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As the autumn equinox approaches, days begin to shorten in the Northern Hemisphere, and people …National Parks"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/7e211185df7384dc5032a1b22b634616c56c1238.jpeg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","僅 13% 喜歡自己的工作！人生苦短，你還要花幾年承受過度 KPI 、公私不明下的「職業枯竭症」？\n\nhttp://flip.it/TDnC4H"],["id","AV2Tck64yCdS-nWhudTW"],["createdAt","2017-07-30T12:22:08.311Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_J6XaAgy_vFDT-g78FuIAGGySoNyZSZfmSUOj40z-TdY"],["name","果斷的吉安多洛莉絲"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Zoom privacy and security issues: Here's everything that's wrong (so far)"],["url","https://bit.ly/2Rg3b8n"],["summary","Are you using Zoom yet? It seems that everyone in America who's been forced to work, or do schoolwork, from home during the coronavirus lockdown is using the video-conferencing platform for meetings, classes and even social gatherings. There are good reasons Zoom has taken off and other platforms haven't. Zoom is easy to set up, easy to use and lets up to 100 people join a meeting for free. It just works.Best free Zoom backgrounds The best Zoom alternatives for video conferencingPlus: VPN puts 100 million users in danger: Delete this now But there's a downside. Zoom's ease of use makes it easy for troublemakers to \"bomb\" open Zoom meetings. Its application security has left a bit to be desired. There's also been a lot of scrutiny about Zoom's privacy policy, which until recently seemed to give Zoom the right to do whatever it saw fit with any user's personal data.In the most recent allegations, a few more serious flaws were found in Zoom software and encryption on April 3, although the company already has addressed the new issue of Zoom data being routed through China.The backlash against Zoom has already begun. As of April 6, New York City public schools were moving to ban Zoom meetings, and other school systems were reported to be doing the same. We disagree with the NYC schools' decision, because we think Zoom is safe to use for meetings that aren't highly sensitive. For school classes, after-work get-togethers, or even workplace meetings that stick to routine business, there's not much risk in using Zoom. Kids will probably continue to flock to it, as they can even use Snapchat filters on Zoom.As for corporate communications, that's up to the company. Zoom started out as an enterprise application, so it's always been geared to corporate clients. Given the soaring usage of the Zoom platform during the coronavirus lockdown, and the near-doubling of its stock price since the beginning of February, Zoom has come under intense scrutiny from security professionals and privacy advocates. And boy, have they found stuff.With this ton of issues, people are looking for other options, so check out our Skype vs Zoom face-off to see how an old video app has adapted for video conferencing. We've also compared Zoom vs Google Hangouts as well.Zoom pledges to fix flawsIn a blog post April 1, Zoom CEO and founder Eric S. Yuan acknowledged Zoom's growing pains and pledged that regular development of the Zoom platform would be put on hold while the company worked to fix security and privacy issues.\"We recognize that we have fallen short of the community's -- and our own -- privacy and security expectations,\" Yuan wrote, explaining that Zoom had been developed for large businesses with in-house IT staffers who could set up and run the software.\"We now have a much broader set of users who are utilizing our product in a myriad of unexpected ways, presenting us with challenges we did not anticipate when the platform was conceived,\" he said. \"These new, mostly consumer use cases have helped us uncover unforeseen issues with our platform. Dedicated journalists and security researchers have also helped to identify pre-existing ones.\"To deal with these issues, Yuan wrote, Zoom would be \"enacting a feature freeze, effectively immediately, and shifting all our engineering resources to focus on our biggest trust, safety, and privacy issues.\"Among other things, Zoom would also be \"conducting a comprehensive review with third-party experts and representative users to understand and ensure the security of all of our new consumer use cases.\"Zoom now requires passwords by default for most Zoom meetings, although meetings hosts can turn that feature off. Passwords are the easiest way to stop Zoom bombing. And on April 8, former Facebook and Yahoo chief security officer Alex Stamos said he would be working with Zoom to improve its security and privacy. Stamos is now an adjunct professor at Stanford and is highly regarded within the information-security community.Zoom is still safe to use in most casesDoes all this mean that Zoom is unsafe to use? No. You just need to be aware that the Zoom software creates a huge \"attack surface,\" as security professionals like to say, and that hackers are going to try to come at it every way they can. They're already registering lots of Zoom-related phony domains and developing Zoom-themed malware.The upside is that if lots of flaws in Zoom are found now and fixed soon, then Zoom will be the better -- and safer -- for it. \"Zoom will soon be the most secure conferencing tool out there,\" wrote tech journalist Kim Zetter on Twitter April 1. \"But too bad they didn't save themselves some grief and engage in some security assessments of their own to avoid this trial by fire.\"Contrarian view: Zoom will soon be the most secure conferencing tool out there. (But too bad they didn’t save themselves some grief and engage in some security assessments of their own to avoid this trial by fire) https://t.co/8BLeNJiV7VApril 1, 2020Unless you're discussing state or corporate secrets, or disclosing personal health information to a patient, Zoom should be fine to use. Just require that meeting participants sign in with a password.Everything that's gone wrong with Zoom latelyTo keep ourselves (and you) sane, we're putting the most recent Zoom privacy and security issues up top and separating the problems into those that are open or unresolved, those that have been resolved and those that don't fit into either category.The latest: Friday, April 10Zoom flaw allowed account hijackingA Kurdish security researcher said Zoom had paid him a bug bounty -- a reward for finding a serious flaw -- after he discovered and privately reported a way for anyone to easily hijack any existing Zoom account if the account email address was known or successfully guessed.The researcher, who calls himself \"s3c\" but whose real name may be Yusuf Abdulla, described how if he tried to log into the Zoom website with a Facebook account, Zoom would ask for the email address associated with that Facebook account. Then Zoom would open a new webpage notifying him that a confirmation email message had been sent to that email address.The URL of the notification webpage would have a unique identification tag in the address bar. As an example that's much shorter than the real thing, let's say it's \"zoom.com/signup/123456XYZ\".When s3c received and opened the confirmation email message sent by Zoom, he clicked on the confirmation button in the body of the message. This took him to yet another webpage that confirmed his email address was now associated with a new account. So far, so good.But then s3c noticed that the unique identification tag in the Zoom confirmation webpage's URL was identical to the first ID tag. Let's use the example \"zoom.com/confirmation/123456XYZ\".The matching ID tags, one used before confirmation and the other after confirmation, meant that s3c could have avoided receiving the confirmation email, and clicking on the confirmation button, altogether. In fact, he could have entered ANY email address -- yours, mine or billgates@gmail.com -- into the original signup form. Then he could have copied the ID tag from the resulting Zoom notification page and pasted the ID tag into an already existing Zoom account-confirmation page. Boom, he'd have access to any Zoom account created using the targeted email address. \"Even if you already linked your account with a Facebook account Zoom automatically unlink it and link it with the attacker Facebook account,\" s3c wrote in his imperfect English.And because Zoom lets anyone using a company email address view all other users signed up with the same email domain, e.g. \"company.com\", s3c could have leveraged this method to steal ALL of a given company's Zoom accounts.\"So if an attacker create an account with email address attacker@companyname.com and verify it with this bug,\" s3c wrote, \"the attacker can view all emails that created with *@companyname.com in Zoom app in Company contacts so that means the attacker can hack all accounts of the company.\"Zoom is fortunate that s3c is one of the good guys and didn't disclose this flaw publicly before Zoom could fix it. But it's such a simple flaw that it's hard to imagine no one else noticed it before.STATUS: Fixed, thank God.2,300 sets of Zoom login credentials found onlineResearchers from IngSights discovered a set of 2,300 Zoom login credentials being shared in a criminal online forum. \"Aside from personal accounts, there were many corporate accounts belonging to banks, consultancy companies, educational facilities, healthcare providers, and software vendors, amongst others,\" IntSight's Etay Maor wrote in a blog post April 10. \"While some of the accounts 'only' included an email and password, others included meeting IDs, names and host keys,\" Maor wrote.Maor told Threatpost it didn't seem like the credentials came from a Zoom data breach, given their relatively small number. He theorized that they came from \"small lists and databases kept by other companies/agencies.\" It's also possible that some of the credentials were the result of \"credential stuffing.\" That's the (largely) automated process by which criminals try to log into websites by cycling through likely email addresses and likely passwords, and then harvest whatever yields a positive result.STATUS: Unknown. This likely isn't a Zoom issue per se.'Potential security vulnerability' with Zoom file sharingIn an \"ask me anything\" webinar earlier this week, Zoom CEO Eric S. Yuan said that Zoom had discovered \"a potential security vulnerability with file sharing, so we disabled that feature.\"Until this week, participants in a Zoom meeting could share files with each other using the meeting's chat function.STATUS: Fixed.Thursday, April 9Zoom has released updates for its Windows, macOS and Linux desktop client software so that meeting IDs will not display onscreen during meetings. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson last week accidentally displayed a Zoom meeting ID in a tweet, and the Belgian cabinet made a similar mistake.BuzzFeed News reported that Google had banned Zoom from company-owned laptops, the Financial Times reported that the U.S. Senate had advised members and staffers to avoid Zoom, and the German newspaper Handelsblatt said that country's foreign ministry had also asked its staff to stop using Zoom.However, it's worth keeping in mind that Google has its own videoconferencing application built into its G Suite software for enterprises.Wednesday, April 8Taiwan's government has banned the use of Zoom for government meetings and for school use, citing \"security or privacy concerns.\" The memo announcing the government ban did not get more specific about the reasons, but last weekend it emerged that some Zoom meetings were being routed through mainland Chinese servers.Information-security researchers know of several Zoom \"zero-day\" exploits, according to Vice, which couldn't get anyone to go on the record for its story. Zero-days are exploits for software vulnerabilities that the software maker doesn't know about and hasn't fixed, and hence has \"zero days\" to prepare before the exploits appear.However, one Vice source implied that other video-conferencing solutions also had security flaws. Another source said that Zoom zero-days weren't selling for much money due to lack of demand.Along those lines, Kaspersky researchers said they had found more than 500 suspicious files that pretended to be Zoom-related. Not all the files were malicious, and those that were installed adware, not full-on malware. Other phony files mimicked WebEx, GoToMeeting and Slack, but by far the biggest target among video-conferencing platforms was Skype. The researchers found 120,000 suspicious files with Skype attributes.Tuesday, April 7Criminals are trading compromised Zoom accounts on the \"dark web,\" Yahoo News reported. This information apparently came from Israeli cybersecurity firm Sixgill (not to be confused with an American firm of the same name), which specializes in monitoring underground online-criminal activity. We weren't able to find any mention of the findings on the Sixgill website.Sixgill told Yahoo it had spotted 352 compromised Zoom accounts that included meeting IDs, email addresses, passwords and host keys. Some of the accounts belonged to schools, and one each to a small business and a large healthcare provider, but most were personal.Monday, April 6Zoom installer bundled with malwareResearchers at Trend Micro discovered a version of the Zoom installer that has been bundled with cryptocurrency-mining malware, i.e. a coin-miner. The Zoom installer will put Zoom version 4.4.0.0 on your Windows PC, but it comes with a coin-miner that Trend Micro has given the catchy name Trojan.Win32.MOOZ.THCCABO. (By the way, the latest Zoom client software for Windows is up to version 4.6.9, and you should get it only from here.)The coin-miner will ramp up your PC's central processor unit, and its graphics card if there is one, to solve mathematical problems in order to generate new units of cryptocurrency. You'll notice this if you fans suddenly speed up or if Windows Task Manager (hit Ctrl + Shift + Esc) shows unexpectedly heavy CPU/GPU use.To avoid getting hit with this malware, make sure you're running one of the best antivirus programs, and don't click on any links in emails, social media posts or pop-up messages that promise to install Zoom on your machine. STATUS: Open, but this isn't Zoom's problem to fix. It can't stop other people from copying and redistributing its installation software.Zoom encryption isn't what it's cracked up to beNot only does Zoom mislead users about its \"end-to-end encryption\" (see further down), but its seems to be flat-out, um, not telling the truth about the quality of its encryption algorithm. Zoom says it use AES-256 encryption to encode video and audio data traveling between Zoom servers and Zoom clients (i.e., you and me). But researchers at the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto, in a report posted April 3, found that Zoom actually uses the somewhat weaker AES-128 algorithm. Even worse, Zoom uses an in-house implementation of encryption algorithm that preserves patterns from the original file. It's as if someone drew a red circle on a gray wall, and then a censor painted over the red circle with a while circle. You're not seeing the original message, but the shape is still there. \"We discourage the use of Zoom at this time for use cases that require strong privacy and confidentiality,\" the Citizen Lab report says, such as \"governments worried about espionage, businesses concerned about cybercrime and industrial espionage, healthcare providers handling sensitive patient information\" and \"activists, lawyers, and journalists working on sensitive topics.\"STATUS: Unresolved. In a blog post April 3, Zoom CEO Eric S. Yuan acknowledged the encryption issue but said only that \"we recognize that we can do better with our encryption design\" and \"we expect to have more to share on this front in the coming days.\"Zoom cryptographic keys issued by Chinese serversThose AES128 encryption keys are issued to Zoom clients by Zoom servers, which is all well and good, except that the Citizen Lab found several Zoom servers in China issuing keys to Zoom users even when all participants in a meeting were in North America. Since Zoom servers can decrypt Zoom meetings, and Chinese authorities can compel operators of Chinese servers to hand over data, the implication is that the Chinese government might be able to see your Zoom meetings. That's got to be bad news for the British government, which has held at least one Cabinet meeting over Zoom.STATUS: Apparently fixed. In a blog post April 3, Zoom CEO Eric S. Yuan responded to the Citizen Lab report by saying that \"it is possible certain meetings were allowed to connect to systems in China, where they should not have been able to connect. We have since corrected this.\"Security flaw with Zoom meeting waiting roomsZoom advises meeting hosts to set up \"waiting rooms\" to avoid \"Zoom bombing.\" A waiting room essentially keeps participants on hold until a host lets them in, either all at once or one at a time. The Citizen Lab said it found a serious security issue with Zoom waiting rooms, and advised hosts and participants to not use them for now. The Citizen Lab is not disclosing the details yet, but has told Zoom of the flaw.\"We advise Zoom users who desire confidentiality to not use Zoom Waiting Rooms,\" the Citizen Lab said in its report. \"Instead, we encourage users to use Zoom’s password feature.\"STATUS: Fixed. In a follow-up to their initial report. the Citizen Lab researchers disclosed that uninvited attendees to a meeting could nonetheless get the meeting's encryption key from the waiting room. \"On April 7, Zoom reported to us that they had implemented a server-side fix for the issue,\" the researchers said.Zoom software can be easily corruptedGood software has built-in anti-tampering mechanisms to make sure that applications don't run code that's been altered by a third party. Zoom has such anti-tampering mechanisms in place, which is good. But those anti-tampering mechanisms themselves are not protected from tampering, said a British computer student who calls himself \"Lloyd\" in a blog post April 3. Needless to say, that's bad. Lloyd showed how Zoom's anti-tampering mechanism can easily be disabled, or even replaced with a malicious version that hijacks the application.If you're reading this with a working knowledge of how Windows software works, this is a pretty damning passage: \"This DLL can be trivially unloaded, rendering the anti-tampering mechanism null and void. The DLL is not pinned, meaning an attacker from a 3rd party process could simply inject a remote thread.\"In other words, malware already present on a computer could use Zoom's own anti-tampering mechanism to tamper with Zoom. Criminals could also create fully working versions of Zoom that have been altered to perform malicious acts.STATUS: Unresolved.Open/unresolved issuesZoom bombingAnyone can \"bomb\" a public Zoom meeting if they know the meeting number, and then use the file-share photo to post shocking images, or make annoying sounds in the audio. The FBI even warned about it a few days ago.The host of the Zoom meeting can mute or even kick out troublemakers, but they can come right back with new user IDs. The best way to avoid Zoom bombing is to not share Zoom meeting numbers with anyone but the intended participants. You can also require participants to use a password to log into the meeting.On April 3, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan said that \"anyone who hacks into a teleconference can be charged with state or federal crimes.\" It's not clear whether that applies only to eastern Michigan.STATUS: There are easy ways to avoid Zoom bombing, which we go through here.Leaks of email addresses and profile photosZoom automatically puts everyone sharing the same email domain into a \"company\" folder where they can see each other's information. Exceptions are made for people using large webmail clients such as Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail or Outlook.com, but not apparently for smaller webmail providers that Zoom might not know about. Several Dutch Zoom users who use ISP-provided email addresses suddenly found that they were in the same \"company\" with dozens of strangers -- and could see their email addresses, user names and user photos.STATUS: Unknown.Sharing of personal data with advertisersSeveral privacy experts, some working for Consumer Reports, pored over Zoom's privacy policy and found that it apparently gave Zoom the right to use Zoom users' personal data and to share it with third-party marketers.Following a Consumer Reports blog post, Zoom quickly rewrote its privacy policy, stripping out the most disturbing passages and asserting that \"we do not sell your personal data.\"STATUS: Unknown. We don't know the details of Zoom's business dealings with third-party advertisers.You can 'war drive' to find open Zoom meetingsYou can find open Zoom meetings by rapidly cycling through possible Zoom meeting IDs, a security researcher told independent security blogger Brian Krebs. The researcher got past Zoom's meeting-scan blocker by running queries through Tor, which randomized his IP address. It's a variation on \"war driving\" by randomly dialing telephone numbers to find open modems in the dial-up days.The researcher told Krebs that he could find about 100 open Zoom meetings every hour with the tool, and that \"having a password enabled on the [Zoom] meeting is the only thing that defeats it.\"STATUS: Unknown.Zoom meeting chats don't stay privateTwo Twitter users pointed out that if you're in a Zoom meeting and use a private window in the meeting's chat app to communicate privately with another person in the meeting, that conversation will be visible in the end-of-meeting transcript the host receives.STATUS: Unknown.Resolved/fixed issuesWindows password stealingZoom meetings have side chats in which participants can sent text-based messages and post web links. But according to Twitter user @_g0dmode and Anglo-American cybersecurity training firm Hacker House, Zoom until the end of March made no distinction between regular web addresses and a different kind of remote networking link called a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) path. That left Zoom chats vulnerable to attack.If a malicious Zoom bomber slipped a UNC path to a remote server that he controlled into a Zoom meeting chat, an unwitting participant could click on it. The participant's Windows computer would then try to reach out to the hacker's remote server specified in the path and automatically try to log into it using the user's Windows username and password. The hacker could capture the password \"hash\" and decrypt it, giving him access to the Zoom user's Windows account.STATUS: Yuan's blog post says Zoom has now fixed this problem.Windows malware injectionMohamed A. Baset of security firm Seekurity said on Twitter that the same filepath flaw also would let a hacker insert a UNC path to a remote executable file into a Zoom meeting chatroom. If a Zoom user running Windows clicked on it, a video posted by Baset showed, the user's computer would try to load and run the software. The victim would be prompted to authorize the software to run, which will stop some hacking attempts but not all.STATUS: If the UNC filepath issue is fixed, then this should be as well.iOS profile sharingUntil late March, Zoom sent iOS user profiles to Facebook as part of the \"log in with Facebook\" feature in the iPhone and iPad Zoom apps. After Vice News exposed the practice, Zoom said it hadn't been aware of the profile-sharing and updated the iOS apps to fix this.STATUS: Fixed.Malware-like behavior on MacsWe learned last summer that Zoom used hacker-like methods to bypass normal macOS security precautions. We thought that problem had been fixed then, along with the security flaw it created. But a series of tweets March 30 from security researcher Felix Seele, who noticed that Zoom installed itself on his Mac without the usual user authorizations, revealed that there was still an issue.Ever wondered how the @zoom_us macOS installer does it’s job without you ever clicking install? Turns out they (ab)use preinstallation scripts, manually unpack the app using a bundled 7zip and install it to /Applications if the current user is in the admin group (no root needed). pic.twitter.com/qgQ1XdU11MMarch 30, 2020\"They (ab)use preinstallation scripts, manually unpack the app using a bundled 7zip and install it to /Applications if the current user is in the admin group (no root needed),\" Seele wrote. \"The application is installed without the user giving his final consent and a highly misleading prompt is used to gain root privileges. The same tricks that are being used by macOS malware.\" (Seele elaborated in a more user-friendly blog post here.)Zoom founder and CEO Eric S. Yuan tweeted a friendly response.\"To join a meeting from a Mac is not easy, that is why this method is used by Zoom and others,\" Yuan wrote. \"Your point is well taken and we will continue to improve.\"UPDATE: In a new tweet April 2, Seele said Zoom had released a new version of the Zoom client for macOS that \"completely removes the questionable 'preinstall'-technique and the faked password prompt.\"\"I must say that I am impressed. That was a swift and comprehensive reaction. Good work, @zoom_us!\" Seele added.Zoom just released an update for the macOS installer which completely removes the questionable \"preinstall\"-technique and the faked password prompt.I must say that I am impressed. That was a swift and comprehensive reaction. Good work, @zoom_us! pic.twitter.com/vau556TyAaApril 2, 2020STATUS: Fixed.A backdoor for Mac malwareOther people could use Zoom's dodgy Mac installation methods, renowned Mac hacker Patrick Wardle said in a blog post March 30.Wardle demonstrated how a local attacker -- such as a malicious human or already-installed malware -- could use Zoom's formerly magical powers of unauthorized installation to \"escalate privileges\" and gain total control over the machine without knowing the administrator password. Wardle also showed that a malicious script installed into the Zoom Mac client could give any piece of malware Zoom's webcam and microphone privileges, which do not prompt the user for authorization and could turn any Mac with Zoom installed into a potential spying device.\"This affords malware the ability to record all Zoom meetings, or simply spawn Zoom in the background to access the mic and webcam at arbitrary times,\" Wardle wrote.STATUS: Yuan's blog post says Zoom has fixed these flaws.Other issuesPhony end-to-end encryptionZoom claims its meetings use \"end-to-end encryption\" if every participant calls in from a computer or a Zoom mobile app instead of over the phone. But under pressure from The Intercept, a Zoom representative admitted that Zoom's definitions of \"end-to-end\" and \"endpoint\" are not the same as everyone else's.\"When we use the phrase 'End to End',\" a Zoom spokeperson told The Intercept, \"it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point.\" Sound good, but the spokesperson clarified that he counted a Zoom server as an endpoint. Every other company considers an endpoint to be a user device -- a desktop, laptop, smartphone or tablet -- but not a server. And every other company takes \"end-to-end encryption\" to mean that servers that relay messages from one endpoint to another can't decrypt the messages.When you send an Apple Message from your iPhone to another iPhone user, Apple's servers help the message get from one place to another, but they can't read the content.Not so with Zoom. It can see whatever is going on in its meetings, and sometimes it may have to in order to make sure everything works properly. Just don't believe the implication that it can't.UPDATE: In a blog post April 1, Zoom Chief Product Officer Oded Gal wrote that \"we want to start by apologizing for the confusion we have caused by incorrectly suggesting that Zoom meetings were capable of using end-to-end encryption. \"\"We recognize that there is a discrepancy between the commonly accepted definition of end-to-end encryption and how we were using it,\" he wrote.Gal assured users that all data sent and received by Zoom client applications (but not regular phone lines, business conferencing systems or, presumably, browser interfaces) is indeed encrypted and that Zoom servers or staffers \"do not decrypt it at any point before it reaches the receiving clients.\"However, Gal added, \"Zoom currently maintains the key management system for these systems in the cloud\" but has \"implemented robust and validated internal controls to prevent unauthorized access to any content that users share during meetings.\"The implication is that Zoom doesn't decrypt user transmissions by choice. But because it holds the encryption keys, Zoom could if it had to, such as if it were presented with a warrant or a U.S. National Security Letter (essentially a secret warrant). For those worried about government snooping, Gal wrote that \"Zoom has never built a mechanism to decrypt live meetings for lawful intercept purposes, nor do we have means to insert our employees or others into meetings without being reflected in the participant list.\"He added that companies and other enterprises would soon be able to handle their own encryption process.\"A solution will be available later this year to allow organizations to leverage Zoom’s cloud infrastructure but host the key management system within their environment.\"STATUS: This is an issue of misleading advertising rather than an actual software flaw. We hope Zoom stops using the term \"end-to-end encryption\" incorrectly, but just keep in mind that you may not be getting the real thing with Zoom.Zoom meeting recordings can be found onlinePrivacy researcher Patrick Jackson noticed that Zoom meeting recordings saved to the host's computer generally get a certain type of file name. So he searched unprotected cloud servers to see if anyone had uploaded Zoom recordings and found more than 15,000 unprotected examples, according to The Washington Post. Jackson also found some recorded Zoom meetings on YouTube and Vimeo.This isn't really Zoom's fault. It's up to the host to decide whether to record a meeting, and Zoom gives paying customers the option to store recordings on Zoom's own servers. It's also up to the host to decide to change the recording's file name.If you host a Zoom meeting and decide to record it, then make sure you change the default file name after you're done.STATUS: This is not really Zoom's problem, to be honest."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","台大教授葉丙成臉書留言\n\n【Zoom 好危險、好可怕？！】\n\n最近好幾位朋友問我對於 Zoom 視訊會議軟體資安問題的看法。但我一直沒有想說什麼。主要的原因是，我對 Zoom 台灣帳號的收費比美國帳號貴，拎北覺得很不爽。所以當 Zoom 被譙的時候，我也懶得說什麼。\n\n但這段期間，網路上對於視訊會議資安問題的報導沸沸揚揚，甚至還變成反對數位教學的人士用來反對線上補課的論述。而且所謂的「資安威脅」，我看到有很多點是過度解讀，甚至有的說法已經到了反智的地步。\n\n有的學校還因此被教育局處長官要求不能用 Zoom，原先的數位準備全部被打亂。\n\n這一切實在讓我看不下去。\n\n所以雖然我知道跟風向不同，我想我還是要說一下我的看法。\n\n先看一下國外知名科技網站 Tom's Guide 針對 Zoom 的資安問題所做的報導，結論是：\n\n\"We disagree with that decision, because we think Zoom is safe to use for meetings that aren't highly sensitive. For school classes, after-work get-togethers, or even workplace meetings that stick to routine business, there's not much risk in using Zoom.\"\n\n結論就是，除非你是英國國防部、SpaceX、或是高科技公司、等這類要討論高度機密的人，不然對於教學、或是一般商務的會議而言，用 Zoom 沒有太大風險 (quote: not much risk in using Zoom）。\n\n那大家一直在傳的資安問題，到底是怎麼回事？這裡面有很多，坦白說真的很瞎，我先抓幾點來說：\n\n1. Zoom Booming：\n\n不是說有什麼 Zoom Bombing 很可怕，用 Zoom 開會上課到一半，會出現有駭客駭入會議突然丟色情照片擾亂。Zoom 也太糟糕了，居然會被人這樣駭入，太糟糕了！\n\n等等，你有沒有去了解過 Zoom Bombing 是怎麼來的？Zoom 的會議室可以設密碼。但為了方便大家連進來開會，大部分使用者都省略不設密碼，直接把會議室號碼/連結傳給大家。有的人把會議室號碼/連結流出給不相干的人，不相干的人進來亂。這叫做「駭入」？\n\n靠杯喔，你在外面租「小樹屋」的房間開會，門有鎖可以鎖而你不鎖，被無聊人士闖進來丟色情圖片，這叫被駭入？你叫小樹屋要負責？！\n\n以臉書社團為例，你開一個臉書社團，然後你自己不設成私密而設公開讓每個人都可以進得來。然後有人進來亂貼直銷廣告、色情照片，你怎麼不說是臉書資安有問題被人「駭入」？明明就是你自己社團權限沒管控好，不是臉書害你被駭啊。\n\n那為什麼你 Zoom 要開屬於你們自己人的會議，然後你都不設密碼，也沒有告誡大家會議室號碼不要給不相干的人。然後被不相干的人闖進來，你才在哭說是軟體有問題害你被駭？\n\n我也是傻眼了。\n\n根本就是使用者貪圖方便不設會議室密碼啊！\n\n（據說 Zoom 已經自動生成密碼了，以後這種使用者自己不設防的問題應該就會解決）\n\n2. 安裝檔有惡意軟體：\n\nTom's Guide 上面有說到，有的 Zoom 安裝軟體可能會被連帶偷裝幫人挖礦的程式，造成系統的問題。但 Tom's Guide 也說，這個責任不是 Zoom 的錯，因為任何人都有可能製作出這種惡意的安裝檔給別人下載安裝。\n\n許多人說這是資安問題，我又傻眼了。\n\n每個人都應該要有最基本的資安素養：要安裝軟體，要從官方網站下載，不要從非原廠網站下載來源不明的程式安裝。\n\nZoom 你不去人家官方網站下載來裝，你偏偏要偷懶從人家給你的來源不明的安裝檔去安裝，結果電腦免費幫人挖礦，你說是誰的錯？如果你就是有這種糟糕習慣的人，你用其他軟體也會幫人家免費挖礦，不會只有 Zoom。\n\n這根本就是使用者偷懶不去官方下載啊！\n\n要安裝軟體，請從官方網站下載。這是常識，OK？\n\n3. 聊天室點了惡意連結，導致系統被駭中毒：\n\n講到這個，我又傻眼了。來源不明的連結不可以點，這你不知道嗎？你在 Line、在 Chrome、在 IE、在 Safari 點了來源不明不該點的連結，會不會中毒？你都知道來源不明連結點了會出問題，那你為什麼在 Zoom 聊天室還要去點來源不明的連結，然後出事了才說是 Zoom 資安有問題被駭？\n\n這根本是使用者手癢亂按不明的連結啊！\n\n------------\n\n最後，我再來談談真正最重要的資訊安全原則是什麼。\n\n真正的資訊安全，就是要假定任何地方都可能出錯，有機密性的東西都完全不該在網路上跟人家談。\n\n你今天用 Meet 或 Team 跟別人視訊會議，就會安全？我也是笑笑了。你今天跟人家視訊會議，說的任何話，都能夠被人錄製桌面而錄下來，事後流出去。\n\n所以真相是，只要你是用視訊會議或網路軟體跟人談事情，不管你是用哪一家的，你都沒有真正的資訊安全。真正的安全是，機密的事情要跟真人實際面對面的口頭談，才會安全。\n\n喔是嗎？你確定對方身上沒有偷裝錄音機？你要不要搜身一下才能確定真正安全？\n\n如果你是做高科技技術的公司、或是高階政府單位，有高機密性的資訊，原本就不應該用任何視訊會議來傳達。很多國際大企業都用美國思科 Cisco 的 Webex 系統，相對比較安全。話說 Webex 是誰開發的？就是 Zoom 的創辦人當年所開發的，他離開 Cisco 之前去創立 Zoom 之前，是副總裁。國際大企業過去十幾二十年都用這個人的東西，這個人有沒有問題，這是個參考指標。\n\n任何軟體都有洞，你個別搜尋各家軟體公司的名字 Google, Microsoft, Line, Facebook, Apple 再加上「資安漏洞」，你都會看到每個軟體都有洞。越多人用的軟體，越有機會被大家找出洞來，也越有機會讓洞被補起來，而變得越安全。\n\n以最多人用的微軟為例，這麼多年來的「資安漏洞」、「被駭風險」的新聞不多嗎？\n\nZoom 這段期間因為許多人大量使用，所以被看到的洞自然就比較多（雖然有很多洞我認為根本上是使用者習慣的問題），之後就看他們是否有補起來。現在的觀察是，我看他們最近的更新滿頻繁，看起來是有努力在把一些洞補起來。\n\n------------\n\n最後的最後，你問我說我會不會改用其他會議軟體？\n\n從資訊安全的角度來說，如同國外網站說的，並沒有太大的風險。但在台灣，卻被炒作到好像用了電腦就完了。更別說當中很多的風險，都是使用者自己資安習慣不好，用其他軟體也會遇到的。\n\n我的看法是，在台灣，Zoom 的資安問題，已經不是技術問題，而是政治問題。\n\nZoom 的創辦人來自中國，但他的主要資金來源還是美國的資本市場，Zoom最大外部股東是Emergence Capital，持股12.5%。紅杉資本持股11.4%。跟華為的資金來自政府是不同的。我不覺得 Zoom 有必要亂搞去得罪他在美國的眾多金主投資人。\n\n有人提到，如果中國政府要求 Zoom 提供使用者資料，他們敢不從嗎？\n\nGoogle 當初退出中國就是這個原因，因為公司的決策要求的是公司最大利益。在大陸，目前大多數的人用的是阿里巴巴跟微信的會議軟體，用 Zoom 的很少。美國跟其他國家市場，才是 Zoom 的主要利基來源。如果 Zoom 在大陸同意把使用者資料交給政府，他在美國的市場絕對雪崩，這也是為什麼當初 Google 寧可全面退出大陸也不把資料給大陸官方。\n\n董事會成員在乎的是公司的最大利益。Zoom 的主要股東是來自美國資本市場，這些人不會由著公司去做傷害公司利益的事。這是為什麼前述的假設狀況，出現的機會不大。當然，我也有可能是錯的。\n\n但同樣的問題，為什麼大家會認為如果中國政府要求，微軟就不會就範呢？特別微軟在大陸投入很多的資源，也有很大的市場。微軟中國分公司就不會就範？我反而覺得微軟若不從，要冒的風險比 Zoom 大很多。\n\n所以，我會繼續用。反正我的課程教學沒有什麼機密。真正有什麼很機密的事，還是來找我喝咖啡再當面聊吧！\n\n如果你有真正很機密的事情，我會勸你，別說 Zoom，其他的視訊軟體通通都不該用。那才是真正的安全！\n\n註：Tom's Guide 評論全文連結：https://bit.ly/2Rg3b8n\n\n（歡迎分享）"],["id","36r3h86c3wj7q"],["createdAt","2020-04-12T11:39:14.933Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_iGx8PtfSCX2Cx1_T8EwMifj-KOATmriOXu7QAsGFub0"],["name","一絲不苟的淡水諾瑪"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Why Farmed Salmon Is One Of The Most Toxic Things You Can Put In Your Body"],["url","https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/04/24/why-farmed-salmon-is-one-of-the-most-toxic-things-you-can-put-in-your-body/"],["summary","The Facts:Robert F. Kennedy Jr recently appeared in Connecticut after an effort to Mandate multiple vaccines has been initiated. In his appearance, he claimed that the HPV vaccine may and does cause cancer, among other things.Reflect On:With so much science, and evidence of corruption and fraud when it comes to vaccine safety, why are there efforts to make certain vaccines mandatory when it's clear that they're not really safe as they are marketed to be. What's going on?Is the HPV vaccine safe? In an age where legislators are pushing for mandatory vaccinations, the push to take away the freedom of choice has more people looking at information that the mainstream continues to ignore. The truth is, vaccines are not as safe and effective as they’re marketed to be. This is evident by the fact that the National Childhood Vaccine Injury act as now paid approximately $4 billion dollars to vaccine injured children, and that only accounts for 1 percent of vaccine injured children as the majority of injuries go completely unreported.\nA great example to use would be the MMR vaccine. On its own, it has caused approximately 100,000 adverse events, 2000 disabilities, 7000 hospitalizations and 500 deaths. (source) And again, according to VAERS, only 1 percent of injuries are accounted for. Meanwhile, measles does not kill. The chances of dying of measles are akin to getting hit by lighting, the odds of dying from measles are 0.01 percent! (source) And those who contract measles receive natural immunity that lasts a lifetime, unlike the vaccine-induced immunity that wanes over time.\nNote: Listen to our latest podcast deconstructing the vaccine subject in detail here.\nLooking Into The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, it seems to get worse. There are a multiple of problems with the HPV vaccine, and one of them is that it’s loaded with aluminum. Why is this a problem that needs to be addressed? Well, because aluminum, among several other vaccine ingredients, have simply been used in vaccines as presumed to be safe without any actual safety testing. Studies that have examined aluminum raise great cause for concern. One from 2015 points out:\n\nEvidence that aluminum-coated particles phagocytozed in the injected muscle and its draining lymph notes can disseminate within phagocytes throughout the body and slowly accumulate in the brain further suggests that alum safety should be evaluated in the long term. (source)\n\nAluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Here’s a great clip of doctor Christopher Shaw from the University of British Columbia explaining how injected aluminum does not exit the body. He, alongside Sneha K.S. Sheth andYongling Li, published a study in 2017 looking at animal models. They found that almost “100 percent of the intramuscularly injected aluminum (as in vaccine adjuvants) is absorbed into the systemic circulation and travels to different sites in the body such as the brain, joints and spleen where it accumulates and is retained for years post-vaccination.” (source)\n\nGardasil Victims\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, countless numbers of girls, and boys, have had severe adverse reactions which have resulted in disability and/or death. The latest example to make noise regarding HPV vaccine injury is Jennifer Robi, a 24-year-old former athlete and scholar who has been confined to a wheelchair since receiving her third Gardasil vaccine at age sixteen. She suffers continual uncontrolled neuro/muscular contractions (jerking) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and many other symptoms of systemic autoimmune dysregulation. You can read more about that story here.