_45I"],["name","羞澀的烈嶼葛萊蒂絲"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Hydrogel - Wikipedia"],["url","https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel"],["summary","A hydrogel is a biphasic material, a mixture of porous, permeable solids and at least 10% by weight or volume of interstitial fluid composed completely or mainly by water.[1] In hydrogels the porous permeable solid is a water insoluble three dimensional network of natural or synthetic polymers and a fluid, having absorbed a large amount of water or biological fluids.[2][3][4] These properties underpin several applications, especially in the biomedical area. Many hydrogels are synthetic, but some are derived from nature.[5][6] The term 'hydrogel' was coined in 1894.[7]Gelatin, here in sheets for cooking, is a hydrogel.Peptide hydrogel formation shown by the inverted vial method.\n\n\nChemistry\n \nEdit\n\n\nClassification\n \nEdit\n\n\nThe crosslinks which bond the polymers of a hydrogel fall under two general categories: physical hydrogels and chemical hydrogels. Chemical hydrogels have covalent cross-linking bonds, whereas physical hydrogels have non-covalent bonds.[citation needed] Chemical hydrogels can result in strong reversible or irreversible gels due to the covalent bonding.[8] Chemical hydrogels that contain reversible covalent cross-linking bonds such as hydrogels of thiomers being cross-linked via disulfide bonds are non-toxic and are used in numerous medicinal products.[9][10][11] Physical hydrogels usually have high biocompatibility, aren’t toxic, and are also easily reversible, by simply changing an external stimulus such as pH, ion concentration(alginate) or temperature(gelatine); they are also used for medical applications.[12][13][14][15][16] Physical crosslinks consist of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and chain entanglements (among others). A hydrogel generated through the use of physical crosslinks is sometimes called a 'reversible' hydrogel.[12] Chemical crosslinks consist of covalent bonds between polymer strands. Hydrogels generated in this manner are sometimes called 'permanent' hydrogels.\nHydrogels are prepared using a variety of polymeric materials, which can be divided broadly into two categories according to their origin: natural or synthetic polymers. Natural polymers for hydrogel preparation include hyaluronic acid, chitosan, heparin, alginate, gelatin and fibrin.[17] Common synthetic polymers include polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, sodium polyacrylate, acrylate polymers and copolymers thereof.[5] Whereas natural hydrogels are usually non-toxic, and often provides other advantages for medical use, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibiotic/antifungal effect and improve regeneration of nearby tissue, their stability and strength is usually much lower than synthetic hydrogels.[18] There are also synthetic hydrogels than can be used for medical applications, such as Polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).[19]\nPreparation\n \nEdit\n\n\n Simplified scheme to show the self-assembly process involved in hydrogel formation.There are two suggested mechanisms behind physical hydrogel formation, the first one being the gelation of nanofibrous peptide assemblies, usually observed for oligopeptide precursors. The precursors self-assemble into fibers, tapes, tubes, or ribbons that entangle to form non-covalent cross-links. The second mechanism involves non-covalent interactions of cross-linked domains that are separated by water-soluble linkers, and this is usually observed in longer multi-domain structures.[20] Tuning of the supramolecular interactions to produce a self-supporting network that does not precipitate, and is also able to immobilize water which is vital for to gel formation. Most oligopeptide hydrogels have a β-sheet structure, and assemble to form fibers, although α-helical peptides have also been reported.[21][22] The typical mechanism of gelation involves the oligopeptide precursors self-assemble into fibers that become elongated, and entangle to form cross-linked gels.\nOne notable method of initiating a polymerization fuving involves the use of light as a stimulus. In this method, photoinitiators, compounds that cleave from the absorption of photons, are added to the precursor solution which will become the hydrogel. When the precursor solution is exposed to a concentrated source of light, usually ultraviolet irradiation, the photoinitiators will cleave and form free radicals, which will begin a polymerization reaction that forms crosslinks between polymer strands. This reaction will cease if the light source is removed, allowing the amount of crosslinks formed in the hydrogel to be controlled.[23] The properties of a hydrogel are highly dependent on the type and quantity of its crosslinks, making photopolymerization a popular choice for fine-tuning hydrogels. This technique has seen considerable use in cell and tissue engineering applications due to the ability to inject or mold a precursor solution loaded with cells into a wound site, then solidify it in situ.[24][23]Physically crosslinked hydrogels can be prepared by different methods depending on the nature of the crosslink involved. Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels are usually produced by the freeze-thawed technique. In this, the solution is frozen for a few hours, then thawed at room temperature, and the cycle is repeated until a strong and stable hydrogel is formed.[25] Alginate hydrogels are formed by ionic interactions between alginate and double-charged cations. A salt, usually calcium chloride, is dissolved into an aqueous sodium alginate solution, that causes the calcium ions to create ionic bonds between alginate chains.[26] Gelatin hydrogels are formed by temperature change. A water solution of gelatin forms an hydrogel at temperatures below 37-35 °C, as Van der Waals interactions between collagen fibers become stronger than thermal molecular vibrations.[27]\nPeptides based hydrogels\n \nEdit\n\n\nPeptides based hydrogels possess exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability qualities, giving rise to their wide use of applications, particularly in biomedicine; as such, their physical properties can be fine-tuned in order to maximise their use. Methods to do this are: modulation of the amino acid sequence, pH, chirality, and increasing the number of aromatic residues.[28] The order of amino acids within the sequence is crucial for gelation, as has been shown many times. In one example, a short peptide sequence Fmoc-Phe-Gly readily formed a hydrogel, whereas Fmoc-Gly-Phe failed to do so as a result of the two adjacent aromatic moieties being moved, hindering the aromatic interactions.[29][30] Altering the pH can also have similar effects, an example involved the use of the naphthalene (Nap) modified dipeptides Nap-Gly-Ala, and Nap- Ala-Gly, where a drop in pH induced gelation of the former, but led to crystallisation of the latter.[31] 74 A controlled pH decrease method using glucono-δ-lactone (GdL), where the GdL is hydrolysed to gluconic acid in water is a recent strategy that has been developed as a way to form homogeneous and reproducible hydrogels.[32][33] The hydrolysis is slow, which allows for a uniform pH change, and thus resulting in reproducible homogenous gels. In addition to this, the desired pH can be achieved by altering the amount of GdL added. The use of GdL has been used various times for the hydrogelation of Fmoc and Nap-dipeptides.[32][33] In another direction, Morris et al reported the use of GdL as a ‘molecular trigger’ to predict and control the order of gelation.[34] Chirality also plays an essential role in gel formation, and even changing the chirality of a single amino acid from its natural L-amino acid to its unnatural D-amino acid can significantly impact the gelation properties, with the natural forms not forming gels.[35] Furthermore, aromatic interactions play a key role in hydrogel formation as a result of π- π stacking driving gelation, shown by many studies.[36][37]\nOther\n \nEdit\n\n\nHydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue due to their significant water content. As responsive \"smart materials\", hydrogels can encapsulate chemical systems which upon stimulation by external factors such as a change of pH may cause specific compounds such as glucose to be liberated to the environment, in most cases by a gel–sol transition to the liquid state. Chemomechanical polymers are mostly also hydrogels, which upon stimulation change their volume and can serve as actuators or sensors.\n\n\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA micropump based on a hydrogel bar (4×0.3×0.05 mm size) actuated by applied voltage. This pump can be continuously operated with a 1.5 V battery for at least 6 months.[38]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA short-peptide-based hydrogel matrix, capable of holding about one hundred times its own weight in water. Developed as a medical dressing.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhoto of the same short-peptide-based hydrogel, held in forceps to demonstrate its stiffness and transparency.\n\n\t\t\nMechanical properties\n \nEdit\n\n\nHydrogels have been investigated for diverse applications. By modifying the polymer concentration of a hydrogel (or conversely, the water concentration), the Young's modulus, shear modulus, and storage modulus can vary from 10 Pa to 3 MPa, a range of about five orders of magnitude.[39] A similar effect can be seen by altering the crosslinking concentration.[39] This much variability of the mechanical stiffness is why hydrogels are so appealing for biomedical applications, where it is vital for implants to match the mechanical properties of the surrounding tissues.[40] Characterizing the mechanical properties of hydrogels can be difficult especially due to the differences in mechanical behavior that hydrogels have in comparison to other traditional engineering materials. In addition to its rubber elasticity and viscoelasticity, hydrogels have an additional time dependent deformation mechanism which is dependent on fluid flow called poroelasticity. These properties are extremely important to consider while performing mechanical experiments. Some common mechanical testing experiments for hydrogels are tension, compression (confined or unconfined), indentation, shear rheometry or dynamic mechanical analysis.[39]Hydrogels have two main regimes of mechanical properties: rubber elasticity and viscoelasticity:\n\nRubber elasticity\n \nEdit\n\n\nIn the unswollen state, hydrogels can be modelled as highly crosslinked chemical gels, in which the system can be described as one continuous polymer network. In this case:\nwhere G is the shear modulus, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is temperature, Np is the number of polymer chains per unit volume, ρ is the density, R is the ideal gas constant, and is the (number) average molecular weight between two adjacent cross-linking points. can be calculated from the swell ratio, Q, which is relatively easy to test and measure.[39]For the swollen state, a perfect gel network can be modeled as:[39]In a simple uniaxial extension or compression test, the true stress, , and engineering stress, , can be calculated as:\nwhere is the stretch.[39]\nViscoelasticity\n \nEdit\n\n\nFor hydrogels, their elasticity comes from the solid polymer matrix while the viscosity originates from the polymer network mobility and the water and other components that make up the aqueous phase.[41] Viscoelastic properties of a hydrogel is highly dependent on the nature of the applied mechanical motion. Thus, the time dependence of these applied forces is extremely important for evaluating the viscoelasticity of the material.[42]Physical models for viscoelasticity attempt to capture the elastic and viscous material properties of a material. In an elastic material, the stress is proportional to the strain while in a viscous material, the stress is proportional to the strain rate. The Maxwell model is one developed mathematical model for linear viscoelastic response. In this model, viscoelasticity is modeled analogous to an electrical circuit with a Hookean spring, that represents the Young's modulus, and a Newtonian dashpot that represents the viscosity. A material that exhibit properties described in this model is a Maxwell material. Another physical model used is called the Kelvin-Voigt Model and a material that follow this model is called a Kelvin–Voigt material.[43] In order to describe the time-dependent creep and stress-relaxation behavior of hydrogel, a variety of physical lumped parameter models can be used.[39] These modeling methods vary greatly and are extremely complex, so the empirical Prony Series description is commonly used to describe the viscoelastic behavior in hydrogels.[39]In order to measure the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of polymers dynamic mechanical analysis is often performed. Typically, in these measurements the one side of the hydrogel is subjected to a sinusoidal load in shear mode while the applied stress is measured with a stress transducer and the change in sample length is measured with a strain transducer.[42] One notation used to model the sinusoidal response to the periodic stress or strain is:\n\n in which G' is the real (elastic or storage) modulus, G\" is the imaginary (viscous or loss) modulus.\n\nPoroelasticity\n \nEdit\n\n\nPoroelasticity is a characteristic of materials related to the migration of solvent through a porous material and the concurrent deformation that occurs.