\nAnother one we’ve written about is Colton Barrett, who took his own life after being unable to cope with his Gardasil vaccine injuries. You can read more about that and watch an interview with him here. Christopher Bunch is also another teenager who recently died as a result of the HPV vaccine, you can read more about that here.\nThe list of deaths and injuries as a result of the Gardasil Vaccine is a long one. In America, the chances of dying from cervical cancer is 2.3 out of 100,000. The chances of getting an autoimmune disease from this vaccine are 2.3 out of 100. That means that your chances of getting an autoimmune disease from this vaccine are 1000 time greater than getting cervical cancer, as Kennedy points out in his lecture below.\nReports to the World Health Organization’s global adverse drug reactions database—conservatively estimated to represent 10% of actual reactions—show over 305,000 adverse reactions where the HPV vaccine “is believed to have been the cause,” including 445 deaths (23 of which were sudden) and over 1,000 cancerous tumors (including 168 cervical cancers), among other serious reactions (BMJ letter, December 2017).\n\n“A healthy 16-year-old is at zero immediate risk of dying from cervical cancer but is faced with a small but real risk of death or serious disability from a vaccine that has yet to prevent a single case of cervical cancer.”\n\n\nRobert F. Kennedy Jr. Gaining Credibility\nRobert F. Kennedy Jr. recently made an appearance in Hartford, Connecticut at the “Science of Vaccines forum” in response to proposed mandatory vaccination initiatives in the state. He had a previously planned vaccination discussion with three Yale doctors cancelled on him, and the doctors have since refused to return emails asking for statements as to why they didn’t attend.\nHe made some bold statements, and he used evidence and science to back them up. After using Merck’s own HPV pre-licensure safety study documents showing the manipulation of data to hide increases in severe adverse vaccine reactions, he stated:\n\nI’m saying this not on belief but because it’s true. And I’m saying it that way so that Merck will sue me if I’m saying something wrong, and they won’t.”\n\nIn the talk, he goes on to state that if the truth was known, “nobody in the world would ever, who has any concern for a little girl, would ever give them this vaccine.”\nAfter showing a slide of evidence illustrating how people who have already been exposed to HPV and receive the vaccine have a much higher percentage of actually getting cancer, which is a fact, the vaccine is much less effective to people who have already been exposed to HPV (many of whom are exposed in the birth canal). He states, “this vaccine gives you cancer, if you’ve already been exposed.”\nYou can view the full lecture below where some of the above quotes come from. Another set of quotes come from the same conference, but is not filmed below. You can view that part of the lecture in this video posted to Kennedy’s Children’s Health Defence Facebook Page.\n\nPap Smears VS Vaccines\nKennedy provides legitimate sources in his lecture, and there are many others to back up his claims that this vaccine could actually be contributing to cervical cancer.\nAs a result of the introduction of pap smear tests, the percentage of incidences of invasive cancer of the cervix decreased from 13.5 to 9.4 in Great Britain, 13.5 to 7 in Australia, 11.6 to 10.2 in Sweden, 15.1 to 11 in Norway, 10.7 to 6.67 in the USA, and 11 to 7.1 in France, in less than 20 years. Out of all countries across the globe that used smear screening, the average annual rate of decline was 2.5% between 1989 and 2000 and 1% between 2000 and 2007, resulting in a total decrease of nearly 30% across 1989-2007. (1,2,3,4,5) \nThe HPV Vaccine has reversed this trend.\nIn 2017, Sweden’s Center for Cervical Cancer prevention reported that incidences of invasive cervical cancer are climbing in nearly all countries. Over the two-year period from 2013 to 2015, for example, there was a steep 20 percent increase. (source) Note that in Sweden, the Gardasil vaccination program was rolled out in 2010, with vaccination coverage of 12-year-old girls approaching 80%. In 2012-2013, thanks to a catch-up program, almost all girls aged 13 to 18 were vaccinated. (source)\nIn France, incidences of cervical cancer have increased steadily since vaccinations started, from 9.6 per 100000 in 2006 to 9.7 in 2009, 10.3 in 2012, and 11.49 in 2015. (source)\nOn April 30th of 2018, a study published in the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics suggested that the HPV vaccine may actually be causing cervical cancer in some women rather than preventing it. According to the editors of the journal, “the issues raised by it [the study] are important and discussion on it is in the public interest.“\nThat last point there is so important: “discussion on it is in the public interest.” Any type of discussion regarding heavily marketed medication is extremely important, and it’s highly concerning when there is a large attempt to ridicule or prevent such a discussion from taking place.\nThe study was retracted, but remains accessible on the journal’s site.\nAs editors, we are wary of the extreme ideological divide that views discussions on vaccines as either “pro” or “anti”. In low and middle-income countries like India, where early HPV infection and incidence of carcinoma cervix are relatively high, scientific discussion and resolution of issues concerning the HPV vaccine is critical, for women receiving it, and for policy making on its introduction in the universal immunisation programme. We hope that the hypothesis of possible harm of vaccinating women previously exposed to HPV is carefully explored in future studies. (source)\nGardasil Failure Likened To The Titanic\nHere’s another great quote from Dr. Nicole Delepine, a surgeon and Oncologist from France.\n\nIt takes a long time to affirm that a preventive action really protects. But the failure of this supposed protection can sometimes be very quickly obvious. To prove that the Titanic was truly unsinkable would have required decades of navigation on the most dangerous seas of the world. Demonstrating that it wasn’t, took only a few hours … This Titanic demonstration is unfortunately reproduced by the Gardasil vaccination.\nEvidence that vaccination increases the risk of invasive cancer can be rapid, if the vaccine changes the natural history of cancer by accelerating it. The analysis of trends in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer published in official statistics (registers) was studied in the first and most fully vaccinated countries (Australia, Great Britain, Sweden and Norway). Unfortunately, it’s the case for HPV vaccines. (source)\n\nGardasil’s prevention failure has essentially erased the perceived benefits of the Pap smear, which is accelerating the onset of cervical cancer, according to Delepine. She points out how, in all of the countries who have implemented large HPV vaccination programs, there’s been a significant increase in the frequency of invasive cancers within the most vaccinated populations. She makes an important points and emphasize how non-vaccinated women continue to benefit from screening with a Pap smear:\n\nDuring the same period, older women (and therefore unvaccinated) saw their cancer risk decrease significantly: less 17% for women aged 55 to 59 (from 9.7 to 8.1), less 13% for women aged 60 to 64 ( from 10.3 to 8.9), less 23% for those aged 75 to 79 (from 11.5 to 8.8) and even less 31% for those aged 80 to 84 (from 14.5 to 10).\n\nFrom their inception, the two HPV vaccines (Merck’s Gardasil and, outside the U.S., GlaxoSmithKline’s Cervarix) have been aggressively marketed, with their potential benefits oversold and their many risks disguised, particularly through the use of inappropriate placebos. It has been left to independent researchers to critique the regulatory apparatus’ fraudulent evidence. Recent letters published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) have brought forward some stark numbers that illustrate the vaccine’s appalling record: A seriously adverse event rate of 1 in 15 (7%) and a death rate among the vaccinated (14 per 10,000) that far exceeds the risk of dying from cervical cancer which is 0.23 per 10,000 (BMJ letter, May 2018).\nThis quote from RFK Jr. sums it all up:\n\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, is it really necessary? There is a very small percentage of women who will contract an HPV infection throughout their lifetime, and 95 percent of these women who do get an HPV infection will clear it by themselves within a couple of years, you don’t even have to detect it. Of the remaining 5 percent, approximately half of those women will develop pre-cancerous lesions, which could then take decades to develop into cancerous lesions. Furthermore, the HPV vaccine only provides 5-10 years of immunity, and girls (and boys) are injected with it at approximately 12 years old. How likely is it that a child will develop an HPV infection between the ages of 12 and 17?\n\nThe Takeaway\nThe HPV Vaccine is one of the clearest indicators that we are dealing with a health care industry that values profit over human health. Even with signs of upward trends in cancer and other vaccine damage, the industry continues unabated to promote it’s product. This is why we need to spread the truth on these matters, and use this information to spur our collective awakening to what is really going on in the world.\nWe recently did a very detailed segment for The Collective Evolution Show where we deconstructed the entire vaccine subject in great detail. You can listen to our latest podcast episode containing that here.\n\nSources Used Not Highlighted Within the Article:\n1] Cancer Research UK, Cervical Cancer (C53): 1993-2015, European Age-Standardized Incidence Rates per 100,000 Population, Females, UK Accessed 08 [ 2018 ].\n[2] AIHW [2]. 13. AIHW 2017. Cancer in Australia 2017. Cancer series no. 101. Cat. No. CAN 100. Canberra: AIHW.\n[3] NORDCAN, Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries 3.1.2018\n[4] Bo T Hansen, Suzanne Campbell, Mari Nygård Long-term incidence of HPVrelated cancers, and cases preventableby HPV vaccination: a registry-based study in Norway BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019005\n\nHelp Support Collective Evolution\n\nThe demand for Collective Evolution's content is bigger than ever, except ad agencies and social media keep cutting our revenues. This is making it hard for us to continue.\nIn order to stay truly independent, we need your help. We are not going to put up paywalls on this website, as we want to get our info out far and wide. For as little as $3 a month, you can help keep CE alive!\nSUPPORT CE HERE!"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn3.collective-evolution.com/assets/uploads/2018/04/Salmon-FI-800x418.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/04/24/why-farmed-salmon-is-one-of-the-most-toxic-things-you-can-put-in-your-body/"],["id","11vkdv74n1usr"],["createdAt","2019-04-06T11:05:15.285Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Edward M. Mautner Oral History"],["url","http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["summary","NASA Johnson Space Center \n Oral History Project\n Edited Oral History Transcript\n Edward \n M. Mautner\n Interviewed by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal\n Chantilly, Virginia – 22 March 2012\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Today is March 22, 2012. This interview with Ed Mautner is being conducted \n at the [Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum] Steven Udvar-Hazy \n Center in Chantilly, Virginia, for the JSC Oral History Project. Interviewer \n is Jennifer Ross-Nazzal, assisted by Rebecca Wright. Thanks again \n for taking time out of your schedule.\n Mautner: \n You’re welcome, it’s my pleasure to do it.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n If you would, tell us about the state of [OV (orbiter vehicle)-101] \n Enterprise in 2003 before she was restored.\n Mautner: \n My familiarity with Enterprise was quite limited before I began work \n on it. When we received it, it had been stored both outdoors and in \n a non-climate-controlled hangar since the mid-80s, and a lot of deterioration \n of the surface coatings—the paint, the markings—had taken \n place. Woodpeckers had gotten up onto the vertical stabilizer and \n pecked a lot of holes into the polyurethane foam that they used as \n a mockup for tiles. I don’t recall the number of holes, but \n there were quite a few of them. \n And then just about every form of creature had made the Enterprise \n their habitat and playground. Birds had gotten into it; bugs had gotten \n into it. Hornets or wasps had made their little mud nests in the landing \n gear wells. They made it out of this beautiful red Virginia clay dirt \n that surrounds the area. In fact, when we started to clean them it \n almost seemed as if the aircraft was bleeding, the soil they made \n those nests out of was so red.\n It had basically suffered a lot of inattention. It hadn’t been \n cleaned or worked on to any great degree. I believe it was outside \n for about two years prior to them building the hangar for it, and \n it had been rained on. There were many ports of entries for water, \n and so water had pooled inside the bottom of the fuselage and it had \n left a lot of staining from dirt, waterlines, etc. and also had caused \n some minor pitting and corrosion. Nothing that would weaken the structure \n of the aircraft but certainly had caused some deterioration.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about that move, when you decided to move her from that hangar \n into this facility.\n Mautner: \n Until I walked in March 1st of 2004, I had never touched Enterprise \n and I had really nothing to do with it. I recall being in the hangar \n the day they moved it in, and just about all the employees who were \n out here took a break to watch them tug it down the tow way from the \n airport and into the building.\n What was noteworthy at the time was that they had cut a notch in the \n back wall of the space hangar in order to permit the vertical [stabilizer] \n to come through. It was the only way to get Enterprise into that building \n without taking the vertical off, which would have been a prohibitively \n difficult task. I came back the next day and the blanking plate had \n been restored as if the building had never changed at all, so that \n was pretty neat. It was a well-prepared move.\n That took place in the early fall of 2003, and while I was aware that \n it was in the building, it was sometime after January 2004 that I \n was notified that I would be working on it in preparation for the \n opening of the space hall [James S. McDonnell Space Hangar].\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What was your expertise prior to working on Enterprise? Were you working \n on aircraft restoration?\n Mautner: \n My background is—the British would describe it as checkered. \n I did a whole lot of things before I got directly involved in airplanes. \n I started out as a kid building model airplanes, and I never gave \n that up. I always built model airplanes, and I continue to do so. \n And I was always a museum rat, an airplane museum rat. Whenever we \n traveled, wherever we went, there was always a stop at an airplane \n museum somewhere.\n Somewhere around the late 80s, my wife and I had moved our children \n to southern California, and I began to volunteer in some aircraft \n museums out there. Planes of Fame in [Air Museum] Chino, and later \n at the Command Museum at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, which \n was right in the town I lived in so it was convenient to work there. \n I started doing structures work.\n In January of 1989 I left a former career and made a great midlife \n career change whereby I wanted to work in an aircraft museum. I had \n enjoyed volunteering on Saturdays so much, I went to Cal [California] \n State University, San Bernardino, for a Museum Studies certificate \n program. My background was in auto mechanics, and I needed to create \n a resume to get into working on aircraft, especially in museums. I \n enjoyed it immensely but had a problem with the hours of class.\n By great good fortune, McDonnell Douglas [Corporation] was hiring \n mechanics in the summer of 1989. Actually they’d been hiring \n prior to that, but that’s when I found out. I went and I applied, \n and they hired me immediately because of my automotive experience. \n I became a structures mechanic on the C-17 [aircraft] program in Long \n Beach, California. That was my first real hands-on experience with \n real aircraft manufacturing.\n I worked at McDonnell Douglas from August of 1989 until June of 1994, \n when there were massive layoffs. They were losing their contracts \n for MD-80s [airliners], and the MD-11 [airliner] never took off. The \n C-17 was in a state of flux because Congress and the Air Force were \n at loggerheads, so I and tens of thousands of others were laid off \n during that year.\n Meanwhile I had gone from my certificate program at Cal State, San \n Bernardino, to a Master’s program at Cal State, Dominguez Hills \n in Historic Preservation. Because John [F.] McDonnell of the McDonnell \n Douglas Corporation was interested in an educated workforce, they \n paid for almost all of my Master’s program, everything but my \n research courses and my thesis. \n I had early on decided that my thesis was going to be in aircraft \n preservation at the National Air and Space Museum. I thought that \n they were the best. They were the ones that were writing about aircraft \n preservation, and I really wanted to write about how they did it, \n because that seemed to be the benchmark.\n In June of 1994 I was laid off, and I immediately contacted the museum \n to do an internship back here so that I could do further research \n for my thesis. In August and September of ’94 I did a 60-day \n volunteer internship. I was outside of their regular program, so there \n was no stipend; I just came in and volunteered. I worked in the restoration \n shop during the day until about 3:30 [p.m.]. I’d then go across \n the river, downtown to the main museum and I would work in the archives.\n The people in the archives—I don’t know why, I was a total \n stranger to them—they let me stay after hours. In fact, at five \n o’clock when they left, they issued me instructions on what \n lights to turn off and how to shut down the computers. I would stay \n there till 8:30 so I’d get all my research. I had one other \n paper and I had my thesis to do, so I spent almost every weekday night \n at the museum doing that.\n They said, “Stay in touch; we’re going to be hiring.” \n The hiring was going to ramp up for this facility, this new Udvar-Hazy \n Center, so I stayed in touch. Every month I contacted somebody associated \n with the restoration facility, and finally in 1997 they said, “Something’s \n going to happen. Get back here; be nearby.” So I stayed with \n relatives and I hung out and I volunteered, and finally in February \n of 1998 they hired me. They did it because I had the academic background, \n but I also had, from McDonnell Douglas and my volunteer efforts, the \n mechanical background as well. I was very fortunate that the timing \n worked out. \n My background is chiefly in aircraft structures, which would be the \n main metal pieces that form the basis of the aircraft upon which everything \n else is hung. After I get through with my work, then the hydraulics \n people and the fuel people and the electrical people and the power \n plant people take over.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What sort of planes have you worked on since you began working here?\n Mautner: \n The first one that I started working on was a Japanese single-engine \n floatplane bomber, [the Aichi M6A1 Seiran]. It looks more like a fighter \n with floats, but it was in fact a strategic bomber that the Japanese \n designed to fold up into an 11-foot diameter circle and fit into the \n tube on a submarine. This submarine was an aircraft carrier, literally, \n and it carried three of these. Very significant aircraft, because \n it was designed to bomb the Panama Canal locks. \n The submarine was probably more technologically advanced than the \n aircraft. It was designed to go 27,000 miles without refueling, and \n they actually did have plans to use these small bombers to bomb New \n York [City, New York] and possibly even Boston [Massachusetts]. It \n was a metal airplane, and my sheet metal experience came to good use \n there. \n After that, they put me on a World War I bomber, a twin-engine fabric-and-wood \n bomber. That airplane was a Caudron G.4, a French bomber that the \n United States tested but never purchased. Because we had no combat \n aircraft in World War I, we had to go to the French and the British \n and the Italians. That was an excellent experience because that broadened \n out my sheet metal and structures experience to wood and fabric. That \n airplane is also currently on display here.\n The next aircraft is one I’m still working on. We have a limited \n number of people here, so we get shifted off of whatever project we’re \n on to take care of other things in the museum, such as creating a \n display or working on the Enterprise for nine months in 2004. From \n about 2000 until this year, I’m still working on a World War \n II German night fighter, the Heinkel 219, a huge metal twin-engine \n aircraft, where again my airframe and sheet metal experience has come \n into use.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us what lessons you learned from working on those aircraft that \n you applied to the Enterprise.\n Mautner: \n In my case, precious few. It was a great departure from what we call \n restoration, where you actually have to fabricate or replicate or \n repair structural pieces of an aircraft. This was largely a massive \n clean-up and painting effort, so it falls under the role of preservation. \n That’s really our role here, preservation. Everybody talks about \n restoration, but restoration is the court of last resort when everything \n has pretty much gone to pot and needs to be drastically repaired or \n replaced.\n What we did on Enterprise fell under the heading of preservation, \n but we called it a refurbishment because we didn’t do anything \n to repair it. It was still considered to be NASA’s aircraft, \n and it came to us in such good structural condition that there really \n was nothing to repair on it except for the paint work.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Would you tell us about working with NASA and USA [United Space Alliance] \n on this project? I understand they were involved.\n Mautner: \n Yes, they were. When we first began on March 1, 2004, we were pretty \n much on our own. There were just three of us: myself, Anne [C.] McCombs, \n and Steve Kautner. We walked into this big empty hangar. The only \n thing that was in it at the time was Enterprise, and it didn’t \n even have a barrier around it because the public wasn’t allowed \n in that building yet. We just kind of stood there and wondered, “Where \n the heck are we going to start on this thing?” \n We had no high-lift equipment—all we had access to were ladders—so \n we decided to start working on the landing gear. We had no contact \n with NASA outside of certain parameters that they gave us in cleaning \n and painting it, that we were given by the curator, Valerie Neal. \n Without anything else but ourselves, we began the cleaning process \n at the lowest part of the Space Shuttle, areas that were accessible \n initially to us.\n Our experience with NASA and USA came a little bit later, and [their] \n big project was the removal of all of the cockpit windscreens, the \n front ones. I believe that there were three panels in them, and there \n were some engineering discussions as to whether they could get away \n with just two panels. The challenge for us was to provide them with \n the platforms to get up there and work off of. \n Anne and I were involved, and at that point we had a lot of mechanics \n from United Airlines [Inc.] come in to assist us. Their bosses permitted \n them to give us some high-lift platforms that were attached to trucks. \n We could maneuver a truck in and then raise a platform and extend \n it out over the nose of Enterprise in order for the USA guys to remove \n those windshields. The other problem was these windscreens were very, \n very heavy. They required quite a bit of effort to crane off of the \n Shuttle.\n At that point, I began to get to meet some of the guys, most specifically \n from USA. One of them was a fellow named Tom [Thomas W.] Roberts, \n and Tom’s my friend now. He was back here for the last visit. \n There were several other mechanics that came up from KSC [NASA Kennedy \n Space Center, Florida] who I would count as really good acquaintances, \n friends, who we worked with. Got to meet Kevin [C.] Templin. He was \n always there, very personable fellow, and always a go-to guy for information \n and leadership. \n Whenever they came back, we dropped what we were doing and became \n assistants to them, to the point where in this last visit we were \n almost considered more one of their group than as a separate entity, \n which was kind of neat. The things I saw from everybody in NASA and \n USA was enthusiasm, expertise, positive attitude, and great great \n teamwork. The first thing we noticed is how well they worked as a \n team. \n Many times we didn’t know that these guys had never worked together \n before, and yet it was a seamless effort. You got to talking to them, \n you got to know them, and you realized, this guy never worked on the \n back end of the aircraft. He always worked on the front and didn’t \n even know the guys that they were working with. That was inspiring \n to us to see that kind of effort that they used to put in.\n Some of my recollection of my efforts with NASA and USA get a little \n bit confused, because some of their efforts were during that nine-month \n period when we worked on preparing Enterprise for the opening of the \n space hangar, but several of them came later. They would ask Anne \n or myself or others from the previous team to come back and assist \n them. I believe that the windshield effort was made during that nine \n months we were there, but our other efforts with them came later, \n so they’d be outside the parameters of my work on the Enterprise.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n I also read that you had to replace the OMS [orbital maneuvering system] \n pods because they had rotted.\n Mautner: \n Yes, we did. One of the first things we did was to remove those. Tony \n [Anthony W.] Carp was the team lead for the lifting of the OMS pods. \n They were a large aluminum plate that mated up to the surface of the \n Shuttle, but everything above that aluminum plate was basically wood. \n Plywood flooring, then 2 x 4 and 4 x 4 framework, and then they put \n a fiberglass cover over the top of that.\n We discovered how weak the structure was when we started to tighten \n up the fittings for the lifting rings. We’d gotten a guy inside \n to tighten the nuts up inside because they seemed loose, and he kept \n tightening and tightening and tightening. We suddenly realized that \n wood was so soft from moisture that he was just tightening the nut \n and the washer right into the wood. We had to be very, very careful \n lifting those OMS pods off.\n The OMS pods were never planned to be on the Shuttle when the space \n hall opened. That was something that we were going to install later, \n so our job now was to focus just on the Shuttle, and guys back in \n the shop worked on the OMS pods.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are they on there now, have they been replaced?\n Mautner: \n They were put on I think in 2005, 2006 time range, and before the \n last visit to get Enterprise ready we removed them. They’re \n out in the shop, on the floor. The guys from USA put the ALTA [Approach \n and Landing Test Article] pods on. Those are the travel pods. They \n look like OMS pods, but they’re real metal. They’re real \n structural, flightworthy, and the tail cone fits up to those components.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about cleaning and painting the vehicle. That sounded like \n a very large chore.\n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. I started on March 1st to clean the right main \n landing gear bay and ultimately the landing gear and tires. Steve \n Kautner took the left bay and did the same, and Anne McCombs worked \n on the nose gear and the nose gear bay. It wasn’t until March \n 22nd that Tony [Carp] came on the team, and his job was to clean the \n entire vertical surface with the ultimate purpose of coring or filling \n the holes that the woodpeckers had made.\n Somebody might at this point ask, why would woodpeckers go after polyurethane \n foam? The explanation we got—I’m not an ornithologist—is \n that woodpeckers make the noise they do as a mating call, not just \n to get to bugs inside of the tree. Once they got through that polyurethane \n foam, they were banging on an aluminum surface. It made quite a noise, \n and it was far-reaching. There were about 75 holes ranging from very \n small, smaller than your pinky, to much bigger than your thumb. \n We were using, on NASA’s recommendation, Amway LOC [liquid organic \n cleaner] cut, one part LOC to ten parts water, to wash everything. \n It’s a mild organic detergent, and it’s biodegradable. \n This was what USA used, so this was what we used. And this is where, \n in the wheel wells, I found most of the hornet nests. Once you got \n the water into them they just started running down the beautiful epoxy \n white paint panels inside.\n At that point, once Steve had finished his wheel well, he started \n working on the bottom. He started up at the nose where he could reach, \n because you couldn’t get a ladder under there. He’s all \n scrunched up, just scrubbing away—and he was a bear of a guy. \n He had a lot of strength, and he just kept working down the bottom \n of the aircraft, all of the black-painted area of the aircraft. \n At that point we started using some lift equipment, JLG [Industries, \n Inc.] lifts and scissor lifts, to get up on the wing. We began cleaning \n the wing while Tony is cleaning the vertical, and we did this day \n after day after day. Then sometime in the summer, I believe in July, \n we began prepping the center fuselage for paint. The center fuselage \n does not have polyurethane foam on it, and that center fuselage extends \n from just behind the cockpit to back underneath the OMS pods. We also \n had to clean the payload bay doors. At this point we finally were \n able to get scaffolding in. We had a local company contracted to put \n scaffolding all up the sides and then bridge the top of the Shuttle. \n \n This is where things kind of got interesting. Initially it was doing \n just a lot of sanding on the side. Apparently the aircraft had been \n painted with aerospace quality polyurethane or epoxy paint and primer, \n but when it went on tour in 1984 it had started to look a little bit \n secondhand. They used a latex house paint to give it a quick repaint \n to make it appear better at the [New Orleans, Louisiana] World’s \n Fair here in the United States, and then they went to the Paris Air \n Show with it. This was all prior to delivering it to us.\n This paint over the years had become very brittle and very hard and \n would be quite a challenge to remove. Taking it off the sides was \n pretty easy. We were able to use electric sanders or pneumatic sanding \n devices, hand-held devices, and literally sand all of that down to \n the original paint. The sanding gave the surface a real good surface \n for paint to adhere to once we finished it and cleaned it up, but \n the real challenge came with the payload bay doors. We were instructed \n by NASA to not use any metal tools, any caustic chemicals, or any \n abrasives to remove the paint.\n We got up there, and they thought it would be really easy because \n a lot of the paint on the payload bay doors had flaked off, and some \n of it was literally sitting up. They said, “Just use duct tape \n and press it down real hard and pull it off, and that paint will pull \n up.” Well, that didn’t work at all. \n All of our communications with them were through Valerie Neal, the \n curator. The other thing we weren’t supposed to use was heat, \n so we went to Valerie and said, “The duct tape just isn’t \n cutting it.” They said, “Use plexiglas scrapers.” \n Plexiglas is a real hard plastic. We would cut up sections of it, \n rectangles of it, and then make a sharp edge at one end with a grinding \n wheel. That wasn’t cutting it either.\n One day I’m sitting on the scaffolding, trying to get this stuff \n off, and I see to my left this movement from about chest height over \n the curvature of the door. I look over, and it’s Steve Kautner \n with a metal scraper and a heat gun. I’m going, “Steve, \n what are you doing?” He goes, “This is the only way it’s \n coming off.” I said, “Okay, stop. Let’s talk about \n this.” \n We went back to our conservator, and I asked him, “Do you have \n a surface temperature gauge?” We went back and attached this \n temperature surface gauge to the area that we were putting the heat \n on, and we got some heat parameters. We were getting heat in the range \n of about 175 degrees [Fahrenheit] if we kept the heat gun moving, \n so we went back to NASA and they said, “Okay, you can do that, \n but no temperatures over 200,” or 250.\n All of a sudden this became easy, but we now found out very quickly \n why they didn’t want heat up there. The doors are made of carbon \n graphite, or carbon–carbon. It’s skinned with an almost \n aluminum-foil thickness coating of aluminum. It’s not like sheet \n metal, it’s more like a foil, and if you left the heat on there \n too much it would blister. We got a couple of thumb-sized blisters; \n we damaged the door. This concerned us, and we kept talking to each \n other. We’d just make sure we’d keep that heat gun moving \n and don’t overheat one spot.\n It became very evident very quickly why they didn’t want heat \n up there. They had done the same thing at some time in the past, only \n their blisters were much bigger than ours. That told us a) it’s \n been done this way before, and b) there’s a repair for it. We \n did make a few more blisters, an inevitable result of what we were \n doing, but we knew that if they needed those doors, they could be \n made flightworthy. \n Then, because there was still a lot of paint residue clinging to the \n surface, we got down and used acetone. We were all garbed up with \n double-canister air masks. There’s terrific pictures of us all \n down on our hands and knees on the door, all tied off because we’re \n high up on the top of the Shuttle, scrubbing with Scotch-Brite scrubbers \n and acetone to get the surface completely clean and ready for paint.\n That was another thing they told us, “You can’t stand \n on the doors.” So we had these four bridges across, and we’re \n all leaning off these bridges and working off of them. Again, Steve \n Kautner’s the first one to step off right on the doors. There’s \n no other way to get out there, there was no way. I said, “Okay, \n stop. Let’s talk this over.” We went down inside the Shuttle, \n and we looked up at the doors and we could see the latching system. \n \n We knew that those doors in zero gravity could open without any support, \n but we knew that they had big supports on them when they opened them \n in the hangar down in KSC. We looked at those supports, and we looked \n at how the doors fit together. It’s built like a bridge as long \n as they’re closed and locked, so four, five, six of us all were \n out on our hands and knees on the doors, scrubbing away to get the \n last residue and make a really good surface for paint.\n That brings up another aspect for me. I couldn’t wait every \n single day to come in. I’m not a space guy, I’m an airplane \n guy. In truth, the Shuttle is probably more like an aircraft than \n a spacecraft, and that one [Enterprise] never did go into space so \n it really was just an aircraft. I never followed space, I never got \n excited about it, but I got excited by this project. I couldn’t \n wait to get in every single day. Every day was interesting and exciting, \n and we were making progress—slow—but we were making progress. \n \n When they put the scaffolding up in July, we now had to climb this \n scaffolding. We had our harnesses on and we had our tethers, but we \n couldn’t tether off anywhere on the way up. We’re climbing \n 30, 35, almost 40 feet in the air every morning, every break time, \n every time you had to leave, and then when we got up there we would \n tie off and secure ourselves. But that little element of danger made \n it exciting, and we talked about that a lot too.\n We had two injuries, but only one on Enterprise. One of our guys did \n abrade his hand, but working on something else while we were out there, \n nothing to do with the Shuttle. One injury, very minor, on the Shuttle. \n One of our members fell off the payload bay doors, but he was tethered \n and it stopped him, and all he did was bang up his knee. I think we \n lost him one day, but that was it. The fact that we talked almost \n every day about the safety issue, that he was tethered off—we \n didn’t have more issues. \n The other thing that made it interesting and fun is that we were on \n this huge, very obvious artifact in the middle of this totally empty \n hall, and the public could come in to the front of the hall—there’s \n an overlook up above—and watch us. I think the element of being \n on stage made it exciting and interesting, too.\n There were some stresses. We always seemed short of personnel. At \n one point I realized there were a whole bunch of guys working on the \n OMS pods, and I had to convince my management that the OMS pods aren’t \n needed by October 19th, but the Shuttle is, so can I have more guys? \n And I got more guys.\n Once we had sanded down the sides and had removed the paint from the \n doors, it was time for a final prep and primer and paint. We had four \n guys do that, and we had a couple of issues that we had to deal with. \n One, it had to be an aerospace quality paint. PPG, Pittsburgh Paint \n and Glass, has always supplied us with our paint system that we’ve \n used exclusively for 20 years back at the [Paul E.] Garber [Preservation, \n Restoration, and Storage Facility, Suitland, Maryland], our restoration \n shop. Dave Wilson got in touch with them, and they turned him over \n to their aerospace division. They donated what amounted to about $15,000 \n worth of white polyurethane aerospace paint and primer.\n Our next challenge was we could not spray in the building because \n the building had an open port, and some of the ventilation systems \n functioned with the aircraft hangar. Also, the filters in the ventilation \n system would get clogged up with any paint residue and dust, so we \n had to either brush or roll it. Dave talked with the people from PPG, \n and they had an additive that allowed the paint to flow so that it \n would not appear to be rolled-out paint. It wouldn’t be textured, \n it would be nice and smooth.\n We got the paint on September 17th—keeping in mind that this \n hall is supposed to open on October 19th of 2004. They had to rest \n assured that all the fumes would have dissipated by 10 o’clock \n opening the next day, so we painted at night. It was Tony, Dave, myself, \n and a fellow by the name of Bob Weihrauch who did it. We would come \n in, and that hall was completely black except for the Klieg lights \n that we worked under. We rolled out the primer, and then we rolled \n out the white. [We rolled out two coats of primer and two coats of \n white.]\n I love working here at night because there’s no people here, \n the lighting is all dim, and it’s like going into a great cathedral \n at night when nobody’s around. It’s just beautiful. It’s \n quiet. You’ve got all these objects that you love, many of which \n you’ve worked on, and there’s just a neat thing about \n working here at night. We had a really good time. We had a really \n good crew. I don’t recollect ever having any arguments or disagreements \n or problems, we just really had a good time.\n One outstanding recollection is this facility is used by organizations—police \n organizations, FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation], the MWAA, Metropolitan \n Washington Airport Authority. They have their own SWAT [special weapons \n and tactics] team and security forces. They do a lot of work in here \n at night, but we didn’t know that. One night three of us are \n up on this scaffolding, and Dave Wilson is on a scissor lift bringing \n paint up to us, and all the sudden there’s movement in the hangar. \n \n Keep in mind that outside of this cone of light that we’re in, \n everything’s dark out there, but there’s movement. We \n look down, and there’s 20 or 30 guys in black helmets, black \n outfits carrying guns, and they’re swarming like ants through \n our hangar. Well, I immediately was not concerned because none of \n them are looking at us or pointing the gun at us. We’re in white \n bunny suits, paper coveralls, and the Klieg lights are on us. We’re \n out there, very obvious.\n One guy kind of moved up to Dave, and he goes, “Have you seen \n her?” And Dave goes, “Seen who?” He goes, “Have \n you seen her?” and then he had to move, because you’re \n not supposed to look for hints. Apparently they were on an exercise, \n and one of their supervisors came in two hours ahead of time and hid \n herself somewhere in the museum, and they had to find her. Nobody \n told us; our security had not advised us that this was going to happen. \n \n Another time, during the day, I was working on the Shuttle and nobody \n else was around. Security came up to me and said, “We have a \n congressman or a senator here with his daughter back from college, \n and he’s got his office manager and his security detail. Would \n you come down and talk to them?” So I walk inside of this circle \n of Secret Service people, and they’ve got their radios and they \n all look very, very official, and I started to talk to them. I said, \n “What state do you represent, sir?” He goes, “Oh, \n one of your neighbors.” Meanwhile, his handler, his office guy, \n did all the talking. \n I went back that night and I looked all over the Internet for our \n neighboring senators and congressmen, and I did not find him—because \n you can get the photos of all of them. I went back to security the \n next day and I said, “What was that all about?” He says, \n “Oh, it’s just a test.” It was Secret Service in \n a practice run, and these guys were just members of the Secret Service \n that were playing a role to make it seem realistic. There are a lot \n of activities that go on here that are very interesting. But again, \n I was not forewarned of that. \n The other two events that were really interesting—Joe [H.] Engle, \n one of the test pilots for Enterprise, came back and spent a day with \n us. He is just a prince of a guy, just a super guy. We got to tour \n him around and show him what we were doing, and he was just the friendliest \n guy and was very very grateful to us restoring “his” bird \n back to its original condition. A couple weeks later, we all got an \n 8 x 10 of him standing by Enterprise out at Palmdale [California] \n back in’77, ’78, with a beautiful handwritten note and \n one of the original patches from his missions. It was just neat, a \n neat thing. \n The other very very interesting visitor to us was Colonel Pamela Ann \n Melroy. She’s a two mission pilot and one mission command pilot \n [commander]. She was also on the Columbia [STS-107 accident] investigation \n team, and she led the cockpit reconstruction area. My recollection, \n she was about five-foot-five, five-foot-six. I immediately made a \n connection, because she was a test pilot on the C-17 program. As I \n had worked on it, we had some things to talk about. \n I got to tour her around, and the thing I recollect so well is that \n she made a comment when we were in the cockpit. The cockpit of Enterprise \n is for the most part empty. The dashboard is there, but there’s \n only about three instruments, and they’re all old analog instruments. \n The seats are not there. She looked at that dashboard and marveled \n at the fact that it was the first time she’d seen one in a long \n time that wasn’t bits and pieces, because she had been looking \n and reviewing and trying to reassemble pieces of Columbia’s \n instrument panel.\n This diminutive colonel in the Air Force—always at the end the \n photographer comes in and takes a picture of us with the VIP [very \n important person]. Anne and I were there at that time, and we’re \n all standing off to the side, a foot away or something. She says, \n “Hey, we’ve been together all day. Come here!” She \n pulled us in right next to her to take the picture. We also got an \n 8x10 from her, signed, with a thank you and mission patches. Those \n are two of my favorite treasures from that whole time there. \n Ross-Nazzal: \n Nice recollections of that time period. \n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. We got it done. Everything seemed late—getting \n personnel, the scaffolding came late, the paint came late—but \n we got it done. We got it done on October 18th, and October 19th was \n the day the media and the museum VIPs and everybody showed up to see \n it. It was a moment of pride because it really looked good. \n Tony and I stayed after October 19th. Tony had some more work up on \n the vertical to do, and the one area that we hadn’t really addressed \n was the propulsion bay. I would work in the propulsion bay; he’d \n work up top. We did this at night because the gallery was open to \n the public, so we did a lot of night work from October until we went \n away on Christmas vacation.\n Most of cleanup in the propulsion bay—there was some FOD [Foreign \n Object Debris], there was old hardware. It went back to when it was \n delivered to us. There were some sections of insulating aluminum, \n nuts, bolts, washers, things like that. A lot of water had been back \n there, and the floor panel structure was a huge, thick piece of aluminum \n that they had milled out to look almost like a waffle. The floor looked \n like a large waffle pattern, so there’s all these thousands \n of little pockets that had held water, and I had to clean them.\n We had some nights where we had events, and the events usually allowed \n people to roam into the space hangar, so I would take my knapsack \n and my coffee and my lunch, my snacks, up into the propulsion bay. \n Something you don’t normally do around artifacts, but I didn’t \n think I could come out because of the events they had going on. I’d \n stay up there for eight hours. Well, there’d be a potty break.\n We finished before our Christmas break, and then both of us reported \n back to the Garber Facility the first week in January 2005. It was \n rewarding every day, but they also rewarded our team with the Museum’s \n Peer Award. The [museum] gives two Peer Awards every year, and the \n Enterprise Preservation Team was awarded [one of them] for 2004. It \n was a great experience.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What are you working on now that Enterprise is getting ready to take \n a new journey in its history to go to the Intrepid [Sea, Air & \n Space Museum in New York City]? Are you working on that?\n Mautner: \n I did work on it. I don’t know what my role will be in April \n when they come back, but the whole month of February I was assigned \n out here, along with Anne and one or two other folks, to escort NASA, \n USA, and some folks from [the] Boeing [Company]. “Escort” \n has a kind of static sound to it. We were essentially here to open \n doors that they couldn’t get into, including getting to the \n restrooms, and we were able to get them discounts in our shop and \n at McDonalds. \n And then pretty soon it was, “Oh my gosh. We don’t have \n this; do you have this tool?” So we’re running for tools. \n Later, as our professional relationship evolved, we were forklifting \n equipment for them. They had forklifts, but we were able to help them \n with that. We had a JLG man lift that we were able to take them and \n some of their equipment up to different places on the Shuttle, and \n also on the tail cone, which they assembled right out here in this \n shop. As to my role when they come back on the 19th, I have not been \n told what that is yet. I hope [I] do, I have some friends I’d \n like to hang out with again.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are you preparing in any way to accept [OV-103] Discovery, or are \n you primarily working with the Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I’m not. My responsibility is to work on this German night fighter. \n We still have a wing to complete. The airframe fuselage is out in \n the museum right here now, but the wing has to be done and a lot of \n other details. Between escort duties and whatnot, I’m working \n on that. We’re told that with everything else that’s going \n on, we’re going to be moving our shop from Maryland out here. \n I don’t know how that’s going to work out with the Discovery–Enterprise \n exchange, that’s yet to be determined.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n It must have been rewarding to receive that from your peers, that’s \n wonderful.\n Mautner: \n Very, yes. I think Valerie Neal, former NASA and our curator, was \n probably instrumental in getting that for us. It was pretty neat.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Rebecca, did you have any questions for Ed?\n Wright: \n Just one, and I think you might have already answered it. Did you \n ever come back and do anything else with Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I have once or twice, but it was generally just escort duty. Those \n were times where it was just sit around and wait for whatever the \n folks, predominately USA, needed. I did come back, and we did reinstall \n the OMS pods. That was pretty much the original team again that did \n that, and we brought a couple of other people in to assist because \n you need spotters and tag line holders. \n Wright: \n You mentioned that you would escort for whatever they needed. What \n were the types of things that they would be coming back for?\n Mautner: \n Every time USA came here, they had a lot of supplies. Rather than \n transport them back, they would leave them out and we would store \n them in our barn, which is out in the back corner of the property. \n So the first thing we’d have to do is get their supplies, and \n that ran anywhere from tape to paints to epoxy glues.\n Recently, within the past year, they came back and we took them up \n on a JLG man lift. They did the work, and I would just maneuver it \n around to a position that helped them. Like I said, “escort” \n sounds very static, and sometimes it is, but a lot of times there’s \n a dynamic component, which is the most fun of all. That’s how \n you get to know these guys and get to see what they do.\n Wright: \n Were they doing types of restoration themselves?\n Mautner: \n Yes, about last April they came back to begin the process of making \n Enterprise airworthy. That involved making an assessment of all systems, \n and they also did the [landing gear] retracts. The main job was to \n get the hydraulic system working so they could retract the landing \n gear. Part of our position as escort was to shut down areas of that \n hall to keep the public away, because the machine, what they call \n the mule, fires up the hydraulics system, makes a lot of noise. Also \n there’s part of the retract that there’s noise involved \n as well.\n We did a lot of work stanchioning off. Moving stanchions back, and \n then when it was all done, moving the stanchions closer. We were trying \n to do this juggle between making sure people were safe and USA had \n enough room to work in, and also still keeping the hall open to the \n public. Our whole purpose is to let them get as close to this stuff \n as we can.\n There were a couple of times where, yes, it was pretty static, but \n other times we were pretty involved in helping them. And everything \n back here is secured. You can’t get into the restrooms without \n our badge, so we were escorting to the restrooms. Eventually, and \n especially in this last trip in February where they did the final \n preparation for flight, the security office provided them with badges \n that allowed them to open all the things they had to get into. They \n had the same access employees had. \n I think that speaks of the type of relationship that we’ve always \n felt we had with NASA, that they weren’t an alien organization \n that comes in and invades our space but rather cohorts, colleagues \n that we feel—not exactly one with, our roles are different—but \n certainly very good friends with.\n Wright: \n Is this a very unique exhibit here compared to all the rest? Do you \n have any other kind of associations with other groups that come in \n and work on their planes?\n Mautner: \n No, there’s no other organization that has the relationship \n that NASA has with us. I think that’s historically because we’ve \n been the repository of first choice for NASA, but also because Valerie \n Neal, who came from NASA, has maintained a very, very good relationship \n with all the leadership there. It’s been a very collegial relationship \n from the very beginning. Because of that, your relationship personally \n to these people is much more relaxed, so it’s much much easier \n to make friends. I have a couple buddies that I email once in a while \n back at the Cape [Canaveral, Florida]. It’s a good relationship.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any other last thoughts? \n Mautner: \n I think I’ve covered the important aspects of my relationship \n with the Shuttle Enterprise and with the folks from NASA and USA. \n We had a good team. I think it was kind of neat because management \n left us alone; they left us to make a lot of our own decisions. Everybody \n worked with the goal in mind, and we reached the goal. We finished \n Enterprise, it really looks beautiful. It took us nine months to get \n it in the shape that it’s in right now, and I have to say I \n am quite proud of how it came out. \n I do recollect one of the stories that I’ll tell you. When we \n began to strip all the paint off, we traced all of the markings—the \n NASA worm, the “United States” on the side, the “Enterprise” \n itself—so that after we painted it we could restore those. We \n noted and photographed the fact that these had been hand-brushed. \n Somebody had done a stencil, and then they hand-brushed in the black \n color. As we began to strip the aircraft, we realized that there were \n other markings, other NASA worms and another “Enterprise” \n and another “United States” underneath that exterior coat \n of latex house paint. \n We traced those as well, and at that point the curator had to make \n a decision. Are we going to restore it to when it was originally painted \n and lettered, or are we going to paint it as it was presented to us \n in 1985? The decision was made to paint it as it was delivered to \n us. Those letters were all in black, and the letters we found underneath \n were in lighter shades of dark gray. \n At the time that we traced them back on the aircraft, the question \n was asked, “Well, who feels comfortable painting them back on?” \n I mean, none of us are professional sign painters. Out of the five \n of us there, four chose to do it. So what you’ll see out there \n is our hand-lettered letters, and they are letter perfect. They came \n out really, really well. Three employees and one volunteer painted \n them all in. That too raised our level of pride and involvement and \n attachment to the Enterprise. \n I have mixed feelings about it going. On the one hand, it’s \n very important for us to have an orbiter, and Discovery is a much \n more significant vehicle to have in our collection, so I’m happy \n about that. On the other hand, all of our handwork is being sent off \n to somebody else. I’m not going to lose sleep over it, but I \n will think, how are they taking care of it? Is that beautiful paint \n job still squeaky clean and nice, and are all those tiles in good \n condition? So yes, I am concerned to some degree at it going off to \n other hands.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any plans to go to New York and see her once she’s in her permanent \n location?\n Mautner: \n No plans at this time, no.\n Wright: \n And will you be working on Discovery when it comes?\n Mautner: \n We’re not going to touch Discovery. This is another aspect that’s \n pretty neat about getting Discovery. The ideal airplane or spacecraft \n to get into our collection is the one that just went on its last mission. \n If we could get a Boeing B-17 [aircraft] that flew a mission from \n England in August or September of 1944, and then was transferred right \n back into our hall out front, that’s the idea. You don’t \n want to touch it. You want to mount it in such fashion that you preserve \n the tires and take any other stresses out of it, but it would be great \n if it had the gunpowder stains and the engine stains and the oil stains \n and the rough-hewn patches that the mechanics put on the planes back \n in those days. \n And that’s how Discovery is coming to us. They haven’t \n cleaned it, outside of taking out the toxic materials in all the tanks \n and systems, so it’s not going to look like Enterprise at all. \n In fact, one of the people from NASA commented that Enterprise looked \n like a toy. I think what she meant was it looked like a model, and \n Discovery looks like a real orbiter. So we’re happy about that.\n Wright: \n Well, thank you.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Thank you for spending some time with us this morning. We appreciate \n it.\n Mautner: \n You’re very welcome. It’s my pleasure to do it.\n [End \n of interview]\n \n \n Return \n to JSC Oral History Website"],["topImageUrl","https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/head_images/sc.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國太空總署員工表示，\n他們是使用太空總署建議的\n【安麗 LOC】以「1:10」濃度\n拿來清洗太空梭及所有東西。\n\n這就是表示該產品是【極度安全】的！\n\n這樣，還有什麼安麗產品是需要擔心呢？\n\n\nhttp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["id","5484461227031-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-11T01:17:00.000Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_YlgNaHHUAmuAJvBJ9fT06nPwQIphzAJEbrZaWWhlh_8"],["name","發起者的頭屋維拉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks"],["url","https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2?fbclid=IwAR3EzP6Xm2bXH4bDHx9i9oOYxqHIraWbuRbZcGzM6fmgQz7iIl7ufHrkN-A"],["summary","AbstractWe identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness. Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets. Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.\n \n \n \n\n \n \n MainRespiratory virus infections cause a broad and overlapping spectrum of symptoms collectively referred to as acute respiratory virus illnesses (ARIs) or more commonly the ‘common cold’. Although mostly mild, these ARIs can sometimes cause severe disease and death1. These viruses spread between humans through direct or indirect contact, respiratory droplets (including larger droplets that fall rapidly near the source as well as coarse aerosols with aerodynamic diameter >5 µm) and fine-particle aerosols (droplets and droplet nuclei with aerodynamic diameter ≤5 µm)2,3. Although hand hygiene and use of face masks, primarily targeting contact and respiratory droplet transmission, have been suggested as important mitigation strategies against influenza virus transmission4, little is known about the relative importance of these modes in the transmission of other common respiratory viruses2,3,5. Uncertainties similarly apply to the modes of transmission of COVID-19 (refs. 6,7).Some health authorities recommend that masks be worn by ill individuals to prevent onward transmission (source control)4,8. Surgical face masks were originally introduced to protect patients from wound infection and contamination from surgeons (the wearer) during surgical procedures, and were later adopted to protect healthcare workers against acquiring infection from their patients. However, most of the existing evidence on the filtering efficacy of face masks and respirators comes from in vitro experiments with nonbiological particles9,10, which may not be generalizable to infectious respiratory virus droplets. There is little information on the efficacy of face masks in filtering respiratory viruses and reducing viral release from an individual with respiratory infections8, and most research has focused on influenza11,12.Here we aimed to explore the importance of respiratory droplet and aerosol routes of transmission with a particular focus on coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses, by quantifying the amount of respiratory virus in exhaled breath of participants with medically attended ARIs and determining the potential efficacy of surgical face masks to prevent respiratory virus transmission.ResultsWe screened 3,363 individuals in two study phases, ultimately enrolling 246 individuals who provided exhaled breath samples (Extended Data Fig. 1). Among these 246 participants, 122 (50%) participants were randomized to not wearing a face mask during the first exhaled breath collection and 124 (50%) participants were randomized to wearing a face mask. Overall, 49 (20%) voluntarily provided a second exhaled breath collection of the alternate type.Infections by at least one respiratory virus were confirmed by reverse transcription PCR (RT–PCR) in 123 of 246 (50%) participants. Of these 123 participants, 111 (90%) were infected by human (seasonal) coronavirus (n = 17), influenza virus (n = 43) or rhinovirus (n = 54) (Extended Data Figs. 1 and 2), including one participant co-infected by both coronavirus and influenza virus and another two participants co-infected by both rhinovirus and influenza virus. These 111 participants were the focus of our analyses.There were some minor differences in characteristics of the 111 participants with the different viruses (Table 1a). Overall, 24% of participants had a measured fever ≥37.8 °C, with patients with influenza more than twice as likely than patients infected with coronavirus and rhinovirus to have a measured fever. Coronavirus-infected participants coughed the most with an average of 17 (s.d. = 30) coughs during the 30-min exhaled breath collection. The profiles of the participants randomized to with-mask versus without-mask groups were similar (Supplementary Table 1).Table 1a Characteristics of individuals with symptomatic coronavirus, influenza virus or rhinovirus infectionWe tested viral shedding (in terms of viral copies per sample) in nasal swabs, throat swabs, respiratory droplet samples and aerosol samples and compared the latter two between samples collected with or without a face mask (Fig. 1). On average, viral shedding was higher in nasal swabs than in throat swabs for each of coronavirus (median 8.1 log10 virus copies per sample versus 3.9), influenza virus (6.7 versus 4.0) and rhinovirus (6.8 versus 3.3), respectively. Viral RNA was identified from respiratory droplets and aerosols for all three viruses, including 30%, 26% and 28% of respiratory droplets and 40%, 35% and 56% of aerosols collected while not wearing a face mask, from coronavirus, influenza virus and rhinovirus-infected participants, respectively (Table 1b). In particular for coronavirus, we identified OC43 and HKU1 from both respiratory droplets and aerosols, but only identified NL63 from aerosols and not from respiratory droplets (Supplementary Table 2 and Extended Data Fig. 3).Fig. 1: Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with coronavirus, influenza virus or rhinovirus infection.a–c, Virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue) and respiratory droplets collected for 30min while not wearing (dark green) or wearing (light green) a surgical face mask, and aerosols collected for 30min while not wearing (brown) or wearing (orange) a face mask, collected from individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who were positive for coronavirus (a), influenza virus (b) and rhinovirus (c), as determined by RT–PCR in any samples. P values for mask intervention as predictor of log10 virus copies per sample in an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT–PCR assay are shown, with significant differences in bold. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (coronavirus, n=17; influenza virus, n=43; rhinovirus, n=54). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: coronavirus (n=10 and 11), influenza virus (n=23 and 28) and rhinovirus (n=36 and 32). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (coronavirus, n=4; influenza virus, n=8; rhinovirus, n=14). The box plots indicate the median with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and ±1.5×interquartile range from the first and third quartile (lower and upper whiskers).Table 1b Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus frequency of detection and viral shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with coronavirus, influenza virus or rhinovirus infectionWe detected coronavirus in respiratory droplets and aerosols in 3 of 10 (30%) and 4 of 10 (40%) of the samples collected without face masks, respectively, but did not detect any virus in respiratory droplets or aerosols collected from participants wearing face masks, this difference was significant in aerosols and showed a trend toward reduced detection in respiratory droplets (Table 1b). For influenza virus, we detected virus in 6 of 23 (26%) and 8 of 23 (35%) of the respiratory droplet and aerosol samples collected without face masks, respectively. There was a significant reduction by wearing face masks to 1 of 27 (4%) in detection of influenza virus in respiratory droplets, but no significant reduction in detection in aerosols (Table 1b). Moreover, among the eight participants who had influenza virus detected by RT–PCR from without-mask aerosols, five were tested by viral culture and four were culture-positive. Among the six participants who had influenza virus detected by RT–PCR from with-mask aerosols, four were tested by viral culture and two were culture-positive. For rhinovirus, there were no significant differences between detection of virus with or without face masks, both in respiratory droplets and in aerosols (Table 1b). Conclusions were similar in comparisons of viral shedding (Table 1b). In addition, we found a significant reduction in viral shedding (Supplementary Table 2) in respiratory droplets for OC43 (Extended Data Fig. 4) and influenza B virus (Extended Data Fig. 5) and in aerosols for NL63 (Extended Data Fig. 4).We identified correlations between viral loads in different samples (Extended Data Figs. 6–8) and some evidence of declines in viral shedding by time since onset for influenza virus but not for coronavirus or rhinovirus (Extended Data Fig. 9). In univariable analyses of factors associated with detection of respiratory viruses in various sample types, we did not identify significant association in viral shedding with days since symptom onset (Supplementary Table 3) for respiratory droplets or aerosols (Supplementary Tables 4–6).A subset of participants (72 of 246, 29%) did not cough at all during at least one exhaled breath collection, including 37 of 147 (25%) during the without-mask and 42 of 148 (28%) during the with-mask breath collection. In the subset for coronavirus (n = 4), we did not detect any virus in respiratory droplets or aerosols from any participants. In the subset for influenza virus (n = 9), we detected virus in aerosols but not respiratory droplets from one participant. In the subset for rhinovirus (n = 17), we detected virus in respiratory droplets from three participants, and we detected virus in aerosols in five participants.DiscussionOur results indicate that aerosol transmission is a potential mode of transmission for coronaviruses as well as influenza viruses and rhinoviruses. Published studies detected respiratory viruses13,14 such as influenza12,15 and rhinovirus16 from exhaled breath, and the detection of SARS-CoV17 and MERS-CoV18 from air samples (without size fractionation) collected from hospitals treating patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, but ours demonstrates detection of human seasonal coronaviruses in exhaled breath, including the detection of OC43 and HKU1 from respiratory droplets and NL63, OC43 and HKU1 from aerosols.Our findings indicate that surgical masks can efficaciously reduce the emission of influenza virus particles into the environment in respiratory droplets, but not in aerosols12. Both the previous and current study used a bioaerosol collecting device, the Gesundheit-II (G-II)12,15,19, to capture exhaled breath particles and differentiated them into two size fractions, where exhaled breath coarse particles >5 μm (respiratory droplets) were collected by impaction with a 5-μm slit inertial Teflon impactor and the remaining fine particles ≤5 μm (aerosols) were collected by condensation in buffer. We also demonstrated the efficacy of surgical masks to reduce coronavirus detection and viral copies in large respiratory droplets and in aerosols (Table 1b). This has important implications for control of COVID-19, suggesting that surgical face masks could be used by ill people to reduce onward transmission.Among the samples collected without a face mask, we found that the majority of participants with influenza virus and coronavirus infection did not shed detectable virus in respiratory droplets or aerosols, whereas for rhinovirus we detected virus in aerosols in 19 of 34 (56%) participants (compared to 4 of 10 (40%) for influenza and 8 of 23 (35%) for coronavirus). For those who did shed virus in respiratory droplets and aerosols, viral load in both tended to be low (Fig. 1). Given the high collection efficiency of the G-II (ref. 19) and given that each exhaled breath collection was conducted for 30 min, this might imply that prolonged close contact would be required for transmission to occur, even if transmission was primarily via aerosols, as has been described for rhinovirus colds20. Our results also indicate that there could be considerable heterogeneity in contagiousness of individuals with coronavirus and influenza virus infections.The major limitation of our study was the large proportion of participants with undetectable viral shedding in exhaled breath for each of the viruses studied. We could have increased the sampling duration beyond 30 min to increase the viral shedding being captured, at the cost of acceptability in some participants. An alternative approach would be to invite participants to perform forced coughs during exhaled breath collection12. However, it was the aim of our present study to focus on recovering respiratory virus in exhaled breath in a real-life situation and we expected that some individuals during an acute respiratory illness would not cough much or at all. Indeed, we identified virus RNA in a small number of participants who did not cough at all during the 30-min exhaled breath collection, which would suggest droplet and aerosol routes of transmission are possible from individuals with no obvious signs or symptoms. Another limitation is that we did not confirm the infectivity of coronavirus or rhinovirus detected in exhaled breath. While the G-II was designed to preserve viability of viruses in aerosols, and in the present study we were able to identify infectious influenza virus in aerosols, we did not attempt to culture coronavirus or rhinovirus from the corresponding aerosol samples.MethodsStudy designParticipants were recruited year-round from March 2013 through May 2016 in a general outpatient clinic of a private hospital in Hong Kong. As routine practice, clinic staff screened all individuals attending the clinics for respiratory and any other symptoms regardless of the purpose of the visit at triage. Study staff then approached immediately those who reported at least one of the following symptoms of ARI for further screening: fever ≥37.8 °C, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, myalgia and phlegm. Individuals who reported ≥2 ARI symptoms, within 3 d of illness onset and ≥11 years of age were eligible to participate. After explaining the study to and obtaining informed consent from the participants, a rapid influenza diagnostic test, the Sofia Influenza A + B Fluorescent Immunoassay Analyzer (cat. no. 20218, Quidel), was used to identify influenza A or B virus infection as an incentive to participate. All participants provided a nasal swab for the rapid test and an additional nasal swab and a separate throat swab for subsequent virologic confirmation at the laboratory. All participants also completed a questionnaire to record basic information including age, sex, symptom severity, medication, medical conditions and smoking history. In the first phase of the study from March 2013 to February 2014 (‘Influenza Study’), the result of the rapid test was used to determine eligibility for further participation in the study and exhaled breath collection, whereas in the second phase of the study from March 2014 to May 2016 (‘Respiratory Virus Study’), the rapid test did not affect eligibility. Eligible participants were then invited to provide an exhaled breath sample for 30 min in the same clinic visit.Before exhaled breath collection, each participant was randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either wearing a surgical face mask (cat. no. 62356, Kimberly-Clark) or not during the collection. To mimic the real-life situation, under observation by the study staff, participants were asked to attach the surgical mask themselves, but instruction on how to wear the mask properly was given when the participant wore the mask incorrectly. Participants were instructed to breathe as normal during the collection, but (natural) coughing was allowed and the number of coughs was recorded by study staff. Participants were then invited to provide a second exhaled breath sample of the alternate type (for example if the participant was first assigned to wearing a mask they would then provide a second sample without a mask), but most participants did not agree to stay for a second measurement because of time constraints. Participants were compensated for each 30-min exhaled breath collection with a supermarket coupon worth approximately US$30 and all participants were gifted a tympanic thermometer worth approximately US$20.Ethical approvalWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants ≥18 years of age and written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of participants 11–17 years of age in addition to their own written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The University of Hong Kong and the Clinical and Research Ethics Committee of Hong Kong Baptist Hospital.Collection of swabs and exhaled breath particlesNasal swabs and throat swabs were collected separately, placed in virus transport medium, stored and transported to the laboratory at 2–8 °C and the virus transport medium was aliquoted and stored at −70 °C until further analysis. Exhaled breath particles were captured and differentiated into two size fractions, the coarse fraction containing particles with aerodynamic diameter >5 μm (referred to here as ‘respiratory droplets’), which included droplets up to approximately 100 µm in diameter and the fine fraction with particles ≤5 μm (referred to here as ‘aerosols’) by the G-II bioaerosol collecting device12,15,19. In the G-II device, exhaled breath coarse particles >5 μm were collected by a 5-μm slit inertial Teflon impactor and the remaining fine particles ≤5 μm were condensed and collected into approximately 170 ml of 0.1% BSA/PBS. Both the impactor and the condensate were stored and transported to the laboratory at 2–8 °C. The virus on the impactor was recovered into 1 ml and the condensate was concentrated into 2 ml of 0.1% BSA/PBS, aliquoted and stored at −70 °C until further analysis. In a validation study, the G-II was able to recover over 85% of fine particles >0.05 µm in size and had comparable collection efficiency of influenza virus as the SKC BioSampler19.Laboratory testingSamples collected from the two studies were tested at the same time. Nasal swab samples were first tested by a diagnostic-use viral panel, xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (Abbott Molecular) to qualitatively detect 12 common respiratory viruses and subtypes including coronaviruses (NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU1), influenza A (nonspecific, H1 and H3) and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus (types 1–4), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus and enterovirus/rhinovirus. After one or more of the candidate respiratory viruses was detected by the viral panel from the nasal swab, all the samples from the same participant (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) were then tested with RT–PCR specific for the candidate virus(es) for determination of virus concentration in the samples. Infectious influenza virus was identified by viral culture using MDCK cells as described previously21, whereas viral culture was not performed for coronavirus and rhinovirus.Statistical analysesThe primary outcome of the study was virus generation rate in tidal breathing of participants infected by different respiratory viruses and the efficacy of face masks in preventing virus dissemination in exhaled breath, separately considering the respiratory droplets and aerosols. The secondary outcomes were correlation between viral shedding in nose swabs, throat swabs, respiratory droplets and aerosols and factors affecting viral shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols.We identified three groups of respiratory viruses with the highest frequency of infection as identified by RT–PCR, namely coronavirus (including NL63, OC43, HKU1 and 229E), influenza virus and rhinovirus, for further statistical analyses. We defined viral shedding as log10 virus copies per sample and plotted viral shedding in each sample (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols); the latter two were stratified by mask intervention. As a proxy for the efficacy of face masks in preventing transmission of respiratory viruses via respiratory droplet and aerosol routes, we compared the respiratory virus viral shedding in respiratory droplet and aerosol samples between participants wearing face masks or not, by comparing the frequency of detection with a two-sided Fisher’s exact test and by comparing viral load (defined as log10 virus copies per sample) by an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model, which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT–PCR assay. We also used the unadjusted univariate Tobit regression to investigate factors affecting viral shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols without mask use, for example age, days since symptom onset, previous influenza vaccination, current medication and number of coughs during exhaled breath collection. We investigated correlations between viral shedding in nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols with scatter-plots and calculated the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between any two types of samples. We imputed 0.3 log10 virus copies ml−1 for undetectable values before transformation to log10 virus copies per sample. All analyses were conducted with R v.3.6.0 (ref. 22) and the VGAM package v.1.1.1 (ref. 23).Reporting SummaryFurther information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.