[39] Poroelasticity in hydrated materials such as hydrogels occurs due to friction between the polymer and water as the water moves through the porous matrix upon compression. This causes a decrease in water pressure, which adds additional stress upon compression. Similar to viscoelasticity, this behavior is time dependent, thus poroelasticity is dependent on compression rate: a hydrogel shows softness upon slow compression, but fast compression makes the hydrogel stiffer. This phenomenon is due to the friction between the water and the porous matrix is proportional to the flow of water, which in turn is dependent on compression rate. Thus, a common way to measure poroelasticity is to do compression tests at varying compression rates.[44] Pore size is an important factor in influencing poroelasticity. The Kozeny–Carman equation has been used to predict pore size by relating the pressure drop to the difference in stress between two compression rates.[44]Poroelasticity is described by several coupled equations, thus there are few mechanical tests that relate directly to the poroelastic behavior of the material, thus more complicated tests such as indentation testing, numerical or computational models are utilized. Numerical or computational methods attempt to simulate the three dimensional permeability of the hydrogel network.\n\nEnvironmental response\n \nEdit\n\n\nThe most commonly seen environmental sensitivity in hydrogels is a response to temperature.[45] Many polymers/hydrogels exhibit a temperature dependent phase transition, which can be classified as either an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or lower critical solution temperature (LCST). UCST polymers increase in their water-solubility at higher temperatures, which lead to UCST hydrogels transitioning from a gel (solid) to a solution (liquid) as the temperature is increased (similar to the melting point behavior of pure materials). This phenomenon also causes UCST hydrogels to expand (increase their swell ratio) as temperature increases while they are below their UCST.[45] However, polymers with LCSTs display an inverse (or negative) temperature-dependence, where their water-solubility decreases at higher temperatures. LCST hydrogels transition from a liquid solution to a solid gel as the temperature is increased, and they also shrink (decrease their swell ratio) as the temperature increases while they are above their LCST.[45]Applications can dictate for diverse thermal responses. For example, in the biomedical field, LCST hydrogels are being investigated as drug delivery systems due to being injectable (liquid) at room temp and then solidifying into a rigid gel upon exposure to the higher temperatures of the human body.[45] There are many other stimuli that hydrogels can be responsive to, including: pH, glucose, electrical signals, light, pressure, ions, antigens, and more.[45]\nAdditives\n \nEdit\n\n\nThe mechanical properties of hydrogels can be fine-tuned in many ways beginning with attention to their hydrophobic properties.[45][46] Another method of modifying the strength or elasticity of hydrogels is to graft or surface coat them onto a stronger/stiffer support, or by making superporous hydrogel (SPH) composites, in which a cross-linkable matrix swelling additive is added.[6] Other additives, such as nanoparticles and microparticles, have been shown to significantly modify the stiffness and gelation temperature of certain hydrogels used in biomedical applications.[47][48][49]\nProcessing techniques\n \nEdit\n\n\nWhile a hydrogel's mechanical properties can be tuned and modified through crosslink concentration and additives, these properties can also be enhanced or optimized for various applications through specific processing techniques. These techniques include electro-spinning, 3D/4D printing, self-assembly, and freeze-casting. One unique processing technique is through the formation of multi-layered hydrogels to create a spatially-varying matrix composition and by extension, mechanical properties. This can be done by polymerizing the hydrogel matrixes in a layer by layer fashion via UV polymerization. This technique can be useful in creating hydrogels that mimic articular cartilage, enabling a material with three separate zones of distinct mechanical properties.[50]Another emerging technique to optimize hydrogel mechanical properties is by taking advantage of the Hofmeister series. Due to this phenomenon, through the addition of salt solution, the polymer chains of a hydrogel aggregate and crystallize, which increases the toughness of the hydrogel. This method, called \"salting out\", has been applied to poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels by adding a sodium sulfate salt solution.[51] Some of these processing techniques can be used synergistically with each other to yield optimal mechanical properties. Directional freezing or freeze-casting is another method in which a directional temperature gradient is applied to the hydrogel is another way to form materials with anisotropic mechanical properties. Utilizing both the freeze-casting and salting-out processing techniques on poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels to induce hierarchical morphologies and anisotropic mechanical properties.[52] Directional freezing of the hydrogels helps to align and coalesce the polymer chains, creating anisotropic array honeycomb tube-like structures while salting out the hydrogel yielded out a nano-fibril network on the surface of these honeycomb tube-like structures. While maintaining a water content of over 70%, these hydrogels' toughness values are well above those of water-free polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Kevlar, and synthetic rubber. The values also surpass the toughness of natural tendon and spider silk.[52]\nApplications\n \nEdit\n\n\nSoft contact lenses\n \nEdit\n\n\n Molecular structure of silicone hydrogel used in flexible, oxygen-permeable contact lenses.[53]The dominant material for contact lenses are acrylate-siloxane hydrogels. They have replaced hard contact lenses. One of their most attractive properties is oxygen permeability, which is required since the cornea lacks vasculature.\n\nResearch\n \nEdit\n\n\n Human mesenchymal stem cell interacting with 3D hydrogel - imaged with label-free live cell imaging An adhesive bandage with a hydrogel pad, used for blisters and burns. The central gel is clear, the adhesive waterproof plastic film is clear, the backing is white and blue.Coatings for gas evolution reaction electrodes for efficient bubble detachment [54][55][56]\nBreast implants\nContact lenses (silicone hydrogels, polyacrylamides, polymacon)\nWater sustainability: Hydrogels have emerged as promising materials platforms for solar-powered water purification,[57] water disinfection,[58] and Atmospheric water generator.[59]\nDisposable diapers where they absorb urine, or in sanitary napkins[24]\nDressings for healing of burn or other hard-to-heal wounds. Wound gels are excellent for helping to create or maintain a moist environment.\nEEG and ECG medical electrodes using hydrogels composed of cross-linked polymers (polyethylene oxide, polyAMPS and polyvinylpyrrolidone)\nEncapsulation of quantum dots\nEnvironmentally sensitive hydrogels (also known as 'smart gels' or 'intelligent gels'). These hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH, temperature, or the concentration of metabolite and release their load as result of such a change.[60][61][62]\nFibers\nGlue\nGranules for holding soil moisture in arid areas\nAir bubble-repellent (superaerophobicity). Can improve the performance and stability of electrodes for water electrolysis.[63]\nCulturing cells: Hydrogel-coated wells have been used for cell culture.[64]\nBiosensors: Hydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules,[65] such as glucose or antigens, can be used as biosensors, as well as in DDS.[66]\nCell carrier: Injectable hydrogels can be used to carry drugs or cells for applications in tissue regeneration or 3D bioprinting.[67][68][69] Hydrogels with reversible chemistry are required to allow for fluidization during injection/printing followed by self-healing of the original hydrogel structure.[70]\nInvestigate cell biomechanical functions combined with holotomography microscopy\nProvide absorption, desloughing and debriding of necrotic and fibrotic tissue\nTissue engineering scaffolds. When used as scaffolds, hydrogels may contain human cells to repair tissue. They mimic 3D microenvironment of cells.[71] Materials include agarose, methylcellulose, hyaluronan, elastin-like polypeptides, and other naturally derived polymers.\nSustained-release drug delivery systems. Ionic strength, pH and temperature can be used as a triggering factor to control the release of the drug.[72]\nWindow coating/replacement: Hydrogels are under consideration for reducing infrared light absorption by 75%.[73] Another approach reduced interior temperature using a temperature-responsive hydrogel.[74]\nThermodynamic electricity generation: When combined with ions allows for heat dissipation for electronic devices and batteries and converting the heat exchange to an electrical charge.[75]\nWater gel explosives\nControlled release of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizer)\nTalin Shock Absorbing Materials - protein-based hydrogels that can absorb supersonic impacts[76]Biomaterials\n \nEdit\n\n\nImplanted or injected hydrogels have the potential to support tissue regeneration by mechanical tissue support, localized drug or cell delivery, local cell recruitement or immunomodulation, or encapsulation of nanoparticles for local photothermal or brachytherapy.[70] Polymeric drug delivery systems have overcome challenge due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and anti-toxicity.[77][78] Materials such as collagen, chitosan, cellulose, and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) have been implemented extensively for drug delivery to organs such as eye,[79] nose, kidneys,[80] lungs,[81] intestines,[82] skin[83] and brain. Future work is focused on reducing toxicity, improving biocompatibility, expanding assembly techniques[84]Hydrogels have been considered as vehicles for drug delivery.[85][67][68][69] They can also be made to mimic animal mucosal tissues to be used for testing mucoadhesive properties.[86][87] They have been examined for use as reservoirs in topical drug delivery; particularly ionic drugs, delivered by iontophoresis.\n\nReferences\n \nEdit\n\n\n This article incorporates text by Jessica Hutchinson available under the CC BY 3.0 license.\n\n\n^ Wichterle, O.; Lím, D. (1960-01-01). \"Hydrophilic Gels for Biological Use\". Nature. 185 (4706): 117–118. Bibcode:1960Natur.185..117W. doi:10.1038/185117a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4211987.\n\n^ Shrivastava, Priya; Vishwakarma, Nikhar; Gautam, Laxmikant; Vyas, Suresh P. 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Chemical Communications. 51 (77): 14447–14450. doi:10.1039/C5CC02428E. PMID 26221632.\n\n^ Cook MT, Khutoryanskiy VV (November 2015). \"Mucoadhesion and mucosa-mimetic materials--A mini-review\". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 495 (2): 991–998. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.064. hdl:2299/16856. PMID 26440734.\n\n\nFurther reading\n \nEdit"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Particle size analysis - Wikipedia"],["url","https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_analysis"],["summary","Particle size analysis, particle size measurement, or simply particle sizing, is the collective name of the technical procedures, or laboratory techniques which determines the size range, and/or the average, or mean size of the particles in a powder or liquid sample.\nParticle size analysis is part of particle science, and it is generally carried out in particle technology laboratories.\nThe particle size measurement is typically achieved by means of devices, called Particle Size Analyzers (PSA), which are based on different technologies, such as high definition image processing, analysis of Brownian motion, gravitational settling of the particle and light scattering (Rayleigh and Mie scattering) of the particles.\nThe particle size can have considerable importance in a number of industries including the chemical, food, mining, forestry, agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, energy, and aggregate industries.\n\n\n\nParticle size analysis based on light scattering\n \nEdit\n\n\nParticle size analysis based on light scattering has widespread application in many fields, as it allows relatively easy optical characterization of samples enabling improved quality control of products in many industries including pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and polymer production.[1] Recent years have seen many advancements in light scattering technologies for particle characterization.\nFor particles in the lower nanometer to lower micrometer range, dynamic light scattering (DLS)[2] has now become an industry standard technique. It is also by far the most widely used light scattering technique for particle characterization in the academic world.[3] This method analyzes the fluctuations of scattered light by particles in suspension when illuminated with a laser to determine the velocity of the Brownian motion, which can then be used to obtain the hydrodynamic size of particles using the Stokes-Einstein relationship. DLS is a fast and non-invasive technique, which is also precise and highly repeatable.[4] Furthermore, since the technique is based on the measurement of light scattering as a function of time, the technique is considered absolute and the DLS instruments do not require calibration.[3] Amongst its disadvantages is the fact that it does not properly resolve highly polydisperse samples, while the presence of large particles can affect size accuracy. Other scattering techniques have emerged, such as nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA),[5] which tracks individual particle movement through scattering using image recording. NTA also measures the hydrodynamic size of particles from the diffusion coefficient but is capable of overcoming some of the limitations posed by DLS.