\n \n\n Data availabilityAnonymized raw data and R syntax to reproduce all the analyses, figures, tables and supplementary tables in the published article are available at: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3fkt.References1.Nichols, W. G., Peck Campbell, A. J. & Boeckh, M. Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21, 274–290 (2008).2.Shiu, E. Y. C., Leung, N. H. L. & Cowling, B. J. Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 32, 372–379 (2019).3.Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B. J. & Tang, J. W. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 101 (2019).4.Xiao, J. et al. Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-personal protective and environmental measures. Emerg. Infect. Dis. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.190994 (2020).5.Kutter, J. S., Spronken, M. I., Fraaij, P. L., Fouchier, R. A. M. & Herfst, S. Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans. Curr. Opin. Virol. 28, 142–151 (2018).6.Cowling, B. J. & Leung, G. M. Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Euro Surveill. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000110 (2020).7.Han, Q., Lin, Q., Ni, Z. & You, L. Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12735 (2020).8.MacIntyre, C. R. & Chughtai, A. A. Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ 350, h694 (2015).9.Ha’eri, G. B. & Wiley, A. M. 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Exhalation of respiratory viruses by breathing, coughing and talking. J. Med. Virol. 81, 1674–1679 (2009).15.Yan, J. et al. Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1081–1086 (2018).16.Tovey, E. R. et al. Rhinoviruses significantly affect day-to-day respiratory symptoms of children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 663–669 (2015).17.Booth, T. F. et al. Detection of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and environmental contamination in SARS outbreak units. J. Infect. Dis. 191, 1472–1477 (2005).18.Kim, S. H. et al. Extensive viable Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards. Clin. Infect. Dis. 63, 363–369 (2016).19.McDevitt, J. J. et al. Development and performance evaluation of an exhaled-breath bioaerosol collector for influenza virus. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47, 444–451 (2013).20.Jennings, L. C. & Dick, E. C. Transmission and control of rhinovirus colds. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 3, 327–335 (1987).21.Chan, K. H., Peiris, J. S., Lim, W., Nicholls, J. M. & Chiu, S. S. Comparison of nasopharyngeal flocked swabs and aspirates for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses in children. J. Clin. Virol. 42, 65–69 (2008).22.R: a language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2019).23.Yee, T. W. Vector Generalized Linear and Additive Models: with an Implementation in R (Springer, 2016).Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the General Research Fund of the University Grants Committee (grant no. 765811), the Health and Medical Research Fund (grant no. 13120592) and a commissioned grant of the Food and Health Bureau and the Theme-based Research Scheme (project no. T11-705/14-N) of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government. We acknowledge colleagues including R. O. P. Fung, A. K. W. Li, T. W. Y. Ng, T. H. C. So, P. Wu and Y. Xie for technical support in preparing and conducting this study and enrolling participants; J. K. M. Chan, S. Y. Ho, Y. Z. Liu and A. Yu for laboratory support; S. Ferguson, W. K. Leung, J. Pantelic, J. Wei and M. Wolfson for technical support in constructing and maintaining the G-II device; V. J. Fang, L. M. Ho and T. T. K. Lui for setting up the database; and C. W. Y. Cheung, L. F. K. Cheung, P. T. Y. Ching, A. C. H. Lai, D. W. Y. Lam, S. S. Y. Lo, A. S. K. Luk and other colleagues at the Outpatient Center and Infection Control Team of Hong Kong Baptist Hospital for facilitating this study.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors jointly supervised this work: Donald K. Milton, Benjamin J. Cowling.AffiliationsWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaNancy H. L. Leung, Daniel K. W. Chu, Eunice Y. C. Shiu, Benien J. P. Hau, Hui-Ling Yen, Dennis K. M. Ip, J. S. Malik Peiris, Wing-Hong Seto, Gabriel M. Leung & Benjamin J. CowlingDepartment of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaKwok-Hung ChanDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USAJames J. McDevittDepartment of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, ChinaBenien J. P. HauDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaYuguo LiDepartment of Pathology, Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, Hong Kong, ChinaWing-Hong SetoMaryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USADonald K. MiltonAuthorsNancy H. L. LeungYou can also search for this author in Daniel K. W. ChuYou can also search for this author in Eunice Y. C. ShiuYou can also search for this author in Kwok-Hung ChanYou can also search for this author in James J. McDevittYou can also search for this author in Benien J. P. HauYou can also search for this author in Hui-Ling YenYou can also search for this author in Yuguo LiYou can also search for this author in Dennis K. M. IpYou can also search for this author in J. S. Malik PeirisYou can also search for this author in Wing-Hong SetoYou can also search for this author in Gabriel M. LeungYou can also search for this author in Donald K. MiltonYou can also search for this author in Benjamin J. CowlingYou can also search for this author in ContributionsAll authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors criteria for authorship. The study protocol was drafted by N.H.L.L. and B.J.C. Data were collected by N.H.L.L., E.Y.C.S. and B.J.P.H. Laboratory testing was performed by D.K.W.C. and K.-H.C. Statistical analyses were conducted by N.H.L.L. N.H.L.L. and B.J.C. wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors provided critical review and revision of the text and approved the final version.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to\n Benjamin J. Cowling.Ethics declarations\n \n Competing interests\n B.J.C. consults for Roche and Sanofi Pasteur. The authors declare no other competing interests.\n \n Additional informationPeer review information Alison Farrell was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team.Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Extended dataExtended Data Fig. 1Participant enrolment, randomization of mask intervention and identification of respiratory virus infection.Extended Data Fig. 2 Weekly number of respiratory virus infections identified by RT-PCR in symptomatic individuals who had provided exhaled breath samples (respiratory droplets and aerosols) during the study period.Blue, coronavirus; red, influenza virus; yellow, rhinovirus; green, other respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus; white, no respiratory virus infection identified.Extended Data Fig. 3 Respiratory virus shedding in (a) nasal swab, (b) throat swab, (c) respiratory droplets and (d) aerosols in symptomatic individuals with coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43, coronavirus HKU1, influenza A and influenza B virus infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals identified by RT-PCR in any collected samples were included: coronavirus NL63 (n = 8), coronavirus OC43 (n = 5), coronavirus HKU1 (n = 4), influenza A virus (n = 31) and influenza B virus (n = 14). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included: coronavirus NL63 (n = 3), coronavirus OC43 (n = 3), coronavirus HKU1 (n = 4), influenza A virus (n = 19) and influenza B virus (n = 6). The box plots indicate the median with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and ± 1.5 × interquartile range from the first and third quartile (lower and upper whisker). Dark blue, coronavirus NL63; light blue, coronavirus OC43; brown, coronavirus HKU1; red, influenza A virus; orange, influenza B virus.Extended Data Fig. 4 Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with seasonal coronaviruses including (a) coronavirus NL63, (b) coronavirus OC43 and (c) coronavirus HKU1.The figure shows the virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue), respiratory droplets collected for 30 min while not wearing (dark green) or wearing (light green) a surgical face mask and aerosols collected for 30 min while not wearing (brown) or wearing (orange) a face mask, collected from individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who were positive for coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43 and coronavirus HKU1 as determined by RT-PCR in any samples. P values for mask intervention as predictor of log10 virus copies per sample in an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT-PCR assay are shown, with significant differences in bold. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (coronavirus NL63, n = 8; coronavirus OC43, n = 5; coronavirus HKU1, n = 4). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: coronavirus NL63 (n = 3 and 5), coronavirus OC43 (n = 3 and 4), coronavirus HKU1 (n = 4 and 2). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (coronavirus NL63, n = 0; coronavirus OC43, n = 2; coronavirus HKU1, n = 2).Extended Data Fig. 5 Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with seasonal influenza viruses including (a) influenza A and (b) influenza B virus.The figure shows the virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue), respiratory droplets collected for 30 min while not wearing (dark green) or wearing (light green) a surgical face mask and aerosols collected for 30 min while not wearing (brown) or wearing (orange) a face mask, collected from individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who were positive for influenza A and influenza B virus as determined by RT-PCR in any samples. P values for mask intervention as predictor of log10 virus copies per sample in an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT-PCR assay are shown, with significant differences in bold. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (influenza A virus, n = 31; influenza B virus, n = 14). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: influenza A virus (n = 19 and 19), influenza B virus (n = 6 and 10). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (influenza A virus, n = 7; influenza B virus, n = 2).Extended Data Fig. 6 Correlation of coronavirus viral shedding between different samples (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) in symptomatic individuals with seasonal coronavirus infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (n = 17). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included (n = 10). r, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Extended Data Fig. 7 Correlation of influenza viral shedding between different samples (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) in symptomatic individuals with seasonal influenza infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (n = 43). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included (n = 23). r, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Extended Data Fig. 8 Correlation of rhinovirus viral shedding between different samples (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) in symptomatic individuals with rhinovirus infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (n = 54). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included (n = 36). r, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Extended Data Fig. 9 Respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols stratified by days from symptom onset for (a) coronavirus, (b) influenza virus or (c) rhinovirus.The figures shows the virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue), respiratory droplets (dark green) and aerosols (brown) collected for 30 min while not wearing a surgical face mask, stratified by the number of days from symptom onset on which the respiratory droplets and aerosols were collected. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (coronavirus, n = 17; influenza virus, n = 43; rhinovirus, n = 54). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: coronavirus (n = 10 and 11), influenza virus (n = 23 and 28), rhinovirus (n = 36 and 32). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (coronavirus, n = 4; influenza virus, n = 8; rhinovirus, n = 14). The box plots indicate the median with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and ± 1.5 × interquartile range from the first and third quartile (lower and upper whisker).Supplementary informationAbout this articleCite this articleLeung, N.H.L., Chu, D.K.W., Shiu, E.Y.C. et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks.\n Nat Med (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2Download citationReceived: 02 March 2020Accepted: 20 March 2020Published: 03 April 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","職安系副教授實測「乾蒸口罩」5次內過濾效力仍合格，但強調僅應急不建議長期使用 - The News Lens 關鍵評論網"],["url","https://www.thenewslens.com/article/131064"],["summary","武漢肺炎疫情導致國內口罩需求量增大，網路上也出現各種可以讓口罩重複使用的「復活偏方」，包括用電鍋乾蒸、用紫外線照、用酒精消毒等。如今，中山醫學大學職安系副教授賴全裕表示，經過檢測證實，「電鍋乾蒸」口罩，5次以內，過濾效果都還在規定合格的80%以內。但中央流行疫情指揮中心強調，以台灣疫情狀況，非慢性病患，在開放空間不用戴口罩。《中央社》報導，賴全裕表示，「電鍋乾蒸法」可使口罩復活。電鍋乾蒸法可以利用一般家用電鍋、電鍋架及內鍋，在電鍋內依序置入內鍋架、內鍋，並放入沒沾上體液、血液或鼻涕的口罩，不用加水，直接按下煮飯按鍵，乾蒸約2到3分鐘，等到煮飯鍵跳起後，再繼續保溫約5分鐘，即可拿出來繼續使用。賴全裕指出，一般經認證合格的外科口罩，過濾效力約為80%，乾蒸5次後，過濾效力減損到70%以下，這時就必須丟棄，不能再使用了。但賴全裕也提醒，這是口罩短缺時的應急措施，不建議長期使用。根據中山醫學大學特色領域研究中心介紹，賴全裕研究專長為個人防護具（包含呼吸防護具、防護衣等）進行生物防護性能及消毒、再利用。此外，《自由時報》訪問亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星，廖俊星表示，紫外線消毒、水蒸口罩、酒精消毒，都沒有研究證實能有效消毒口罩，其中，水蒸、酒精消毒還可能破壞口罩結構。但曾有人拿過期口罩測驗，如果口罩沒有被破壞或使用，證實效果還在。此外，昨日，中央流行疫情指揮中心的記者會上，也有記者提問表示，有台大醫師認為口罩用越久，效果越好。指揮中心醫療整備官羅一鈞澄清，這有違一般對於口罩的學理跟常識，有待證實。指揮中心昨日也再次呼籲，開放空間不用戴口罩，但去醫院看病、出入人多擁擠地方、慢性病患要戴口罩。此外，也要以肥皂肥皂勤洗手、避免觸摸眼鼻口。 \t \t\t \t\t\t消毒方法 \t\t\t是否證實有效 \t\t\t資訊來源 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t電鍋乾蒸 \t\t\t是 \t\t\t（乾蒸口罩超過5次即需丟棄） \t\t\t中山醫學大學職安系副教授賴全裕 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t紫外線消毒 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t水蒸 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t酒精消毒 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t過期口罩 \t\t\t是 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t口罩用越久效果越好 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t中央流行疫情指揮中心醫療整備官羅一鈞 \t\t \t 延伸閱讀： \t【插畫】「武漢肺炎」來勢洶洶，口罩該買哪種？ \t口罩實名制上路：如何買？怎麼查哪還有庫存？8個QA一次看懂 \t其實你不一定要戴口罩：武漢肺炎讓全台陷「口罩之亂」，6個QA看怎麼選、如何用新聞來源： \t口罩復活術真有效？醫師破解防疫網路謠言（自由時報） \t口罩電鍋乾蒸3分鐘殺菌學者實測最多重複用5次（中央社）責任編輯：李修慧"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","認證電鍋可以乾蒸口罩！指揮中心︰殺菌實驗達標 - 生活 - 自由時報電子報"],["url","https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/3123669"],["summary","針對口罩使用電鍋乾蒸延長使用壽命進行實驗，結果發現無論細菌過濾效率或微粒過濾效率都跟原本口罩效果相近。（指揮中心提供）\n \n\n\n 2020-04-05 16:45:51〔記者簡惠茹／台北報導〕衛福部食藥署和中山醫學大學職業安全衛生系副教授賴全裕都針對口罩使用電鍋乾蒸延長使用壽命進行實驗，實驗結果發現無論細菌過濾效率或微粒過濾效率都跟原本口罩效果相近。指揮官陳時中指出，從這禮拜四4月9日開始，口罩就可以14天買9片，這個量應該是足夠，還是非常期待大家撙節使用，食藥署也有提供增加口罩使用次數或延長使用時間的方法。 \n \n食藥署說明電鍋乾蒸方法，一，先將內鍋架及內鍋依序放入乾燥電鍋；二、將醫用口罩平放於內鍋中，蓋上外鍋蓋；三、按下電鍋加熱開關，等約3分鐘待開關自動跳起後，再靜置5分鐘，使鍋內熱空氣充分殺菌；四、打開外鍋蓋，完成殺菌程序，待電鍋冷卻後再進行下一次口罩殺菌。指揮中心研究組副組長吳秀梅說明，自己使用過的醫用外科口罩如果想要延長壽命，可以放入電鍋內鍋架乾蒸，提醒不要放水，放水會影響口罩靜電層，有人問是否可以使用酒精消毒，其實也不好，因為靜電層會受到影響。吳秀梅也提醒，如果口罩有髒汙破損不建議再度消毒使用，有呼吸道症狀、慢性疾病、出入醫院以一次使用為原則，低風險場所就會建議可以使用布口罩，有不織布層的布口罩，可以重複清洗效果也好，也可以使用電鍋乾蒸重複消毒4到5次。吳秀梅說明外科口罩測試部分，除了有參考學研單位建議，食藥署也做過研究，她表示，經過3到5次消毒後，對於細菌過濾效率（BFE）可以維持99%以上。中山醫學大學副教授賴全裕實驗室做過電鍋乾蒸口罩實驗，他指出，粒子過濾效果（PFE）檢測中，儀器會產生2奈米到2微米的微粒，其中99%是10奈米到770奈米的微粒，然後來看口罩可以過濾多少，總過濾效果如果超過95%，就是N95口罩，80%以上是外科手術口罩，電鍋乾蒸實驗結果發現，第一次乾蒸跟原本外科口罩過濾效果相比還能維持99%，只是纖維帶電還是有些微影響，但是消毒越多次，就會越下降，建議不要超過5次。至於病毒過濾效果，賴全裕說，雖然外科手術口罩沒有檢測病毒過濾效果，主要是防護衣才會測試，但是武漢肺炎病毒的大小大概是100奈米，所以檢測PFE就有將病毒尺寸涵蓋在內。賴全裕也解答民眾各種電鍋蒸口罩的疑慮。許多民眾詢問可以使用家裡的電鍋就好嗎？還是要買新的電鍋？賴全裕指出，由於內鍋壁165度左右，該殺死的細菌應該都殺死了，乾蒸氣溫大概110度左右，如果有疑慮可以洗鍋子。口罩氣味太重怎麼辦？可以加精油或酒精嗎？賴全裕表示，有化學物質的都會破壞口罩不織布纖維帶電，不建議這樣做，因為味道來源是口水和細菌繁殖的關係，殺死後理論上味道就會不見。用烤箱、氣炸鍋或微波爐可以嗎？賴全裕指出，這些家電如果可以控制溫度達110度，可以模擬電鍋溫度的話就可以嘗試，但是還是要實測才知道，微波爐可能會出現口罩燃燒要小心。使用負離子吹風機可以嗎？賴全裕表示，目前還沒有實驗檢測，暫時不建議。殺菌燈小型烘碗機可以嗎？賴全裕指出，如果紫外燈波長有220奈米到280奈米，可是口罩裡面有3層，紫外燈只能對上下兩面照射，不確定中間層的殺菌效果，使用的時候還是建議要注意，未來有機會會再做實驗。用煮的可以嗎？賴全裕說，還沒有實驗可以確認。暫時拿下來的口罩如何收納？賴全裕指出，建議把口罩放在通風乾燥處，拿下來的時候，不要使用完全密封的塑膠袋，會造成細菌容易繁殖，可以用塑膠夾或紙袋，避免手觸摸到口罩。相關新聞請見︰武漢肺炎懶人包》傳染途徑、預防措施看這裡「武漢肺炎專區」請點此，更多相關訊息，帶您第一手掌握。\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n \n 不用抽不用搶現在用APP看新聞保證天天中獎　\n 點我下載APP　\n 按我看活動辦法\n\n \n \n\n\n\n 相關新聞\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n LTN集點大放送\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n網友回應"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019"],["url","https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2196-x"],["summary","AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory tract infection that emerged in late 20191,2. Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% cases with severe, and 6.1% with critical courses3. This severe presentation corresponds to the usage of a virus receptor that is expressed predominantly in the lung2,4. By causing an early onset of severe symptoms, this same receptor tropism is thought to have determined pathogenicity, but also aided the control, of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 20035. However, there are reports of COVID-19 cases with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, suggesting the potential for pre- or oligosymptomatic transmission6–8. There is an urgent need for information on body site-specific virus replication, immunity, and infectivity. Here we provide a detailed virological analysis of nine cases, providing proof of active virus replication in upper respiratory tract tissues. Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms (peak at 7.11 × 108 RNA copies per throat swab, day 4). Infectious virus was readily isolated from throat- and lung-derived samples, but not from stool samples, in spite of high virus RNA concentration. Blood and urine never yielded virus. Active replication in the throat was confirmed by viral replicative RNA intermediates in throat samples. Sequence-distinct virus populations were consistently detected in throat and lung samples from the same patient, proving independent replication. Shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms. Seroconversion occurred after 7 days in 50% of patients (14 days in all), but was not followed by a rapid decline in viral load. COVID-19 can present as a mild upper respiratory tract illness. Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract puts the prospects of COVID-19 containment in perspective.\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Roman Wölfel, Victor M. Corman, Wolfgang GuggemosThese authors jointly supervised this work: Christian Drosten, Clemens WendtnerAffiliationsBundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, GermanyRoman Wölfel, Sabine Zange, Patrick Vollmar, Rosina Ehmann & Katrin ZwirglmaierCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, GermanyVictor M. Corman, Marcel A. Müller, Daniela Niemeyer, Terry C. Jones, Tobias Bleicker, Sebastian Brünink, Julia Schneider & Christian DrostenKlinikum München-Schwabing, Munich, GermanyWolfgang Guggemos, Michael Seilmaier & Clemens WendtnerCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKTerry C. JonesUniversity Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, GermanyCamilla Rothe & Michael HoelscherAuthorsRoman WölfelYou can also search for this author in Victor M. CormanYou can also search for this author in Wolfgang GuggemosYou can also search for this author in Michael SeilmaierYou can also search for this author in Sabine ZangeYou can also search for this author in Marcel A. MüllerYou can also search for this author in Daniela NiemeyerYou can also search for this author in Terry C. JonesYou can also search for this author in Patrick VollmarYou can also search for this author in Camilla RotheYou can also search for this author in Michael HoelscherYou can also search for this author in Tobias BleickerYou can also search for this author in Sebastian BrüninkYou can also search for this author in Julia SchneiderYou can also search for this author in Rosina EhmannYou can also search for this author in Katrin ZwirglmaierYou can also search for this author in Christian DrostenYou can also search for this author in Clemens WendtnerYou can also search for this author in Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to\n Christian Drosten or Clemens Wendtner.Supplementary information\n \n \n Supplementary InformationThis file contains Supplementary Methods, which include a description of RNA extraction and RT-PCR methods, a description of cell culture and antibody detection methods and Supplementary References.About this articleCite this articleWölfel, R., Corman, V.M., Guggemos, W. et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019.\n Nature (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-xDownload citationReceived: 01 March 2020Accepted: 24 March 2020Published: 01 April 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x\n\n \n\n \n CommentsBy submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","#口罩可以乾蒸嗎\n#為何2月不行現在可以\n#水鏡來告訴你\n\n今天疾管中心宣傳口罩可以乾蒸，再重複使用\n馬上有人找出2月衛福部食藥署建議不要乾蒸的資料\n還有人把這照片放在爆料公社，很明顯要帶風向\n\n有人酸因為唐鳳說可以乾蒸，所以政策就轉彎\n\n不管別人怎麼說，包括這篇都是\n請做個獨立思考的人\n\n#防疫本來就是與時俱進\n大家應該還記得，2月的時候疾管中心跟大家說不用戴口罩\n總統、行政院長、陳時中部長，也帶頭不戴口罩\n當時還有「我OK，你先戴」的風氣\n\n當時背景是沒有社區感染，戴不戴口罩風險都低\n當時到現在沒戴口罩的人，都活得好好的也沒被感染。\n\n這兩天陳時中部長已經戴起口罩，為什麼呢？\n簡單說，我們有零星的社區感染，加上這幾天連假的出遊\n我們要在未來的14天防範疫情社區化\n\nNature Medicine刊出香港學者研究，外科口罩可以顯著防止新冠病毒從感染者傳播出去。https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2?fbclid=IwAR3EzP6Xm2bXH4bDHx9i9oOYxqHIraWbuRbZcGzM6fmgQz7iIl7ufHrkN-A\n\n這是因為疫情的不同，資訊的改變\n政府反應以及需要民間配合的方式不同\n\n#那到底口罩可不可以乾蒸\n\n你可能會問，當時食藥署為何覺得不行？\n當時食藥署的說法是\"可能\"會破壞結構，所以不建議。\n\n但後續的研究出來，真的可以透過乾蒸讓口罩重複使用\n\n根據中山醫學大學職安系副教授賴全裕表示，經過檢測證實，「電鍋乾蒸」口罩，5次以內，過濾效果都還在規定合格的80%以內。\nhttps://www.thenewslens.com/article/131064\n\n實驗結果發現無論細菌過濾效率或微粒過濾效率都跟原本口罩效果相近。\nhttps://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/3123669\n\n再說一次，這是人類第一次遇到這個病毒，很多事情本來就不了解。\n\n比如Nature這篇研究，就刷新大家原本的認知\n\n原來剛被感染的前5天，傳染力最大，到住院第9天傳染力就低了，不一定要在負壓房。\n\n這對本來以為症狀越嚴重傳播力越大、負壓房要住好住滿的觀念是很大的釐清\nhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2196-x\n\n好，回到乾蒸口罩這件事\n原先政府有疑惑，後來研究證實，口罩乾蒸可以重複使用\n政府提供資訊，不OK嗎？\n\n#未來14天大家照顧好自己\n\n現在已經有人在傳\n「為了要向國外捐口罩，所以要求民眾乾蒸」\n\n請問我們有為了捐口罩，一周從買三個變買兩個嗎？\n\n提供乾蒸，只是資訊更新後提供方法\n可能有些人不覺得一個口罩五元貴\n\n但對節省、重視環保的或有經濟壓力的人，這不失為權宜之計\n至於要酸的、要戰的、要攻擊的，\n就別了，台灣需要大家的團結\n\n就像這幾天的連假，\n大家玩都玩了，該得的也得了，不該得的也不會得\n\n本院只有一個請求\n\n#連假有出遊的朋友接下來14天外出請戴口罩\n\n接下來14天，大家把自己照顧好\n勤洗手、出門戴口罩、保持人際距離、不摸臉、少聚集\n\n#祝大家平安健康\n\n#我們二月也不知道肥胖容易得重症啊\n\n#水鏡共筆"],["id","1kyvy3pelrgow"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T08:20:58.169Z"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_8SU6w_lKU8142Pd-hyVJRULJNF7mjehuE3om7Vc6i8c"],["name","滿足的✖東勢✖艾薇拉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Diabetes drug is promising Alzheimer's treatment after 'significantly reversing' memory loss"],["url","http://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html"],["summary","A drug developed for type 2 diabetes significantly reverses memory loss and could have potential as a new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, scientists say.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study, by UK and Chinese universities, is the first to look at a new combined diabetes drug and found improvements in several characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer’s.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lead researcher Professor Christian Holscher, from Lancaster University, said these “very promising outcomes” show multi-action drugs developed for type 2 diabetes “consistently show neurological protective effects”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Independent academics said a reduction in nerve-cell-killing protein molecules was particularly interesting and this was likely to be another avenue in the search for an elusive drug to combat dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n He has previously reported optimistic findings from an older diabetes drug, liraglutide, and clinical trials in humans are currently under way.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n This latest study, published in the journal Brain Research, looked at a “triple action” treatment that combine three different drugs for type 2 diabetes, acting on biological pathways that could also have an impact on dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n Type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for Alzhemier’s disease and impaired production of insulin – the hormone that people with diabetes don’t produce sufficiently to control their blood sugar – is linked to brain degeneration.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The identification of this link had a twofold benefit, according to charities.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It opened up new research and drug development opportunities, such as this study.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But it also means that by making lifestyle changes, like eating healthily and exercising, patients can avoid developing type-2 diabetes and lower their risk of Alzheimer’s disease as well.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n There are currently half a million people living with Alzheimer’s disease in the UK and more than five million people with diabetes, both conditions pose a major cost to the NHS, and health systems worldwide.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n The treatment in this study combined; GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, which, like insulin protect against neurological deterioration, and tested them in mice with genetic mutations that cause Alzheimer’s disease.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n After two months of daily injections the mice were shown to significantly improve their performance in a maze designed to test memory.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Treated mice also had lower levels of proteins which clump together and form plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, inhibiting nerve cells’ ability to communicate and causing them to die.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study also found these mice lost nerve cells to the disease at a slower rate and had lower levels of nerve inflammation.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It concludes that the triple treatment “holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \nThe seven Alzheimer's risk factors\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n The Alzheimer’s Society, a charity which part-funded the latest study research, said that after 15 years without a new drug for Alzheimer’s disease the promising results from these crossover treatments, which are already known to be safe for humans, are likely to bring earliest benefits.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Professor Holscher added that further tests to compare its benefits against other potential treatments, and its effects in humans were needed.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But Professor John Hardy, a professor of neuroscience, at University College London who was not involved in the trial, said the study was “a first step, at best” towards a Alzheimer’s drug for humans.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n “The results showing less amyloid deposition of amyloid in mice treated with glucagon receptor stimulating drugs is interesting,” he said.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n “However, it should be noted that several other drugs have shown positive results in mice models of Alzheimer’s disease and then failed in human trials.”\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dr David Reynolds, chief scientific officer at Alzheimer’s Research UK, echoed this, but added: “There is a long road between studies that show an effect in animals and treatments in the hands of patients, and scientists will only be able to realise the potential of promising findings like these if we continue to invest in research.”"],["topImageUrl","https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2015/04/14/21/web-alzheimers-2-alamy.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease"],["url","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596"],["summary","AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) that have anti-diabetic properties show very promising effects in animal models of AD. Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain. Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. In the present study, the effects of the TA were evaluated in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. The TA was injected once-daily (10 nmol/kg i.p.) for two months. The results showed that treatment with TA significantly reversed the memory deficit in the APP/PS1 mice in a spatial water maze test. Moreover, the drug reduced levels of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signaling molecule BAX, increased the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule Bcl-2 and enhanced the levels of BDNF, a key growth factor that protects synaptic function. Levels of synaptophysin were enhanced, demonstrating protection from synaptic loss that is observed in AD. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was furthermore enhanced as shown in the increase of doublecortin positive cells. Furthermore, TA treatment reduced the total amount of β-amyloid, reduced neuroinflammation (activated microglia and astrocytes), and oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus, these findings show that novel TAs are a promising lead for the design of future treatment strategies in AD.Previous Next KeywordsInflammationGrowth factorBDNFBrainInsulinNeurodegeneration1. IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized clinically by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and aberrant behavior [1]. Currently, there is no treatment can improve this condition. Epidemiological studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) (Luchsinger et al., 2004, Ohara et al., 2011). The underlying mechanism is most likely that insulin signaling is impaired in the brains of AD patients (Moloney et al., 2010, Talbot et al., 2012). This motivated research in drugs that have shown good effects in treating diabetes to investigate if they could be helpful in treating AD as well. Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) can play a neuroprotective role in the brain and show very promising effects in animal models of AD (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Li et al., 2010, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain (Hoosein and Gurd, 1984, Mayo et al., 2003). Activation of the receptor can activate neuronal activity and cellular Ca2+ signaling and may have neuroprotective properties (Ayush et al., 2015). Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. This novel drug has been developed as a potential treatment for diabetes (Finan et al., 2015). No studies have been published that test the neuroprotective effects of this novel drug. We therefore tested this promising TA in the APPSWE/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD. This mouse model recapitulates some of the hallmarks of AD, such as memory loss, synaptic loss, reduction of synaptic plasticity, reduction of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, chronic inflammation in the brain, and formation of amyloid plaques in the brain (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Goto et al., 2008, Hamilton et al., 2011, Hamilton and Holscher, 2012, McClean et al., 2011). We tested the effects of TA in this transgenic mouse model and evaluated the neuroprotective effects. We analyzed memory formation, hippocampal neurogenesis, the expression levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (Blurton-Jones et al., 2009), mitochondrial apoptosis signaling proteins, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress levels.2. Results2.1. TA-treatment improved the learning and memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice in the water mazeA two-way ANOVA found a significant difference between groups (p < 0.0001) and over time (p < 0.001). In the Morris water test, it was observed that the control mice, APP/PS1 mice and TA-treated APP/PS1 mice had a similar escape latency (P > 0.05). On day 5, the average escape distance in searching for the hidden platform in the APP/PS1 mice was significantly longer than that in the control mice (P < 0.05). Compared to the APP/PS1 group, the TA-treated APP/PS1 group’s average escape distance was decreased (P < 0.01). There was no difference in swimming speed among these three groups in training days (P > 0.05).Then on day 6, the platform was removed and the probe trail test was conducted. A one way ANOVA analysis showed an overall difference between groups. The APP/PS1 mice spent less time in the target quadrant (P < 0.01) and had fewer times passing through the original position of the hidden platform (P < 0.01), compared with control mice. In the TA-treated APP/PS1 group, the time spent in target quadrant (P < 0.05) and the frequencies to cross the platform significantly increased (P < 0.05), compared to the APP/PS1 group Fig. 1.Download high-res image (302KB)Download full-size imageFig. 1. The novel TA improved the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice in the spatial water maze task. (A) The escape latency and swimming speed in the training trails. (B) The percentage of time in target quadrant and crossing platform times in the probe trials. The circle indicates the position of the platform during acquisition (C) Representative swimming tracks of the probe trial. * = P < .05, ** = P < .01 compared to the control group, ## = P < .01, # = P < .05 compared to the APP/PS1 group; Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests.2.2. TA-treatment ameliorated amyloid plaques in the brains of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, we analyzed the amount of amyloid plaques present in the brains of APP-PS1 mice. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the amyloid deposits in the cortex (F = 31.10, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 30.38, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The Aβ1-42 depositions in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased the deposition (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 2.Download high-res image (211KB)Download full-size imageFig. 2. TA treatment reduced amyloid deposits in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.3. TA-treatment reduced the chronic inflammation response in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-GFAP antibody was used as an indication of activated astrocytes. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the GFAP expression in the cortex (F = 77.03, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 86.51, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of GFAP in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 3.Download high-res image (362KB)Download full-size imageFig. 3. TA-treatment reduced the number of GFAP positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA. Scale bar in image D: 50μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained astroglia. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-IBA1 antibody was used as an indication of microglia activation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the IBA-1 expression in the cortex (F = 28.71, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 66.42, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of IBA-1 in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 4.Download high-res image (347KB)Download full-size imageFig. 4. TA treatment reversed the increase of IBA-1 positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained microglia. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.4. TA-treatment suppressed oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of APP /PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, 4-HNE was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the 4-HNE expression in the cortex (F = 60.60, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 35.22, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 4-HNE in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5a.Download high-res image (397KB)Download full-size imageFig. 5. Oxidative stress was reduced by the TA. 5A. TA-treatment reduced the increase of 4-HNE levels in the cortex and hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with controls; ###=P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. 5B. TA treatment reduced the increase of 8-OHdG levels in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures ***post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, 8-OHdG was measured as an indicator of DNA oxidation. A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the 8-OHdG expression in the cortex (F = 38.72, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 56.60, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 8-OHdG in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5b.2.5. TA-treatment increased immature neurons in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, numbers of neurogenesis, assessed by doublecortin (DCX). A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the DCX positive cell in the dentate gyrus (F = 43.61, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The numbers of DCX were much reduced in the APP/PS1 mice (P < 0.001) compared to the control mice. While TA-treatment partially prevented the reduction (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 mice. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 6.Download high-res image (169KB)Download full-size imageFig. 6. TA-treatment enhanced neurogenesis and increased numbers of DCX positive cell numbers in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice. A: control group; B: APP/PS1 group; C: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image A: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.6. TA-treatment reversed the decrease of BDNF levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 miceBDNF, a key neurotrophic factor in the brain, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.01, P < 0.001). The expression of BDNF in hippocampus was reduced in APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. TA-treatment reversed the decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7a.Download high-res image (304KB)Download full-size imageFig. 7. A) TA-treatment increased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001compared with the control group; # = P < .05 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. B) TA-treatment increased levels of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ## = P < .01 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. C) TA-treatment increased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.7. TA-treatment reversed the reduction of synaptophysin levelsSynaptophysin (SYN), a synaptic markers, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.46, P < 0.001). The level of SYN in hippocampus was decreased in the APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment prevent the reduction (P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7b.2.8. TA-treatment showed potential anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in APP/PS1 miceThe expression of apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 (that suppress apoptosis) and BAX (that promotes apoptosis), was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 77.64, P < 0.001). The ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in hippocampus was increased (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment partly decreased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7c.3. DiscussionThe results demonstrate for the first time that the novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist has clear neuroprotective effects in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Memory formation in the spatial water maze task was improved by the drug, and the amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus was reduced. This result confirms our previous findings that single GLP-1 or GIP analogues can protect from memory loss in this mouse model of AD (Faivre and Holscher, 2013a, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). The chronic inflammation response as seen in the activation of microglia and astrocytes is much reduced by the novel TA, similar to single GLP-1 or GIP receptor agonists (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Ji et al., 2016a, McClean et al., 2011). Levels of the peroxidized lipid 4-HNE that also acts as a pro-apoptotic signal in mitochondria have been reduced by the TA. 4-HNE is one of the markers of membrane lipid peroxidation induced by cytotoxic radicals such as OH. 4-HNE has cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic properties and 4-HNE is reported to stimulate apoptosis via caspase 3 activation and by inducing mitochondrial damage as shown in cytochrome c release (Ji et al., 2001). The levels of the mitochondrial apoptosis signal BAX (Kim et al., 2005) were also reduced. Importantly, the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) which is active in functioning mitochondria that have normal inner membrane voltage potentials (Kavitha et al., 2013) is upregulated by the TA, adding to the neuroprotective effect. The level of chronic oxidative stress as measure by the levels of the oxidized nucleotide 8-Hydroxiguanosine (8-OHdG) was also reduced by the drug. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was normalized. Importantly, the levels of the key growth factor BDNF were normalized in the brain. BDNF has shown clear neuroprotective effects in a range of animal models of disease (Allen et al., 2013, Benedetti et al., 2014, Blurton-Jones et al., 2009, Nagahara et al., 2013). An important factor of BNDF activity is that it maintains synaptic activity and protects synapses from stressors (Kuipers and Bramham, 2006). The observation that the synaptic marker synaptophysin was expressed at normal levels after TA treatment also indicates that synaptic numbers and function was improved in the AD mouse. We have shown previously that GLP-1 and GIP analogues protect synapses from amyloid induced stress and keeps them functional (Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Gault and Holscher, 2008a, Gault and Holscher, 2008b, McClean and Holscher, 2014).Recently, multiple receptor agonists have been developed to treat type II diabetes (Finan et al., 2013, Finan et al., 2015). We have tested novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists that showed good neuroprotective effects that are superior to single GLP-1 analogues (Cao et al., 2016, Jalewa et al., 2017, Ji et al., 2016b, Yuan et al., 2017). The novel dual agonist DA3-CH was found to be superior to liraglutide in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (Yuan et al., 2017), demonstrating that the strategy of activating more than one incretin receptor type offers an advantage over single receptor agonists. Here, we show that a novel triple receptor agonist also shows promise as a potential treatment for AD, but further dose–response tests and direct comparisons with other drugs have to be conducted in order to evaluate if this new drug is superior to previous ones.GLP-1, GIP and glucagon are members of the growth factor family (Hölscher, 2016). Their respective receptors are classic 7-membrane spanning domain, G-protein coupled receptors that activate cAMP synthesis (Campbell and Drucker, 2013, Doyle and Egan, 2007, Holst et al., 2011). The activation of the second messenger cascade cAMP-PKA-CREB induces a number of cytoprotective processes, including the normalization of energy utilization, cell repair and growth-factor related gene expression (Holscher, 2014, Jalewa et al., 2016, Perry and Greig, 2004, Sharma et al., 2013). Importantly, GLP-1 and GIP also have anti-inflammatory properties. Astroglia and microglia express the receptors, and activating these reduce the inflammation response (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Jalewa et al., 2017, Parthsarathy and Holscher, 2013, Spielman et al., 2017). Chronic inflammation is a main driver of neurodegenerative disorders, and a reduction of the inflammation in the brain shows protective effects (Akiyama et al., 2000, Clark et al., 2012, Lee et al., 2010).Based on the impressive preclinical data that demonstrate neuroprotection of such drugs, clinical trials have started that investigate the neuroprotective effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 (Byetta, Bydureon®) and liraglutide (Victoza®) in patients with AD or with Parkinson disease (PD). A pilot study testing the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in AD patients showed promising results. In a double blind, placebo controlled trial, AD patients showed no deterioration in brain activity as measured in the 18FDG-PET scan after 12 months of drug treatment. In contrast, the placebo group showed clear reductions in cortical activity as expected for this progressive neurodegenerative disease (Gejl et al., 2016). A phase II clinical trial is currently ongoing (Hölscher, 2016). A pilot trial testing exendin-4 in PD patients has shown good effects (NCT01174810). This open-label study tested the effects of exendin-4 in 45 patients. There were clear improvements in the motor coordination as shown in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment, and cognition was improved as measured by the Mattis DRS-2 test battery that had been designed to evaluate cognitive impairments in PD patients (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2013). Patients were re-tested 12 months later, and the differences in motor performance and cognitive scores were still visible (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2014). A phase II double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial that tested the once-weekly formulation of exendin-4, Bydureon®, confirmed the results of the pilot study. The drug group did not deteriorate in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment after 48 weeks of treatment, and after 12 weeks of a wash-out period, the disease-modifying effect was still visible. In contrast, the placebo group deteriorated over time as would be expected in this disease (Athauda et al., 2017). In addition, a phase II trial testing liraglutide in PD patients has started, testing patients in a double blind, placebo controlled trial for one year (NCT02953665). A further clinical trial testing the GLP-1 receptor agonist Lixisenatide in PD patients is in planning.These very promising preclinical and the first clinical outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of these novel multiple receptor agonists that originally were developed to treat type II diabetes, but have shown consistent neuroprotective effects in several studies. In the present study, the novel TA improved learning and memory, reduce amyloid plaque load, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial stress signaling, and improved BDNF release and synaptic markers while normalising neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. The novel triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.4. Materials and methods4.1. Peptide and chemicalsThe triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg used in this study was synthesized by China Peptides Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China) to 95% purity. The identity and purity of the peptide was confirmed by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized using matrix assisted laser resorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry. The peptide was stored in dry form and dissolved in double-distilled water containing 0.9% NaCl2 before experiments. A Bi-cinchoninicacid (BCA) protein assay kit was purchased from Apply gen Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was purchased from ZSGB-BIO Co. (Beijing, China). The primary antibodies recognizing Aβ1-42, IBA-1, BDNF, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), synaptophysin (SYN) and β-actin were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The primary antibody GFAP, Bcl-2, and BAX were obtained from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). The primary antibody doublecortin (DCX) buy from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG, biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG, avidinbiotin peroxidase complex reagent was purchased from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). All other reagents used in the research were of analytical grade and of the highest quality commercially available. The peptide sequence was as follows (Finan et al., 2015):HXQGTFTSDKSKYLDERAAQDFVQWLLDGGPSSGAPPPSX = aminoisobutyric acid, K = γE-C16 acylation (with a C16 fatty acid).4.2. Animals and treatmentsAPP/PS1 transgenic mice were purchased from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS, China), were maintained in a constant temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and humidity (relative 30%) under a 12 h light/dark cycle in animal house. As well as age-matched non-AD mice, which are wild-type animals as control. When animals were 6 months of age, TA was dissolved in saline. The dose was a once-daily injection of 10 nmol/kg body weight ip. for two months. Injections were given in the morning (8:00 am). Control mice received equal volumes of saline solution. All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of Shanxi Medical University and conform to the guidelines of National Institute of Health (NIH) guideline (NIH publication No. 85-23. Revised 1985). They were divided into three different groups (n = 12). (i): control group treated with saline only; (ii): APP/PS1 group treated with saline only; (iii): APP/PS1 group treated with TA. At the end of drug treatments, measurements of behavioral change, neuronal damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted.4.3. Morris water maze testThe water maze test is a standard method for assessing learning and memory in animals. The water maze (WM) task was performed 5 days after two months intraperitoneal injection. The apparatus was a circular, white painted pool (150 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height) which was filled to a depth of 40 cm with warm water at a temperature 23 ± 2 °C to avoid hypothermia, and was surrounded by a white curtain around the pool. The pool was divided into four quadrants with four starting locations, north (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W), the starting quadrant was randomly chosen. A perspex platform (diameter, 10 cm) was located in a specific location during the acquisition trials and submerged approximately 1.0 cm below the surface of the water. A video camera was mounted directly above the pool to record the movement and the trail of the mice. During the acquisition phase, each mouse was subjected to four consecutive training trials on each day. The mouse was gently placed in the water between the quadrants, and allowed 60 s to search the hidden platform. If it failed to find the platform within 60 s, it was guided to the platform and allowed to remain there for 10 s. Training continued for 5 days. On the sixth day, the hidden platform was removed and each mouse was allowed to swim in the pool for 60 s. The mean time spent in all four quadrants and the target area for searching the hidden platform was recorded.4.4. Brain tissue preparationHalf of the animals were decapitated after anesthetization with ethyl carbamate, hippocampus tissues were immediately isolated and stored at −80 °C for further investigations. The second half of each group was used for immunohistochemistry analysis. Animals were perfused intracardially with saline and cold 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h.4.5. ImmunohistochemistryFor DAB staining, fixed tissues were embedded in paraffin. Coronal sections (5 μm thick) of the brains were cut on a Leica microtome for immunohistochemistry. Paraffin was removed from the tissue sections with xylene, and the sections were rehydrated in graded ethanol solutions. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating in 10 mmol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 min. After blocked with 5% BSA, sections were incubated with the primary antibody for doublecortin (goat anti-DCX; 1:50), GFAP (rabbit anti-GFAP; 1:100), IBA-1 (goat anti-IBA1; 1:200), 4-Hydroxynonenal antibody (goat anti-4 HNE; 1:200) and anti-8 Hydroxyguanosine antibody (goat anti-8 OHdG; 1:200) at 37 °C for 2 h. For the Anti-8 OHdG histology, enzymatic antigen retrieval with 10 μm/ml proteinase K for 40 min at 37 °C was performed. To detect amyloid deposits, the primary antibody was Aβ1-42 (rabbit anti-Aβ1-42; 1:100), brain sections were pre-incubated with 70% formic acid and incubated at 4 °C for 24 h. They were rinsed in PBS and incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG or biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG at 37 °C for 0.5 h and incubated with the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex reagent at 37 °C for 0.5 h. Samples were stained in DAB solution in the presence of H2O2. All stained sections were viewed and photographed under a Zeiss light microscope, and images were captured by Motic Images Plus2.0ML software. The numbers of DCX positive neurons, the areas of Aβ1-42, GFAP, IBA-1, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG positive cells were determined using Image-pro plus6.0 software. The software counts objects that are defined in size and staining threshold by the user. This automated process avoided user bias.4.6. Western blotThe hippocampal tissues from mice was homogenized in ice cold RIPA buffer (containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% deoxycholate) and PMSF (phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride). The homogenate was centrifuged 12,000 rpm/min for 5 min at 4 °C before taking the supernatant. Tissue containing 60 μg of protein was separated on 10–12% gradient Bis–Tris gel with molecular marker and electrophoresed in running buffer at 120 mV for 90 min followed by transfer to the PVDF membrane. Following protein transfer, the membrane was washed in TBST (tris buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20, pH 8) and blocked in 5% skim milk for 1 h. Then incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit anti-synaptophysin (SYN) (1:10,000), rabbit anti-Bcl-2 (1:400), rabbit anti-BAX (1:400), rabbit anti-BDNF (1:5000), after three washes in TBS further incubation for 2 h at room temperature with the HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (1:5000). In some cases, the blots were stripped and reprobed with a rabbit anti-β-actin (1:5000) to ensure equal sample loading. The bound antibodies were then visualized by ECL-enhanced chemiluminescence (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blot images were captured with a chemiluminescent imaging system (Sage Creation, Beijing, China). All bands were quantified using the image system of Alpha View SA.4.7. Statistical analysisThe data were presented as the mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M.) and analyzed by one-way or two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test using the software Prism 5 (Graph Pad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical significance is defined as P < 0.05.ContributorsJT, WL and YL conducted the experiments, LL and CH conceived the experiment and wrote the manuscript.AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Shanxi Province [(2010)255], by a Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, and supported by a grant from the Alzheimer Society UK. The authors declare no conflict of interestAppendix A. Supplementary dataReferencesAkiyama et al., 2000H. Akiyama, S. Barger, S. Barnum, B. Bradt, J. Bauer, G.M. Cole, N.R. Cooper, P. Eikelenboom, M. Emmerling, B.L. Fiebich, C.E. Finch, S. Frautschy, W.S. Griffin, H. Hampel, M. Hull, G. Landreth, L. Lue, R. Mrak, I.R. Mackenzie, P.L. McGeer, M.K. O'Banion, J. 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GreigGLP-1 receptor stimulation reduces amyloid-beta peptide accumulation and cytotoxicity in cellular and animal models of Alzheimer's diseaseJ. Alzheimers Dis., 19 (2010), pp. 1205-1219Luchsinger et al., 2004J.A. Luchsinger, M.X. Tang, S. Shea, R. MayeuxHyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer diseaseNeurology, 63 (2004), pp. 1187-1192Mayo et al., 2003K.E. Mayo, L.J. Miller, D. Bataille, S. Dalle, B. Goke, B. Thorens, D.J. DruckerInternational Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagon receptor familyPharmacol. Rev., 55 (2003), pp. 167-194McClean et al., 2011P. McClean, V. Parthsarathy, E. Faivre, C. HölscherThe diabetes drug liraglutide prevents degenerative processes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's diseaseJ. Neurosci., 31 (2011), pp. 6587-6594McClean and Holscher, 2014P.L. McClean, C. HolscherLixisenatide, a drug developed to treat type 2 diabetes, shows neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer's diseaseNeuropharmacology, 86C (2014), pp. 241-258Moloney et al., 2010A.M. Moloney, R.J. Griffin, S. Timmons, R. O'Connor, R. Ravid, C. O'NeillDefects in IGF-1 receptor, insulin receptor and IRS-1/2 in Alzheimer's disease indicate possible resistance to IGF-1 and insulin signallingNeurobiol. Aging, 31 (2010), pp. 224-243Nagahara et al., 2013A.H. Nagahara, M. Mateling, I. Kovacs, L. Wang, S. Eggert, E. Rockenstein, E.H. Koo, E. Masliah, M.H. TuszynskiEarly BDNF treatment ameliorates cell loss in the entorhinal cortex of APP transgenic miceJ. Neurosci., 33 (2013), pp. 15596-15602Ohara et al., 2011T. Ohara, Y. Doi, T. Ninomiya, Y. Hirakawa, J. Hata, T. Iwaki, S. Kanba, Y. KiyoharaGlucose tolerance status and risk of dementia in the community: the Hisayama studyNeurology, 77 (2011), pp. 1126-1134Parthsarathy and Holscher, 2013V. Parthsarathy, C. HolscherThe type 2 diabetes drug liraglutide reduces chronic inflammation induced by irradiation in the mouse brainEur. J. Pharmacol., 700 (2013), pp. 42-50Perry and Greig, 2004T.A. Perry, N.H. GreigA new Alzheimer's disease interventive strategy: GLP-1Curr. Drug Targets, 5 (2004), pp. 565-571Sharma et al., 2013M. Sharma, J. Jalewa, C. HolscherNeuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of liraglutide on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to Methylglyoxal stressJ. Neurochem., 128 (2013), pp. 459-471Spielman et al., 2017L.J. Spielman, D.L. Gibson, A. KlegerisIncretin hormones regulate microglia oxidative stress, survival and expression of trophic factorsEur. J. Cell Biol., 96 (2017), pp. 240-253Talbot et al., 2012K. Talbot, H.Y. Wang, H. Kazi, L.Y. Han, K.P. Bakshi, A. Stucky, R.L. Fuino, K.R. Kawaguchi, A.J. Samoyedny, R.S. Wilson, Z. Arvanitakis, J.A. Schneider, B.A. Wolf, D.A. Bennett, J.Q. Trojanowski, S.E. ArnoldDemonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive declineJ. Clin. Invest., 122 (2012), pp. 1316-1338Yuan et al., 2017Z. Yuan, L. Li, P. Feng, G. Xue, C. Ji, G. Li, C. HölscherA novel GLP-1/GIP dual agonist is more effective than liraglutide in reducing inflammation and enhancing GDNF release in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."],["topImageUrl","https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0006899317X0022X-cov150h.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","阿茲海默症(Alzheimer’s disease)疾病對於病人及家屬皆會帶來很大的影響，然而至目前為止，疾病的發生機轉及可能的治療方式卻仍在研究階段。《Cell Reports》日前刊登中國山西醫科大學(Shanxi Medical University)的最新發表，研究團隊表示，原先發展用來治療糖尿病的特定藥物，有機會反轉阿茲海默症的記憶喪失症狀。第二型糖尿病已知為阿茲海默症的風險因子之一，其病程會影響到胰島素的分泌，而在過去的研究中亦曾發現，這個影響人體血糖調節的荷爾蒙，其分泌不足可能與大腦的退化情形有關。本篇研究中，作者發現結合第二型糖尿病的特定藥物，可能改善數項阿茲海默症的獨特病徵。作者表示，這項研究發現，有助於未來發展阿茲海默症及其它神經退化疾病的新治療方法。\n \n新聞出處：Alzheimer's treatment: Diabetes drug holds promise for fighting disease after 'significantly reversing' memory loss《Independent》\nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html\n研究刊登在《Cell Reports》第1678卷第64-74頁\nhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596\n "],["id","AWEET-BFyCdS-nWhunGr"],["createdAt","2018-01-17T13:29:59.107Z"]]}]}],["relatedReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_E90wXtLvmWMO_OXrljpOI_aAAFbrXUvei7BubdK-RIk"],["name","激勵性的壯圍愛葛莎"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy | Italy"],["url","https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy"],["summary","Show captionRoadblocks in Milan. In the initial stages of the coronavirus outbreak, the authorities’ confidence was palpable. Photograph: Carlo Cozzoli/Rex/ShutterstockItalyTue 10 Mar 2020 19.02 GMTBad timing and bad luckItaly appeared well ahead of the curve when the coronavirus outbreak began to spread outside China.After detecting three cases, including two Chinese tourists at the end of January, patients were isolated in a hospital in Rome. Contacts were traced, and the country became one of the world’s first to cut transport links with China.The sense of confidence was palpable. “The system of prevention put into place by Italy is the most rigorous in Europe,” the prime minister, Giuseppe Conte, boasted on 31 January.We're unable to serve this media because your browser does not support HTML 5 audio.In reality, as would become clear in February, the virus had been circulating unnoticed in northern Italy via other local chains of infection, in all probability since mid-January.Another critical misunderstanding also appears to have emerged, this time between central government and hospitals in the north.It concerns what the proper protocols were for testing unexplained fevers and respiratory complaints, and whether people with no apparent connection to China should be tested.On 18 February, a fit 38-year old with no apparent links to China fell ill in Codogno. He saw his GP and visited his local hospital several times, but his symptoms were not picked up as resulting from the coronavirus.Italy on lockdown: PM 'forced to intervene' amid coronavirus crisis – video report Known as Patient One by the Italian media, when he was finally admitted to hospital he was tested after a 36-hour delay, which he spent outside isolation. By that time he had infected a number of medical personnel and other contacts over a period of days.Adam Kucharski, an associate professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, said the initial spread of the virus in Italy “has shown the ability for this to become a serious outbreak in a very short time.“The message is, if you have undetected transmission, if that is not taken seriously, you can very quickly get to numbers that can easily put a burden on your health service. You need ideally to be detecting outbreaks as early as possible.”The age profile of Italy’s population also appears to have made it particularly vulnerable.“Italy is a country of old people,” Prof Massimo Galli, the director of infectious diseases at Sacco hospital in Milan, said. “The elderly with previous pathologies are notoriously numerous here. I think this could explain why we are seeing more serious cases of coronavirus here.”Early decision-makingMuch of what we know about the dramatic spread of the virus in Italy remains provisional. All that can be safely said, as the former prime minister Matteo Renzi put it, is that Italy has become the the guinea pig of Europe.Confronted with the first infections spreading in the north, Italian authorities initially suspected they were tied to the cases of the two Chinese tourists in Rome who had visited Parma.Authorities moved to shut 10 towns linked to the initial cluster of cases in the northern provinces of Lombardy and Veneto. The local lockdowns, which began on the same day that Patient One was confirmed as infected, were hailed in some quarters at time as speedy and decisive.According to some critics of the Italian approach, however, what seemed like sound decision-making at the outset of the crisis may have led in part to the problems the country now faces.“Mistakes were made, probably, in late January,” the author Beppe Severgnini wrote in an op-ed for the New York Times on 2 March. “Italy may have been ill advised to stop flights to and from China; those flights would have provided a clear indication of who was arriving from that country, making health checks easier.”For Christian Althaus, who models infectious diseases at the University of Bern in Switzerland, said Italy’s issues may come down to the simplest explanation: that it was unlucky.“You can argue they noticed it late, but that could have happened elsewhere too,” he said. “Once they realised what was happening, I think they took it seriously. The first lockdown was the right choice, and expanding it nationwide probably too. They realise they need to curb the epidemic.”Mixed messagesIt is less clear whether the first lockdown was undermined both by a desire to avoid alarm and unnecessary economic impact in the country’s industrial centre, and a belief that the outbreak remained limited.In this respect, mixed political messaging may have been more at fault than any weaknesses in Italy’s health system. We know now too that the geographical scope of those initial quarantines was far too limited.As anxiety spread to bigger cities, including the industrial hub of Milan and the tourist centre of Venice, the political messaging was confusing.Among those pushing a “business as usual” message was Nicola Zingaretti, the head of the centre-left Democratic Party, who travelled to Milan for a meet and greet with young people to reinforce his pitch. Zingaretti announced at the weekend that he had tested positive for the virus.'It has arrived': Italian Democratic party leader announces he has coronavirus – video For Elisabetta Groppelli, a lecturer in global health at St George’s, University of London, a full reckoning is still some way off.“Until viral genetic analysis sheds more light on the situation, it’s hard to say exactly why Italy has been so badly affected,” she said. “Northern Italy is the economic hub of the country as well as a tourist hotspot, and therefore has lots of travel in and out of the region.“With more people moving constantly and interacting with each other, this could provide a greater context for spread of the disease.”Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare via EmailShare on LinkedInShare on PinterestShare on WhatsAppShare on Messenger"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","From zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus"],["url","https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html"],["summary","A handout photo, taken in February, shows a businessman Luca Zhou, 56, wearing a face mask on the streets of Prato, home to the biggest ethnic Chinese community in Italy.(Handout via Reuters/Maurizio Ciampolini) \n \n \n \n In the storm of infection and death sweeping Italy, one big community stands out to health officials as remarkably unscathed -- the 50,000 ethnic Chinese who live in the town of Prato.\n\nTwo months ago, the country's Chinese residents were the target of what Amnesty International described as shameful discrimination, the butt of insults and violent attack by people who feared they would spread the coronavirus through Italy.\n\nBut in the Tuscan town of Prato, home to Italy's biggest single Chinese community, the opposite has been true. Once scapegoats, they are now held up by authorities as a model for early, strict adoption of infection-control measures.\n\n\"We Italians feared that the Chinese of Prato were to be the problem. Instead, they did much better than us,\" said Renzo Berti, top state health official for the area, which includes Florence.\n\n\"Among Chinese resident in Prato there isn't even one case of COVID contagion,\" he said, referring to COVID-19, which has killed almost 12,000 people in Italy, more than in any other country.\n\nEthnic Chinese make up about a quarter of Prato's population, but Berti credits them with bringing down the entire town's infection rate to almost half the Italian average -- 62 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 115 for the country.\n\nPrato's Chinese community, built originally around the textile industry, went into lockdown from the end of January, three weeks before Italy's first recorded infection.\n\nMany were returning from new year holidays in China, the then epicenter.\n\nThey knew what was coming and spread the word: stay home.\n\nSo as Italians headed to the ski slopes and crowded into cafes and bars as normal, the Chinese inhabitants of Prato had seemingly disappeared. Its streets, still festooned with Chinese New Year decorations, were semi-deserted, shops shuttered.\n\nThere is some anecdotal evidence that Chinese people elsewhere in Italy took similar precautions, though national data on infection rates among the community is unavailable. The health ministry did not respond to an email seeking comment.\n\nMilan restaurateur Francesco Wu, a representative of Italian business lobby Confcommercio, said he urged Italian counterparts in February to shut down their businesses, as he had done.\n\n\"Most of them looked at me like a Cassandra,\" he said. \"No one could believe it was happening here ... Now Troy is burning and we are all locked inside.\"\n\n'Italian friends looked at me oddly'\n\nWhen Chinese-born businessman Luca Zhou flew home from China on Feb. 4 to rejoin his wife and 28-year-old son in Prato, he put himself straight into quarantine in his bedroom for 14 days, separated from his wife and son.\n\n\"We had seen what was happening in China and we were afraid for ourselves, our families and our friends,\" said the 56-year-old, who has a business exporting Italian wine to China.\n\nAfter emerging from his self-quarantine, he ventured outside in mask and gloves. He said the few other Chinese on the streets also wore them, anxious not to spread the virus to others.\n\n\"My Italian friends looked at me oddly. I tried many times to explain to them that they should wear them ... but they didn't understand,\" Luca said.\n\n\"When I came back to Prato, no Italian authority told me anything. We did it all by ourselves. If we had not done it, we would all be infected, Chinese and Italians.\"\n\nItaly was one of the first nations to cut air links with China, on Jan. 31, though many of its Chinese residents found their way home via third countries. On Feb. 8, almost a month before closing all schools, it offered students returning from holidays in China the right to stop attending classes.\n\n\"In Prato, there was a boom in take-up,\" said local health director Berti, saying families had been obliged to contact his authority if they wanted to pursue this option. It was then that he began to realize how differently the Chinese were behaving.\n\nMore than 360 families, or around 1,300 people, registered as having put themselves into self-isolation and also signed up to his authority's health surveillance scheme, which monitored symptoms remotely and communicated with them in Chinese.\n\nAs Italian infections began to take off in late February and early March, some families, many of whom retain Chinese citizenship, even began sending children to relatives in China, alarmed at the attitude and behavior of Italians around them.\n\nAnother who went into self-isolation after returning home from China was 23-year-old university student Chiara Zheng.\n\n\"I was conscious of the gravity of the situation. I felt a duty to do it for other people and those close to me.\""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像… | 聯合新聞網：最懂你的新聞網站"],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["summary","udn\n 要聞\n 武漢肺炎全球燒\n \n\n \n\n \n \n Your browser does not support HTML5 Audio! 😢\n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n\n \n\n 義大利米蘭街頭醜化中國人的塗鴉。武漢肺炎疫情在歐洲各國引發公然歧視亞裔現象。（法新社）\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n武漢肺炎疫情持續在全球延燒，某些西方國家的亞裔居民因此遭受前所未見的公開歧視。\n英國BBC報導，法國到30日有5個武漢肺炎確診病例，都是來自中國大陸的遊客，並未出現本土傳染案例。但一些亞裔居民在社交媒體上抱怨，他們在路上、大眾運輸工具和社交媒體上遭到謾罵和公然歧視，英國和其他國家也傳出類似狀況。\n\n●媒體叫亞裔黃…你敢說黑人是黑禍？\n法國亞裔居民在社交媒體貼文時還用了我不是病毒（#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus）的標籤回擊。Je suis ChinoisMais je ne suis pas un virus!!Je sais que tout le monde a peur au virus, mais pas de préjugé, svp.#JeNeSuisPasUnVirus pic.twitter.com/38bUTNWj3t— Lou Chengwang (@ChengwangL) January 28, 2020 \n法國當地報社《皮卡爾信使報》（Le Courrier picard）用煽動性標題「黃色警報」（Alerte jaune）和「黃禍？」（Le péril jaune?），還配上一張戴口罩的華裔女子來報導疫情，引發強烈抗議。該報很快就道歉，表示不是故意使用某些「最差的亞裔刻板印象」。