[6] The next generation of NTA technology is called interferometric nanoparticle tracking analysis (iNTA)[7] and is based on the interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT). In contrast to NTA, iNTA has a superior size resolution and gives access to the effective refractive index of the particles.\nWhile the above-mentioned techniques are best suited for measuring particles typically in the submicron region, particle size analyzers (PSAs) based on static light scattering or laser diffraction (LD)[8] have become the most popular and widely used instruments for measuring particles from hundreds of nanometers to several millimeters. Similar scattering theory is also utilized in systems based on non-electromagnetic wave propagation, such as ultrasonic analyzers. In LD PSAs, a laser beam is used to irradiate a dilute suspension of particles. The light scattered by the particles in the forward direction is focused by a lens onto a large array of concentric photodetector rings. The smaller the particle is, the larger the scattering angle of the laser beam is. Thus, by measuring the angle-dependent scattered intensity, one can infer the particle size distribution using Fraunhofer or Mie scattering models.[9][10] In the latter case, prior knowledge of the refractive index of the particle being measured as well as the dispersant is required.\nCommercial LD PSAs have gained popularity due to their broad dynamic range, rapid measurement, high reproducibility and the capability to perform online measurements. However, these devices are generally large in size (~700 × 300 × 450 mm), heavy (~30 kg) and expensive (in the 50–200 K€ range). On the one hand, the large size of common devices is due to the large distance needed between the sample and the detectors to provide the desired angular resolution. Furthermore, their high price is mainly due to the use of expensive laser sources and a large number of detectors, i.e., one sensor for each scattering angle to be monitored. Some commercial devices contain up to twenty sensors. This complexity of commercial LD PSAs, together with the fact that they often require maintenance and highly trained personnel, make them impractical in the majority of online industrial applications, which require the installation of probes in processing environments, often at multiple locations. An alternative method for PSD is cuvette-based SPR technique, that simultaneously measures the particle size ranging 10 nm-10 µm and concentration in a standard spectrophotometer. The optical filter inserted in the cuvette consists of nano-photonic crystals with very high angular resolution, which enables the analysis of PSD by automatically quantifying Mie scattering and Rayleigh scattering.[11]The application of LD PSAs is also normally restricted to dilute suspensions. This is because the optical models used to estimate the particle size distribution (PSD) are based on a single scattering approximation. In practice, most industrial processes require measuring concentrated suspensions, where multiple scattering becomes a prominent effect. Multiple scattering in dense media leads to an underestimation of the particle size since the light scattered by the particles encounters diffraction points multiple times before reaching the detector, which in turn increases the apparent scattering angle. To overcome this issue, LD PSAs require appropriate sampling and dilution systems, which increase capital investments and operational costs. Another approach is to apply multiple scattering correction models together with the optical models to compute the PSD. A large number of algorithms for multiple scattering correction can be found in the literature.[12][13][14] However, these algorithms typically require implementing a complex correction, which increases the computation time and is often not suitable for online measurements.[14] An alternative approach to compute the PSD without the use of optical models and complex correction factors is to apply machine learning (ML) techniques.[15]\nPaints and Coatings\n \nEdit\n\n\nTypically, paints and coatings are subjected to multiple rounds of particle size analysis, as the particle size of the individual components influences parameters as diverse as hint strength, hiding power, gloss, viscosity, stability and weather resistance.[16]\nMining and Building Materials\n \nEdit\n\n\nThe size of materials being processed in an operation is very important. Having oversize material being conveyed will cause damage to equipment and slow down production. Particle-size analysis also helps the effectiveness of SAG Mills when crushing material.\nIn the building industry, the particle size can directly affect the strength of the final material, as it observed for cement.[17] Two of the most used techniques used for the particle size characterization of minerals are sieving and laser diffraction. These techniques are faster and cheaper compared to image-based techniques.\n\nFood and Beverages Industry\n \nEdit\n\n\nThe optimization of the particle size distribution facilitates the pumping, mixing and transportation of foodstuff. Particle size analysis is usually done with any milled food, such as coffee, flour, cocoa powder. It is especially helpful with chocolate quality to ensure there is a consistent taste and feeling when eaten. Furthermore, in the case of food emulsions, particle size analysis is relevant to predict stability and shelf-life, and optimize homogenization.[18]\nAgriculture\n \nEdit\n\n\nThe gradation of soils, or soil texture, affects water and nutrient holding and drainage capabilities. For sand-based soils, particle size can be the dominant characteristic affecting soil performances and hence crop. Sieving has long been the technique of choice for soil texture analysis, although laser diffraction instruments are increasingly used as they considerably speed up the analytical process, and provide highly reproducible results.[19]Particle size analysis in the agriculture industry is paramount because unwanted materials will contaminate products if they are not detected. By having an automated particle size analyzer, companies can closely monitor their processes.\n\nForestry\n \nEdit\n\n\nWood particles used to make various types of products rely on particle-size analysis to maintain high quality standards. By doing so, companies reduce waste and become more productive.\n\nAggregates\n \nEdit\n\n\nHaving properly sized particles allow aggregate companies to create long-lasting roads and other products. Particle size analysis is also routinely conducted on bitumen emusions to predict their stability and their behavior.[20]\nBiology\n \nEdit\n\n\nParticle size analyzers are used also in biology to measure protein aggregation.\n\n Particle size distribution of antiviral vaccines subjected to cold-chain disruptions, analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)DLS is a particularly appreciated technique for the characterization of nanoparticles designed for drug delivery, such as vaccines. DLS instruments are for instance part of the quality control process for mRNA vaccines formulated in lipid nanoparticle carriers.[21] \n\nSelecting the most appropriate technique for size analysis\n \nEdit\n\n\nThere is a large number of methods for the determination of particle size, and it is important to acknowledge that these different methods are not expected to give identical results. The size of a particle depends on the method used for its measurement, and it is important to choose the method that is most relevant to the application.\nThe \"See also\" section covers many of these techniques. In most of them, the particle size is inferred from a measurement of, for example: light scattering; electrical resistance; particle motion, rather than a direct measurement of particle diameter. This enables rapid measurement of a particle size distribution by an instrument, but does require some form of calibration or assumptions regarding the nature of the particles. Most often this includes the assumption of spherical particles, thus giving a result which is an equivalent spherical diameter. Thus, it is usual for measured particle size distributions to be different when comparing the results between different equipment. The most appropriate method to use is normally the one where the method is aligned to the end use of the data.\nFor example, to choose whether a chemical compound should be measured by dynamic light scattering or laser diffraction, one generally considers the expected size range, the sample type (liquid or solid), the amount of sample available, the chemical stability, as well its application field.[22] If designing a sedimentation vessel, then a sedimentation technique for sizing is most relevant. However, this approach is often not possible, and an alternative technique must be used. An online Expert system to assist in the selection (and elimination) of particle size analysis equipment has been developed.[23]\nSee also\n \nEdit\n\n\nSieving\nSieve analysis\nLaser diffraction analysis\nSedimentation\nElutriation\nMicroscope counting\nCoulter counter\nDynamic light scattering\nImaging Particle Analysis\nAerosol mass spectrometry\nObscuration SPOSReferences\n \nEdit\n\n\n\n^ Valsangkar, A. J. Principles, methods and applications of particle size analysis.\nCan. Geotech. J. 29, 1006 (1992).\n\n^ Stetefeld, J., McKenna, S. A. & Patel, T. R. Dynamic light scattering: a practical\nguide and applications in biomedical sciences. Biophysical Rev. 8, 409–427\n(2016).\n\n^ Jump up to: a b Xu, Renliang (2015-02-01). \"Light scattering: A review of particle characterization applications\". Particuology. 18: 11–21. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2014.05.002. ISSN 1674-2001.\n\n^ \"Iso 22412:2017\".\n\n^ Kim, A. et al. Validation of size estimation of nanoparticle tracking analysis on\npolydisperse macromolecule assembly. Sci. Rep. 9, 2639 (2019).\n\n^ Kim, A., Bernt, W. & Cho, N. J. Improved size determination by nanoparticle tracking analysis: influence of recognition radius. Anal. Chem. 91, 9508–9515\n(2019).\n\n^ Kashkanova, Anna D.; Blessing, Martin; Gemeinhardt, André; Soulat, Didier; Sandoghdar, Vahid (2022). \"Precision size and refractive index analysis of weakly scattering nanoparticles in polydispersions\". Nature Methods. 19 (5): 586–593. doi:10.1038/s41592-022-01460-z. PMC 9119850. PMID 35534632.\n\n^ Blott, S. J. et al. Particle size analysis by laser diffraction. Geological Society,\nLondon, Special Publications. 232, 63–73 (2004).\n\n^ Vargas-Ubera, J., Aguilar, J. F. & Gale, D. M. Reconstruction of particle-size distributions from light-scattering patterns using three inversion methods. Appl. Opt. 46, 124–132 (2007).\n\n^ Ye, Z. & Jiang, X. P. Wang, Z. C. Measurements of particle size distribution based on Mie scattering theory and Markov chain inversion algorithm. J. Softw. 7, 2309–2316 (2012).\n\n^ Hermannsson, Pétur G.; Vannahme, Christoph; Smith, Cameron L. C.; Sørensen, Kristian T.; Kristensen, Anders (2015). \"Refractive index dispersion sensing using an array of photonic crystal resonant reflectors\". Applied Physics Letters. 107 (6): 061101. Bibcode:2015ApPhL.107f1101H. doi:10.1063/1.4928548. S2CID 62897708.\n\n^ Gomi, H. Multiple scattering correction in the measurement of particle size and number density by the diffraction method. Appl. Opt. 25, 3552–3558 (1986).\n\n^ Quirantes, A., Arroyo, F. & Quirantes-Ros, J. Multiple light scattering by spherical particle systems and its dependence on concentration: a T-matrix study. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 240, 78–82 (2001).\n\n^ Jump up to: a b Wei, Y. H., Shen, J. Q. & Yu, H. T. Numerical calculation of multiple scattering with the layer model. Particuology 7, 76–82 (2009).\n\n^ Hussain, R., Noyan, M. A., Woyessa, G. et al. An ultra-compact particle size analyser using a CMOS image sensor and machine learning. Light Sci Appl 9, 21 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-0255-6\n\n^ \"The Importance of Particle Size in Liquid Coatings\". www.pfonline.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.\n\n^ Zhang, Y. M.; Napier-Munn, T. J. (1995-06-01). \"Effects of particle size distribution, surface area and chemical composition on Portland cement strength\". Powder Technology. 83 (3): 245–252. doi:10.1016/0032-5910(94)02964-P. ISSN 0032-5910.\n\n^ Ransmark, Eva; Svensson, Birgitta; Svedberg, Ingrid; Göransson, Anders; Skoglund, Tomas (2019-09-01). \"Measurement of homogenisation efficiency of milk by laser diffraction and centrifugation\". International Dairy Journal. 96: 93–97. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.04.011. ISSN 0958-6946. S2CID 155705640.\n\n^ Yang, Yang; Wang, Lijuan; Wendroth, Ole; Liu, Baoyuan; Cheng, Congcong; Huang, Tingting; Shi, Yangzi (March 2019). \"Is the Laser Diffraction Method Reliable for Soil Particle Size Distribution Analysis?\". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 83 (2): 276–287. Bibcode:2019SSASJ..83..276Y. doi:10.2136/sssaj2018.07.0252. ISSN 0361-5995. S2CID 134971922.\n\n^ Wang, Fazhou; Liu, Yunpeng; Zhang, Yunhua; Hu, Shuguang (2012-03-01). \"Experimental study on the stability of asphalt emulsion for CA mortar by laser diffraction technique\". Construction and Building Materials. 28 (1): 117–121. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.059. ISSN 0950-0618.\n\n^ Mao, Qunying; Xu, Miao; He, Qian; Li, Changgui; Meng, Shufang; Wang, Yiping; Cui, Bopei; Liang, Zhenglun; Wang, Junzhi (2021-05-18). \"COVID-19 vaccines: progress and understanding on quality control and evaluation\". Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 6 (1): 199. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00621-4. ISSN 2059-3635. PMC 8129697. PMID 34006829.\n\n^ \"Particle size analysis methods: Dynamic light scattering vs. laser diffraction :: Anton Paar Wiki\". Anton Paar. Retrieved 2022-05-25.\n\n^ Expert system for equipment selection"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Bill Gates' Plan to Turn Humans into Walking WiFi with Hydrogel Technology by 2027"],["url","https://rumble.com/v2n752e-bill-gates-plan-to-turn-humans-into-walking-wifi-with-hydrogel-technology-b.html"],["summary","Hydrogel being used by Bill Gates Foundation & Mastercard on people of West Africa to connect their funds through the vax in their body, and they are using for predictive policing"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","地球正義聯盟～資料館"],["url","https://t.me/EarthJusticeLeague_DataLibrary"],["summary","地球正義聯盟延伸的資料收藏館\t\t地球正義聯盟～\thttps://t.me/joinchat/fNNUUkcLo2gzMThk\t\t以馬地平資料館～\thttps://t.me/EmanuelFlatEarthLibrary\n"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Telegram"],["url","https://t.me/c/1248270344/468127"],["summary","\n"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","\n六六六獸印的時候快到了\n\n🔔人類將變成會行走的WiFi🔔\n《#注射疫苗🟰#大型社會實驗》\n#未針人將會遭受怎樣的對待..？\n參考 #尼日利亞 7300萬 #無針者\n#SIM卡被註銷被踢出社群..\n\n#比爾蓋茨計劃在 #2027年，利用 #水凝膠技術，將人類變成 #會行走的WiFi收發器。\n\n#蓋茨基金會和 #萬事達卡，在 #西非人民身上使用 #水凝膠，通過體內的疫苗，連接他們的 #個人資金，並用於 #預測性警務測試。\n\nDr. #CarrieMadej：\n\n比爾蓋茨說的就是這種技術了。\n在這項技術裡的水凝膠(#HydroGel)和 #粒徑分析(#AnalyticParticle)是一種 #藥物傳遞。\n\n就如他們所說，在他們的研究中，既然這些 #實驗品(#已注射疫苗的人)已經存在了，他們就索性繼續對這些「實驗品」進行實驗到底，並對他們進行 #監視和預測性的 #警務測試。\n\n這意味著，監視人們，從 #生物傳感器上收集所有的數據，然後上傳到一台 #超級電腦上。再加上他們擁有的 #人工智能程式組合。在數據整合後進行預測，這意味著，他們將會通過超級電腦對其進行分析，看看你是否適合做壞人。然後，如果你在他們的定義中，不是一個他們眼中的好人的話….\n\n「假如你還未接種過疫苗，\n 你就會 #被系統鎖定！」\n\n最近在 #尼日利亞，比爾蓋茨其中的一個項目，7300萬名 #無針者的 #SIM卡和 #手機聯繫被切斷了，這意味著成為了 #被社會遺棄的人。\n\n就這樣你可以看到他們的計劃了。人們可能會說，這些發生在 #非洲的事，與我何干？\n\n比爾蓋茨說過，一旦計劃在一個試點實驗完善之後，他們就會把計劃推廣到所有發達國家，進行同樣的做法。\n\n這不僅僅是他，#世界經濟論壇、#聯合國、#達沃斯，所有這些人在談論的，都不僅僅是「#2030議程」而是「2027年」。\n\n他們延長了死線，以人工方式，把這個星球上的每個人都連接起來「通過Wi-Fi連接人們的身體」人類將成為一台 #會行走的WiFi 電腦。\n\n到最後「#人類與網絡，長期處於連線狀態」這已經不單是關於 #人權問題，且還是一個 #人口販賣的問題。\n\n〰️〰️〰️〰️\nHydro Gel (水凝膠)\nhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogel \n\nAnalytic Particle (粒徑分析)\nhttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_analysis \n\nhttps://rumble.com/v2n752e-bill-gates-plan-to-turn-humans-into-walking-wifi-with-hydrogel-technology-b.html \n\n➰➰➰➰➰➰➰➰➰\n(Uncle字幕｜Juliet｜以馬)\n地球正義聯盟～資料館\nhttps://t.me/EarthJusticeLeague_DataLibrary \n地球正義聯盟\nhttps://t.me/c/1248270344/468127 "],["id","3ity6cx1icjfd"],["createdAt","2023-09-23T12:37:09.215Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","_VAAEJkBkYc0K64EE3U0"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","_w-TpJgBngzKCCgMEgXt"],["name","woof!"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f9c29d012280a6f23280c2db26f18139?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",15]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","根據Quackwatch(美國揭露位醫學、庸醫之組織)查證，Carrie Lynn Madej本身已經因為傳播多種錯誤訊息而劣跡斑斑。他的影片也已經因為傳播錯誤訊息而下架。"],["reference","Quackwatch\nhttps://quackwatch.org/ncahf/digest24/24-39/\n\nMcGill University Office for Science and Society - Separating Sense from Nonsense \nEnough To Make Scientists Cry!\nhttps://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/covid-19-critical-thinking-pseudoscience/enough-make-scientists-cry\n\nProfessorlin.com 科學的養生保健 ~ 避免謠傳防止誤導-33位散播新冠疫苗謠言的專家\nhttps://professorlin.com/2021/07/08/33%e4%bd%8d%e6%95%a3%e6%92%ad%e6%96%b0%e5%86%a0%e7%96%ab%e8%8b%97%e8%ac%a0%e8%a8%80%e7%9a%84%e5%b0%88%e5%ae%b6/"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Just a moment..."],["url","https://quackwatch.org/ncahf/digest24/24-39/"],["summary","Verifying you are human. This may take a few seconds.quackwatch.org needs to review the security of your connection before proceeding."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/covid-19-critical-thinking-pseudoscience/enough-make-scientists-cry"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","UNKNOWN_UNFURL_ERROR"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","33位散播新冠疫苗謠言的專家"],["url","https://professorlin.com/2021/07/08/33%e4%bd%8d%e6%95%a3%e6%92%ad%e6%96%b0%e5%86%a0%e7%96%ab%e8%8b%97%e8%ac%a0%e8%a8%80%e7%9a%84%e5%b0%88%e5%ae%b6/"],["summary","昨天晚上兩位讀者分別在6點15分和9點9分用本網站的「與我聯絡」來詢問同一影片的真假。Corbin Shong…"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2025-09-03T14:34:24.451Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_srUvTD2tm44GicAp_KzCgtkqY4QZqRlZoB75flP-5Ig"],["name","體貼的長濱魯賓"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Tai... | Taiwan News"],["url","https://pse.is/E7W8H"],["summary","It is not surprising that many, perhaps most, people around the world do not know about Taiwan. After all, China -- with the support of more and more countries -- has isolated Taiwan diplomatically for more than forty years, and recently China has been campaigning to eliminate even the name of Taiwan as a global destination. Following the demise of Mao Zedong, China increasingly prospered and attracted business people, tourists, and students from around the world, who too often have bypassed Taiwan. Once, for example, almost everyone wishing to learn Mandarin came to Taiwan, but most now go to China.\n\nWhat is more surprising, however, is that many Taiwanese themselves do not sufficiently appreciate their own country. Taiwanese often ask me with a puzzled look, why I live in Taiwan. Over time, I have come to believe this reflects both a native modesty, but also perhaps a misperception of Taiwan’s place in the world, a lack of knowledge of the extraordinary accomplishments of their own country, and to some extent therefore a lack of confidence in Taiwan. Such attitudes need to change.\n\nTAIWAN IS A MIDDLE POWER\n\nAs Professor Bruce Jacobs, the leading Australian expert on Taiwan, first argued, Taiwan is a “Middle Power” in the world. As a country with some 23.5 million people, Taiwan has in fact more people than 77% of the world’s countries and territories, according to the CIA’s World Factbook (WF). Although Taiwan’s land area is relatively small, it is still larger than 46% of the world’s nations and territories.\n\nTaiwan’s economic strength also ranks it as a “Middle Power.” Although under the influence of China, the World Bank states “Taiwan, China, is not listed as a separate country for World Development Indicators,” we know from other sources that, according to 2017 estimates, Taiwan ranked 22nd in the world in total GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. In per capita GDP (PPP) – which many economists regard as a better measure of an economy’s strength -- Taiwan ranked 28th in the world, better than Australia (29), Canada (34), the UK (39), France (40), Japan (42), South Korea (46), Israel (55), and China (105) (WF).\n\nTAIWAN’S GREAT ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUCCESS\n\nTaiwan’s other economic rankings are equally, if not more impressive. As of October 2018, Taiwan was the 11th largest U.S. trading partner (U.S. Census Bureau). In the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom for 2019, Taiwan ranked 10th out of 186 countries, ahead of Germany (25), South Korea (27) Japan (30), Israel (31), France (71), and China (110). In the Global Economic Forum Competitiveness Report for 2018-19, Taiwan ranked 13th, ahead of Australia (14), South Korea (15), France (17), Israel (20), and China (28). In the World Bank’s 2019 “Ease of Doing Business” rankings, “Taipei, China” earned 13th place, ahead of Australia (18), Canada (22), Germany (24), France (32), Netherlands (36), Japan (39), and China (46).\n\nAlthough Taiwanese often complain about their country’s wealth gap, Taiwan’s GINI Index (which measures the gap between the rich and the poor) indicates it actually ranks in the top third of countries with the smallest gaps. Out of 156 countries and territories ranked in the WF, Lesotho and South Africa are in 1st and 2nd place respectively with the greatest gaps, but other places not doing well either are Hong Kong (9), China (31), Malaysia (32), Singapore (38), and the U.S. (41). Taiwan, however, ranks in 112th place.\n\nTAIWAN IS ALSO A LEADER IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION\n\nThe U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) reports that Taiwan ranked 5th in the world in 2015 and 2016 and 6th in the world in 2017 and 2018 in the number of patents granted by the USPTO. Only the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Germany, and more recently China, surpassed Taiwan. This is all the more remarkable considering Taiwan’s much smaller population.\n\nTaiwan is also a world leader in new technologies like nanotechnology. It ranked 4th in 2016 and in 5th in the world in 2017 (the last year for which statistics have been published) in USPTO nanotechnology patents. According to Taiwan Today on February 16, 2019, Taiwan maintained its global lead in integrated circuit 200mm-equivalent wafer fab capacity for the 4th consecutive year. Based on a report by the semiconductor research firm IC Insights Inc., as of December 2018, Taiwan enjoyed a global share of 21.8%, ahead of South Korea (21.3%), Japan (16.8%), North America (12.8%), and China (12.5%).\n\nTaipei itself ranked 1st in Asia and 5th among the world’s most technologically advanced 85 cities, according to a study commissioned by Business Insider published on Aug. 8, 2017 based on such factors as the number of patents filed per capita, number of startups, and the level of smartphone use. Taipei, the only Asian city in the top 5, led other cities in industrial design, hardware, the number of headquarters of some of the largest PC companies, and the number of venture capitalists.\n\nAside from its many excellent universities, Taiwan has also scored 4th is the world in science and math in the influential “Program for International Student Assessment” test rankings in 2015. The exams, run by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, are given every three years to 15-year-olds in more than 70 countries.\n\nFREE, DEMOCRATIC, AND HAPPY….\n\nEconomic and technological achievements are not, however, the only reasons why Taiwan is such a great success and such a great place to live. Taiwan is also a vibrant democracy, where freedom, rule of law, and human rights are all fostered and protected. This is something which the U.S. officials who negotiated establishing relations with the PRC never foresaw. In fact, while the seeds of democracy were always here, Taiwan’s transition to democracy really only took 10 years -- from 1986 to 1996 -- an amazingly quick transition. It is hardly surprising therefore that since 1996 Taiwan’s democracy has only grown stronger. In Freedom House’s 2018 survey of global freedom, Taiwan ranked tied for 8th place in freedom out of 210 countries in the world. Embarrassingly enough, the United States only ranked tied for 15th place. Taiwan’s aggregate freedom score was 93 out of 100; the U.S. 86; Hong Kong 59; and the PRC 14.\n\nFreedom indeed plays a key role in the quality of life in Taiwan. In the annual, originally UN-initiated World Happiness Report for 2018, Taiwan ranked 1st in Asia in “happiness,” ahead of Singapore (34), Japan (54), South Korea (57), Hong Kong (76), and China (86), and ranked 26th in the world overall among 156 countries and territories. The six key variables on which the rankings are based are those found to support a sense of well-being: freedom to make life choices, per capita income, social support (caring and having someone to count on in times of trouble), healthy life expectancy at birth, generosity, and perceptions of corruption (which indicates good governance, honesty and trust).\n\nAND VERY FRIENDLY\n\nWhile Taiwanese generally appreciate the benefits their country affords them -- whether virtually free health care, free or very inexpensive education, convenient transportation, accessible cities, excellent restaurants, wonderful cultural opportunities, and great scenery -- they don’t always appreciate how attractive life in Taiwan also is to foreigners. But there is considerable evidence that foreigners really like Taiwan as well.\n\nAmong all the countries in the world where expatriates live, Taiwan Ranked 1st in 2016, 4th in 2017, and 2nd in 2018 in the online “InterNations Expat Insider” survey of “Best Countries for Expats.” In 2018 Taipei also ranked 1st in the quality of urban living, and also scored in the top five for all indices in InterNations expat city ranking. The report highly praised Taipei, saying that no expats in the other ranked cities were as satisfied with the availability, affordability, and quality of medical care, as well as local transportation and personal safety. (Numbeo’s Crime Index for 2019, based on online surveys, similarly ranked Taiwan as the 4th safest country in the world, after Qatar, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.)\n\nThe InterNations survey also gave Taipei a 1st place ranking in 2018 for the general friendliness of the Taiwanese and their positive attitude toward foreign residents. An overwhelming 94% highly rated the general friendliness of locals in Taipei. Likewise, customers of Booking.com -- one of the largest e-commerce travel companies -- selected Taiwan as the 5th most friendly country in the world in 2018.\n\nAs the Taiwanese people consider the future of their country, it is necessary that they appreciate and value the extraordinary success they have already achieved.\n\nIt is also necessary that those who are too willing to dismiss Taiwan as a country worth helping to support and defend also understand Taiwan’s unique achievements.\n\n\n\nWilliam A. Stanton has served since 2017 at National Taiwan University (NTU) as a Professor at the Center for General Education and subsequently also as the Chief Advisor to NTU's International College Provisional Office. Dr. Stanton previously worked for four years as the founding Director of the Center for Asia Policy at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). From October 2014 through January 2016, he was also NTHU's Senior Vice President for Global Affairs. Dr. Stanton previously served for 34 years as a U.S. diplomat. His final posting was as Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2009-2012)."],["topImageUrl","https://tnimage.taiwannews.com.tw/photos/shares/5c6b9858ebfdb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國在台協會前臺北辦事處處長司徒文投稿英文原文：Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Taiwan: William Stanton\nhttps://pse.is/E7W8H\n(以下是中文節選翻譯)\n學會欣賞一個近代的奇蹟：台灣\n世界上大多數的人並不了解台灣。畢竟中國在許多國家的支持下，已孤立台灣四十多年了。更令人驚訝的是，許多台灣人也不了解自己的國家，台灣人常常疑惑地問我：「你怎會選擇來台灣？」漸漸的我了解這反應了台灣人的謙虛，以及對於台灣國際地位的誤解。台灣人並不太知道自己國家的非凡成就，也因而缺乏一些自信。但是，這種心態必須改變。\n就如澳洲之臺灣專家 Bruce Jacobs 所說的，台灣是中等強國，在國際上有一定的影響力。美國中情局的“世界現況”提及台灣的人口已超越世界上77%的國家，而土地面積也大於世界上46%的國家。台灣的經濟實力是屬中等強國的水準。而在技術創新方面，台灣是領導者，美國USPTO報導台灣的奈米技術專利在 2017年排全球第五名。此外，台灣的220 mm 晶圓製造能力則連續四年排名全球第一。台灣在購買力平價指數、經濟自由度、科技創新與所得分配平均度等，比起很多我們羨慕的歐、美、日、韓、以色列等國毫不遜色。\n台灣是一個熱愛民主、法制、人權的國家。在2018年Freedom House的各項評比之中，台灣在全球自由度排名第八、幸福度排名亞洲第一。 InterNations Expat Insider調查還顯示台北市排名世界第一，為最適合外國人居住的城市。\n當台灣人思考自己國家的未來時，他們必須學會欣賞並且重視台灣的非凡成就。而那些願意支持台灣的人也需要了解台灣的獨特成就。"],["id","2i2kv8vdtlis"],["createdAt","2019-10-19T05:25:41.993Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","hOGX7m0BqwaEkHKwl-DA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","總部在華盛頓的自由之家（Freedom House）說在報告評估的195個國家中，86國被評為「自由」，59國被評為「部分自由」，還有50國為「不自由」。\n\n台灣得分與去年同為93分，在亞洲僅次於日本的96分，還高於法國、義大利和美國等西方民主國家。\n\n"],["reference","https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3640792?utm_source=Facebook_PicSee"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Learning to appreciate a modern miracle - Tai... | Taiwan News"],["url","https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3640792?utm_source=Facebook_PicSee"],["summary","It is not surprising that many, perhaps most, people around the world do not know about Taiwan. After all, China -- with the support of more and more countries -- has isolated Taiwan diplomatically for more than forty years, and recently China has been campaigning to eliminate even the name of Taiwan as a global destination. Following the demise of Mao Zedong, China increasingly prospered and attracted business people, tourists, and students from around the world, who too often have bypassed Taiwan. Once, for example, almost everyone wishing to learn Mandarin came to Taiwan, but most now go to China.\n\nWhat is more surprising, however, is that many Taiwanese themselves do not sufficiently appreciate their own country. Taiwanese often ask me with a puzzled look, why I live in Taiwan. Over time, I have come to believe this reflects both a native modesty, but also perhaps a misperception of Taiwan’s place in the world, a lack of knowledge of the extraordinary accomplishments of their own country, and to some extent therefore a lack of confidence in Taiwan. Such attitudes need to change.\n\nTAIWAN IS A MIDDLE POWER\n\nAs Professor Bruce Jacobs, the leading Australian expert on Taiwan, first argued, Taiwan is a “Middle Power” in the world. As a country with some 23.5 million people, Taiwan has in fact more people than 77% of the world’s countries and territories, according to the CIA’s World Factbook (WF). Although Taiwan’s land area is relatively small, it is still larger than 46% of the world’s nations and territories.\n\nTaiwan’s economic strength also ranks it as a “Middle Power.” Although under the influence of China, the World Bank states “Taiwan, China, is not listed as a separate country for World Development Indicators,” we know from other sources that, according to 2017 estimates, Taiwan ranked 22nd in the world in total GDP in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. In per capita GDP (PPP) – which many economists regard as a better measure of an economy’s strength -- Taiwan ranked 28th in the world, better than Australia (29), Canada (34), the UK (39), France (40), Japan (42), South Korea (46), Israel (55), and China (105) (WF).\n\nTAIWAN’S GREAT ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS SUCCESS\n\nTaiwan’s other economic rankings are equally, if not more impressive. As of October 2018, Taiwan was the 11th largest U.S. trading partner (U.S. Census Bureau). In the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom for 2019, Taiwan ranked 10th out of 186 countries, ahead of Germany (25), South Korea (27) Japan (30), Israel (31), France (71), and China (110). In the Global Economic Forum Competitiveness Report for 2018-19, Taiwan ranked 13th, ahead of Australia (14), South Korea (15), France (17), Israel (20), and China (28). In the World Bank’s 2019 “Ease of Doing Business” rankings, “Taipei, China” earned 13th place, ahead of Australia (18), Canada (22), Germany (24), France (32), Netherlands (36), Japan (39), and China (46).\n\nAlthough Taiwanese often complain about their country’s wealth gap, Taiwan’s GINI Index (which measures the gap between the rich and the poor) indicates it actually ranks in the top third of countries with the smallest gaps. Out of 156 countries and territories ranked in the WF, Lesotho and South Africa are in 1st and 2nd place respectively with the greatest gaps, but other places not doing well either are Hong Kong (9), China (31), Malaysia (32), Singapore (38), and the U.S. (41). Taiwan, however, ranks in 112th place.\n\nTAIWAN IS ALSO A LEADER IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION\n\nThe U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) reports that Taiwan ranked 5th in the world in 2015 and 2016 and 6th in the world in 2017 and 2018 in the number of patents granted by the USPTO. Only the U.S., Japan, South Korea, and Germany, and more recently China, surpassed Taiwan. This is all the more remarkable considering Taiwan’s much smaller population.\n\nTaiwan is also a world leader in new technologies like nanotechnology. It ranked 4th in 2016 and in 5th in the world in 2017 (the last year for which statistics have been published) in USPTO nanotechnology patents. According to Taiwan Today on February 16, 2019, Taiwan maintained its global lead in integrated circuit 200mm-equivalent wafer fab capacity for the 4th consecutive year. Based on a report by the semiconductor research firm IC Insights Inc., as of December 2018, Taiwan enjoyed a global share of 21.8%, ahead of South Korea (21.3%), Japan (16.8%), North America (12.8%), and China (12.5%).\n\nTaipei itself ranked 1st in Asia and 5th among the world’s most technologically advanced 85 cities, according to a study commissioned by Business Insider published on Aug. 8, 2017 based on such factors as the number of patents filed per capita, number of startups, and the level of smartphone use. Taipei, the only Asian city in the top 5, led other cities in industrial design, hardware, the number of headquarters of some of the largest PC companies, and the number of venture capitalists.\n\nAside from its many excellent universities, Taiwan has also scored 4th is the world in science and math in the influential “Program for International Student Assessment” test rankings in 2015. The exams, run by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, are given every three years to 15-year-olds in more than 70 countries.\n\nFREE, DEMOCRATIC, AND HAPPY….\n\nEconomic and technological achievements are not, however, the only reasons why Taiwan is such a great success and such a great place to live. Taiwan is also a vibrant democracy, where freedom, rule of law, and human rights are all fostered and protected. This is something which the U.S. officials who negotiated establishing relations with the PRC never foresaw. In fact, while the seeds of democracy were always here, Taiwan’s transition to democracy really only took 10 years -- from 1986 to 1996 -- an amazingly quick transition. It is hardly surprising therefore that since 1996 Taiwan’s democracy has only grown stronger. In Freedom House’s 2018 survey of global freedom, Taiwan ranked tied for 8th place in freedom out of 210 countries in the world. Embarrassingly enough, the United States only ranked tied for 15th place. Taiwan’s aggregate freedom score was 93 out of 100; the U.S. 86; Hong Kong 59; and the PRC 14.\n\nFreedom indeed plays a key role in the quality of life in Taiwan. In the annual, originally UN-initiated World Happiness Report for 2018, Taiwan ranked 1st in Asia in “happiness,” ahead of Singapore (34), Japan (54), South Korea (57), Hong Kong (76), and China (86), and ranked 26th in the world overall among 156 countries and territories. The six key variables on which the rankings are based are those found to support a sense of well-being: freedom to make life choices, per capita income, social support (caring and having someone to count on in times of trouble), healthy life expectancy at birth, generosity, and perceptions of corruption (which indicates good governance, honesty and trust).\n\nAND VERY FRIENDLY\n\nWhile Taiwanese generally appreciate the benefits their country affords them -- whether virtually free health care, free or very inexpensive education, convenient transportation, accessible cities, excellent restaurants, wonderful cultural opportunities, and great scenery -- they don’t always appreciate how attractive life in Taiwan also is to foreigners. But there is considerable evidence that foreigners really like Taiwan as well.\n\nAmong all the countries in the world where expatriates live, Taiwan Ranked 1st in 2016, 4th in 2017, and 2nd in 2018 in the online “InterNations Expat Insider” survey of “Best Countries for Expats.” In 2018 Taipei also ranked 1st in the quality of urban living, and also scored in the top five for all indices in InterNations expat city ranking. The report highly praised Taipei, saying that no expats in the other ranked cities were as satisfied with the availability, affordability, and quality of medical care, as well as local transportation and personal safety. (Numbeo’s Crime Index for 2019, based on online surveys, similarly ranked Taiwan as the 4th safest country in the world, after Qatar, Japan and the United Arab Emirates.)\n\nThe InterNations survey also gave Taipei a 1st place ranking in 2018 for the general friendliness of the Taiwanese and their positive attitude toward foreign residents. An overwhelming 94% highly rated the general friendliness of locals in Taipei. Likewise, customers of Booking.com -- one of the largest e-commerce travel companies -- selected Taiwan as the 5th most friendly country in the world in 2018.\n\nAs the Taiwanese people consider the future of their country, it is necessary that they appreciate and value the extraordinary success they have already achieved.\n\nIt is also necessary that those who are too willing to dismiss Taiwan as a country worth helping to support and defend also understand Taiwan’s unique achievements.\n\n\n\nWilliam A. Stanton has served since 2017 at National Taiwan University (NTU) as a Professor at the Center for General Education and subsequently also as the Chief Advisor to NTU's International College Provisional Office. Dr. Stanton previously worked for four years as the founding Director of the Center for Asia Policy at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU). From October 2014 through January 2016, he was also NTHU's Senior Vice President for Global Affairs. Dr. Stanton previously served for 34 years as a U.S. diplomat. His final posting was as Director of the American Institute in Taiwan (2009-2012)."],["topImageUrl","https://tnimage.taiwannews.com.tw/photos/shares/5c6b9858ebfdb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-10-21T13:52:55.319Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_iGx8PtfSCX2Cx1_T8EwMifj-KOATmriOXu7QAsGFub0"],["name","一絲不苟的淡水諾瑪"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Why Farmed Salmon Is One Of The Most Toxic Things You Can Put In Your Body"],["url","https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/04/24/why-farmed-salmon-is-one-of-the-most-toxic-things-you-can-put-in-your-body/"],["summary","The Facts:Robert F. Kennedy Jr recently appeared in Connecticut after an effort to Mandate multiple vaccines has been initiated. In his appearance, he claimed that the HPV vaccine may and does cause cancer, among other things.Reflect On:With so much science, and evidence of corruption and fraud when it comes to vaccine safety, why are there efforts to make certain vaccines mandatory when it's clear that they're not really safe as they are marketed to be. What's going on?Is the HPV vaccine safe? In an age where legislators are pushing for mandatory vaccinations, the push to take away the freedom of choice has more people looking at information that the mainstream continues to ignore. The truth is, vaccines are not as safe and effective as they’re marketed to be. This is evident by the fact that the National Childhood Vaccine Injury act as now paid approximately $4 billion dollars to vaccine injured children, and that only accounts for 1 percent of vaccine injured children as the majority of injuries go completely unreported.\nA great example to use would be the MMR vaccine. On its own, it has caused approximately 100,000 adverse events, 2000 disabilities, 7000 hospitalizations and 500 deaths. (source) And again, according to VAERS, only 1 percent of injuries are accounted for. Meanwhile, measles does not kill. The chances of dying of measles are akin to getting hit by lighting, the odds of dying from measles are 0.01 percent! (source) And those who contract measles receive natural immunity that lasts a lifetime, unlike the vaccine-induced immunity that wanes over time.\nNote: Listen to our latest podcast deconstructing the vaccine subject in detail here.