Cette leçon de racisme décomplexé vous est offerte par le @CourrierPicard #coronavirus pic.twitter.com/jhcoNmsmm5— Madjid Messaoudene (@MadjidFalastine) January 26, 2020 \n反對種族主義國際聯盟（Licra）主席尼維表示，沒有報社敢用「黑色警報」這種標題，所以這顯然是個問題。\n一名住在法國的亞裔女子陳凱西（Cathy Tran，音譯）表示，她在前往科爾馬東部城鎮工作的路上聽見兩名男子說：「小心點，那個中國女孩朝我們走過來了。」●旁邊乘客說：她會汙染我們…\n陳女士說：「我下班回家的途中，一名騎著滑板車的男子經過我，要我戴上口罩。」\n17歲的巴黎居民、擁有越南和柬埔寨血統的女子鄭莎娜（Shana Cheng，音譯）表示，她26日在巴黎的一輛公車上遭受來自男女老少的人身攻擊。她聽見一名乘客說：「那邊有個中國女人，她會汙染我們，她必須回家。」她說，人們用作嘔的表情看著她，「彷彿我是病毒」。\n鄭女士說，沒有人出面阻止這些歧視言行，所以她決定忽略那些言論並繼續聽音樂，還故意咳嗽和發出吸鼻涕的聲音，「讓他們更害怕」。武漢肺炎疫情造成全球恐慌，加拿大多倫多機場許多人戴著口罩。（美聯社）●武漢肺炎疫情為內心的歧視找到出口\n陳女士說，她對人們的反應並不訝異，這次武漢肺炎疫情只是人們展現種族歧視行為的藉口。不同的是，這次她感受到公然歧視的程度遠比過去嚴重，「我們很少聽見亞洲人談論種族歧視，因為大家都知道，我們在默默忍受。但現在我們亞裔都同樣遭受歧視，而且非常過分。」\n法籍華裔作家兼導演葛蕾斯．李（Grace Ly，音譯）形容這種敵意是刻意「打壓中國」，並煽動反亞裔仇恨，「這些城鎮被隔離，人們被孤立還要面對死亡，這是很有趣的事嗎？」\n加拿大華裔社區也擔心，SARS疫情高峰期在多倫多發生的事會重演。2002年SARS在大陸爆發，有8098人感染，造成774人死亡。當時，加拿大有438個疑似感染SARS的病例，其中44人在2003年的春季和夏季死亡。當年大部分病例都在多倫多。\n多倫多市議員和華裔社區領袖29日在記者會上敦促居民，不要因為擔心疫情，就責怪或歧視亞裔居民。加拿大多倫多唐人街街頭的民眾。（路透）●前加國總理 SARS時堅持唐人街用餐\nSARS疫情期間人們都盡量待在家，觀光業和消費產業受到重創，華裔企業和唐人街商家遭到的打擊尤其巨大，收入少了40%至80%。加拿大華人全國理事會多倫多分會執行長賈斯汀．孔說：「當時的傷害很嚴重。人們失去收入、工作，有人被迫變賣房子，還在學校和工作場合被汙名化。」\nSARS疫情最嚴重的時候，時任加拿大總理克瑞強堅持在多倫多的唐人街吃午飯，顯示沒有理由躲避亞裔商家。加拿大前總理克瑞強。（路透）\n加拿大目前有2個武漢肺炎確診病例，孔先生表示，人們仍嘗試理解武漢肺炎的影響。但他也說：「華人社區有居民擔心武漢肺炎疫情，也擔心歧視會影響我們的日常生活。這會對企業、工人、商家和社區帶來巨大影響。」 \n \n\n \n 武漢肺炎\n 霸凌\n SARS\n 社群媒體\n \n \n\n\n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 邊境管制加嚴日發給中、韓的簽證9日起失效\n \n \n 日本政府6日決定為新冠肺炎防疫，採取更嚴格的邊境措施，已發給中國大陸、南韓的簽證9日0時起失效；至於原為免簽對象國的南韓... \n 2020-03-06 10:30\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 英相強生高燒不退住院！能否繼續領導國政受質疑\n \n \n 衛報和CNBC報導，英國首相強生在染上新冠肺炎10天後，周日（5日）住進醫院，為包括高燒在內「持續不退」的症狀作進一步檢... \n 2020-04-06 07:27\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 西班牙再延長全國緊急狀態2周直至4月26日\n \n \n 路透報導，西班牙新冠肺炎確診人數超越義大利，累積至12萬4736例，成為歐洲染疫人數最多的國家。西國總理桑傑士表示，將再... \n 2020-04-04 20:24\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 當機立斷全面對外封鎖西班牙觀光小鎮零確診\n \n \n 西班牙疫情已淪為重災區，然而在疫情肆虐之際，南部小鎮札哈拉因及早採取全面封鎖策略，幸而無人確診。鎮長的當機立斷與居民的支... \n 2020-04-04 19:48\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 義大利傳奇鞋王Sergio Rossi疑因新冠肺炎病逝\n \n \n 新冠肺炎在義大利境內肆虐，造成多人死亡，而傳奇的義大利高級鞋履品牌創辦人Sergio Rossi也在此刻傳來病逝消息，而... \n 2020-04-03 18:49\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 歐洲疫情嚴峻西班牙病故人數破萬\n \n \n 法新社報導，西班牙當局2日表示，過去24小時暴增950起新冠肺炎死亡病例，創單日新高，病故人數也累計破萬，達10003人... \n 2020-04-02 22:43\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本擬放寬新冠病毒感染患者出院標準舒緩收治壓力\n \n \n 日本NHK報導，鑑於東京等地新冠病毒感染病例激增，日本厚生勞動省決定放寬症狀獲改善的患者的出院標準，以便醫院優先治療重症... \n 2020-04-02 16:52\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 日本禁台灣等73國旅客入境入境者都須隔離14天\n \n \n 日本政府致力防堵武漢肺炎疫情，首相安倍晉三今天表示，將擴大實施入境禁令，總計禁止來自台灣等73個國家和地區的旅客入境。另... \n 2020-04-01 20:59\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 疫情後來居上土耳其會變成下一個義大利嗎？\n \n \n 土耳其新冠肺炎疫情增長速度驚人，累計病例數「後來居上」，已進入全球前10名。跡象顯示，疫情有達到義大利那種規模的風險，遲未下達全國禁足令的中央政府飽受批評。 \n 2020-04-01 13:17\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 桑達姆號郵輪染疫外交部：船上14名台人台僑均安\n \n \n 荷美航運公司的郵輪「桑達姆號」（Zaamdam）爆發新冠肺炎疫情，外傳船上載有約30多名台籍旅客。我外交部今天表示，經我... \n 2020-03-30 13:35\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 川普：如果能把死亡人數壓低到10萬以內就做得很好了\n \n \n 美國總統川普29日表示，美國新冠肺炎死亡率將在兩周內攀上高峰，聯邦政府發布的保持社交距離準則，將持續到今年4月30日，以... \n 2020-03-30 12:32\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 首位染疫病逝皇室成員西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐過世\n \n \n 外媒報導，西班牙國王菲利浦六世表姐、人稱「紅公主」的瑪麗亞‧特蕾莎在法國巴黎因新冠肺炎病逝，享壽86歲。 \n 2020-03-27 23:12\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\t\t\t \n \n\t\t\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 共 0 則留言\n \n \n \n \n \n 張貼文章或下標籤，不得有違法或侵害他人權益之言論，違者應自負法律責任。\n 對於明知不實或過度情緒謾罵之言論，經網友檢舉或本網站發現，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。\n 對於無意義、與本文無關、明知不實、謾罵之標籤，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除標籤、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿下標籤。\n 凡「暱稱」涉及謾罵、髒話穢言、侵害他人權利，聯合新聞網有權逕予刪除發言文章、停權或解除會員資格。不同意上述規範者，請勿張貼文章。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","新冠病毒大流行：意大利布拉托市 Prato 讓全世界上了一堂課！\n\n在布拉托市2萬多名中國人(加包括非法移工，中國人約5萬人) 在意大利發生新冠病毒大流行而天氣天哭泣卻沒有1人染新冠病毒！\n而且當地意大利居民從中國人學習到標準榜樣，使該城市新冠病毒感染率是全意大利最低的！\n\nPrato 布拉托意大利中部Tuscany 的成衣城市，距佛羅蘭斯Florence 20分鐘車程，19萬居民中2萬1千名是中國人，6500家中國人經營的成衣工廠。當地有1萬名非法移工。(意大利有30萬中國藉意大利人)\n\n意大利全國新冠病毒感染率每十萬人 115例，在布拉托只有每十萬人62例\n\n意大利城市封鎖時序：\n1月31日：禁止中港奧韓航機入境\n2月21日：意北十城市封鎖\n3月8日：意北擴大封鎖\n3月21日：意大利全國封鎖\n4月4日。意大利確診11萬9千人\n\nPrato 布拉托中國人農歷新年回大陸老家過年後回布拉托就在房間自己隔離14天才見家人，出外戴口罩手套。\n\n他們在大陸親自耳聞目睹疫情嚴重性，知悉 they knew 大條事情發生了；回布拉托後把工廠商店都關閉了，自動的群體的[居家隔離]，[出門戴口罩手套]，比意大利政府提前7星期自己封鎖，也勤意大利朋友要戴口罩。他們的孩子也提前𣎴上學。\n\n8星期後今天，布拉托市的新冠病毒確診病例是全意大利最少的！橄欖油味重的意大利人終於對布拉托市中國藉意大利人另眼相看！\n\n布拉托人給全球人上課講義摘要：\n越早封鎖城市越有效！\n居家隔離14天是關鍵\nStay home 出門戴口罩手套\n\nFrom confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy\n想當時意大利總理康提1月底時説：意大利有全歐洲最嚴格的防範措施 (對抗武漢病毒🦠！\nUndetected transmissions in early stage of outbreak at heart of current difficulties 10 Mar 2020\nhttps://amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy\n\nThe city of Italy is where the Chinese are getting heroic status\nhttps://engnews24h.com/the-city-of-italy-is-where-the-chinese-are-getting-heroic-status/\n\n\nFrom zero to hero: Italy's Chinese help beat coronavirus\nSilvia Ognibene | Reuters | Florence, Italy\nJakarta / Wed, April 1, 2020\nhttps://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/04/01/from-zero-to-hero-italys-chinese-help-beat-coronavirus.html\n\n\n拿武漢肺炎歧視黃種人！歐洲霸凌總動員無法想像…\n2020-01-31 08\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4313003"],["id","jjxk7ududeqj"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T01:50:00.863Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","4QzmT3EBrhVJn3LNzHVC"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","HkXxOXABHjv_5zI2Qlbz"],["name","Ann"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",16]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","1. 托斯卡納（Tuscany）大區的衛生官員貝爾蒂（Renzo Berti）也認為，普拉托市（Prato）的華人在疫情中「做的比我們（義大利國人）更好」，該市的平均感染率不到義大利全國平均的「一半」，約5萬中國人口中也無人確診。\n2. 據《報導者》的採訪．布拉托市華人防範疫情的意識，確實遠比義大利本國人要強，提早關閉商店、自我隔離、派發口罩。\n\n據2016年的統計顯示，普拉托人口約19.2萬，持中國護照的移民約1.9萬人。關於當地實際到底有多少華人，以往報導的說法從2～6萬人不等，幾位受訪者普遍認為4萬人左右，其中原籍溫州的不少於四分之三。\n"],["reference","抗疫有成義大利中國人鹹魚翻身\nhttps://udn.com/news/story/120944/4460380\n\n溫州人把武漢肺炎帶到義大利？Prada、Gucci背後的華工：我們可以給世界一個解釋\nhttps://www.twreporter.org/a/covid-19-wenzhou-people-in-italy\n\n義大利最大華人社區「5萬人零確診」　完美「閃疫」靠這個關鍵\nhttps://www.ettoday.net/news/20200401/1682053.htm"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4460380"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","溫州人把武漢肺炎帶到義大利？Prada、Gucci背後的華工：我們可以給世界一個解釋 - 報導者 The Reporter"],["url","https://www.twreporter.org/a/covid-19-wenzhou-people-in-italy"],["summary","在1980年代中國「改革開放」的背景下，50萬溫州人走向世界，不少前往義大利去經營餐館和成衣業。義大利目前至少有30萬中國人，其中溫州是最大族群。而在這場COVID-19（又稱武漢肺炎、新冠肺炎）疫情裡，溫州人成為可能是把病毒帶到義大利、甚至帶到歐洲的重點懷疑對象。《報導者》採訪多位身在普拉托（Prato）的溫州人，試圖理解義大利境內溫州社群的面貌；也試著揭開在多重迷思的夾殺下，以溫州人為主的基層華工真實處境。2019新型冠狀病毒起源於武漢，傳遍中國，又沿著「一帶一路」等通道席捲全球。被認為是G7工業國裡最親中的義大利，3月裡成了當下全球除中國外疫情最嚴重的地方，截稿前超過6萬人確診。3月11日，義大利總理孔蒂（Giuseppe Conte）宣布「鎖國」，20日官方公布的死亡人數已超過中國，火化爐24小時運轉的悲劇，從武漢轉移到了義大利半島。究竟是誰把病毒從中國帶到了義大利、帶到了歐洲？中國最著名的移民城市溫州成了部分外界重點懷疑的對象。因為有大量溫州人在武漢經商，又在春節前回家過年，溫州一度疫情嚴峻，2月2日即實施「封城」。同時，在歐洲也有大量原籍溫州的移民，尤其是義大利的服裝產業基地普拉托（Prato），Prada、Gucci等著名品牌和許多「快速時尚」服裝均在此生產，老闆和工人幾乎都是華人，絕大部分正是來自溫州。有外國人把這條線連起來，看似邏輯合理。而當疫情重災區轉為歐洲後，也有不少中國人開始指責這些海外移民，平時在外國賺錢，遇到問題又急著逃回祖國避難。但事實果真如此嗎？《報導者》採訪了多位身在普拉托的華人，試圖揭開在多重迷思的夾殺下，以溫州人為主的基層移工真實狀況和處境。停工之後生活停頓「在普拉托，自己有住家的工人並不多，我目前還是在老闆家裡搭鋪。」「搭鋪」是當地華人的「術語」，指的是員工住在老闆提供的集體宿舍裡。胡先生在這位溫州老闆的服裝廠裡幹了2年，覺得他人還不錯，從3月初停工到現在，「對我們8個員工還是管吃管住。」但因為不知道什麼時候可以復工，焦慮還是難免的。「我聽說，有些廠停工之後，就一直在趕走搭鋪的員工。還有一些老闆為了賺錢，就算現在疫情嚴重，也還在冒險開工。不過這兩種情況應該都很少見。」胡先生的話得到了其他受訪者的印證，另一位普拉托華人表示：「也不能完全怪老闆，生意不好，到頭來裁員都是難以避免的。」普拉托是托斯塔尼大區（Tuscany）僅次於佛羅倫斯（Florence）的第二大城市。據2016年的統計顯示，普拉托人口約19.2萬，其中持中國護照的移民約1.9萬人（註）不包括已獲得義大利國籍的華人和沒有合法身分的中國移工。。關於當地到底有多少華人，以往報導的說法從2～6萬人不等，幾位受訪者普遍認為4萬人左右，其中原籍溫州的不少於四分之三。因為疫情，熱鬧的普拉托安靜了下來，隨處可見中文招牌的街道上，空空如也。從溫州來此已經十餘年的姜先生說，因為買不到口罩，大家都不敢出門，幸而自己之前囤了不少食物，「足夠吃兩個月了。」返中避難？多數只敢想想而已祖籍溫州的「90後」Marc說：「每天就在家自我隔離，打打遊戲看看片，日子也還不算太無聊。」義大利現在形勢嚴峻，中國政府又宣傳國內現在很安全，已經實現全國「零新增」，在普拉托的中國人確實有不少想回去，但多是想想就知道不現實，決定放棄，真正能邁開腿的，卻沒有幾個。28歲的丹丹在微信朋友圈動態裡po了一張圖，內容是米蘭到溫州的航班機票價格：經濟艙成人票價2,665歐元／人，折合人民幣約21,000元／人公務艙（商務艙）成人票價3,643歐元／人，折合人民幣約28,700元／人兒童票價為成人票價的75%這樣的機票，每個月在餐館打工收入1,200歐元（約合人民幣9,000元，新台幣39,000元）出頭的她，買不到也買不起，「而且還有兩個孩子，也怕他們萬一在飛機上被感染。」既然如此，索性就帶著兩個孩子在家做做餅乾，玩玩遊戲。但經濟壓力讓她擔心，之前上班的餐館關了，沒有了收入；餐館不知道何時恢復營業，即便重開會不會還需要自己，也不確定。萬一失業，很可能一時不容易找到新的工作。回國發展？「離開8年了，回去也不知道可以做什麼。」出生在普拉托的Marc估計：「疫情之後，肯定會有很多人失業。」溫州，有一個和「歐」相似的簡稱「甌」。它位於浙江省東南部，戶籍人口800餘萬，被認為是中國最具移民特質的城市，歷史上出現過4次移民潮，最早可以上溯到先秦、西漢時期的東甌國，最近一次則以1980年代的「改革開放」為背景，形成了50萬溫州人走向世界、170萬溫州人走向全中國以及280萬外來務工人員湧入溫州的複雜情勢（註）資料來源：任柏強、奚從清（2007）。〈關於溫州移民社會研究幾個問題的思考〉，《溫州大學學報·社會版》，20（6）：1-6。。義大利國家統計局（ISTAT）公布的2018年統計顯示，在當地的中國人有30萬，但這並不包括以義大利籍留下來的華人，此外非法居住者據估計有5～8萬人。其中最大的一個族群就是溫州人。1980年代後，義大利實行吸收外國移民的政策，先後在1986、1990、1995、1998年實施「大赦」或接受非法移民居留申請，來自東歐、北非和中國的移民由此大量湧入（註）資料來源：陳翊、吳海蓉（2017）。〈從立足到發展：海外移民創業的跨國動態化實踐——以法意溫州移民為例〉，《華人華僑歷史研究》，3：27。。早期溫州移民在歐洲站穩腳跟後，與之存在血緣、親緣、地緣聯繫的親友，也隨之接踵而來。丹丹說：「我公婆大約是2003年左右到義大利來的，每天就是拼命工作賺錢，攢了錢就寄回家。10年前我老公也過來了，然後過了2年，我和老公結婚，也來了普拉托。」為了3倍薪水遠行的基層華工福建籍的關先生，現在一家普拉托頗有知名度的服裝公司擔任管理工作。他說：「我記得2005年的時候，我在國內的收入大概是人民幣1,500元（約新台幣6,000元），到了這裡之後，收入是國內的3倍。現在則可以拿到每個月2,000歐元左右（約人民幣1.5萬元，新台幣6.5萬元）。」他也介紹說，從事服裝行業的移工，每月收入差不多1,500～2,000歐元。在中國，很多白領的收入水準也不低，但從事服裝、餐飲等行業，確實不可能拿到這樣的薪水。丹丹說：「國外花銷也會比較多，但節約的話，可以存起來的錢是比國內多。」在普拉托的4萬華人中，這樣的基層移工佔了絕大多數。「我們哪能算什麼華僑，說穿了就是『華工』，」在服裝廠打工十餘年的姜先生如是說。早期的移工，勞動條件很差，在服裝廠每週至少6天，每天工作15、16個小時司空見慣。現在工作條件有所改善，但遇到趕工，連續工作12、13個小時的情況仍然存在。義大利中文媒體《華人街》網站上，除了提供資訊，也供使用者自由發布招聘或求職的訊息，從其「欄目分類」中可以看出，職位幾乎都是工廠、餐飲、司機、按摩、保姆、臨時工等體力勞動。外界迷思：溫州移民都是「土豪」？不過，經過長時間的資本、經驗、人脈的積累，還是有一些溫州移民，完成了「黑手變頭家」的過程。Marc的父母離開溫州已經20多年，他自己也出生在這裡，拿的是義大利護照。父母現在普拉托經營一家小型服裝企業，家裡也在當地置產，但國籍仍然是中國。根據義大利商會聯盟統計，華人中平均每5位就有1位創業者（註）資料來源：張子宇、馬歡等（2012）。〈活在邊緣：溫州人在羅馬〉，《國家經濟地理》，1：85。。Marc表示，這和自己了解的情況相符，「要開廠並不難，但未必都能賺到錢。做得好的，一家廠每個月能賺幾萬歐元，但現在也愈來愈難了。」那會有在國內本來就已經很富裕的溫州人在普拉托生活嗎？所有受訪者均表示，從未聽說過這樣的情況。確有一些以往報導中，溫州商人大舉收購義大利品牌，但這樣的富翁與同鄉的移工之間，從無交集。中國人與普拉托產業的愛恨情仇一年前，中國國家主席習近平訪義，並與義大利總理孔蒂簽署「一帶一路」協議。因為經貿交往密切和「親中」，義大利爆發嚴重疫情後，還遭到了一些「反中」人士的嘲笑。但在基層移工的世界裡，「一帶一路」和自己並沒有多大關係，他們說自己不關心、不了解。即便在一家頗有知名度的服裝企業裡擔任管理職、手下有40多名員工，關先生也表示，他從未聽自己的溫州老闆說起過「一帶一路」的影響。指稱這些已經在義大利生活已久的移工，是中國的國家資本主義沿「一帶一路」向外輸出的載體，存在著倒果為因的誤解。但義大利人對華人的感受，確實複雜。一方面，華人族裔的經濟對普拉托地區生產總值的貢獻超過11%，購買力驚人的中國遊客和中國市場更對義大利人充滿誘惑力。但另一方面，「中國製造」的低成本優勢，嚴重衝擊了小規模家族企業為主的義大利傳統產業，紡織、皮革、製鞋等產業「傷亡慘重」。2008年金融危機之後，大量當地工廠倒閉，工人失業。一些瀕臨倒閉的企業主索性把工廠賣給了中國人，普拉托的紡織、時裝行業就此被佔領。2009～2014年，過往意識型態在共產黨和左翼政黨輻射範圍內的普拉托，選出了一位受到中右翼支持的市長，上任之後曾對華人企業進行過一番掃蕩，包括凍結賬戶，沒收車輛、不動產等資產，禁止餐飲店在零點後營業。Made in Italy by Chinese義大利記者佩拉琪妮（Silvia Pieraccini）於2010年出版了《中國衝鋒》（L'Assedio Cinese）一書，講述了義大利人眼中，溫州移民如何在普拉托扎根的故事。其中提到，中國人如何嚴重衝擊了當地傳統經濟紡織業——他們初來乍到的1991年，普拉托有8,141家紡織廠，時裝公司只有2,000家；到了2009年，紡織廠只剩3,300家，時裝公司卻增加2倍。擔任服裝廠管理工作的關先生坦承：「普拉托現在幾乎所有的服裝企業都是溫州老闆開的。」溫州移民在普拉托開發一種新產業模式，義大利語叫做「pronto moda」，意味「快速時尚」，其運作模式是：從中國進口廉價布料，以閃電般的速度將布料變成時尚服裝，以跟上快速變化的風格，賣給全球低價零售商與市集。此外，Prada、Gucci等奢侈品牌的製造商也都是當地的中國工廠，雖然這些高端品牌仍然印著「Made in Italy」的標籤，但懂行的人心知肚明，完整的表述應該是「Made in Italy by Chinese」。Marc的父母經營小型服裝企業，自己也先後在印花廠、裁剪公司、布行等工作過。他說：「這個我太清楚了，無論大牌還是快速時尚品，應該都是華人製作的，品質差別並沒有太大，貴的是牌子，大錢還是他們賺的。」網路上有一個略帶戲謔的說法，將肺炎疫情比作球賽，中國打上半場，其他各國打下半場，而海外華人則不幸要出戰全場。而義大利華人，無疑又是所有打滿全場的「球員」中，最體力透支、心力交瘁的一群。丹丹說：「我公婆春節前回溫州了，開始是我們擔心他們在國內的情況，現在又成了他們擔心我們，每天要用微信和我們視頻一次。」那有沒有可能是春節後，一些溫州人在家鄉被感染，又急於避疫，反而把病毒帶到了義大利呢？雖然無法百分百排除這種可能，但受訪者們認為機率很小。「回義大利來的人應該很少，像我家畢竟有兩個孩子在這裡，公婆也害怕，萬一自己被感染了，又把病傳給孩子。」零號病人是誰？仍證據不足《報導者》聯絡到的這些受訪者均表示，自己在義大利的親友中，還沒有聽說有被傳染的。義大利《華人街》網站的一位工作人員向我們透露：「官方不公布國籍訊息，沒有確切的數字。被傳染肺炎的義大利華人，我知道的有十幾位，不知道的還有很多。」但在已確診的6萬多人中，這個比例並不大，由此推出是溫州人把肺炎帶到義大利，證據不足。事實上，到底誰是義大利的「零號病人」，仍存在不同說法；究竟疫情是如何傳入，目前尚難釐清。但較為明確的是，義大利疫情爆發始於北部倫巴第大區（Lombardy），難說和中部的普拉托間有怎樣的直接關係。防疫意識的「比賽」雖然絕大多數義大利人對華人態度比較友善，但在COVID-19疫情初期，還是發生了一些針對、乃至攻擊華人的事件。「華人街那裡，就發生過一起老外打中國人的事，他們說病毒是中國人帶來的，」姜先生略感氣憤，「現在看到被感染的，基本上都是老外，他們總該沒話說了吧。」而且，在他們看來，華人的防範意識遠比本國人要強。丹丹說：「畢竟我們一直在關注國內的狀況，早在2月底，義大利感染者超過500人的時候，大家就已經很警惕了。我打工的餐飲店，老闆已經開始提早關門。」姜先生記得：「當時有華人在路上派發口罩，還被義大利人嘲笑。」義大利《世界中國》雜誌社社長胡蘭波在《南方周末》撰文說：中國人特別聰明，早就覺得義大利那麼不重視疫情不行，自己先把自己武裝好了，備好口罩，關上店門居家。\n⋯⋯義大利人就是太不在乎了，我想，大部分的西方人都該有偏見，覺得傳染病只會發生在第三世界。\n⋯⋯早幾天免費發給義大利人口罩，他們都不要，現在有的直接敲中國鄰居的門討口罩。多位受訪者也表示，目前都處於在家自我隔離的狀態中，「但有些義大利人，還沒有完全隔離，有些至今也不戴口罩。」在社群媒體上，則熱傳一段影片，內容是說義大利一位市長，以近乎咆哮的方式向市民喊話，呼籲大家不要出門。針對一些市民每天出門購物、跑步甚至開派對的情況，市長怒嗆：「我們城市常年跑步的人最多20個，現在全都變得熱愛跑步了？」義大利有個奇怪的傳聞叫「中國人從來不死」（註）兩位義大利記者Oriani Raffaele、Staglianò Riccardo還以此傳聞出發，到義大利各地採訪，寫了一本書《I Cinesi Non Muoiono Mai》（簡體版譯為《不死的中國人》）。，會有這樣的迷思，一是因為華人很少參加公共活動，二來則是因為義大利人很少見到他們的葬禮。對義大利華人來說，最大的痛點始終是無法真正融入當地社會。2019年，義大利地方議會首次出現華人面孔，祖籍浙江溫州甌海的林詩璇、祖籍麗水青田的王小波雙雙進入普拉托議會，但華人族群與當地社會的區隔仍然根深蒂固。原因首先是溫州人本身就非常注重血緣、親緣、地緣關係，因而族群內的向心力較強。加之當地華人實在太多，所以在普拉托，哪怕不會講義大利語，只要會講溫州話，也完全可以生存。來自河北的胡先生說，即便同樣是中國人，自己也是花了一段時間進入這個溫州人為主的環境。建立出自己的社會支持系統「要和義大利人交往，語言還是很大的障礙，」丹丹說，雖然自己在這裡已經生活了8年，但義大利語其實還根本談不上流利。語言能力背後，是教育程度的限制。義大利福利機構（Caritas）的一項統計則指出，中國移民中只有12%上過高中，遠低於外國移民平均水平的28%。講到義大利目前的疫情，幾乎每一位身在普拉托的受訪者都會提起「華人街」這個中文網站，那是他們每天獲取資訊的主要管道，關注義大利語媒體的人相比少得多。丹丹說，房東對自己很客氣，這樣的義大利人算是難得。大部分受訪者則表示，義大利人對華人談不上歧視，但終究涇渭分明。鎖國又封城中的義大利，從南到北，很多自我隔離中的人，辦起了陽台音樂會，在各自家中的陽台上，播放或演唱義大利國歌。在普拉托，也有華人在陽台播放起了中國國歌《義勇軍進行曲》。「雖然我們在異國他鄉，但就像生活在中國一樣，還可以聽到國歌，」聽到中義兩國國歌交替響起，自認為中國人的Marc心中分外激動。單看護照，Marc其實是土生土長的義大利人，但他輾轉換過幾個工作，老闆都是華人，不久前還在「華人街」網站發文想找一份穩定的工作，但卻從沒想過到義大利人的公司去應徵，「他們是不會歧視中國人，但要說到工作，肯定還是留給自己人。」Marc覺得，自己拿著義大利護照，好處也就是出國旅行比較方便，其他和中國護照也沒有什麼差別。義大利並不是像北歐那樣的高福利國家，所以「如果找不到工作，也沒有什麼失業金，還是只能吃土。」上海華東師範大學博士勞拉・德・普雷托（Laura De Pretto）做的〈義大利溫州移民的社會認同：亞洲價值觀的堅持和雙文化的可能性〉研究顯示，「移民到義大利後，溫州人表現出更強的民族身分認同意識，這是由於他們必須建立一個強大的社會支持系統，以成功應對一個完全不熟悉、甚至是不友好的環境。中國人的身分認同和親密的家庭關係是其社會支持系統的堅實基礎，以助於他們面對外國的陌生環境。隨著在義大利生活的時間延長，溫州人對亞洲價值觀的堅持有微微降低的趨勢，但並不顯著。」不想扎根歐洲，仍盼落葉歸根長期在普拉托的移工，有不少拿到了義大利綠卡，但是入籍的比例很小，不僅僅是因為義大利移民政策收緊，也由於他們並不想在歐洲扎根。「我不喜歡入籍，因為我是中國人，而且很多家人也都在國內。」丹丹的兩個孩子都出生在義大利，但拿的卻是都是中國護照，她甚至想過把孩子留在中國。「公公婆婆平時要管孩子，只能做每天4、5小時的辦公，我自己收入也不多，老公稍微多一些。但一家人租套房子，加上電費垃圾費，每個月1,000歐元（約人民幣7,600元，新台幣32,000元。）也不夠。」丹丹和老公的老家都在溫州的鄉下，他們一直想賺錢在老家買套房子，但因為收入就這些，還有兩個孩子要養，所以一套房子人民幣3、40萬元的首付，他們也還沒有攢夠。這些溫州移工，只是身在歐洲的漂泊者，希望賺到足夠的錢，回家買房子，做點小生意，最後落葉歸根。在經濟之外的面向，以溫州人為代表的華人，始終是游離於義大利主流社會之外的「他者」。無論是第一代、第二代移民，無論是否入籍，他們的認同多數還是中國。在武漢肺炎疫情爆發後，大家不遺餘力地購買口罩等防護物資，寄回中國幫助同胞。Marc表示：「這是必須。而且大部分不是寄給親友，而是捐給醫療機構。」只是沒想到兩個月後，在義大利的中國人，又在等待國內反向援助。仇富情結下，被「跑毒」批評夾攻胡蘭波寫到：「義大利溫州人多，過去叫負債逃跑的人『跑路』，現在叫逃回國的人『跑毒』，中國語言太有意思。早點做『跑毒』還好，現在真要穿過萬千封鎖線，一路上隨時可遇毒彈，到了祖國還得到指定酒店隔離。在義大利也有幾個華僑染病了，好在第一個病人已經離開重症監護室，病情好轉了。」當疫情在中國趨緩、反在歐洲爆發後，中國人又開始擔心病毒從境外回流。一些人把矛頭指向了海外僑民，覺得他們想賺錢的時候就去國外，遇到麻煩了就想躲回國。這種情緒，可能也和很多中國人認為「溫州人都很有錢」的迷思，所導致的「仇富」心理有關。確實有富豪階級的溫州人曾告訴記者，「溫州人結婚的時候，都要裱一張幾百萬的存摺，掛在牆上」。但事實上，三面是山一面向海的溫州，並非處處經濟發達，人人有錢。一位溫州籍的資深媒體人表示：「世界各地差不多有60萬溫州人，改革開放之前就已經有人透過偷渡出國了，但那是因為溫州實在沒什麼資源，太窮了。」普拉托的溫州移工，幾乎來自溫州市轄的幾個縣，根本不是許多人想像中的「土豪」。姑且不論一張回國的機票，抵普通勞工2個月的收入，「我們是一家人，所以留在原地，如果只有一個人在歐洲呢？如果他又沒有住家的話，肯定會選擇回去（中國），」丹丹覺得，中國人會指責旅歐同胞，也是因為根本不了解國外的制度，在中國生病了至少去醫院還是可以掛上號，但義大利實行的是家庭醫生制度，從預約到看病時間漫長，她以前得病，都是自己在家吃藥，「即便回國的人，絕大多數也是服從政府安排，接受檢疫、隔離的。而且這是他們的權利啊。」"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://www.ettoday.net/news/20200401/1682053.htm"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-04-06T14:30:57.866Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_MX51zvJtjUgB9wf9uyK6OrU9RxdlZNRzeG_SpwaVcvs"],["name","深沉的芬園艾瑟兒"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Page 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Wrong Planet!Sorry, that page never returned from a trip to The Big Red. You can either back to the home page and search again by using the button below or scroll down to browse our latest posts!\nTake me home\n\n\n\n\nBrowse Our Latest Posts\n\n\n \n \n \n Spirituality \n \n \n \n 5 Signs Your Spiritual Journey is Progressing\n \n \n\n \n\"A new spiritual awakening is occurring in human culture, an awakening brought by a critical mass of individuals who experience their lives...\n \n Read more\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n Conscious Parenting \n \n \n \n 4 Old School Parenting Tactics Conscious Parents are Breaking The Mold on\n \n \n\n \n\"A conscious parent is not one who seeks to fix her child, or seek to produce or create the 'perfect' child. 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We breeze through some moments...\n \n Read more\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n Issues \n \n \n \n How Ego Turns Your Spiritual Process into Manipulation\n \n \n\n \n\"Let go of who you think you are supposed to be and be who you are.\" ~ Brene Brown\n\n\n\n \n Read more\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n Self-Actualization \n \n \n \n 4 Signs Your Ego is Dissolving\n \n \n\n \n\"The biggest ego trip going is trying to get rid of your ego. And the joke of it all is that your...\n \n Read more\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n Self-development \n \n \n \n 4 Empowering Ways to Become the World\n \n \n\n \n“I saw that my life was a vast glowing page and I could do anything I wanted.” ~ Jack Kerouac\n\n\n\n \n Read more\n \n \n \n \n\n Load more"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.fractalenlightenment.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/20180813a35880b1-e603-55c1-b673-7c2c70e2adb8-1.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Error 404 (Not Found)!!1"],["url","https://play.google.com/store/apps/details…"],["summary","404. That’s an error.The requested URL was not found on this server. That’s all we know."],["topImageUrl",""],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",""],["url","https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/432-player/id633600716…"],["summary",""],["topImageUrl",""],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","免費音樂編輯軟體Audacity"],["url","http://blog.xuite.net/yh96301/blog/50904600"],["summary","Audacity 是一套免費、中文化、跨平台、開放原始碼、功能強大的聲音編輯軟體，目前已經更新為2.3.1版。這個程式可用於剪輯音樂、合併音樂、錄音、去除人聲、去除雜音…等操作，支援匯入與匯出 AIFF、WAV、MP3、Ogg Vorbis、FLAC、MOV、WMA、M4A、AC3等聲音檔案格式，關於Audacity下載與安裝的方法敘述如下：\n使用這個軟體編輯聲音檔案，必須先安裝Lame外掛程式，才能將檔案儲存為MP3格式，安裝的方法詳見：Audacity 2.0.2安裝Lame。\n1.連接到官方網站，點選「Download Audacity」。\n2.點選「Audacity for Windows」，如果你的作業系統不是Windows，自行選擇合適的版本。\n\n3.點選「Audacity 2.3.1 installer」。\n\n4.點選「Audacity Windows installer」，下載安裝版本；依個人需要，也可以點選「Audacity Windows Portable」，下載免安裝版本。\n\n5.點選「儲存檔案」。\n\n6.下載完成以後，開啟檔案總管，對著下載的檔案連續按兩下滑鼠左鍵，安裝audacity。\n\n7.使用預設的語言「繁體中文」，直接點選「確定」。\n\n8.點選「下一步」。\n\n9.出現安裝前的重要訊息說明，點選「下一步」。\n\n10.使用預設的安裝路徑，點選「下一步」。\n\n11.點選「下一步」，在桌面建立捷徑圖示。\n\n12.點選「安裝」。\n\n13.出現閱讀重要訊息的提示，點選「下一步」。\n\n14.點選「完成」，啟動Audacity。\n\n15.勾選「啟動時不再顯示本視窗」，點選「確定」。\n\n16.Audacity開啟畫面如下圖所示，可以開始編輯聲音檔案。\n\n17.關於Audacity的使用詳見：\nAudacity 2.2.2混音。\nAudacity 2.2.2錄音。\nAudacity 2.2.2錄製電腦播放的聲音。\nAudacity 2.0.6安裝FFmpeg外掛程式。\nAudacity 2.0.5淡入與淡出。\nAudacity 2.0.3變更節拍。\nAudacity 2.0.3變更音調。\nAudacity 2.0.3調整音樂的低音、高音與音量。\nAudacity 2.0.3合併音樂。\nAudacity 2.0.3多重剪輯音樂。\nAudacity 2.0.3剪輯音樂。\nAudacity 2.0.3去雜音。\nAudacity 2.0.2去除人聲。\nAudacity 2.0.2安裝Lame"],["topImageUrl","https://blog.xuite.net/yh96301/blog/50904600/cover600.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","用 Audacity批量转换 432hz音乐的方法"],["url","http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTM1NjQxMDI4MA==.html"],["summary","很抱歉，由于您的浏览器版本太低\n 暂时无法观看\n \n \n \n 您可以选择一下任意方式继续观看\n \n 1、换个浏览器试试(建议使用chrome浏览器)\n 2、下载优酷PC客户端继续观看\n 3、使用手机扫码观看\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 错误代码：10000\n \n \n \n 因版权原因，请使用优酷APP扫码至手机/Pad观看\n 给您带来不便非常抱歉\n \n \n \n 用手机扫二维码观看\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t下载\n\n\t\n\t\t\t下载视频到电脑\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t将启用PC客户端下载视频\n\t\t\t\t下载本视频\n\t\t\t\t下载全集\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t用 Audacity批量转换 432hz音乐的方法\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t收藏\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t手机看\n\n\t手机扫码观看视频\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t用优酷移动APP扫码\n\t\t\t\t\t或用微信扫码观看\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t 二维码2小时有效\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t没有客户端？扫码马上安装\n\t\t\t\t\tIPHONE / 安卓\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t用 Audacity批量转换 432hz音乐的方法\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t举报\n\n\t举报此视频\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t违法违规\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t暴恐\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t血腥暴力\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t色情低俗\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t垃圾信息\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t未成年人有害\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t问题描述（必填）\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t举报\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t播放器\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t使用HTML5播放器\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t使用FLASH播放器\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 播放列表\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\t\t\t\t\t \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 雅歌者\n \n \n \n 订阅\n \n \t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t用 Audacity批量转换 432hz音乐的方法\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t06:59\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWorship Guitar Effects 101\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t03:37\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWaves GTR Solo Blues Demo\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t02:27\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTommy Emmanuel records his guitar with Apogee ONE and GarageBand\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t06:09\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMainStage 3 - Worship Guitar Essentials\n\t\t\t热度 29\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t02:01\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLive Looping with Apogee GiO & MainStage\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t02:26\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tApogee GiO and GarageBand '11\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t01:11\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrazy sound by main stage 3\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t05:35\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLi'L Bitch + T-Rex Soulmate + Les Paul\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t03:29\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tT-Rex Soulmate into 50 watt Plexi '74, pre-PI MV + tube driven effect loop mods\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t05:34\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEric Clapton & George Harrison - While My Guitar\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t07:29\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEric Clapton - Have You Ever Loved A Woman (Hyde Park 1997)\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t68:03\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSteve Vai单块演示\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t05:53\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tONE DAY Live ( RARE studio clip + original audio recording)-GARY MOORE\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t03:29\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tT-Rex Soulmate into 50 watt Plexi '74, pre-PI MV + tube driven effect loop mods\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t08:09\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t吉他背带锁扣测评\n\t\t\t热度 30\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t05:29\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t（测评）带保护壳的humbuckers拾音器 VS 裸露humbuckers拾音器\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t14:26\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibson Les Paul吉他旋钮教程——利用旋钮控制你的音色（非常好的教程）\n\t\t\t热度 34\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t01:26\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibson Les Paul的拾音器高度调节\n\t\t\t热度 29\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t07:29\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibson Les Paul吉他的琴颈调节方法\n\t\t\t热度 32\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t13:24\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t大调blues进行中和声音阶的运用\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t02:20\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t在les paul上弹Yngwie Malmsteen - Trilogy Suite\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t05:08\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t在 Gibson les paul上弹Yngwie Malmsteen --Zakk+ Yngwie style\n\t\t\t热度 29\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t04:47\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t在 Gibson les paul上弹Yngwie Malmsteen´s Blue\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t10:17\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAxe Fx vs Kemper vs Bias vs Real Amp through Real cabinet ( High Gain - Clean )\n\t\t\t热度 31\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t04:34\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t吉他软件效果器对比- Ampkit vs Amplitube vs BIAS vs BIAS FX vs JamUp Pro vs Tonestack\n\t\t\t热度 34\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t03:00\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t慢布鲁斯Tone Lab 9 - Gibson Les Paul Slow Blues Style\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t05:54\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMy Gibson Les Paul is crying...\n\t\t\t热度 29\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t08:49\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo Notes Torpedo Studio - Steve Stevens\n\t\t\t热度 24\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t14:41\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t用 Audacity批量转换 432hz音乐的方法\n\t\t\t热度 36\n\t\t\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t13:04\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t半空心吉他重新布线（2）Rewiring a Semi-Hollow Guitar, Part Two\n\t\t\t热度 24"],["topImageUrl","https://vthumb.ykimg.com/054204085618B5AD6A0A4804D7C85F38"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Roel's World Blog » Real-Time 432 Auto-Pitching Music Players"],["url","http://www.roelhollander.eu/en/432-tuning/432-music-players/"],["summary","Approx. reading time: 8 minutesREAL-TIME 432 AUTO-PITCHING MUSIC PLAYERS(For: Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, iPhone, Android) GENERAL INFORMATION:For all who have some difficulties working with sound editors, maybe a music player with real-time pitch control provides the solution. If you just like to listen to your music from your PC or Laptop, iPhone and Android, using one of the applications listed below will provide the easiest method to get in tune with Concert Pitch 432Hz!IMPORTANT! – Keep in mind that the players mentioned in this article will not detect the Concert Pitch of the source. When another Concert Pitch is used then the 440Hz standard, the music will nonetheless be pitched in the same way as if it was in 440Hz. The real-time auto-pitching instructions as mentioned in this blog article only work for 440Hz tuned/pitched audio files. NOTE! – Do keep in mind that the change of Concert Pitch alone is not “432 Tuning”. 432-Tuning is Concert Pitch A4=432Hz + “Pythagorean Temperament”. With most Western music (and instruments played) the “Twelve Tone Equal Temperament” (12-TET) is used. These players will NOT be able to make real-time changes to the temperament! If you like to read more about the difference between “Concert Pitch” and “Tuning System” then you can find more info here.With some players (VLC and Foobar) there is the option to adjust the rate. If you can adjust the rate, then use this option instead of pitching down. With the “adjust rate” option you change the speed (both pitch and tempo) so there will be no resolution loss. This method is the equivalent of slowing down a turntable and preferable over the pitch-change option! The optimal speed (rate) is set to 0.981818 (VLC) or changed with -1.818% (Foobar). If the player/plugin you use can not use more then 2 digits behind the decimal point, then use a rate of -1.82% (A4=431.998Hz) or -1.81% (A4=432,036Hz), a “neglectable difference” (a difference that most people won’t be able to hear, actually). -1.8% will set A4 to 432,080Hz, less then 0.1Hz difference, still very close. Players / plugins, that use cents or semitones should be set to pitched down with: -31.76665363342977 cents or -0.3176665363342977 semitones. If case you need to “round it off”, use as many digits behind the decimal point as possible. The smaller the number of digits behind the decimal point, the less accurate the result. If for for example use -31 cents / -0.31 semitones, then A4 becomes 432,191Hz, as with -32 cents / -0.32 semitones A4 becomes 431,942Hz. If you are looking for a hardware auto-tuning high-end Hi-Fi music player, then do read the Roel’s World article about the EVO 432 Music Server!PLAYERS FOR [ Windows | Mac OS X | Linux | iPhone | Android ] PLAYERS FOR WINDOWS#1: VLC PLAYER – Sets A4=432Hz (freeware) I think the best freeware video and audio player available for all platforms (Windows, OSX and Linux) is the VLC player. Read more about it in this Roel’s World article!432 PLAYER “432HZ” FOR WINDOWS 7 (freeware) – by OphirOphir used the Open Source code by Alambic WPF Music Player, and modified it change the Concert Pitch to A=432Hz.More information & Download at: http://ophirpaztao.wix.com/432player (bottom of the website, click on the player image to download).FOOBAR 2000 (freeware)NOTE: Personally I would recommend the VLC player instead though, it is more accurate and simply sounds better!Foobar use to be the preferred software to use several years back. It was one of the first players for Windows that made listening to music pitched down to 432Hz in real-time relatively easy in reasonable sound quality. You did not needed to use sound editors anymore to manually pitch-shift your music collection anymore, a huge time-saver for most people.INTERESTING FEATURE: You can install this application also on a portable device, like for example a Flash Drive. Then you can play the music on another PC/Laptop, without having to install the program on another PC/Laptop first.But, for those who do prefer using Foobar, follow these instructions: Download the player install here: http://www.foobar2000.org/Download the “SoundTouch” plugin: foo_dsp_soundtouch (source site: (HAK) server).Now … Install Foobar.Unzip the SoundTouch plugin and place it in the map “C:\\Program Files\\foobar2000\\components\\“.After installing the player and the plugin, open under “File” > “Preferences“. A control menu will pop-up.Under “Playback” you can find the “DSP manager“. Activate SoundTouch DSP (see image below).Select the SoundTouch plugin and configure (button above the Active DSPs list). Select the “Rate adjust” option and move the slider -1.82% (see image below). If your mouse movements are not precise, use the arrow keys on your keyboard to get it right. Click “ok”, then on “apply” and you’re all ready to start listening. FOOBAR & YOUTUBEFor those who prefer using Foobar for watching and/or listening to Youtube videos: Foobar 2000 can be setup to deal with Youtube streams as well.To do so you need to download the Youtube component for Foobar 2000 here: http://fy.3dyd.com/download/. You can choose from 3 different versions, a standard version and 2 preconfigured versions (detailed information can be found on the fv.3dvd.com site). The difference is in default component settings. Standalone variant configured to play best quality from the formats which foobar2000 can play out of the box and without problems. Variant preconf_audio configured to use wider set of formats which can be played without problems only using 3rd party plugins which it contains. Variant preconf_video also has needed DirectShow filers to be able to play video without need to install them in the system.INSTALLING THE YOUTUBE COMPONENTGo to the Components page.Click the “Install…” button and select the component archive, or simply drag it to the list.Press “OK”, you will be prompted to restart foobar2000 in order to load the newly installed component.WINAMP (freeware)For WinAmp you can find a couple of plugins too. My experiences with these WinAmp plugins are less positive then the Foobar + SoundTouch plugin. I have tested 3 plugins for WinAmp, but noticed some “clicks” in the sound. Maybe those plugings work better with other version of WinAmp then I use. Nevertheless, you can give it a try if you like, here are the links:Chronotron: http://www.winamp.com/plugin/chronotron-v3-5a/138562PaceMaker: http://www.winamp.com/plugin/pacemaker/12689Fourier Pitch Tempo Control: http://www.winamp.com/plugin/fourier-pitch-tempo-control/130624NOTE: I personally would strongly recommend the VLC player instead of WinAmp when using Windows!PLAYERS FOR [ Windows | Mac OS X | Linux | iPhone | Android ] PLAYERS FOR OSX#1: VLC PLAYER – Sets A4=432Hz (freeware)The best freeware video and audio player available for all platforms (Windows, OSX and Linux) is the VLC player (in my opinion). Read more about it in this article!NEUTRINO + AU PITCHDownload from: http://www.machinecodex.com/neutrino/ (30-days trial before purchase) In the ‘inspector’ window click the plus (+) at the bottom under ‘Fx Chain‘, choose AUPitch, click OK, then enter -31.7667 into the ‘cents’ field, click the x to close. To save this preset, click the file icon to the right of the plus (+), name your preset ‘432Hz’ or something and click OK, it is now saved. You may have to reselect this preset when Neutrino restarts (Instructions by Cole Hayley, using Mac OSX 10.6.8, Snow Leopard). VOX + AU PITCHDownload from: http://www.macupdate.com/app/mac/24852/vox NOTE: this setup worked for older versions of this player (see 4rd image above), the latest versions do not seem to have this option anymore.PLAYERS FOR [ Windows | Mac OS X | Linux | iPhone | Android ] PLAYERS FOR LINUX#1: VLC PLAYER – Sets A4=432Hz (freeware)The best freeware video and audio player available for all platforms (Windows, OSX and Linux), for Linux users VLC Player is the best option. ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR LINUXPersonally I would suggest you use VLC when using Linux (it’s the most accurate player for Linux so far).But, you can run Foobar (or WinAmp if you wish) with Linux too. This is possible due to “Wine” (a compatibility layer capable of running Windows applications). More about Wine (and dowloads) at www.winehq.orgI personally like to use “PlayOnLinux“, it’s freeware and allows you to easily install (some, not all) Windows applications. More about PlayOnLinux (and downloads) at: www.playonlinux.com. An alternative for “PlayOnLinux” is “Crossover” by “www.codeweavers.com“. This application is not for free though. NOW … Install Wine (and PlayOnLinux/Crossover if you like). I will not provide instructions on how to install Wine and PlayOnLinux / Crossover. If you are a Linux user, you most likely already know how to anyway. Install Foobar (standard, not portable) on a “virtual drive”.Unzip the SoundTouch plugin.Open the application directory of the “virtual drive” and place the SoundTouch plugin in “..\\foobar2000\\components\\“. Follow the instructions from “step 3” as described at the Foobar install for Windows. PLAYERS FOR [ Windows | Mac OS X | Linux | iPhone | Android ] PLAYERS FOR iPHONE / iPADPLAYERS FOR [ Windows | Mac OS X | Linux | iPhone | Android ] PLAYERS FOR ANDROIDMAPLE PLAYER (freeware) – by SQR5After installing Maple Player, open the tab called “Pitch“.Click on the pencil icon on the top-right side to open the “pitch editor”.Type -0.32 (or -0.31, what ever sounds best to you) and press “ENT” (enter) to set the new pitch.Press the “back key” on your phone to close the “pitch editor” and you are all set to listen to your music re-pitched."],["topImageUrl","https://www.roelhollander.eu/wp-content/uploads/432tuninginfo_1.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","【轉換MP3音頻從440Hz轉換為432Hz讓自己身心趨向和諧的方法】\n　\n國際標準對於MP3的音頻設定標準是設定為440Hz, 所以現行MP3的音樂格式都是440Hz, 但是440Hz卻是對人體有害的音頻, 大家可以從本文附上的圖片看到藉由沙子來測試在受到不同音頻440Hz以及432Hz音頻之後表現出來的差異, 「440Hz」造就的是一個比較「紊亂」的波紋, 但「432Hz」音頻造就的是一個相對「健康」的紋路。\n　\n音頻造就的效果, 也會對我們身體的每一個「細胞」造成影響, 特定音頻所造就的「好的波紋」會帶給細胞好的訊息, 不只身體會比較「健康」, 自己的心靈也會比較「平靜而趨向光明」, 因此音頻對人的身心影響很大。\n　\n轉換音頻可以透過以下的方式去轉換, 有興趣的人可以自己去轉換, 手機可以直接下載「432 Player - Free Pure Sound」這個APP就可以直接做轉換。若要轉換檔案可以下載使用「Audacity」的這套軟體, 若在電腦上可以使用「foobar2000的套件功能SoundTouch」直接在聽的時候轉換，也可以自己去聽聽看440Hz以及432Hz音頻差異點在哪裡。\n　\n432赫茲, 即將回歸自然 : \nhttp://fractalenlightenment.com/…/432hz-coming-back-to-natu…\n\n手機可直接將音頻轉成432Hz的APP 《432 Player - Free Pure Sound》 : \nFor Android :\nhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details…\nFor iPhone :\nhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/432-player/id633600716…\n　\nAudacity 教學文件 : \nhttp://blog.xuite.net/yh96301/blog/50904600\nAudacity多個檔案一起轉換432hz音樂的方法 : \nhttp://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTM1NjQxMDI4MA==.html\n\n直接使用foobar2000的SoundTouch功能播放432Hz音樂(請參考文中有關foobar2000的部分, 不懂英文者可使用Google翻譯): \nhttp://www.roelhollander.eu/en/432-tuning/432-music-players/\n　\n最後也願所有的地球人都能夠透過這樣的方式, 讓自己的身心更趨向於和諧與平衡, 祝福大家。"],["id","jof3dgh81jcn"],["createdAt","2019-05-17T11:44:34.428Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","bNGZ5mwBqwaEkHKw7q13"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","ZtFc5mwBqwaEkHKwHaja"],["name","小安"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a7c348b98265e26aec0d1637142fc3a6?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",8]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","對於兩種音頻的部分，社會尚無共識。"],["reference","432Hz 與 440Hz 的優劣，無論是在學理上、心理學上都無定論。\nhttps://m-acoustics.net/zh-hant/l07/"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","432 Hz vs. 440 Hz 的世紀之爭！哪一個才是完美之音？ – 魔音大師"],["url","https://m-acoustics.net/zh-hant/l07/"],["summary","聲音，與我們日常生活息息相關，卻經常被忽略。聲音不重要嗎？在《 The Secrets of Sound Healing 》一書中，作者強納森．高曼（Jonathan Goldman）研究指出，從古代的埃及人、澳洲的原住民、非洲的不同部落，到美洲的印地安人，都有「聲音創造世界」的神話傳說。印度有句諺語說：「世界是聲音。」頂尖物理科學家加來道雄曾說：「每樣事物都是音樂。」現代物理學家也已經告訴我們：世界其實是由以不同速率在振動的細弦所組成。可惜人類的聽力很差，一般大約只能聽到從 16 赫茲到 2 萬赫茲之間的聲音。而詹尼博士的研究，不僅把無形變有形，讓我們得以看到聲音的模樣，帶來全新的視覺震撼，更值得探索的是，世界既然充滿了聲波（振動），聽不到的「超音波」不知還有多少，更別說還有各種有機和無機的物體所發出的聲音，例如，宇宙的聲音。ISO 之所以將 440Hz 定為標準音高，與其說 440Hz 是最完美的音頻，不如說它僅是代表當時音樂趨勢下的一個指標，或是當時音樂權威國家的喜好標準，就像 1900 年之前，音樂圈以古典樂曲為主，因而音樂家更偏好採用 432Hz。440Hz 雖然是目前公認的標準音高，但卻不一定是屬於你的完美之音。完美之音沒有標準，而是取決於每個人對聲音的認識與喜好。最後，我們挑選了兩首轉換為 432Hz 的樂曲跟大家分享，大家不妨去跟原曲進行比對，或許你也會有全新的感受！"],["topImageUrl","https://m-acoustics.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/L07.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-08-31T07:35:43.489Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Flipboard on Flipboard"],["url","http://flip.it/dqxAaY"],["summary","@flipboard | Official Flipboard accountWhere a Sore Throat Becomes a Death SentenceKIGALI, Rwanda — Neighbors whisper that she is pregnant, a disgrace for a young, unmarried woman. The rumors mortify her. She hates her swollen belly.

This summer, as anger over the separation of migrant families at the border …Homeland SecuritySee How the Fall Equinox Is Celebrated Around the WorldCulture & ExplorationPhoto Gallery

From early-morning gatherings at Stonehenge to torch-bearing revelers parading through a city in Spain, people around the world herald the seasonal change in myriad ways.

This summer, as anger over the separation of migrant families at the border …Homeland SecuritySee How the Fall Equinox Is Celebrated Around the WorldCulture & ExplorationPhoto Gallery

From early-morning gatherings at Stonehenge to torch-bearing revelers parading through a city in Spain, people around the world herald the seasonal change in myriad ways.

As the autumn equinox approaches, days begin to shorten in the Northern Hemisphere, and people …National Parks"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn.flipboard.com/uploads/avatar/7e211185df7384dc5032a1b22b634616c56c1238.jpeg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","僅 13% 喜歡自己的工作！人生苦短，你還要花幾年承受過度 KPI 、公私不明下的「職業枯竭症」？\n\nhttp://flip.it/TDnC4H"],["id","AV2Tck64yCdS-nWhudTW"],["createdAt","2017-07-30T12:22:08.311Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV2Th_MwyCdS-nWhudTd"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVy6vkhAyCdS-nWhuaru"],["name","Rosalind"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/f0db3a53dec901a797bdc90b87a0a6a9?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",17]]}],["type","NOT_RUMOR"],["text","確實有此疾病。"],["reference","http://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/职业枯竭"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","職業枯竭 - MBA智库百科"],["url","http://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/职业枯竭"],["summary","出自 MBA智库百科(https://wiki.mbalib.com/)\n\t \n\t \t \t \n\t 職業枯竭（Job Burnout）\n\n\n\n　　職業枯竭又稱工作倦怠，是指在工作重壓下的一種身心疲憊的狀態，厭倦工作的感受，是一種身心能量被工作耗盡的感覺。\n\n\n　　1、問題的提出。職業枯竭可表現為身體疲勞、情緒低落、創造力衰竭、價值感降低，工作上的消極狀態還會進而影響整個生活狀態。\n　　1974年美國精神分析學Freudenberger首次將它使用在心理健康領域，用來描述工作者與工作之間由於工作過程中遇到的各種矛盾衝突導致的身體、情緒、行為的耗竭之感。這一名詞的應用與提出引起社會上的廣泛關註，並被認為是現代人的職業病中國現在已經進入職業枯竭的高發期階段，現代人對工作的厭倦時間越來越短。上海一項調查顯示：在同一崗位工作滿兩年的人群中有33-3％的人出現了工作倦怠現象，有2.6％的人患上了工作枯竭症閣。根據翰德國際顧問有限公司2006年4月18日發佈關於2006年第二季度的《中國翰德就業報告》顯示：“在各行業中，33％的公司表示職業枯竭情況愈演愈烈”。目前，職業枯竭逐漸蔓延到眾多行業，而在商業社會競爭日益激烈的今天，企業員工無論身處高級管理層還是基層都肩負著巨大的責任，承受著超常的心理壓力。商場信息瞬息萬變，工作節奏快，壓力大使得這一群體產生枯竭的狀況，越來越嚴重。據中國職場焦慮調查報告：普通員工荒廢感高達64.57％，有35.54％的自領人士表現出工作產生厭倦情緒。\n　　2、職業枯竭演化。職業枯竭不是一蹴而就的，是隨著工作時間的增加職業人在工作的過程中慢慢產生的。北京師範大學教授、博士生導師許燕把個人在工作中的狀態分成如下4個階段：“蜜月期”、“適應期”、“挫折期”、“淡漠期”。以下根據現代人對自己個人價值觀實現的心理需求層次劃分為5個階段。\n　　1)“蜜月期”。個人有旺盛充足的精力，工作有很高的熱情和期望值，同時對工作的滿意度較高；\n　　2)“適應期”。開始接受正常的工作內容。慢慢進入角色並已習慣了頻繁重覆的工作內容；\n　　3)“先期厭倦期”。開始對穩定的工作方式、乏味的工作內容及單調的工作環境產生了倦怠之感，但是因對個人晉升機會的渴求還沒有完全喪失對工作的主動性；\n　　4)“後期挫折期”。個人的自信心受到威脅，對工作的熱情、積極性與主動性逐步消減：出現了身心失調的不健康病癥；\n　　5)“淡漠期”。個人無法繼續工作，出現嚴重的心理衰竭狀況，對周圍人、事表現出極端的麻木不仁、冷漠態度。瞭解職業枯竭的演變過程對於正確認識和消解其中癥狀的困擾有很大幫助。\n\n\n　　1、社會大環境因素\n　　職業枯竭產生於特定的環境氛同中。社會變革的加快，競爭越來越激烈．生活節奏的加快是產生枯竭的原因之一。現代中國社會的發展給現代職業人帶來了機遇也有很大的挑戰，競爭的加劇，不穩定因素的增加，使得現代人心理承受著巨大的壓力。西方發達國家在經濟迅速發展之時也經歷了這樣的心理衝突。瑞典的研究人員對2—4萬不同公司機構的員工進行調查，結果發現那些發展迅速的公司(年增長率在18％以上)中的員工，長期因病不上班(90天以上)和住院的比例最高，尤其是女工更為嚴重。\n　　2、企業間的競爭\n　　企業之間的競爭結果遵從著達爾文適者生存優勝劣汰的自然法則，對處於不同企業內或同行業企業內部各級人員都存在極強的危機感，加之現代社會就業難問題日益突出，工作崗位的得來不易，使得各級員工對待工作越加珍惜，工作越加勤奮，而一些難於適應，危機感強的人越容易產生職業枯竭。\n　　3、企業內部\n　　李瑞環在《辯證法隨想》中有這樣的觀點，普遍發生的事情要從制度上找原因，反覆發生的事情要從規律上找原因。當職業枯竭在企業中產生併成為普遍的事實時．企業內部的制度就顯現了癥結所在。\n　　1)工作機制。在企業內部政策不靈活，長久的穩定與均衡，固定的生活模式與一貫定點坐班令從事的工作失去了本身吸引力，工作就變得枯燥，沒有工作的興緻．人也就產生了倦怠心理。另外如果機制僵化員工無法參與決策，缺乏晉升渠道，高層與基層溝通不暢，福利待遇不好，這些都會加劇員工職業枯竭的程度。另外現代企業內部各種個人評價機制的建立，如個人銷售業績、業務考察、按業績薪酬等在不同程度上加重員工心理負擔。\n　　2)超量的工作要求。企業間競爭的日趨激烈，出於企業大發展所需，對於員丁的要求日益嚴格。根據《中國企業家成長與發展l0年報告》，1997年，企業家整個群體的工作時間平均都超過了12小時，年齡在31～40歲的年輕企業家的工作時間還要更長，在現代企業內部，工作負荷過重也是導致職業枯竭產生的原因之一。\n　　3)加班文化的惡性迴圈。加班制已是目前多數外資企業和私營企業用人的潛在規則。長時間加班嚴重損害了員工的身心健康，也令大多數職業人對工作喪失了原有的熱情與積極性，如果隨任這一現象的放逐只會導致心理枯竭的產生及蔓延。\n　　4)心理契約的失衡。企業在招聘新的員工之時。渴求新人能夠在其崗位上擔負應有的責任，發揮個人能力，而當在實際工作運營中發現員工並不能適應工作崗位的要求，說明企業選人不當，反而會導致員工心理契約的失衡。而對於員工來說，企業並不能給予期望中的待遇福利等或罕有相應的晉升機會時，導致對工作熱情的下降。\n　　4、員工個人因素\n　　1)個人價值評價與現實差距。個人評價過高或過低當發現現實情況與個人預期差距較大時，原制定高目標卻無法實現時就會引起心理情緒的極大變動，亦是容易導致對工作的倦怠。\n　　2)缺乏理性的個人職業生涯規劃。在就業矛盾日益突出的今天，高校畢業生沒有理性分析並客觀規劃自己的職業生涯，沒有認識到進入社會很難找到專業對口．符合個人興趣愛好發揮個人所長的工作。當正式踏上崗位時才真正意識到“上錯花轎嫁錯了郎”，於是\n對新的工作茫然不知所措無法適應，從而來自各方面的壓力會使得身心憔悴，精力枯竭。\n　　3)企業員工價值觀念的扭曲。馬斯洛需要層次理論中指出人的最高層次的需要是自我價值的實現及尊重。而在現實中，面對眾多金錢與名利的誘惑時，使得大部分職業人迷失了自我價值觀，為獲得成就而透支身體獲得財富。\n　　當然影響導致職業枯竭的因素，除了上述主要因素外還有其他的一些因素，如工作與家庭角色的混雜，工作中高層基層角色的衝突，企業內部其他一些文化因素，規則不明，權責不清，工作辦公環境禁閉都會對員工的心理造成不利影響。\n\n\n　　1、做好職業生涯開發和管理，進行職業生涯年檢\n　　良好的職業生涯管理可以使個人更理性地看待工作和生活，更平和地處理各種問題，使職業生涯更充實和有實效，更好地實現自己的職業目標。在職業生涯的開發階段，個人可以對自己的潛能進行科學測評，為職業生涯的發展制定出方向、目標、時間和方法，使其具備可操作性。為了預防疾病的發生，定期去醫院體檢，為了職業生涯的健康發展，也必須進行職業生涯年檢。\n　　應該加強對職業生涯圈的管理，更加深入地瞭解自己的價值取向和承受壓力的能力，定期根據自己的職業生涯實踐進行理性的評估，找出自己的差距和不足，根據內外環境的變化修正自己的職業目標，針對自己的薄弱環節通過教育和培訓進行充實和提高，引導職業生涯順利發展，從而避免職業枯竭。\n　　第一，組織應從“以人為本”的理念出發，創造條件促使員工具有終身可供雇佣的價值，將員工的職業生涯規劃與組織的人力資源戰略相結合，使員工的職業生涯規劃服從和服務於組織目標，同時通過組織目標的實現促進員工職業生涯規劃的完善和超越。\n　　第二，組織應參與制訂員工的職業生涯規劃，為員工職業生涯規劃的分階段實現創造條件，協助員工瞭解自己，制訂出符合自身特點的規劃。\n　　第三，組織應參與員工職業生涯的管理，協助員工進行職業生涯年檢，針對外界和組織的變化，加大教育和培訓力度，彌補薄弱環節，引導員工適應變化，使員工的職業之樹長青，達到組織和員工雙贏。\n　　2、改變個體自身，以枯竭為契機，完成對自我的超越\n　　外因通過內因起作用，對職業枯竭的防治主要還是要依靠個人自身的力量，首先，要提高自身的情商，學會寬容自己、善待自己，不但要瞭解自己的情緒，接受自己的情緒，控制好自己的情緒，更要理解別人的情緒，接受別人的情緒，做情緒的主人，為應對職業壓力練女子“內功”，在工作場所將自己的情緒和工作本身分開，體現自己的職業素質：其次，根據Hobfoll的資源守恆理論，當工作所需的資源消耗率高於補充率時，必須進行必要的補充，當職業枯竭發生時，個體往往更好地發現了自己的不足，除與時俱進地掌握新技能外，更要改變觀念，重新認識自己的工作，在日常工作中進行創造性的活動，增加工作的樂趣；在其次，職業壓力產生的同時也伴隨著職業機遇，當剋服了壓力，突破職業心理極限時，往往使職業生涯產生質的飛躍，使個人站在更高的職業起點，這將更好地避免職業枯竭。\n　　組織應保證員工有較充足的時間和精力進行充電，不斷掌握新知識和新觀念，使員工的消耗能得到及時地補充。組織應根據員工觀念和知識上的缺陷，有計劃地組織一些針對性強的培訓科目，改變員工的觀念，彌補知識漏洞，增加員工的技能，提高員工的社會心理素養，增強員工對壓力的承受能力和生存能力，使員工真正認識自己和所從事的工作，提高員工實現目標的能力，為承擔更大的責任、更富挑戰性的工作及提升到更重要的崗位創造條件。\n　　3、以正確方法應對壓力，掌握緩解壓力的方法\n　　當今社會壓力無時不在、無處不在，無論一個人的能力有多強，學識有多麼淵博，地位有多高，都會遇到不同程度的壓力，適度的壓力是進步的原動力，應該積極運用而不是消極迴避。認識到了壓力的必然性，就應該採取適當的方式去處理壓力，而不是消極否認壓力的存在，以更拼命的工作來掩飾問題，形成惡性迴圈。\n　　同時掌握必要的緩解壓力的方法，如進行良好的時間管理，通過合理利用時間來緩解工作壓力；正確處理工作與休閑的關係，珍惜個人時光，保證充足的睡眠和足夠的營養，通過旅行、體育鍛煉、發呆等進行自我調節；向親友、心理醫生傾述工作中的煩悶，特別是不能將消極情感悶在心裡，要通過平衡心態來避免鑽牛角尖，並可以在親友的建議下確定更現實的目標：正確處理事業與家庭的關係，珍惜與家人共度的時光，利用好婚姻和家庭這個重要的社會支持系統，緩解和釋放壓力所帶來的不良反應。\n　　組織不應是壓力的橋梁，而應成為壓力的熔爐。在社會大環境壓力較大的情況下，組織有責任為員工創造較好的內部小環境，使員工以較好的心情工作。當個體壓力較大時，組織可以通過以下方式進行壓力疏導：制定和下達切實可行的業績指標，制定合理的薪酬分配製度：儘量使員工的興趣愛好與所從事的工作相匹配，合理地授權和輪崗；聘請心理醫生或組織心理講座來維護員工的心理健康，緩解因工作複雜帶給員工的困擾：保證員工必要的休息時間；關註員工的家庭；加強企業文化建設，增加員工交流的時間和空間，增強團隊凝聚力；瞭解員工的真實需要，激發和不斷延續員工的“內動力”。\n\n\nFreudenberger H J．Staf burnout[J]．Joumalof Social Issues，1974(30)：159—165\n許燕：現代人的職業枯竭與心理健康[J] 青年記者 2005(10) 80—81\n羅鬧鬧：中國員工進入“職業枯竭”高發期[J]、人力資源管理與開發 2006(10) 12—13\n北京市社會科學界聯合會：解讀心靈—心理健康手冊[M] 東方出版社 2005\n芮明傑：管理學[M] 上海人民出版社 2005\n陳英敏：教師職業枯竭及壓力緩釋[J] 當代教育科學 2005(13) 48-50\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t \t \n\t\t本條目對我有幫助9"],["topImageUrl","https://www.mbalib.com/uploads/ad/1/16/a8a0a9d272968841f48ca0545699c2e6.png"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2017-07-30T12:45:46.677Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_J6XaAgy_vFDT-g78FuIAGGySoNyZSZfmSUOj40z-TdY"],["name","果斷的吉安多洛莉絲"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Zoom privacy and security issues: Here's everything that's wrong (so far)"],["url","https://bit.ly/2Rg3b8n"],["summary","Are you using Zoom yet? It seems that everyone in America who's been forced to work, or do schoolwork, from home during the coronavirus lockdown is using the video-conferencing platform for meetings, classes and even social gatherings. There are good reasons Zoom has taken off and other platforms haven't. Zoom is easy to set up, easy to use and lets up to 100 people join a meeting for free. It just works.Best free Zoom backgrounds The best Zoom alternatives for video conferencingPlus: VPN puts 100 million users in danger: Delete this now But there's a downside. Zoom's ease of use makes it easy for troublemakers to \"bomb\" open Zoom meetings. Its application security has left a bit to be desired. There's also been a lot of scrutiny about Zoom's privacy policy, which until recently seemed to give Zoom the right to do whatever it saw fit with any user's personal data.In the most recent allegations, a few more serious flaws were found in Zoom software and encryption on April 3, although the company already has addressed the new issue of Zoom data being routed through China.The backlash against Zoom has already begun. As of April 6, New York City public schools were moving to ban Zoom meetings, and other school systems were reported to be doing the same. We disagree with the NYC schools' decision, because we think Zoom is safe to use for meetings that aren't highly sensitive. For school classes, after-work get-togethers, or even workplace meetings that stick to routine business, there's not much risk in using Zoom. Kids will probably continue to flock to it, as they can even use Snapchat filters on Zoom.As for corporate communications, that's up to the company. Zoom started out as an enterprise application, so it's always been geared to corporate clients. Given the soaring usage of the Zoom platform during the coronavirus lockdown, and the near-doubling of its stock price since the beginning of February, Zoom has come under intense scrutiny from security professionals and privacy advocates. And boy, have they found stuff.With this ton of issues, people are looking for other options, so check out our Skype vs Zoom face-off to see how an old video app has adapted for video conferencing. We've also compared Zoom vs Google Hangouts as well.Zoom pledges to fix flawsIn a blog post April 1, Zoom CEO and founder Eric S. Yuan acknowledged Zoom's growing pains and pledged that regular development of the Zoom platform would be put on hold while the company worked to fix security and privacy issues.\"We recognize that we have fallen short of the community's -- and our own -- privacy and security expectations,\" Yuan wrote, explaining that Zoom had been developed for large businesses with in-house IT staffers who could set up and run the software.\"We now have a much broader set of users who are utilizing our product in a myriad of unexpected ways, presenting us with challenges we did not anticipate when the platform was conceived,\" he said. \"These new, mostly consumer use cases have helped us uncover unforeseen issues with our platform. Dedicated journalists and security researchers have also helped to identify pre-existing ones.\"To deal with these issues, Yuan wrote, Zoom would be \"enacting a feature freeze, effectively immediately, and shifting all our engineering resources to focus on our biggest trust, safety, and privacy issues.\"Among other things, Zoom would also be \"conducting a comprehensive review with third-party experts and representative users to understand and ensure the security of all of our new consumer use cases.\"Zoom now requires passwords by default for most Zoom meetings, although meetings hosts can turn that feature off. Passwords are the easiest way to stop Zoom bombing. And on April 8, former Facebook and Yahoo chief security officer Alex Stamos said he would be working with Zoom to improve its security and privacy. Stamos is now an adjunct professor at Stanford and is highly regarded within the information-security community.Zoom is still safe to use in most casesDoes all this mean that Zoom is unsafe to use? No. You just need to be aware that the Zoom software creates a huge \"attack surface,\" as security professionals like to say, and that hackers are going to try to come at it every way they can. They're already registering lots of Zoom-related phony domains and developing Zoom-themed malware.The upside is that if lots of flaws in Zoom are found now and fixed soon, then Zoom will be the better -- and safer -- for it. \"Zoom will soon be the most secure conferencing tool out there,\" wrote tech journalist Kim Zetter on Twitter April 1. \"But too bad they didn't save themselves some grief and engage in some security assessments of their own to avoid this trial by fire.\"Contrarian view: Zoom will soon be the most secure conferencing tool out there. (But too bad they didn’t save themselves some grief and engage in some security assessments of their own to avoid this trial by fire) https://t.co/8BLeNJiV7VApril 1, 2020Unless you're discussing state or corporate secrets, or disclosing personal health information to a patient, Zoom should be fine to use. Just require that meeting participants sign in with a password.Everything that's gone wrong with Zoom latelyTo keep ourselves (and you) sane, we're putting the most recent Zoom privacy and security issues up top and separating the problems into those that are open or unresolved, those that have been resolved and those that don't fit into either category.The latest: Friday, April 10Zoom flaw allowed account hijackingA Kurdish security researcher said Zoom had paid him a bug bounty -- a reward for finding a serious flaw -- after he discovered and privately reported a way for anyone to easily hijack any existing Zoom account if the account email address was known or successfully guessed.The researcher, who calls himself \"s3c\" but whose real name may be Yusuf Abdulla, described how if he tried to log into the Zoom website with a Facebook account, Zoom would ask for the email address associated with that Facebook account. Then Zoom would open a new webpage notifying him that a confirmation email message had been sent to that email address.The URL of the notification webpage would have a unique identification tag in the address bar. As an example that's much shorter than the real thing, let's say it's \"zoom.com/signup/123456XYZ\".When s3c received and opened the confirmation email message sent by Zoom, he clicked on the confirmation button in the body of the message. This took him to yet another webpage that confirmed his email address was now associated with a new account. So far, so good.But then s3c noticed that the unique identification tag in the Zoom confirmation webpage's URL was identical to the first ID tag. Let's use the example \"zoom.com/confirmation/123456XYZ\".The matching ID tags, one used before confirmation and the other after confirmation, meant that s3c could have avoided receiving the confirmation email, and clicking on the confirmation button, altogether. In fact, he could have entered ANY email address -- yours, mine or billgates@gmail.com -- into the original signup form. Then he could have copied the ID tag from the resulting Zoom notification page and pasted the ID tag into an already existing Zoom account-confirmation page. Boom, he'd have access to any Zoom account created using the targeted email address. \"Even if you already linked your account with a Facebook account Zoom automatically unlink it and link it with the attacker Facebook account,\" s3c wrote in his imperfect English.And because Zoom lets anyone using a company email address view all other users signed up with the same email domain, e.g. \"company.com\", s3c could have leveraged this method to steal ALL of a given company's Zoom accounts.\"So if an attacker create an account with email address attacker@companyname.com and verify it with this bug,\" s3c wrote, \"the attacker can view all emails that created with *@companyname.com in Zoom app in Company contacts so that means the attacker can hack all accounts of the company.\"Zoom is fortunate that s3c is one of the good guys and didn't disclose this flaw publicly before Zoom could fix it. But it's such a simple flaw that it's hard to imagine no one else noticed it before.STATUS: Fixed, thank God.2,300 sets of Zoom login credentials found onlineResearchers from IngSights discovered a set of 2,300 Zoom login credentials being shared in a criminal online forum. \"Aside from personal accounts, there were many corporate accounts belonging to banks, consultancy companies, educational facilities, healthcare providers, and software vendors, amongst others,\" IntSight's Etay Maor wrote in a blog post April 10. \"While some of the accounts 'only' included an email and password, others included meeting IDs, names and host keys,\" Maor wrote.Maor told Threatpost it didn't seem like the credentials came from a Zoom data breach, given their relatively small number. He theorized that they came from \"small lists and databases kept by other companies/agencies.\" It's also possible that some of the credentials were the result of \"credential stuffing.\" That's the (largely) automated process by which criminals try to log into websites by cycling through likely email addresses and likely passwords, and then harvest whatever yields a positive result.STATUS: Unknown. This likely isn't a Zoom issue per se.'Potential security vulnerability' with Zoom file sharingIn an \"ask me anything\" webinar earlier this week, Zoom CEO Eric S. Yuan said that Zoom had discovered \"a potential security vulnerability with file sharing, so we disabled that feature.\"Until this week, participants in a Zoom meeting could share files with each other using the meeting's chat function.STATUS: Fixed.Thursday, April 9Zoom has released updates for its Windows, macOS and Linux desktop client software so that meeting IDs will not display onscreen during meetings. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson last week accidentally displayed a Zoom meeting ID in a tweet, and the Belgian cabinet made a similar mistake.BuzzFeed News reported that Google had banned Zoom from company-owned laptops, the Financial Times reported that the U.S. Senate had advised members and staffers to avoid Zoom, and the German newspaper Handelsblatt said that country's foreign ministry had also asked its staff to stop using Zoom.However, it's worth keeping in mind that Google has its own videoconferencing application built into its G Suite software for enterprises.Wednesday, April 8Taiwan's government has banned the use of Zoom for government meetings and for school use, citing \"security or privacy concerns.\" The memo announcing the government ban did not get more specific about the reasons, but last weekend it emerged that some Zoom meetings were being routed through mainland Chinese servers.Information-security researchers know of several Zoom \"zero-day\" exploits, according to Vice, which couldn't get anyone to go on the record for its story. Zero-days are exploits for software vulnerabilities that the software maker doesn't know about and hasn't fixed, and hence has \"zero days\" to prepare before the exploits appear.However, one Vice source implied that other video-conferencing solutions also had security flaws. Another source said that Zoom zero-days weren't selling for much money due to lack of demand.Along those lines, Kaspersky researchers said they had found more than 500 suspicious files that pretended to be Zoom-related. Not all the files were malicious, and those that were installed adware, not full-on malware. Other phony files mimicked WebEx, GoToMeeting and Slack, but by far the biggest target among video-conferencing platforms was Skype. The researchers found 120,000 suspicious files with Skype attributes.Tuesday, April 7Criminals are trading compromised Zoom accounts on the \"dark web,\" Yahoo News reported. This information apparently came from Israeli cybersecurity firm Sixgill (not to be confused with an American firm of the same name), which specializes in monitoring underground online-criminal activity. We weren't able to find any mention of the findings on the Sixgill website.Sixgill told Yahoo it had spotted 352 compromised Zoom accounts that included meeting IDs, email addresses, passwords and host keys. Some of the accounts belonged to schools, and one each to a small business and a large healthcare provider, but most were personal.Monday, April 6Zoom installer bundled with malwareResearchers at Trend Micro discovered a version of the Zoom installer that has been bundled with cryptocurrency-mining malware, i.e. a coin-miner. The Zoom installer will put Zoom version 4.4.0.0 on your Windows PC, but it comes with a coin-miner that Trend Micro has given the catchy name Trojan.Win32.MOOZ.THCCABO. (By the way, the latest Zoom client software for Windows is up to version 4.6.9, and you should get it only from here.)The coin-miner will ramp up your PC's central processor unit, and its graphics card if there is one, to solve mathematical problems in order to generate new units of cryptocurrency. You'll notice this if you fans suddenly speed up or if Windows Task Manager (hit Ctrl + Shift + Esc) shows unexpectedly heavy CPU/GPU use.To avoid getting hit with this malware, make sure you're running one of the best antivirus programs, and don't click on any links in emails, social media posts or pop-up messages that promise to install Zoom on your machine. STATUS: Open, but this isn't Zoom's problem to fix. It can't stop other people from copying and redistributing its installation software.Zoom encryption isn't what it's cracked up to beNot only does Zoom mislead users about its \"end-to-end encryption\" (see further down), but its seems to be flat-out, um, not telling the truth about the quality of its encryption algorithm. Zoom says it use AES-256 encryption to encode video and audio data traveling between Zoom servers and Zoom clients (i.e., you and me). But researchers at the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto, in a report posted April 3, found that Zoom actually uses the somewhat weaker AES-128 algorithm. Even worse, Zoom uses an in-house implementation of encryption algorithm that preserves patterns from the original file. It's as if someone drew a red circle on a gray wall, and then a censor painted over the red circle with a while circle. You're not seeing the original message, but the shape is still there. \"We discourage the use of Zoom at this time for use cases that require strong privacy and confidentiality,\" the Citizen Lab report says, such as \"governments worried about espionage, businesses concerned about cybercrime and industrial espionage, healthcare providers handling sensitive patient information\" and \"activists, lawyers, and journalists working on sensitive topics.\"STATUS: Unresolved. In a blog post April 3, Zoom CEO Eric S. Yuan acknowledged the encryption issue but said only that \"we recognize that we can do better with our encryption design\" and \"we expect to have more to share on this front in the coming days.\"Zoom cryptographic keys issued by Chinese serversThose AES128 encryption keys are issued to Zoom clients by Zoom servers, which is all well and good, except that the Citizen Lab found several Zoom servers in China issuing keys to Zoom users even when all participants in a meeting were in North America. Since Zoom servers can decrypt Zoom meetings, and Chinese authorities can compel operators of Chinese servers to hand over data, the implication is that the Chinese government might be able to see your Zoom meetings. That's got to be bad news for the British government, which has held at least one Cabinet meeting over Zoom.STATUS: Apparently fixed. In a blog post April 3, Zoom CEO Eric S. Yuan responded to the Citizen Lab report by saying that \"it is possible certain meetings were allowed to connect to systems in China, where they should not have been able to connect. We have since corrected this.\"Security flaw with Zoom meeting waiting roomsZoom advises meeting hosts to set up \"waiting rooms\" to avoid \"Zoom bombing.\" A waiting room essentially keeps participants on hold until a host lets them in, either all at once or one at a time. The Citizen Lab said it found a serious security issue with Zoom waiting rooms, and advised hosts and participants to not use them for now. The Citizen Lab is not disclosing the details yet, but has told Zoom of the flaw.\"We advise Zoom users who desire confidentiality to not use Zoom Waiting Rooms,\" the Citizen Lab said in its report. \"Instead, we encourage users to use Zoom’s password feature.\"STATUS: Fixed. In a follow-up to their initial report. the Citizen Lab researchers disclosed that uninvited attendees to a meeting could nonetheless get the meeting's encryption key from the waiting room. \"On April 7, Zoom reported to us that they had implemented a server-side fix for the issue,\" the researchers said.Zoom software can be easily corruptedGood software has built-in anti-tampering mechanisms to make sure that applications don't run code that's been altered by a third party. Zoom has such anti-tampering mechanisms in place, which is good. But those anti-tampering mechanisms themselves are not protected from tampering, said a British computer student who calls himself \"Lloyd\" in a blog post April 3. Needless to say, that's bad. Lloyd showed how Zoom's anti-tampering mechanism can easily be disabled, or even replaced with a malicious version that hijacks the application.If you're reading this with a working knowledge of how Windows software works, this is a pretty damning passage: \"This DLL can be trivially unloaded, rendering the anti-tampering mechanism null and void. The DLL is not pinned, meaning an attacker from a 3rd party process could simply inject a remote thread.\"In other words, malware already present on a computer could use Zoom's own anti-tampering mechanism to tamper with Zoom. Criminals could also create fully working versions of Zoom that have been altered to perform malicious acts.STATUS: Unresolved.Open/unresolved issuesZoom bombingAnyone can \"bomb\" a public Zoom meeting if they know the meeting number, and then use the file-share photo to post shocking images, or make annoying sounds in the audio. The FBI even warned about it a few days ago.The host of the Zoom meeting can mute or even kick out troublemakers, but they can come right back with new user IDs. The best way to avoid Zoom bombing is to not share Zoom meeting numbers with anyone but the intended participants. You can also require participants to use a password to log into the meeting.On April 3, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Michigan said that \"anyone who hacks into a teleconference can be charged with state or federal crimes.\" It's not clear whether that applies only to eastern Michigan.STATUS: There are easy ways to avoid Zoom bombing, which we go through here.Leaks of email addresses and profile photosZoom automatically puts everyone sharing the same email domain into a \"company\" folder where they can see each other's information. Exceptions are made for people using large webmail clients such as Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail or Outlook.com, but not apparently for smaller webmail providers that Zoom might not know about. Several Dutch Zoom users who use ISP-provided email addresses suddenly found that they were in the same \"company\" with dozens of strangers -- and could see their email addresses, user names and user photos.STATUS: Unknown.Sharing of personal data with advertisersSeveral privacy experts, some working for Consumer Reports, pored over Zoom's privacy policy and found that it apparently gave Zoom the right to use Zoom users' personal data and to share it with third-party marketers.Following a Consumer Reports blog post, Zoom quickly rewrote its privacy policy, stripping out the most disturbing passages and asserting that \"we do not sell your personal data.\"STATUS: Unknown. We don't know the details of Zoom's business dealings with third-party advertisers.You can 'war drive' to find open Zoom meetingsYou can find open Zoom meetings by rapidly cycling through possible Zoom meeting IDs, a security researcher told independent security blogger Brian Krebs. The researcher got past Zoom's meeting-scan blocker by running queries through Tor, which randomized his IP address. It's a variation on \"war driving\" by randomly dialing telephone numbers to find open modems in the dial-up days.The researcher told Krebs that he could find about 100 open Zoom meetings every hour with the tool, and that \"having a password enabled on the [Zoom] meeting is the only thing that defeats it.\"STATUS: Unknown.Zoom meeting chats don't stay privateTwo Twitter users pointed out that if you're in a Zoom meeting and use a private window in the meeting's chat app to communicate privately with another person in the meeting, that conversation will be visible in the end-of-meeting transcript the host receives.STATUS: Unknown.Resolved/fixed issuesWindows password stealingZoom meetings have side chats in which participants can sent text-based messages and post web links. But according to Twitter user @_g0dmode and Anglo-American cybersecurity training firm Hacker House, Zoom until the end of March made no distinction between regular web addresses and a different kind of remote networking link called a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) path. That left Zoom chats vulnerable to attack.If a malicious Zoom bomber slipped a UNC path to a remote server that he controlled into a Zoom meeting chat, an unwitting participant could click on it. The participant's Windows computer would then try to reach out to the hacker's remote server specified in the path and automatically try to log into it using the user's Windows username and password. The hacker could capture the password \"hash\" and decrypt it, giving him access to the Zoom user's Windows account.STATUS: Yuan's blog post says Zoom has now fixed this problem.Windows malware injectionMohamed A. Baset of security firm Seekurity said on Twitter that the same filepath flaw also would let a hacker insert a UNC path to a remote executable file into a Zoom meeting chatroom. If a Zoom user running Windows clicked on it, a video posted by Baset showed, the user's computer would try to load and run the software. The victim would be prompted to authorize the software to run, which will stop some hacking attempts but not all.STATUS: If the UNC filepath issue is fixed, then this should be as well.iOS profile sharingUntil late March, Zoom sent iOS user profiles to Facebook as part of the \"log in with Facebook\" feature in the iPhone and iPad Zoom apps. After Vice News exposed the practice, Zoom said it hadn't been aware of the profile-sharing and updated the iOS apps to fix this.STATUS: Fixed.Malware-like behavior on MacsWe learned last summer that Zoom used hacker-like methods to bypass normal macOS security precautions. We thought that problem had been fixed then, along with the security flaw it created. But a series of tweets March 30 from security researcher Felix Seele, who noticed that Zoom installed itself on his Mac without the usual user authorizations, revealed that there was still an issue.Ever wondered how the @zoom_us macOS installer does it’s job without you ever clicking install? Turns out they (ab)use preinstallation scripts, manually unpack the app using a bundled 7zip and install it to /Applications if the current user is in the admin group (no root needed). pic.twitter.com/qgQ1XdU11MMarch 30, 2020\"They (ab)use preinstallation scripts, manually unpack the app using a bundled 7zip and install it to /Applications if the current user is in the admin group (no root needed),\" Seele wrote. \"The application is installed without the user giving his final consent and a highly misleading prompt is used to gain root privileges. The same tricks that are being used by macOS malware.\" (Seele elaborated in a more user-friendly blog post here.)Zoom founder and CEO Eric S. Yuan tweeted a friendly response.\"To join a meeting from a Mac is not easy, that is why this method is used by Zoom and others,\" Yuan wrote. \"Your point is well taken and we will continue to improve.\"UPDATE: In a new tweet April 2, Seele said Zoom had released a new version of the Zoom client for macOS that \"completely removes the questionable 'preinstall'-technique and the faked password prompt.\"\"I must say that I am impressed. That was a swift and comprehensive reaction. Good work, @zoom_us!\" Seele added.Zoom just released an update for the macOS installer which completely removes the questionable \"preinstall\"-technique and the faked password prompt.I must say that I am impressed. That was a swift and comprehensive reaction. Good work, @zoom_us! pic.twitter.com/vau556TyAaApril 2, 2020STATUS: Fixed.A backdoor for Mac malwareOther people could use Zoom's dodgy Mac installation methods, renowned Mac hacker Patrick Wardle said in a blog post March 30.Wardle demonstrated how a local attacker -- such as a malicious human or already-installed malware -- could use Zoom's formerly magical powers of unauthorized installation to \"escalate privileges\" and gain total control over the machine without knowing the administrator password. Wardle also showed that a malicious script installed into the Zoom Mac client could give any piece of malware Zoom's webcam and microphone privileges, which do not prompt the user for authorization and could turn any Mac with Zoom installed into a potential spying device.\"This affords malware the ability to record all Zoom meetings, or simply spawn Zoom in the background to access the mic and webcam at arbitrary times,\" Wardle wrote.STATUS: Yuan's blog post says Zoom has fixed these flaws.Other issuesPhony end-to-end encryptionZoom claims its meetings use \"end-to-end encryption\" if every participant calls in from a computer or a Zoom mobile app instead of over the phone. But under pressure from The Intercept, a Zoom representative admitted that Zoom's definitions of \"end-to-end\" and \"endpoint\" are not the same as everyone else's.\"When we use the phrase 'End to End',\" a Zoom spokeperson told The Intercept, \"it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point.