\nLooking Into The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, it seems to get worse. There are a multiple of problems with the HPV vaccine, and one of them is that it’s loaded with aluminum. Why is this a problem that needs to be addressed? Well, because aluminum, among several other vaccine ingredients, have simply been used in vaccines as presumed to be safe without any actual safety testing. Studies that have examined aluminum raise great cause for concern. One from 2015 points out:\n\nEvidence that aluminum-coated particles phagocytozed in the injected muscle and its draining lymph notes can disseminate within phagocytes throughout the body and slowly accumulate in the brain further suggests that alum safety should be evaluated in the long term. (source)\n\nAluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Here’s a great clip of doctor Christopher Shaw from the University of British Columbia explaining how injected aluminum does not exit the body. He, alongside Sneha K.S. Sheth andYongling Li, published a study in 2017 looking at animal models. They found that almost “100 percent of the intramuscularly injected aluminum (as in vaccine adjuvants) is absorbed into the systemic circulation and travels to different sites in the body such as the brain, joints and spleen where it accumulates and is retained for years post-vaccination.” (source)\n\nGardasil Victims\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, countless numbers of girls, and boys, have had severe adverse reactions which have resulted in disability and/or death. The latest example to make noise regarding HPV vaccine injury is Jennifer Robi, a 24-year-old former athlete and scholar who has been confined to a wheelchair since receiving her third Gardasil vaccine at age sixteen. She suffers continual uncontrolled neuro/muscular contractions (jerking) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and many other symptoms of systemic autoimmune dysregulation. You can read more about that story here.\nAnother one we’ve written about is Colton Barrett, who took his own life after being unable to cope with his Gardasil vaccine injuries. You can read more about that and watch an interview with him here. Christopher Bunch is also another teenager who recently died as a result of the HPV vaccine, you can read more about that here.\nThe list of deaths and injuries as a result of the Gardasil Vaccine is a long one. In America, the chances of dying from cervical cancer is 2.3 out of 100,000. The chances of getting an autoimmune disease from this vaccine are 2.3 out of 100. That means that your chances of getting an autoimmune disease from this vaccine are 1000 time greater than getting cervical cancer, as Kennedy points out in his lecture below.\nReports to the World Health Organization’s global adverse drug reactions database—conservatively estimated to represent 10% of actual reactions—show over 305,000 adverse reactions where the HPV vaccine “is believed to have been the cause,” including 445 deaths (23 of which were sudden) and over 1,000 cancerous tumors (including 168 cervical cancers), among other serious reactions (BMJ letter, December 2017).\n\n“A healthy 16-year-old is at zero immediate risk of dying from cervical cancer but is faced with a small but real risk of death or serious disability from a vaccine that has yet to prevent a single case of cervical cancer.”\n\n\nRobert F. Kennedy Jr. Gaining Credibility\nRobert F. Kennedy Jr. recently made an appearance in Hartford, Connecticut at the “Science of Vaccines forum” in response to proposed mandatory vaccination initiatives in the state. He had a previously planned vaccination discussion with three Yale doctors cancelled on him, and the doctors have since refused to return emails asking for statements as to why they didn’t attend.\nHe made some bold statements, and he used evidence and science to back them up. After using Merck’s own HPV pre-licensure safety study documents showing the manipulation of data to hide increases in severe adverse vaccine reactions, he stated:\n\nI’m saying this not on belief but because it’s true. And I’m saying it that way so that Merck will sue me if I’m saying something wrong, and they won’t.”\n\nIn the talk, he goes on to state that if the truth was known, “nobody in the world would ever, who has any concern for a little girl, would ever give them this vaccine.”\nAfter showing a slide of evidence illustrating how people who have already been exposed to HPV and receive the vaccine have a much higher percentage of actually getting cancer, which is a fact, the vaccine is much less effective to people who have already been exposed to HPV (many of whom are exposed in the birth canal). He states, “this vaccine gives you cancer, if you’ve already been exposed.”\nYou can view the full lecture below where some of the above quotes come from. Another set of quotes come from the same conference, but is not filmed below. You can view that part of the lecture in this video posted to Kennedy’s Children’s Health Defence Facebook Page.\n\nPap Smears VS Vaccines\nKennedy provides legitimate sources in his lecture, and there are many others to back up his claims that this vaccine could actually be contributing to cervical cancer.\nAs a result of the introduction of pap smear tests, the percentage of incidences of invasive cancer of the cervix decreased from 13.5 to 9.4 in Great Britain, 13.5 to 7 in Australia, 11.6 to 10.2 in Sweden, 15.1 to 11 in Norway, 10.7 to 6.67 in the USA, and 11 to 7.1 in France, in less than 20 years. Out of all countries across the globe that used smear screening, the average annual rate of decline was 2.5% between 1989 and 2000 and 1% between 2000 and 2007, resulting in a total decrease of nearly 30% across 1989-2007. (1,2,3,4,5) \nThe HPV Vaccine has reversed this trend.\nIn 2017, Sweden’s Center for Cervical Cancer prevention reported that incidences of invasive cervical cancer are climbing in nearly all countries. Over the two-year period from 2013 to 2015, for example, there was a steep 20 percent increase. (source) Note that in Sweden, the Gardasil vaccination program was rolled out in 2010, with vaccination coverage of 12-year-old girls approaching 80%. In 2012-2013, thanks to a catch-up program, almost all girls aged 13 to 18 were vaccinated. (source)\nIn France, incidences of cervical cancer have increased steadily since vaccinations started, from 9.6 per 100000 in 2006 to 9.7 in 2009, 10.3 in 2012, and 11.49 in 2015. (source)\nOn April 30th of 2018, a study published in the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics suggested that the HPV vaccine may actually be causing cervical cancer in some women rather than preventing it. According to the editors of the journal, “the issues raised by it [the study] are important and discussion on it is in the public interest.“\nThat last point there is so important: “discussion on it is in the public interest.” Any type of discussion regarding heavily marketed medication is extremely important, and it’s highly concerning when there is a large attempt to ridicule or prevent such a discussion from taking place.\nThe study was retracted, but remains accessible on the journal’s site.\nAs editors, we are wary of the extreme ideological divide that views discussions on vaccines as either “pro” or “anti”. In low and middle-income countries like India, where early HPV infection and incidence of carcinoma cervix are relatively high, scientific discussion and resolution of issues concerning the HPV vaccine is critical, for women receiving it, and for policy making on its introduction in the universal immunisation programme. We hope that the hypothesis of possible harm of vaccinating women previously exposed to HPV is carefully explored in future studies. (source)\nGardasil Failure Likened To The Titanic\nHere’s another great quote from Dr. Nicole Delepine, a surgeon and Oncologist from France.\n\nIt takes a long time to affirm that a preventive action really protects. But the failure of this supposed protection can sometimes be very quickly obvious. To prove that the Titanic was truly unsinkable would have required decades of navigation on the most dangerous seas of the world. Demonstrating that it wasn’t, took only a few hours … This Titanic demonstration is unfortunately reproduced by the Gardasil vaccination.\nEvidence that vaccination increases the risk of invasive cancer can be rapid, if the vaccine changes the natural history of cancer by accelerating it. The analysis of trends in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer published in official statistics (registers) was studied in the first and most fully vaccinated countries (Australia, Great Britain, Sweden and Norway). Unfortunately, it’s the case for HPV vaccines. (source)\n\nGardasil’s prevention failure has essentially erased the perceived benefits of the Pap smear, which is accelerating the onset of cervical cancer, according to Delepine. She points out how, in all of the countries who have implemented large HPV vaccination programs, there’s been a significant increase in the frequency of invasive cancers within the most vaccinated populations. She makes an important points and emphasize how non-vaccinated women continue to benefit from screening with a Pap smear:\n\nDuring the same period, older women (and therefore unvaccinated) saw their cancer risk decrease significantly: less 17% for women aged 55 to 59 (from 9.7 to 8.1), less 13% for women aged 60 to 64 ( from 10.3 to 8.9), less 23% for those aged 75 to 79 (from 11.5 to 8.8) and even less 31% for those aged 80 to 84 (from 14.5 to 10).\n\nFrom their inception, the two HPV vaccines (Merck’s Gardasil and, outside the U.S., GlaxoSmithKline’s Cervarix) have been aggressively marketed, with their potential benefits oversold and their many risks disguised, particularly through the use of inappropriate placebos. It has been left to independent researchers to critique the regulatory apparatus’ fraudulent evidence. Recent letters published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) have brought forward some stark numbers that illustrate the vaccine’s appalling record: A seriously adverse event rate of 1 in 15 (7%) and a death rate among the vaccinated (14 per 10,000) that far exceeds the risk of dying from cervical cancer which is 0.23 per 10,000 (BMJ letter, May 2018).\nThis quote from RFK Jr. sums it all up:\n\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, is it really necessary? There is a very small percentage of women who will contract an HPV infection throughout their lifetime, and 95 percent of these women who do get an HPV infection will clear it by themselves within a couple of years, you don’t even have to detect it. Of the remaining 5 percent, approximately half of those women will develop pre-cancerous lesions, which could then take decades to develop into cancerous lesions. Furthermore, the HPV vaccine only provides 5-10 years of immunity, and girls (and boys) are injected with it at approximately 12 years old. How likely is it that a child will develop an HPV infection between the ages of 12 and 17?\n\nThe Takeaway\nThe HPV Vaccine is one of the clearest indicators that we are dealing with a health care industry that values profit over human health. Even with signs of upward trends in cancer and other vaccine damage, the industry continues unabated to promote it’s product. This is why we need to spread the truth on these matters, and use this information to spur our collective awakening to what is really going on in the world.\nWe recently did a very detailed segment for The Collective Evolution Show where we deconstructed the entire vaccine subject in great detail. You can listen to our latest podcast episode containing that here.\n\nSources Used Not Highlighted Within the Article:\n1] Cancer Research UK, Cervical Cancer (C53): 1993-2015, European Age-Standardized Incidence Rates per 100,000 Population, Females, UK Accessed 08 [ 2018 ].\n[2] AIHW [2]. 13. AIHW 2017. Cancer in Australia 2017. Cancer series no. 101. Cat. No. CAN 100. Canberra: AIHW.\n[3] NORDCAN, Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries 3.1.2018\n[4] Bo T Hansen, Suzanne Campbell, Mari Nygård Long-term incidence of HPVrelated cancers, and cases preventableby HPV vaccination: a registry-based study in Norway BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019005\n\nHelp Support Collective Evolution\n\nThe demand for Collective Evolution's content is bigger than ever, except ad agencies and social media keep cutting our revenues. This is making it hard for us to continue.\nIn order to stay truly independent, we need your help. We are not going to put up paywalls on this website, as we want to get our info out far and wide. For as little as $3 a month, you can help keep CE alive!\nSUPPORT CE HERE!"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn3.collective-evolution.com/assets/uploads/2018/04/Salmon-FI-800x418.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/04/24/why-farmed-salmon-is-one-of-the-most-toxic-things-you-can-put-in-your-body/"],["id","11vkdv74n1usr"],["createdAt","2019-04-06T11:05:15.285Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","cls2W28Bd3n3h-WYnoT3"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","大多數我們食用的海洋魚類中硒的含量都遠超過甲基汞，這對魚類來說是有好處的（牠們不會因暴露在汞中而死亡），對我們更好。與硒結合的甲基汞不會有效的被我們的身體吸收，而且由於被吸收的甲基汞已經與硒結合，不再有影響我們體內硒酶的能力。唯一要避免食用的，是那些體內甲基汞含量高於硒的魚類。而智利鮭魚養殖公會主席殷凡德也表示，美加報告「內容誇大」。他說，智利鮭魚比其他產地鮭魚更合乎健康。"],["reference","https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/308242\nhttp://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/1/11/n446386.htm\nhttps://tw.appledaily.com/headline/daily/20040110/634636/"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","魚類體內都有汞，所以不要多吃？只要把握這個原則，就能吃得健康又安心-風傳媒"],["url","https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/308242"],["summary","說到營養密度這一方面，野外捕獲與養殖魚類之間的差異並不像草飼或放牧動物與集約畜養動物間的差異那麼大。養殖鮭魚依舊是omega-3脂肪酸DHA和EPA的優質來源（並且通常也更能夠負擔，儘管需要檢查成分，確定其中沒有加入食用色素）。\n\n如果你對魚類或貝類過敏，或單純不喜歡要怎麼辦？\n\n如果你對魚類或貝類過敏，那就別吃了。然而，既然魚類是DHA和EPA omega-3脂肪酸最佳的食物來源，獲得高品質的動物產品，以使omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸攝取達到良好比例便更為重要。雖然藻類補充品確實含有相當大量的DHA，它們對免疫系統還是有可能造成刺激，因此我們建議最好要特別注意。Omega-3脂肪酸最佳的非魚類來源是腦。\n\n打個比方，如果你只是不喜歡魚，或是遵守宗教規範限制貝類的食用，你可能會懷疑你能不能單純由魚油補充品中得到你需要的DHA和EPA。當暴露在高溫或光線下時，多元不飽和脂肪酸很容易被氧化，因此並不耐存放──特別是一旦脂肪由全食物中分離出來之後，攝取氧化的omega-3脂肪酸會引起而非減輕發炎反應。因此獲得經過適當製造、運輸和儲存（這包括你進行購買的商店）的高品質魚油是極為重要的。\n\n在訴諸魚油之前，嘗試一些新的海鮮種類或新的食譜對你來說更為可取，食用新鮮、冷凍或罐頭的全魚類能保護omega-3脂肪酸免於氧化，並為身體提供最理想的吸收和使用所需的所有輔助因子。\n\n哪種魚類是DHA和EPA的最佳來源？一份一百公克的野生鮭魚（新鮮或罐頭的，任何品種皆可）、沙丁魚、長鰭鮪、鱒魚或鯖魚含有超過五百毫克DHA加上EPA。DHA與EPA含量中等的海鮮（每一百公克為一份，其中含有一百五十毫克到五百毫克）包括黑線鱈、銀鱈、鱈、大比目魚、蝦、比目魚、鰈魚、鱸魚、石斑魚、牡蠣、蟹和養殖鮭魚。由於omega-6在魚類中的含量如此之低，換算成omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸比例會介於一比十到一比二百五十之間！\n\n只有少數的魚類品種（尤其是淡水石斑魚、養殖吳郭魚和養殖的北大西洋沙丁魚）有較高的omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸比例。儘管比不上其他海鮮，這些魚類的omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸比例介於二比一到三比一之間，而這其實對你的整體飲食來說是很好的比例。因此食用這些魚類雖然對平衡從其他來源攝取的omega-6脂肪酸幫助不大，但牠們仍然完全適合食用和享用。\n\n等等！魚類不是含有汞嗎？\n\n出於對汞中毒的恐懼，我們經常被警告不要食用太多海鮮。汞存在於所有食物中，由於植物由土壤中吸收的汞很少，因此水果和蔬菜中的汞濃度相當低，相對的，因為魚類會由水中和被牠們當做食物的生物中吸收汞，因此汞的濃度在特定種類的魚身上相當高。甲基汞是汞的一種有機型態，是汞在魚類中存在的主要型態。汞會集中在肌肉，同時由於汞與魚類中特定蛋白質的結合如此緊密，以致於汞的累積會隨時間而增加，位於食物鏈最底層的魚類傾向於含有最低濃度的甲基汞，但以其他魚類為食的魚體內汞的濃度會比較高（這被稱為生物放大作用）。\n\n會擔心甲基汞攝入的問題是因為幾乎所有被吸收的甲基汞都能通過腸道障壁並進入血流中，因此會在全身所有組織出現（元素或離子型態的汞並不容易被吸收，而且有相當大量你所吸收的甲基汞會被你健康的腸道微生物相轉換成元素型態）。甲基汞也能輕易通過血腦障壁和胎盤。已知高濃度甲基汞會引起中樞和周圍神經系統受損。\n\n\n▲ 有趣的事實 ▲\n\n「跟製帽匠一樣瘋狂」是形容十八世紀和十九世紀因製造毛氈的需要而長期暴露在汞當中、最後中毒而瘋狂的製帽人而來。\n\n\n然而，由於同時含有大量的硒，多數海鮮中汞的含量並不足以構成擔心的理由。如同在第二章中討論過的，硒對許多扮演維持生命必要角色之抗氧化酵素的活性是必需的，包括保護腦部和神經組織免受氧化作用的傷害。甲基汞與硒的結合是不可逆的，而這是一般相信甲基汞對腦部和神經系統造成傷害的方式：甲基汞會阻止硒酶保護這些組織免於氧化物的侵害。\n\n然而，大多數我們食用的海洋魚類中硒的含量都遠超過甲基汞，這對魚類來說是有好處的（牠們不會因暴露在汞中而死亡），對我們更好。與硒結合的甲基汞不會有效的被我們的身體吸收，而且由於被吸收的甲基汞已經與硒結合，不再有影響我們體內硒酶的能力。唯一要避免食用的，是那些體內甲基汞含量高於硒的魚類。\n\n甲基汞含量趨向非常低的魚類包括貝類、鮭魚、鱒魚、鯡魚、黑線鱈、鱈（扁鰺）、比目魚、鰈魚、鯖魚和白鮭。儘管如此，所有含硒量高於甲基汞的魚類都是安全無虞的，這包括了絕大部分的海洋魚類和大約九十七％的淡水魚，唯一要避免只有逆戟鯨（可能還有其他掠食性鯨魚）、大青鯊、貓鯊、灰鯖鯊（可能還有其他品種的鯊魚）、金頭鯛、烏魚還有劍旗魚。已知海鰱、馬林魚、大耳馬鮫、雨傘旗魚和馬頭魚含有大量的汞，但這些魚類的含硒量並未被測量過，因此同樣避免食用這些魚是比較安全的，這項資訊是根據許多小型研究而來。\n\n環保署正在進行一項針對淡水和海水魚類的普查，為每一類型的魚類指派一項稱為硒健康優勢數值的指標，這在實際上能指出每種魚類中硒和甲基汞含量的比例。這個計畫獲得的結果應該很快就能得知（哪些魚類需要或不用避免的最新訊息會在_ePaleoMom.com更新）。\n\n魚和貝類中硒的健康效益值\n\n硒的健康效益值（Se-HBV）基本上是測量每一種魚類中硒對汞的比例。如果所得數值大於零，該種魚所含有的硒便較汞為多，因此能夠安全食用。若測量數值小於零，表示該魚種所含的汞比硒多，應該避免食用。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n科學家們才剛開始了解在單一魚種或貝類中硒健康效益值的變化性，以及為何某些種類的魚天生就有較高的硒健康效益值（變化性是來自於魚的種類、魚的大小／年齡、地理位置和遷徙途徑，以及該魚種的確切食性）。同時也要注意的是，硒的濃度在幾種已知含高濃度汞的品種中並未加以測量，比如說馬頭魚和大西洋馬鮫。然而，這裡的重要訊息就是，大多數的魚類都擁有正值的硒健康效益值，這反映了硒的濃度大於汞的濃度，因此是安全可食用的。\n\n此外，還有另外兩種可能必須擔心的汙染物──戴奧辛及多氯聯苯，兩者皆有致癌特性。一般說來，比起其他食物而言，這些物質在魚類當中的含量要低很多（包括牛肉、雞肉、豬肉、乳製品和蔬菜）。取決於不同水域，通常野外捕捉到的魚類戴奧辛和多氯聯苯含量較養殖魚類低，但即使是養殖的魚類，吃魚帶來的好處還是比風險更重要，尤其是在DHA和EPA脂肪對控管自體免疫疾病之重要性這方面。\n\n作者介紹｜莎拉‧巴倫汀Sarah Ballantyne\n\n炎反應、重症醫學、基因療法，以及上皮細胞生物學的研究，之後則轉型為家庭主婦，在她的二女兒誕生後，巴倫汀博士開始實驗「原始飲食生活」。\n身為一個醫學研究人員、科學家，莎拉博士對於理解食物與腸道、免疫系統、激素如何影響健康深感興趣，不僅如此，她也對日常生活（如睡眠、壓力和活動）對人體的影響充滿好奇。憑藉著這股熱情和專業的科學素養，她將健康科學概念轉化為簡單易懂、深入淺出的文字，致力於分享改善公眾健康的訊息。\n\n莎拉博士著有數本《紐約時報》暢銷書：《恐怖的自體免疫疾病療癒聖經》、《原始飲食生活攻略食譜》、《療癒廚房》。\n\n本文經授權選摘自柿子文化《恐怖的自體免疫疾病療癒聖經：你根本就不知道你也得了這種病》吃黃豆、香菇會痛風？營養師：高普林食物並非決定因子，關鍵在「這個」！更多文章\n\n責任編輯/林安儒\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t如果今天就是投票日，請問您會投給哪一位總統候選人？\n\t\n\t\n\t\t2,337\n\t\t人參與\n\t\t\t離投票結束還有\n\t\t\t100\n\t\t\t天\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t投票即將於今日結束\n\t\t\t投票即將於明日結束\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t本次投票已結束\n\t\t\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t風傳媒歡迎各界分享發聲，來稿請寄至\n\t\t\t\t\t\topinion@storm.mg"],["topImageUrl","https://image.cache.storm.mg/styles/smg-800x533-fp/s3/media/image/2018/01/08/20180108-121424_U7418_M367040_bac7.jpg?itok=suzQ0gWS"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","養殖鮭魚致癌歐美說法歧異 - 大紀元"],["url","http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/1/11/n446386.htm"],["summary","更新: 2004-01-11 7:49 AM\t\n\t\t\t\t 標籤: \n\t\t\t\t鮭魚\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t【大紀元1月11日訊】〔自由時報編譯張其賢╱綜合九日外電報導〕針對九日刊出的一份宣稱養殖鮭魚含有大量致癌物的研究報告，各國相關組織紛紛提出反駁或質疑。這份報告是由美國和加拿大研究人員合力完成，他們對南北美洲及歐洲的魚店商品進行抽樣檢驗，結果發現養殖鮭魚受污染的情況比野生鮭魚嚴重，其中又以蘇格蘭和歐洲的養殖鮭魚為最。\n　該報告建議消費者食用鮭魚次數以每四個月吃一次為限，已屆生育年齡的婦女則最好對致癌物含量過高的鮭魚全然忌口。對此，美國「食品藥物管理局」說他們對這份報告不感憂心。主管植物性食物、乳製品與飲料的官員查克賽爾表示：「我們不認為此事令人憂心公眾健康。如果要說什麼，那麼我們樂見民眾多吃鮭魚。」\n　挪威「國家營養暨海產研究院」的專家黎依表示，報告指稱在養殖鮭魚中驗出的多氯聯苯、戴奧辛或地特靈等致癌化學毒物，但事實上這些物質的含量「遠低於」歐盟或世界貿易組織所訂定的安全標準。\n　瑞典的「國家食品管理局」雖承認養殖鮭魚的毒物含量比野生鮭魚高，但表示前述報告「了無新意」。北歐各國是世界主要養殖鮭魚生產國，二○○二年的產量是四十五萬噸。\n　全世界最大的魚製品組織「國際魚粉魚油組織」(ＩＦＦＯ)，其秘書長巴羅質疑報告的嚴謹度。他認為，報告中使用的「某些鮭魚和飼料的樣本，似乎來自不明來源，並且相當陳舊。其結果則顯示這些樣本中的毒物含量，高於今日的含量」。他也宣稱養殖鮭魚在許多方面要比野生鮭魚安全，「因為你無法監看海中鮭魚所吃的東西」。\n　美加報告認為，歐洲和英國鮭魚致癌物含量高的主要原因出在飼料上。巴羅說，生產全球三分之二的魚粉和魚油的「國際魚粉魚油組織」，已經轉向南美進口原料，因為南美漁產的毒物含量比歐洲低。\n　智利鮭魚養殖公會主席殷凡德表示，美加報告「內容誇大」。他說，智利鮭魚比其他產地鮭魚更合乎健康。\n　蘇格蘭綠黨主席哈伯則說，美加報告關於蘇格蘭養殖鮭魚致癌物含量最高的說法「造成巨大衝擊」。他要求政府說明何以受到如此嚴重污染的魚類，竟能成為蘇格蘭民眾的桌上佳餚。\n 〔記者丁勻婷╱台北報導〕在美國「科學」期刊指稱歐洲養殖鮭魚含致癌物後，國內傳統市場魚販不約而同表示，雖然業者標榜進口鮭魚來自日本，但消費者多以安全顧慮為由，選購其他漁產品，上門購買鮭魚的消費者明顯減少。\n　魚販業者指出，台灣市場販賣的漁產品種類相當豐富，儘管有些消費者暫時對鮭魚卻步，業者仍能提供其他種類的漁產品，消費者不需過度擔心。\n 〔本報訊〕針對「科學」期刊披露有關戴奧辛等致癌物存在於養殖鮭魚體內，挪威國立營養暨海產研究所（ＮＩＦＥＳ）指出，歐盟訂定水產品戴奧辛含量上限為四pg（十億分之四公克），挪威養殖鮭魚含量僅零點五八pg，遠低於歐盟規定上限，消費者可安心食用。\n 適量吃魚無妨做好生態保育\n〔記者羅碧╱台北報導〕最新一期「科學」期刊報導，養殖鮭魚所含的戴奧辛、多氯聯苯等致癌物質高出野生鮭魚的十倍，引發民眾擔憂，甚至不敢吃鮭魚，不過衛生署長陳建仁昨天表示，他看過這篇文章，而作者的主要目的在於提醒人們要注意環境污染及生態保育的問題，一般民眾只要不是攝取過量，倒也不必因此而因噎廢食。\n　陳建仁說，其實吃魚比吃肉對人體健康好，只要攝取量不大，民眾仍舊是可以吃魚的。\n　陳建仁進一步表示，因為人工養殖鮭魚是聚集養殖在靠沿海區域，而非在自然環境中，所以人造的環境中，就可能會多一些像戴奧辛等毒物的產生，但是重點在於這些化學致癌物的含量多寡，如果量不是很大，就不會有很大的問題，就像飲水中不可能百分之百不含砷，但是水含砷量過高，就會引發烏腳病等疾病的發生；烤肉也不可能完全沒有燒焦的地方，就像飲食中，有微量的黃麴毒素並不會得肝癌，主要是攝取量的問題。\n　衛生署食品衛生處長陳陸宏也說，鮭魚是富含營養價值的高級魚類，雖然國外的調查顯示，養殖鮭魚的多氯聯苯及戴奧辛含量較高，但因鮭魚在台灣的售價較高，國人的食用量有限，根據報告顯示，必須一個月吃養殖鮭魚逾八百公克（一斤多以上），才有比較高的致癌風險，但是以我國一年進口人工養殖大西洋鮭魚八千公噸計算，去掉不可吃的部分（約十二％）後，平均國人一年攝取鮭魚量只有三百公克，還沒有達到該報告的警戒量，所以民眾不必過度恐慌。\n評估致癌風險考量四種因素\n〔記者羅碧、魏怡嘉╱台北報導〕雖然國際知名學術期刊刊登研究指出，吃人工養殖鮭魚的致癌風險較高，不過國內公衛學者則認為，民眾不要太恐慌，因為在評估致癌風險時，必須考量魚體本身的毒性、濃度、攝食頻率及時間長短，四者相乘，若毒性大、濃度高、長期攝取且頻率高，那麼致癌風險自然比平常高。\n　台北醫學大學公衛所長韓柏檉說，如果一個人天天吃含有高濃度多氯聯苯的養殖鮭魚，長達廿年，自然他的致癌風險就比一般人高，如果只是偶爾吃，且沒有長時間食用，相對風險性就不是那麼高，所以民眾還是可以吃鮭魚，不必恐慌，畢竟鮭魚等魚類有很高的營養價值，適量攝取則是利多於弊，兩害相權取其輕，消費者仍然可以吃鮭魚。\n　綠色陣線協會執行長吳東傑認為，該篇研究報告所做的是科學的健康風險評估，不過，應再進一步標示出受到污染的養殖場，而非泛指所有的鮭魚養殖場都有問題，國內也應推動安全魚類生產標示，告訴民眾魚貨從何而來，以做為食用選擇的依據。\n　成功大學環醫所教授郭育良表示，該篇研究應為保守性的研究，該篇研究將致癌危險物質放在戴奧辛及多氯聯苯上，其需視整體暴露量而定，人的血中亦存有戴奧辛及多氯聯苯，只是多少而已，吃鮭魚對人體也有好處，不過，孕婦應要避免是確定的，以免對胎兒生長造成影響。 (http://www.dajiyuan.com)"],["topImageUrl","https://i.epochtimes.com/assets/uploads/2017/02/DJY_FB_DefaultImage2017.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",null],["url","https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/daily/20040110/634636/"],["summary",null],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-12-31T09:08:23.933Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_6ti2S8zIk-MdwJ-eR5TtZ4T41X2BcokPgN4RATm3k58"],["name","乂禮貌的三芝希伯來乂"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","7 Reasons why Taiwan is the best LGBT de... | Taiwan News"],["url","https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3492498"],["summary","The Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) bullyboy tactics have been having a good week. Not only have US Airlines caved into CCP demands over the use of the name Taiwan, but the East Asian Olympic Committee (EAOC) has gone so far as to remove Taichung as host of the 2019 East Asian Youth Games (EAYG) under pressure from Beijing. But perhaps the most surprising move has been the CCP’s targeting of the 2018 Gay Games in Paris. \n\nThere is a 25-strong team of athletes from Taiwan slated to attend this event for LGBT sports stars and the Federation of Gay Games (FGG) had agreed that they would compete under the name Taiwan and the Taiwanese flag. But it seems they are now going back on this agreement after being put under pressure from the CCP, despite that fact that the Communist regime there has a long track record of stoking homophobia and undermining gay rights across the country. \n\nIn contrast, there are a whole host of reasons why Taiwan is widely seen as the most LGBT-friendly destination in Asia. Quite why the FGG would choose to side with the CCP over a free Taiwan is unclear. But just to jog their memories, here is a quick rundown of 7 reasons why Taiwan is the most LGBT-friendly country in the region. If you think we have missed anything out, please share them with us on our Facebook or Twitter pages:\n\n1. First Asian country to approve same-sex marriage\n\n\n\nImage Credit: Wikimedia\n\nIn May last year, Taiwan’s Constitutional Court ruled that barring gay couples from marriage violated “the people’s freedom of marriage” and “the people’s right to equality”. This ruling paved the way for Taiwan to become the first country in Asia to introduce legislation to permit same sex marriage. The legislation process to enshrine this in law has been slow since then, but with most Taiwanese people supporting the move, and opposition coming primarily from US-based Christian organizations, it shouldn’t be too long before Taiwan passes this landmark law. \n\n2. Home to the largest Gay Pride celebration in Asia\n\n\n\nImage Credit: Taiwan News reporter Sophia Yang\n\nThere has been a Gay Pride event in Taipei since 2003 and with more than 80,000 people taking part in the most recent event, it is officially the biggest in Asia. Taking place over 4 days, with the main parade always being held on the last Saturday in October, the weekend is packed full of events, parties, and fun. The parade itself begins in Ketagalan Boulevard, outside the Presidential Palace before following a two-hour route through the city center. Other Pride events have also taken place in Kaohsiung and Taichung. \n\n3. Great LGBT Movie culture\n\n\n\nImage Credit: www.alchetron.com\n\nTaiwan has a long and rich culture of making LGBT-themed movies. Taiwanese Director Ang Lee is well known for directing Brokeback Mountain, but that was not his first movie with LGBT themes. Back in 1993, he made The Wedding Banquet about a gay Chinese man who stages a sham marriage to please his parents. In 1997, The River by art-house director Tsai Ming-liang told the tale of a Taiwanese patriarch who secretly frequented gay saunas, while the hugely successful 2002 film Blue Gate Crossing is about an innocent love triangle complicated by ambiguous sexual orientations. The 2006 film Eternal Summer also featured a similar love triangle, while in 2015, the multiple award winning Thanatos, Drunk, told the tale of a young Taipei man, his gay brother and their sexually ambiguous gigolo friend. Taiwan also hosts an annual renowned LGBT Film Festival, the Taiwan International Queer Film Festival.\n\n4. Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline Association - 台灣同志諮詢熱線協會\n\n\n\nImage Credit: Wikimedia\n\nThese days there are no shortage of LGBT advocacy groups in Taiwan, but none have had such a profound influence on promoting LGBT rights and improving the lot of Taiwan’s LGBT Community than the Taiwan Tongzhi Hotline Association. The association was founded in 1998 and has been providing support for the Taiwanese LGBT community for twenty years. It also provides gender and sexual orientation counselling, publications, and education. It also has campaigned vociferously and effectively for equal rights in Taiwan. But perhaps the single most important service they offer is family consultations to help older and more traditional Taiwanese generations understand the LGBT community and deal with the news that a family member is LGBT.\n\n5. A bustling LGBT scene\n\n\n\nImage Credit: www.thegaypassport.com\n\nMost Taiwanese cities boast LGBT-friendly bars and nightclubs, but as you would expect it is in Taipei where the biggest gay scene can be found. This scene is centered largely around the Red House, a western style red-brick octagonal building, which is also a class III historical site. Situated in Ximending, the Red House is a cultural hub which houses more than 25 LGBT bars, restaurants and nightclubs. Whether you are looking for a quiet meal, some karaoke, or something more vibrant, the Red House has it all. \n\n6. The first Chinese language LGBT bookstore\n\n\n\nImage credit: Flickr User - Back to Nothing\n\nAs well as a thriving gay scene, Taipei is also home to the first ever LGBT bookstore in the Chinese-speaking world. Gin Gin Books (晶晶書庫), which is situated in Da’an district, carries a huge range of LGBT books, magazines, DVDs, and merchandise. It also hosts regular exhibitions and community events on various LGBT-related themes. The store has also played a role in promoting LGBT rights both locally and across Taiwan and is a regular haunt for many of Taiwan’s LGBT community. \n\n7. Thriving LGBT nightlife\n\n\n\nImage Credit: Pixabay\n\nIf you are looking to party in a proper gay club, Taipei has the place for you too. There are no shortage of gay clubs around the city, but the most famous is probably G*star Club. The club boasts a light-up dancefloor and plays host to regular stream of the best DJs in Taiwan. For gay men in Taipei, it is probably the must-visit nightclub. For lesbians, that accolade probably goes to Taboo. Taboo offers live music some nights and a fairly small dancefloor, but later in the evening and at weekends it is packed with revelers enjoying the wide range of music that is played."],["topImageUrl","https://tnimage.taiwannews.com.tw/photos/shares/5b59f638ee06c.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","官方媒體竟然向國外宣傳臺灣是性解放天堂\nhttps://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3492498\n新聞列舉七個《天堂》理由 :\n\n亞洲第ㄧ個同意同性婚姻的《國家》\n亞洲最大性解放遊行所在\n高度性解放電影文化\n有性解放熱線協會\n性解放認知快速傳播中\n成立第ㄧ家性解放中文書店\n豐富的性解放夜生活\n 註 : \n1 , 還有免費愛滋醫療。\n2 , 將LGBT譯為性解放是就臺灣情況的內容而言的。"],["id","1rundd3splanf"],["createdAt","2018-08-04T04:37:37.008Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","7zrnCGUBbZnN2I-Ez5qf"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","7VwZ6mEBbyB_hvRuWqIm"],["name","龜珍"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/2668eec0eb27eeb71e8321a93619fdf0?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",8]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","首先，文章內容翻譯錯誤。LGBT表示的是性傾向，不等於性解放。再來性解放與危險性行為沒有實際上的關聯(反而欠缺正確性教育可能比較容易發生危險性行為)。\n如果是對既有名詞重新定義，那應該列出重新定義的理由並明確放在翻譯文章開頭。\n如果英文不好也沒關係，google翻譯是大家的好朋友！ :D\n\n其次，臺灣已經沒有免費愛滋醫療了，只剩免費愛滋篩檢。原因是因為現在醫療技術進步，愛滋病已經可以視作一般的慢性疾病處理，所以適用健保給付。"],["reference","\n性解放定義：\nhttps://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD\n疾管局說明：\nhttps://www.cdc.gov.tw/info.aspx?treeid=45da8e73a81d495d&nowtreeid=1bd193ed6dabaee6&tid=CDDABE4236CE315C"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","性革命 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書"],["url","https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD"],["summary","性革命始於1960年代發生於美國的避孕藥開發上市後，所引起對於性倫理及墮胎的爭論。這些爭論逐漸擴大，後來又向外傳播，最終引發歐美各國的性革命[3][4]。也有學者認為性革命的起點來由更早，是由1920年代精神分析學在美國普及化後引起。\n此後，女性主義開始由女性的家庭角色和工作權利，轉而爭取女性的身體自主權。自1973年羅訴韋德案（英語：Roe v. Wade），美國最高法院於1973年判決容許婦女的墮胎權受到憲法保障後，女權組織開始以墮胎權及避孕權來爭取女權，墮胎權自此亦成為美國重要的社會議題。\n1990年代以後，LGBT團體組織開始加入，開始爭取LGBT的人權及平等權利。\n值得注意的是，對於美國1960年代開始的性解放運動理解應該結合其時代背景。舉例來說，其最著名的口號「要做愛，不要戰爭。」（Make love, not war），但實際上明顯是以反戰（越戰）為主，並非後來女性爭取身體自主權為目標。\n性解放在學術上有確切的嚴肅意義，但受到大眾傳播媒體報道以及保守派批評及反撲，常被理解為「追求性慾滿足」，例如「同性戀的性解放」就是認為同性戀追求性滿足、「青少年的性解放」就是認為青少年追求性慾滿足。於是，當看到「性騷擾的性解放」、「私生子的性解放」、「性病的性解放」就無法理解其真正的意涵了。\n\n定義編輯\n性別解放的意義有三個層次：\n\n知識的：除魅、破除對性的迷信。例如破除處女情結，對於處女守貞的壓迫以及非處女的歧視等。\n政治的：民主、平等。例如對於性別參政、投票平等的權利。\n自由的：身體自主、選擇。例如對於性別身體自主權的保障。所以把「性」套入後就可得出性解放的意涵：性的理性除魅、性的民主平等，性別擁有對身體自主的選擇權。\n若代入同性戀，「同性戀的性解放」就是：破除對於同性戀的迷思、追求同性戀的民主平等、尊重選擇同性性行為的權利。以此類推……。於是「解放」與「平權／運動／平權運動」等字彙可以說是有著相通的內涵，使用上也經常互換。\n\n偏見編輯\n性長久被視為禁忌、被壓抑，使得人們一提及「性」眼光便容易集中在性慾。於是性解放常被誤讀為盲目地擁抱性、無節制滿足性慾、追求快感；偏離「解放」原意而不自知。性解放人士也常被保守人士誤導為鼓吹同性戀、濫交、亂倫、等禁忌的性行為。\n約翰·威廉·曼尼過世為止都是約翰霍普金斯大學小兒科和醫療心理學的教授，他也因為一件有爭議的大衛·利馬醫療案例而為人所知，曼尼曾宣稱成功的將遭受到差勁包皮手術還是嬰兒的大衛·利馬變性為女性。\n\n與宗教及社會保守派的角力編輯\n不論是性革命或是性解放，性的議題都觸碰到宗教及社會保守派的敏感神經，形成具爭議的社會議題。\n保守派及宗教組織認為性必須在一個固定的基本價值軌道運作（而且是與過去看齊、根據經書指示的）、婚姻永恆不變，反對墮胎、避孕、未婚同居和婚前性行為，導致傳統家庭價值的「崩壞」。而自由派則認為選擇墮胎、避孕、同居和婚前性行為純屬個人自由及私人領域，政府及外界並無權力干預，並以政治思維大異其趣。在討論議題時，保守派及宗教組織多以宗教及道德倫理非政治話語論述，於是雙方常落入雞同鴨講的局面。\n在LGBT權益方面，關於同性婚姻及同性伴侶領養子女的議題方面，平權運動是從平等權利的角度切入（爭取與異性戀伴侶一樣享有選擇婚姻和擁有子女的權利），而從宗教立場則是守著「婚姻」在其宗教中的意義來反對（如基督教教義是指婚姻根據《聖經》是上帝設計為一男一女）。此外，保守派的世俗觀點也認為，對於同性伴侶是否適合領養子女，甚至對被領養子女的心理發展產生何種影響有深刻的質疑。"],["topImageUrl","https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%C3%96rebro_slott_resynth.jpg/77px-%C3%96rebro_slott_resynth.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","疾管署回應愛滋醫療費用回歸健保給付，為愛滋平權且去歧視的作法"],["url","https://www.cdc.gov.tw/info.aspx?treeid=45da8e73a81d495d&nowtreeid=1bd193ed6dabaee6&tid=CDDABE4236CE315C"],["summary","依國際趨勢及現今醫療水準，愛滋感染已可視為一般慢性疾病，因此愛滋醫療照護應回歸健保以慢性疾病照護方式，依人類免疫缺乏病毒傳染防治及感染者權益保障條例規定，自106年2月4日起，愛滋感染者確診開始服藥2年內醫療費用由疾管署編列預算支應，2年後則由健保給付。國際上，愛滋醫療費用亦多以健保支應，為愛滋平權且去歧視的作法。近幾年疾管署積極進行愛滋相關防治工作，每年新增感染人數呈穩定狀態，加上近幾年藥費也逐年下降，該署得以積極推動一天一次處方，愛滋感染者之服藥率大幅上升至84%，病毒量測不到已達88%，在良好的追蹤及治療下，愛滋感染已可控制如其他慢性疾病，與高血壓、糖尿病等常見疾病相同。基於疾病平權平責，醫療照護不應依疾病別而給予特殊化待遇，因此愛滋治療納入健保，有助於感染者的去標籤化、去汙名化。愛滋病的治療與宣導費用雖用於愛滋感染者，主要是透過感染者病毒的控制與及早診斷立即接受治療的措施，其目的在於防止疫情持續擴大，因此，以治療愛滋患者做為預防疫情的散播，是世界衛生組織目前建議的最重要防治方式之一，並且符合成本效益。為達國際90-90-90之目標(即90%知道自己感染、90%感染者有服藥、90%服藥者病毒受到控制)，疾管署持續加強愛滋防治工作，致力減少愛滋新增感染人數。然，唯有全民以尊重、接納的態度，營造健康、友善的性別環境，才能讓高風險族群能獲得相關健康資訊與正確防治觀念，並早期接受篩檢及早治療，有效控制疫情。"],["topImageUrl","http://www.cdc.gov.tw//uploads/photogallery/medium/da370227-68da-4368-a0a8-6c95aff3e5a0.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-08-05T07:05:34.374Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_1LmS4D8GIZNZLVbidjRtMaHzXSQorMIhnuPJF99FRJ4"],["name","忠誠的長治路"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Groundbreaking study: low carb is an effective treatment for fatty liver - Diet Doctor"],["url","https://www.dietdoctor.com/groundbreaking-study-low-carb-effective-treatment-fatty-liver"],["summary","The following is a guest post by Ann Fernholm, author, science journalist and PhD in molecular biotechnology. She is the founder of the not-for-profit Dietary Science Foundation.\nApproximately 25 percent of adults in the Western world have fatty liver and are thus at an increased risk of developing cirrhosis, liver cancer, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Fatty liver is considered a chronic disease, but researchers at the University of Gothenburg have now proven that it is possible to get rid of the liver fat in just two weeks. The medication is called: a strict low carb or keto diet.\nFatty liver – what is that? You might wonder, and perhaps think that this is referring to that fat-rich paté which the French love. But fatty liver is one of the most common HIDDEN diseases in the world. In earlier decades, fatty liver was mostly associated with alcoholism, but in the footprints of the obesity epidemic, the frequency of the disease has sky rocketed. Approximately one out of every ten adolescents in both Europe and the US have the disease today.\nA little fat in the liver is not harmful (given that you’re not a goose and thus are at risk of becoming paté), but in the long run the liver risks becoming inflamed and the liver cells can die. A fatty liver also increases the risk of developing cirrhosis, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To avoid this, people need to get the fat out of the liver.\nThe advice given to people with fatty liver has been to exercise, count calories and lose weight, but – as we all know – most people fail and the fat remains in the same place. That’s why it is an important breakthrough that researchers at the University of Gothenburg have showed that the fat can go away without substantial weight loss. The participants in the study simply continued to eat the same amount of calories, but swapped carbs for protein. Within just two weeks, the liver was significantly thinner than before.\nSurprising discovery: the microbiome started producing folic acid\nThe study, which was published in Cell Metabolism, included only ten people and is small, but it’s a very interesting piece to dig into as a biochemist like yours truly. It’s an extremely detailed map showing what happens when a person cuts down on sugar and starch in their diet. The liver metabolism changed almost immediately. Instead of creating fat, it started burning it and already in the first day you could see a significant reduction in liver fat. As a great side effect, the participants also improved their cholesterol profiles.\nThe microbiome also changed. A surprising discovery was that it started producing more folic acid, a vitamin which is important in the liver’s metabolism. Low levels of folic acid has earlier been associated with an increased risk of fatty liver.\nIs sugar a worse than starch?\nIn my Swedish book, Det sötaste vi har (The Sweetest Thing We’ve Got), I write that some researchers suspect that our high consumption of sugar is an important reason explaining the epidemic of fatty liver. Sugar contains the sugar molecule fructose, which is metabolized in the liver. When we consume too much candy, soda and other sweets, our liver starts producing fat and after a while fat appears to get stuck in the liver.\nIn order to test this hypothesis, researchers at UCSF in San Francisco have earlier let children with fatty liver replace the sugar in food with starch (which contains the sugar molecule glucose). Just like the current study conducted in Gothenburg, the intention was to let the children continue to eat the same amount of calories and maintain their weight.\nDespite the fact that the children ate carbs in the form of starch, the liver’s metabolism changed rapidly. Within nine days, almost half of the fat was gone. Some children also lost weight, but the amount of fat in the liver also decreased among the children who simply maintained their weight.\nThe Dietary Science Foundation invests in a study on fatty liver\nSo what conclusions can you draw from all this? First and foremost: it’s time to stop counting calories. Different types of calories have different effects on the body. Carbs do more harm than good for people with fatty liver, and there is reason to suspect that sugar is the worst of all carbs.\nBUT. Both the Gothenburg and the USCF study are small and lacking a control group. In order to establish a new treatment, a better form of studies is required, randomized controlled trials. The Dietary Science Foundation just invested in this type of study at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, where a strict low-carb diet will be compared to 5:2 intermittent fasting and conventional treatment. If the study confirms the results above, it’s an important step in establishing a new dietary treatment in the medical care. And a chronic disease with over one billion sufferers, might turn out to be treatable in just a couple of weeks. Guess if that would reduce a lot of costs and strain on the medical system?\n—\nAnn Fernholm\nHelp change the world\nWould you like to strengthen the role of dietary treatments within health care, by supporting the not-for-profit Dietary Science Foundation? Donate monthly or become a company partner. You can also follow the foundation on Facebook or Twitter.\nEarlier\nNew study: Can low carb help reverse a fatty liver?\nUS experts raise red flag over fatty liver disease\nAll earlier posts about liver disease\nAnn Fernholm\nAnn Fernholm is a science journalist, author and PhD in molecular biotechnology. She is also the founder of The Dietary Science Foundation and runs a blog in Swedish."],["topImageUrl","https://i.dietdoctor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/fatty-liver.jpg?auto=compress%2Cformat&w=800&h=533&fit=crop"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","開創性研究：低碳水化合物是治療脂肪肝的有效方法-以下是作者，分子生物技術科學記者兼博士Ann Fernholm的訪客。她是非營利性飲食科學基金會的創始人。\n\n西方世界約25％的成年人患有脂肪肝，因此發生肝硬化，肝癌，2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的風險增加。脂肪肝被認為是一種慢性疾病，但哥德堡大學的研究人員已經證明，在短短兩週內就有可能擺脫肝臟脂肪。這種藥物被稱為：嚴格的低碳水化合物或酮飲食。https://www.dietdoctor.com/groundbreaking-study-low-carb-effective-treatment-fatty-liver"],["id","1332t834hhtmb"],["createdAt","2018-03-16T02:11:29.489Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","7R4IUGMBSH_MLFhIH2GQ"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","在能量攝取的控制中，不能突然驟減食量，如此會使罹患者感覺過度飢餓，不僅引起全身衰弱甚至有低血糖的症狀。其次，加強鍛鍊，運動消耗肝中脂。最後，也是最關鍵的還是要糾正不健康的飲食行為，合理的飲食是最經濟、安全和有效的方法，營養均衡是基本原則，只要堅持，脂肪肝會悄悄走的。\n\n飲食治療原則就是要控制總能量、供給高蛋白、攝入低脂肪、限制膽固醇和碳水化合物的攝入。"],["reference","http://contentu.pixnet.net/blog/post/29662165-%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%22%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E8%82%9D%22%E6%98%AF%E6%9C%80%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%A6%E6%B3%95\n飲食治療\"脂肪肝\"是最實際的辦法"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","飲食治療\"脂肪肝\"是最實際的辦法 @ contentU 人滿意 :: 痞客邦 ::"],["url","http://contentu.pixnet.net/blog/post/29662165-%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%22%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E8%82%9D%22%E6%98%AF%E6%9C%80%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%A6%E6%B3%95"],["summary","何謂脂肪肝\n 在病理生理學上，「脂肪肝」是指由各種原因引起的脂肪(主要是三酸甘油脂以及脂肪酸)在肝細胞內過度囤積，而使脂肪重量超過整個肝臟的10%以上者，而謂之。所謂脂肪肝，就是當脂肪撮取過多或血液中脂肪濃度昇高時，過量的脂質會堆積在肝細胞中。除非很嚴重，或合併其他狀況，脂肪肝本身並不是一種病，而是一種現象，和肥胖的意義相似。 \n 在常規的健康檢查中，腹部超音波掃描檢查即可診斷脂肪肝。\n\n脂肪肝之分級 \n 脂肪肝是一種肝臟內脂肪蓄積過多的疾病。正常情況下，肝臟有少量的脂肪，約佔肝臟重量的4%～5%。如果肝臟中的脂肪超過肝臟重量的10%，就屬於脂肪肝了。按照肝臟中含脂肪的多少分為輕、中、重三個等級，一般以超音波回音之強度來分類。如合併肝功能不正常（GOT、GPT高），則可稱為脂肪肝炎，進而可發展為肝纖維化、肝硬化；肝細胞變性、壞死可影響人體免疫功能，使人體更容易被感染；另外肝臟是人的解毒器官，人體代謝中產生的有毒物質，以及外來的毒物、藥物等均要在肝臟解毒，肝細胞變性、壞死、解毒功能降低，可使毒物在體內滯留，造成危害。 \n\n脂肪肝形成原因 \n 國人罹患脂肪肝最常見的成因包括有過度肥胖、糖尿病罹患者、高脂血症、長期多量飲酒者，少數則為妊娠急性脂肪肝、藥物中毒或營養不良所引起的。基本上，促進脂肪肝形成的誘因主要是由於進入肝臟的脂肪酸過多，如攝取食物的脂肪或澱粉過多，代謝障礙、吸收不良或荷爾蒙失調，而導致脂肪酸從組織中所儲存的脂肪大量分解進入肝臟，並使得肝臟形成過量的三酸甘油脂而儲存起來。此外，脂蛋白合成減少或釋放發生障礙，亦使三酸甘油脂無法有效的進入血液循環中，而蓄積在肝臟細胞內。其中最多的就是營養過剩，亦即肥胖。 \n\n如何治療脂肪肝 \n 單純之脂肪肝，若肝功能正常，是不會有任何後遺症的。反而是一種信號，提醒您可能有上述之原因待查。只要不要肝功能不正常，合併纖維化（超音波回音較粗糙），肝細胞變性，造成肝硬化，肝細胞壞死、肝解毒功能降低，使毒物在體內滯留，造成危害。脂肪肝是可逆性病變，尤其是輕度脂肪肝，如果持之以恆地進行飲食調節，並配合適當的運動(見“排毒及養生法”一文)，是可以使肝細胞內的脂肪逐漸減少、肝功能恢復正常的。\n\n飲食治療脂肪肝是最實際有效的辦法 \n 脂肪肝如發現早，即使沒有症狀也要積極治療，很快就會恢復正常。首先，最重要的是病因的去除，若是高血脂及糖尿病引起之脂肪肝，則必須控制好血脂肪及血糖。若是肥胖引起之脂肪肝，則減肥後就可改善。而控制體重對於血壓、血糖、及血脂肪均有幫助。若是藥物引起之脂肪肝，則必須儘快停藥。有時候並不肥胖，也會有脂肪肝，這通常代表營養過剩，亦即需要開始注意飲食的控制了。而適量與均衡的飲食更是不可或缺的；但在能量攝取的控制中，不能突然驟減食量，如此會使罹患者感覺過度飢餓，不僅引起全身衰弱甚至有低血糖的症狀。其次，加強鍛鍊，運動消耗肝中脂。最後，也是最關鍵的還是要糾正不健康的飲食行為，合理的飲食是最經濟、安全和有效的方法，營養均衡是基本原則，只要堅持，脂肪肝會悄悄走的。 \n飲食治療原則就是要控制總能量、供給高蛋白、攝入低脂肪、限制膽固醇和碳水化合物的攝入。脂肪肝最常見的原因就是肥胖，是要提醒您注意體重，注意飲食，多運動，並不會有嚴重的後遺症。脂肪治療的關鍵是減輕體重；重點在控制飲食，同時要多做有氧運動，並經常至戶外話動。膳食指導原則是，根據個人體重調整膳食，控制總能量的攝入，即低脂飲食為主，每日食物中所提供的脂肪總量不要超過總能量的20%；在一般飲食中，應儘量減少醣份及甜點的攝取--限制碳水化合物，不要吃高糖的糕點、糖果等；增加適當蛋白質，亦有助於肝細胞本身的修復及再生。應選擇含蛋白質量高而脂肪含量較少的良質肉類如魚、蝦或雞肉，而這些肉類所提供的熱量亦比較少，但要限制肥肉、肉皮的食用，在烹飪方法上，最好採用蒸、煮、燴、燉、熬、燜等方法，忌油炸、煎、炒的方法。在喝肉湯時要把上面厚厚的一層油撇掉。注意補充維生素，尤其是維生素E、維生素C、維生素BI2、葉酸及礦物質中的鉀、鋅、鎂以及富含纖維的疏菜水果膳食纖維，其中的膳食纖維還能減少膽固醇的吸收、加速膽固醇排泄，降低血脂。除蔬果中所含的澱粉外，應避免大量食用蜂蜜、果汁、果醬、蜜餞等甜點，因為過多的醣類亦會轉變為脂肪被囤積起來，或許這種道理大多數民眾是不知道的。還可在醫囑下服用一些藥物；另外還要戒煙、酒。\n\n脂肪肝的飲食應注意事項：\n1、每日飲酒不超過大約350cc啤酒之量（酒精濃度5%）。因為酒精可促進膽固醇及三酸甘油脂的合成，加重脂肪肝程度，並對肝臟有損害。\n2、含膽固醇高的食物是必須限制食用的。蛋黃每天不超過2個。動物內臟、雞皮、肥肉及魚蛋、蟹黃等少吃。\n3、低脂飲食。選用脫脂牛奶。煎炸食品勿吃。不吃巧克力。\n4、動物性油脂少吃，選擇易消化而含膽固醇低之油脂，植物油的總量也不超過20克。\n5、優質蛋白質，亦有助於肝細胞本身的修復及再生。植物性蛋白質如豆類或魚肉、雞肉等含蛋白質量高而脂肪含量較少的肉類。\n6、每天食用新鮮綠色蔬菜500克。它們富含維生素和礦物質，可以加速肝細胞修復，其中的膳食纖維還能減少膽固醇的吸收、加速膽固醇排泄，降低血脂。\n7、每天所攝入的總能量應該限制。山藥、白薯、芋頭土豆等，要與主食米、麵粉調換吃，少吃甜食、含糖飲料等。\n8、降血脂的食品有：燕麥、小米等粗糧，黑芝麻、黑木耳、紫菜、海帶以及菜花等綠色新鮮蔬菜。洋蔥、香菇、木耳、山楂、綠豆等有降脂作用。\n9、晚飯應少吃，臨睡前切忌加餐。\n10、如果脂肪肝引起肝功能異常，應在醫生指導下服用降脂藥。"],["topImageUrl","http://falcon-creative-ak.pixfs.net/2018/09/85cc5ce0ebef376e7201012353ffecbf-ac16288c927bd3b3.jpg?v=1536804266"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-05-11T16:28:19.732Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Flipboard on Flipboard"],["url","http://flip.it/dqxAaY"],["summary","@flipboard | Official Flipboard accountWhere a Sore Throat Becomes a Death SentenceKIGALI, Rwanda — Neighbors whisper that she is pregnant, a disgrace for a young, unmarried woman. The rumors mortify her. She hates her swollen belly.

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