\" Sound good, but the spokesperson clarified that he counted a Zoom server as an endpoint. Every other company considers an endpoint to be a user device -- a desktop, laptop, smartphone or tablet -- but not a server. And every other company takes \"end-to-end encryption\" to mean that servers that relay messages from one endpoint to another can't decrypt the messages.When you send an Apple Message from your iPhone to another iPhone user, Apple's servers help the message get from one place to another, but they can't read the content.Not so with Zoom. It can see whatever is going on in its meetings, and sometimes it may have to in order to make sure everything works properly. Just don't believe the implication that it can't.UPDATE: In a blog post April 1, Zoom Chief Product Officer Oded Gal wrote that \"we want to start by apologizing for the confusion we have caused by incorrectly suggesting that Zoom meetings were capable of using end-to-end encryption. \"\"We recognize that there is a discrepancy between the commonly accepted definition of end-to-end encryption and how we were using it,\" he wrote.Gal assured users that all data sent and received by Zoom client applications (but not regular phone lines, business conferencing systems or, presumably, browser interfaces) is indeed encrypted and that Zoom servers or staffers \"do not decrypt it at any point before it reaches the receiving clients.\"However, Gal added, \"Zoom currently maintains the key management system for these systems in the cloud\" but has \"implemented robust and validated internal controls to prevent unauthorized access to any content that users share during meetings.\"The implication is that Zoom doesn't decrypt user transmissions by choice. But because it holds the encryption keys, Zoom could if it had to, such as if it were presented with a warrant or a U.S. National Security Letter (essentially a secret warrant). For those worried about government snooping, Gal wrote that \"Zoom has never built a mechanism to decrypt live meetings for lawful intercept purposes, nor do we have means to insert our employees or others into meetings without being reflected in the participant list.\"He added that companies and other enterprises would soon be able to handle their own encryption process.\"A solution will be available later this year to allow organizations to leverage Zoom’s cloud infrastructure but host the key management system within their environment.\"STATUS: This is an issue of misleading advertising rather than an actual software flaw. We hope Zoom stops using the term \"end-to-end encryption\" incorrectly, but just keep in mind that you may not be getting the real thing with Zoom.Zoom meeting recordings can be found onlinePrivacy researcher Patrick Jackson noticed that Zoom meeting recordings saved to the host's computer generally get a certain type of file name. So he searched unprotected cloud servers to see if anyone had uploaded Zoom recordings and found more than 15,000 unprotected examples, according to The Washington Post. Jackson also found some recorded Zoom meetings on YouTube and Vimeo.This isn't really Zoom's fault. It's up to the host to decide whether to record a meeting, and Zoom gives paying customers the option to store recordings on Zoom's own servers. It's also up to the host to decide to change the recording's file name.If you host a Zoom meeting and decide to record it, then make sure you change the default file name after you're done.STATUS: This is not really Zoom's problem, to be honest."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","台大教授葉丙成臉書留言\n\n【Zoom 好危險、好可怕？！】\n\n最近好幾位朋友問我對於 Zoom 視訊會議軟體資安問題的看法。但我一直沒有想說什麼。主要的原因是，我對 Zoom 台灣帳號的收費比美國帳號貴，拎北覺得很不爽。所以當 Zoom 被譙的時候，我也懶得說什麼。\n\n但這段期間，網路上對於視訊會議資安問題的報導沸沸揚揚，甚至還變成反對數位教學的人士用來反對線上補課的論述。而且所謂的「資安威脅」，我看到有很多點是過度解讀，甚至有的說法已經到了反智的地步。\n\n有的學校還因此被教育局處長官要求不能用 Zoom，原先的數位準備全部被打亂。\n\n這一切實在讓我看不下去。\n\n所以雖然我知道跟風向不同，我想我還是要說一下我的看法。\n\n先看一下國外知名科技網站 Tom's Guide 針對 Zoom 的資安問題所做的報導，結論是：\n\n\"We disagree with that decision, because we think Zoom is safe to use for meetings that aren't highly sensitive. For school classes, after-work get-togethers, or even workplace meetings that stick to routine business, there's not much risk in using Zoom.\"\n\n結論就是，除非你是英國國防部、SpaceX、或是高科技公司、等這類要討論高度機密的人，不然對於教學、或是一般商務的會議而言，用 Zoom 沒有太大風險 (quote: not much risk in using Zoom）。\n\n那大家一直在傳的資安問題，到底是怎麼回事？這裡面有很多，坦白說真的很瞎，我先抓幾點來說：\n\n1. Zoom Booming：\n\n不是說有什麼 Zoom Bombing 很可怕，用 Zoom 開會上課到一半，會出現有駭客駭入會議突然丟色情照片擾亂。Zoom 也太糟糕了，居然會被人這樣駭入，太糟糕了！\n\n等等，你有沒有去了解過 Zoom Bombing 是怎麼來的？Zoom 的會議室可以設密碼。但為了方便大家連進來開會，大部分使用者都省略不設密碼，直接把會議室號碼/連結傳給大家。有的人把會議室號碼/連結流出給不相干的人，不相干的人進來亂。這叫做「駭入」？\n\n靠杯喔，你在外面租「小樹屋」的房間開會，門有鎖可以鎖而你不鎖，被無聊人士闖進來丟色情圖片，這叫被駭入？你叫小樹屋要負責？！\n\n以臉書社團為例，你開一個臉書社團，然後你自己不設成私密而設公開讓每個人都可以進得來。然後有人進來亂貼直銷廣告、色情照片，你怎麼不說是臉書資安有問題被人「駭入」？明明就是你自己社團權限沒管控好，不是臉書害你被駭啊。\n\n那為什麼你 Zoom 要開屬於你們自己人的會議，然後你都不設密碼，也沒有告誡大家會議室號碼不要給不相干的人。然後被不相干的人闖進來，你才在哭說是軟體有問題害你被駭？\n\n我也是傻眼了。\n\n根本就是使用者貪圖方便不設會議室密碼啊！\n\n（據說 Zoom 已經自動生成密碼了，以後這種使用者自己不設防的問題應該就會解決）\n\n2. 安裝檔有惡意軟體：\n\nTom's Guide 上面有說到，有的 Zoom 安裝軟體可能會被連帶偷裝幫人挖礦的程式，造成系統的問題。但 Tom's Guide 也說，這個責任不是 Zoom 的錯，因為任何人都有可能製作出這種惡意的安裝檔給別人下載安裝。\n\n許多人說這是資安問題，我又傻眼了。\n\n每個人都應該要有最基本的資安素養：要安裝軟體，要從官方網站下載，不要從非原廠網站下載來源不明的程式安裝。\n\nZoom 你不去人家官方網站下載來裝，你偏偏要偷懶從人家給你的來源不明的安裝檔去安裝，結果電腦免費幫人挖礦，你說是誰的錯？如果你就是有這種糟糕習慣的人，你用其他軟體也會幫人家免費挖礦，不會只有 Zoom。\n\n這根本就是使用者偷懶不去官方下載啊！\n\n要安裝軟體，請從官方網站下載。這是常識，OK？\n\n3. 聊天室點了惡意連結，導致系統被駭中毒：\n\n講到這個，我又傻眼了。來源不明的連結不可以點，這你不知道嗎？你在 Line、在 Chrome、在 IE、在 Safari 點了來源不明不該點的連結，會不會中毒？你都知道來源不明連結點了會出問題，那你為什麼在 Zoom 聊天室還要去點來源不明的連結，然後出事了才說是 Zoom 資安有問題被駭？\n\n這根本是使用者手癢亂按不明的連結啊！\n\n------------\n\n最後，我再來談談真正最重要的資訊安全原則是什麼。\n\n真正的資訊安全，就是要假定任何地方都可能出錯，有機密性的東西都完全不該在網路上跟人家談。\n\n你今天用 Meet 或 Team 跟別人視訊會議，就會安全？我也是笑笑了。你今天跟人家視訊會議，說的任何話，都能夠被人錄製桌面而錄下來，事後流出去。\n\n所以真相是，只要你是用視訊會議或網路軟體跟人談事情，不管你是用哪一家的，你都沒有真正的資訊安全。真正的安全是，機密的事情要跟真人實際面對面的口頭談，才會安全。\n\n喔是嗎？你確定對方身上沒有偷裝錄音機？你要不要搜身一下才能確定真正安全？\n\n如果你是做高科技技術的公司、或是高階政府單位，有高機密性的資訊，原本就不應該用任何視訊會議來傳達。很多國際大企業都用美國思科 Cisco 的 Webex 系統，相對比較安全。話說 Webex 是誰開發的？就是 Zoom 的創辦人當年所開發的，他離開 Cisco 之前去創立 Zoom 之前，是副總裁。國際大企業過去十幾二十年都用這個人的東西，這個人有沒有問題，這是個參考指標。\n\n任何軟體都有洞，你個別搜尋各家軟體公司的名字 Google, Microsoft, Line, Facebook, Apple 再加上「資安漏洞」，你都會看到每個軟體都有洞。越多人用的軟體，越有機會被大家找出洞來，也越有機會讓洞被補起來，而變得越安全。\n\n以最多人用的微軟為例，這麼多年來的「資安漏洞」、「被駭風險」的新聞不多嗎？\n\nZoom 這段期間因為許多人大量使用，所以被看到的洞自然就比較多（雖然有很多洞我認為根本上是使用者習慣的問題），之後就看他們是否有補起來。現在的觀察是，我看他們最近的更新滿頻繁，看起來是有努力在把一些洞補起來。\n\n------------\n\n最後的最後，你問我說我會不會改用其他會議軟體？\n\n從資訊安全的角度來說，如同國外網站說的，並沒有太大的風險。但在台灣，卻被炒作到好像用了電腦就完了。更別說當中很多的風險，都是使用者自己資安習慣不好，用其他軟體也會遇到的。\n\n我的看法是，在台灣，Zoom 的資安問題，已經不是技術問題，而是政治問題。\n\nZoom 的創辦人來自中國，但他的主要資金來源還是美國的資本市場，Zoom最大外部股東是Emergence Capital，持股12.5%。紅杉資本持股11.4%。跟華為的資金來自政府是不同的。我不覺得 Zoom 有必要亂搞去得罪他在美國的眾多金主投資人。\n\n有人提到，如果中國政府要求 Zoom 提供使用者資料，他們敢不從嗎？\n\nGoogle 當初退出中國就是這個原因，因為公司的決策要求的是公司最大利益。在大陸，目前大多數的人用的是阿里巴巴跟微信的會議軟體，用 Zoom 的很少。美國跟其他國家市場，才是 Zoom 的主要利基來源。如果 Zoom 在大陸同意把使用者資料交給政府，他在美國的市場絕對雪崩，這也是為什麼當初 Google 寧可全面退出大陸也不把資料給大陸官方。\n\n董事會成員在乎的是公司的最大利益。Zoom 的主要股東是來自美國資本市場，這些人不會由著公司去做傷害公司利益的事。這是為什麼前述的假設狀況，出現的機會不大。當然，我也有可能是錯的。\n\n但同樣的問題，為什麼大家會認為如果中國政府要求，微軟就不會就範呢？特別微軟在大陸投入很多的資源，也有很大的市場。微軟中國分公司就不會就範？我反而覺得微軟若不從，要冒的風險比 Zoom 大很多。\n\n所以，我會繼續用。反正我的課程教學沒有什麼機密。真正有什麼很機密的事，還是來找我喝咖啡再當面聊吧！\n\n如果你有真正很機密的事情，我會勸你，別說 Zoom，其他的視訊軟體通通都不該用。那才是真正的安全！\n\n註：Tom's Guide 評論全文連結：https://bit.ly/2Rg3b8n\n\n（歡迎分享）"],["id","36r3h86c3wj7q"],["createdAt","2020-04-12T11:39:14.933Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","kA8ob3EBrhVJn3LNeQq7"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","葉丙成本人表示不希望媒體以台大教授的標題去下標他個人發表的文章，Zoom因一連串隱私問題遭致批評，包括將用戶數據發送到Facebook，錯誤地聲稱該應用程序具有「端到端加密」以及允許虛擬會議主持人追蹤到參與會者的資料（譬如IP等）。目前美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）和太空探索科技公司（SpaceX）等單位已禁用Zoom，聯邦調查局（FBI）波士頓辦公室3月30日也發布相關警示，呼籲Zoom用戶不要在公共或是共享網域內舉行視訊會議。"],["reference"," \nhttps://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52133349\nZoom boss apologises for security issues and promises fixes\nhttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-02/coronavirus-sees-zoom-downloads-soar-but-fbi-warns-security-flaw/12113802\nCoronavirus working arrangements have seen Zoom downloads soar, but some users are wary of security flaws\nhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202004060274.aspx\nZoom有資安疑慮"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Zoom apologises for security issues, promises fixes"],["url","https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52133349"],["summary","Image copyright\n Zoom\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Zoom has become the app many are using to stay in touch with friends, family and work colleagues\n \n \n \n Zoom is to pause the development of any new features to concentrate on safety and privacy issues, in the wake of criticism from users of the app.In a blog, the chief executive of the video conferencing app apologised for \"falling short\" on security issues and promised to address concerns.He said that the use of Zoom had soared in ways he could never have foreseen prior to the coronavirus pandemic.One security expert said he hoped the company culture would change.Zoom is now being used by millions of people for work and leisure, as lockdowns are imposed in many countries.Eric Yuan spoke candidly about how \"usage of Zoom ballooned overnight\". \"As of the end of December last year, the maximum number of daily meeting participants, both free and paid, was approximately 10 million. In March this year, we reached more than 200 million, he said.He admitted that despite \"working around the clock\" to support the influx of new users, the service had \"fallen short of the community's - and our own - privacy and security expectations\".\"For that, I am deeply sorry,\" he wrote.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Image copyright\n Zoom\n \n \n \n \n Image caption\n \n Before founding Zoom in 2011, Eric Yuan helped create video conferencing software WebEx, which was later sold to Cisco\n \n \n \n \"We did not design the product with the foresight that, in a matter of weeks, every person in the world would suddenly be working, studying, and socialising from home,\" he wrote.\"We now have a much broader set of users who are utilising our product in a myriad of unexpected ways presenting us with challenges we did not anticipate when the platform was conceived.\"Zoom has been criticised for a range of privacy issues, including sending user data to Facebook, wrongly claiming the app had end-to-end encryption, and allowing meeting hosts to track attendees.Ex-NSA (National Security Agency) hacker Patrick Wardle identified a series of issues, including a flaw which left Mac users vulnerable to having webcams and microphones hijacked.Security consultant Graham Cluley said that Zoom faced \"a crisis\".\"It risked losing a large amount of goodwill it had received because of revelations about its less-than-perfect attitude towards security and privacy.\"The fact that it was addressing some of the \"alarming vulnerabilities\" and had recognised the need to focus on security rather than \"adding bells and whistles\" was good news, he said.\"Let's hope that the company's culture will change from its previous 'fast and loose' attitude when it comes to such concerns,\" he added.ZoombombingThe huge uptake of Zoom has created the new phenomenon of 'zoombombing' which sees uninvited guests join video conferences, usually to shout abuse, share pornography or make racist remarks.The mischief-makers find out the details of the meetings either via links that have been shared publicly on social media platforms or websites or, in some cases, by simply guessing the nine digit ID code. It is reasonably easy to prevent attacks by password protecting meetings and not allowing anyone other than the host to screen-share.Mr Yuan, who founded Zoom in 2011, said steps the firm had taken to address concerns included:\nclarifying its encryption practices\nremoving code that meant information was shared from its iOS app to Facebook\nreleasing fixes for Mac-related issues\nremoving a LinkedIn feature to prevent unnecessary data disclosure \nissuing guidelines about how to avoid becoming a victim of zoombombing\nAnd over the next 90 days it plans to:\nfreeze development of new features to focus on safety and privacy\nconduct a review with independent experts to understand new security features needed for new customers\nprepare a transparency report on data requests\nenhance its bug bounty program \nhold a weekly webinar to provide privacy and security updates\nRik Ferguson, vice president of security research at Trend Micro, welcomed the changes.\"These issues run the full gamut: from configuration and lax default settings, software vulnerabilities, corporate policy and product roadmap decisions, and that it painfully clear from the blog post.\"\"One has to feel some sympathy for an organisation that was one of the first to offer free services during the pandemic and found itself not just a victim of poor decision-making, but also a victim of its own success.\"'High-risk'There has been debate in the UK about whether the government should be using Zoom for cabinet meetings. The government justified its use during \"unprecedented times\" when some members of government were self-isolating and did not have access to more secure technology at home.But the debate intensified when prime minister Boris Johnson tweeted a picture which included the ID number of the latest meeting.It is also reported that Elon Musk has banned the use of Zoom for SpaceX meetings, citing security concerns. Nasa, which is one of Space X's biggest customers, also prevents employees from using it.Mr Cluley said anyone using it for sensitive conversations needed to be careful.\"Fixing these problems will take time. And those particularly high-risk users of Zoom, having highly sensitive discussions on the service, who might potentially be the target of state-sponsored attacks (for instance the UK cabinet), might be wise to find alternative, more secure methods of communication in the meantime.\""],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","If you're working from home, you've probably used Zoom. The FBI says you should be careful"],["url","https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-02/coronavirus-sees-zoom-downloads-soar-but-fbi-warns-security-flaw/12113802"],["summary","Updated \n Thu at 9:52pmThu 2 Apr 2020, 9:52pm\n \n \n \n\n\n Zoom has had a surge in popularity during the coronavirus pandemic, but some businesses are backing away from the videoconferencing app over concerns about security flaws.\n\n Key points:SpaceX and NASA are among the companies banning employees from using Zoom after a warning from the FBIOnline classes have been interrupted by \"Zoombombing\", where uninvited users shared inappropriate content with the groupMost Zoom meetings are protected by an ID number that users need to join the virtual room, but anyone who is passed the number, or guesses it, can join unannounced\nIt topped charts worldwide in February and March, according to TechCrunch, after swathes of companies moved their core functions online with workers sent home.But Elon Musk's rocket company SpaceX and NASA have both banned employees from using Zoom, with SpaceX citing \"significant privacy and security concerns\".SpaceX's ban came just days after a warning from the FBI urging users not to make meetings public or share links widely.The FBI had received reports of unidentified people invading workplace meetings on the app, a practice known as \"Zoombombing\".New York's Attorney-General also wrote to Zoom on Monday raising concerns about its ability to cope with the rise in users.The letter, outlined in the New York Times, noted that Zoom had been slow to address vulnerabilities \"that could enable malicious third parties to, among other things, gain surreptitious access to consumer webcams\".Zoom meetings are assigned a randomly generated ID number between 9 and 11 digits, which participants use to access the meeting.Passwords are optional.An investigation by online publication The Intercept also revealed the company does not guarantee end-to-end encryption for its meetings, despite misleading marketing suggesting that it does.End-to-end encryption essentially scrambles content so that no-one apart from the sender and receiver can see the content.Messaging apps like WhatsApp use this type of encryption already, and Facebook announced at the end of 2019 it would make the switch. But a Zoom spokesperson told The Intercept: \"It is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings.\"Experts say these factors make it possible for hackers to predict numbers for valid meetings and join them, according to The Verge.In the incidents the FBI reported, two high school teachers' online classes were interrupted by uninvited guests, one yelling profanities and another showing off swastika tattoos.In other cases, uninvited users were sharing screens with the groups to stream porn. Zoom has since adjusted its default settings for educational accounts, but the flaw remains for other accounts.Privacy advocates have also raised concerns about other Zoom features, including attendee tracking, which allows meeting hosts to track whether participants are still viewing the meeting window or have shifted focus to something else for more than 30 seconds.Zoom for one more?Zoom's setup also makes it easy for participants to share meeting details with external parties — a flaw that some are using to their advantage.Australian comedian Hamish Blake has been wreaking his own cheeky havoc on workplace meetings during the coronavirus shutdown.In a series of videos shared to his personal Instagram account, captioned \"Zoom For One More?\", Blake drops in on various virtual workspaces including university tutorials, a primary school staff meeting, and even an Air Force flight log meeting.\"Seems like everyone is busy doing zoom meetings and classes, while I sit here doing NO meetings and learning NOTHING from any classes. That's about to change,\" he wrote.\"Send me your zoom meeting ID and a time (like Matt did for his UniSA law tutorial) and I'll try to swing past for a bit.\"The reception so far has been predominantly positive, and Blake is still taking enquiries.Zoom has not issued a statement since SpaceX announced its employees would be banned from using the service, but it has been advising users to use all the privacy functions available on its platform.\n\n\n\n\tTopics:\n\t\n\tinfectious-diseases-other,\n\n\n\t\n\trespiratory-diseases,\n\n\n\t\n\tcovid-19,\n\n\n\t\n\tinternet-technology,\n\n\n\t\n\tscience-and-technology,\n\n\n\t\n\taustralia,\n\n\n\t\n\tunited-states\n\t\n\n\n\n \n First posted \n Thu at 5:17amThu 2 Apr 2020, 5:17am"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Zoom有資安疑慮外交部：未使用 | 政治 | 中央社 CNA"],["url","https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202004060274.aspx"],["summary","（中央社記者陳韻聿台北6日電）武漢肺炎蔓延全球，異地辦公、線上會議成趨勢，卻也隱含資安疑慮。外交部今天說，Zoom視訊軟體因使用部分中國產製的軟硬體及服務，為維護資安，外交部並未使用。外交部發言人歐江安說，為因應武漢肺炎（2019冠狀病毒疾病，COVID-19）疫情，外交部已超前部署，為異地辦公等防疫措施做準備，在選擇遠距溝通所需視訊軟體時，已將資安議題列為主要考量。據外交部瞭解，Zoom視訊軟體因使用部分中國產製的軟硬體及服務，為維護資安，外交部並未使用。歐江安強調，外交部所使用的視訊軟體已完成各項註冊登錄作業，且經多次測試，其效能及資安均符合標準需求。武漢肺炎令Zoom人氣竄升，近日卻爆出它有一系列安全漏洞，包括讓Mac用戶的網路攝影機及麥克風容易遭駭，以及能讓駭客植入惡意程式碼，肆意錄音錄影。為此，於2011年創立Zoom的華裔美籍執行長袁征在部落格發文致歉，承諾會解決相關問題。目前美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）和太空探索科技公司（SpaceX）等單位已禁用Zoom，聯邦調查局（FBI）波士頓辦公室3月30日也發布相關警示，呼籲Zoom用戶不要在公共或是共享網域內舉行視訊會議。台灣和美國3月31日召開由雙方高階官員出席的虛擬論壇，討論促進國際防疫合作、恢復台灣在世界衛生大會觀察員身分等議題。由於台美未來預期還將召開其他線上會議，相關軟體資安問題因此引發關注。（編輯：林興盟）1090406"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-04-12T16:10:55.808Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_WAuYYj2LVfJbSwWOWex9UXA7W6d3Pwk7voZng0aQP9s"],["name","厚道的中和蜜妮安"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","COVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP"],["url","https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04"],["summary","https://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","ID2020 | Alliance & Governance"],["url","https://id2020.org/alliance"],["summary","No government, company or agency can solve this challenge alone. Setting the future course of digital ID and navigating the associated risks is a challenge that requires sustained collaboration and global partnership.\n \n \n \n Why the Alliance\n \n \n \n \n Partners\n \n \n \n \n Governance\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Explore\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The ID2020 Alliance is unique in its philosophy and transparent governance.\n \n \n ID2020 is building a new global model for the design, funding, and\nimplementation of digital ID solutions and technologies. There is no other multi-stakeholder effort focused on user-managed, privacy-protecting, and portable digital ID.\n \n \n Ad-hoc investments in single use-case projects (“business as usual”) will be insufficient to bring about transformative impact. Changing the flow of funds is necessary to re-align incentives. That’s why Alliance partners are pooling funds to invest in programs that consider digital ID holistically, as a platform for diverse benefits, services, and use cases throughout an individual’s life.\n \n \n Private sector engagement is critical for solving at scale. Alliance partners include companies with a collective footprint in the billions and a shared commitment to an ethical approach to digital ID. Decisions about how Alliance funds are administered, which programs to fund, and which technical standards to support are made jointly by Alliance partners through a transparent governance process, preventing dominance by any single institution or sector.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Partners\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A global management consulting and professional services firm, Accenture joined as a founding partner in June 2017. Accenture representatives participate in ID2020’s Executive Board and Technical Advisory Committee.\n \n \n \n \n Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance brings together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world’s poorest countries. Dr. Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, sits on our Executive Board.\n \n \n \n \n Since 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to improve the well-being of humanity around the world. The Rockefeller Foundation provided ID2020 with seed funding in in 2017 and has been an ongoing supporter of ID2020’s work.\n \n \n \n \n The American multinational technology company joined ID2020 in January 2018 as a founding partner. Members of the Microsoft team sit on ID2020’s Technical and Program Delivery Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n Created by IDEO, the international design and consulting firm, to design products, services, and experiences to improve the lives of people in poor and vulnerable communities, IDEO.org joined ID2020 in 2018. IDEO.org is represented on our Program Delivery and Ecosystem & Advocacy Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Alliance, a collaborative effort of global partners, is solving for scale from day one \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Closing the identity gap is an enormous challenge. It will take the work of many committed people and organizations coming together across different geographies, sectors and technologies. But it’s exciting to imagine a world where safe and secure digital identities are possible, providing everyone with an essential building block to every right and opportunity they deserve.\n Peggy Johnson\n Executive VP, Business Development, Microsoft Corporation\n \n \n Digital identity has the capacity to enable access to vital, life-saving services in many different development and humanitarian contexts, including by accelerating access to basic health care systems. I am excited to join ID2020's Executive Board, and guide the organization and partners in harnessing innovative technologies and multi-sectoral collaboration to benefit the world's most vulnerable populations.\n Dr. Seth Berkley\n CEO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance\n \n \n Accenture has joined the ID2020 Alliance with partners like Microsoft to create an open, human-centric approach to identity. The alliance draws on advances in biometrics and innovative technologies and brings together expertise from business, government and non-government agencies.\n Christine Leong\n Digital Identity Innovations Lead\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n Alliance Governance\n As an alliance, the success of this initiative depends on robust collaboration and a clearly defined means for stakeholder engagement.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Board\n The governing body for the Alliance is the ID2020 Alliance Executive Board. The eleven mmeber board includes five independent Directors, two Directors nominated as representatives of the public sector Founding Partners, two Directors nominated as representatives of the private sector Founding Partners, one Director nominated as a privacy expert, and one Director representing funding organizations.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Advisory Committees\n The Board is supported by four thematic Advisory Committees, which provide in-depth advice to the ID2020 Board. Membership in these committees is set by the Board, with Founding Partners eligible to nominate representatives to two Advisory Committees.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Secretariat\n ID2020, a US-registered 501(c)(3) based in New York, NY, is the Secretariat for the Alliance. As such, ID2020 is responsible and accountable for day-to-day operations, including: raising money to fund digital ID projects, coordinating with implementing partners for project implementation, setting and managing technical standards, monitoring and evaluation, legal and financial management and administration of the governance system. Management of these activities is the responsibility of ID2020’s Executive Director."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Big Pharma And Microsoft Are Teaming Up In Something Called The 'ID2020 Alliance' That Will Combine Vaccinations With Implantable Microchips To Create Your Digital ID • Now The End Begins"],["url","https://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/"],["summary","For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.“And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.” Revelation 13:16-18 (KJV)So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020. And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight. Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“We are implementing a forward-looking approach to digital identity that gives individuals control over their own personal information, while still building off existing systems and programs,” says Anir Chowdhury, a policy advisor at a2i, the Bangladesh government’s “Access to Information Program.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? 🤔While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.In Austin, Texas, for example, the homeless population is now being exploited as a collective guinea pig for ID2020’s microchip vaccination program, which the group claims will help to “empower” homeless people by supposedly giving them “control” over their personal identity data.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition. ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all. Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.Now The End Begins is your front line defense against the rising tide of darkness in the last days before the Rapture of the ChurchHOW TO DONATE:Click here to view our GoFundMe pageWhen you contribute to this fundraising effort, you are helping us to do what the Lord called us to do. The money you send in goes primarily to the overall daily operations of this site. When people ask for Bibles, we send them out at no charge. When people write in and say how much they would like gospel tracts but cannot afford them, we send them a box at no cost to them for either the tracts or the shipping, no matter where they are in the world. Even all the way to South Africa. We even restarted our weekly radio Bible study on Sunday nights again, thanks to your generous donations. All this is possible because YOU pray for us, YOU support us, and YOU give so we can continue growing.CLICK IMAGE TO ORDER YOUR BOX OF NTEB GOSPEL TRACTSBut whatever you do, don’t do nothing. Time is short and we need your help right now. If every one of the 13,131 people on our daily mailing list gave $4.50, we would reach our goal immediately. If every one of our 151,781 followers on Facebook gave $1.00 each, we would reach 300% of our goal. The same goes for our 14,500 followers on Twitter. But sadly, many will not give, so we need the ones who can and who will give to be generous. As generous as possible.“Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ;” Titus 2:13 (KJV)“Thank you very much!” – Geoffrey, editor-in-chief, NTEBHOW TO DONATE: Click here to view our GoFundMe page"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","'ID2020 Alliance' Will Combine Vaccinations & Implantable ID Microchips | PSI Intl"],["url","https://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/"],["summary","Big Pharma is officially partnering with the tech industry to pair “immunization” with digital biometrics, meaning humans will soon be microchipped, tracked, and ultimately controlled through a global identification matrix.For years we’ve been watching as Microsoft founder Bill Gates, now retired from the company he founded, use his billions to give ‘free vaccinations‘ to people in third world countries. Now Bill has become a founding partner in another company, this one is called the ID2020 Alliance, and its goal is to give every human being on Earth a digital id. How do they plan on accomplishing this feat? By combining mandatory vaccinations with implantable microchips. Genius, isn’t it? And coming soon to a theater near you, as the saying goes.So now you know what Bill Gates and his wife Melinda were really doing over the past 10 years, travelling to third word countries and giving ‘free vaccinations’ to the poor, downtrodden natives. Those ‘free vaccinations‘ was research and a live testing lab to conduct the necessary experiments required to form ID2020.And as you will see today, this unholy hybrid of vaccinations and implantable microchips is already happening in Bangladesh, soon it will be Boston. A page on the Gates Foundation website says that Bill and Melinda have so far invested over $2.5 billion dollars to this project, with no end in sight.Can the man who put the world behind a personal computer now put a vaccination microchip digital ID into the global population? Bill Gates is absolutely positive he can, and indeed is well on his way to achieving that goal.“Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.” 2 Thessalonians 2:3,4 (KJV)We have been warning you about this for the past 10 years, and now it is happening. Are you ready for what comes next? I hope you are. Keep looking for that Blessed Hope, and thank God it comes before the time of Jacob’s trouble. If only my friend, Carl Sanders, the man who first revealed the inner-workings of the team that created the RFID microchip, had lived long enough to see this day.Vaccines now being used to harvest biometric identities of everyone; Big Brother merges with Big PharmaFROM NATURAL NEWS: The ID2020 Alliance, as it’s being called, is a digital identity program that aims to “leverage immunization” as a means of inserting tiny microchips into people’s bodies. In collaboration with the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, also known as GAVI, the government of Bangladesh and various other “partners in government, academia, and humanitarian relief,” the ID2020 Alliance hopes to usher in this mark of the beast as a way to keep tabs on every human being living on Earth.Similar to how cattle are marked with ear tags, this globalist alliance wants all humans to be “vaccinated” with digital tracking chips that will create a seamless monitoring system for the New World Order to manage the populations of the world with ease.“WE ARE IMPLEMENTING A FORWARD-LOOKING APPROACH TO DIGITAL IDENTITY THAT GIVES INDIVIDUALS CONTROL OVER THEIR OWN PERSONAL INFORMATION, WHILE STILL BUILDING OFF EXISTING SYSTEMS AND PROGRAMS,” SAYS ANIR CHOWDHURY, A POLICY ADVISOR AT A2I, THE BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT’S “ACCESS TO INFORMATION PROGRAM.”“The government of Bangladesh recognizes that the design of digital identity systems carries far-reaching implications for individuals’ access to services and livelihoods, and we are eager to pioneer this approach,” he adds.Look at what is on the wall at this high-level meeting of ID2020 employees. Anyone care to guess what you’re looking at? While the ID2020 program’s testing grounds are primarily in the Third World, the group says it’s also now working with governments here in the United States to start microchipping people through vaccination.IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, FOR EXAMPLE, THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS NOW BEING EXPLOITED AS A COLLECTIVE GUINEA PIG FOR ID2020’S MICROCHIP VACCINATION PROGRAM, WHICH THE GROUP CLAIMS WILL HELP TO “EMPOWER” HOMELESS PEOPLE BY SUPPOSEDLY GIVING THEM “CONTROL” OVER THEIR PERSONAL IDENTITY DATA.“The City of Austin, ID2020, and several other partners are working together with homeless people and the service providers who engage with them to develop a blockchain-enabled digital identity platform called MyPass to empower homeless people with their own identity data,” writes Chris Burt for BiometricUpdate.com.MEET THE END TIMES PLAYERS BEHIND ID2020 ALLIANCE, ALL THE USUAL SUSPECTS AND A FEW NEW ONESID2020 is also jabbing refugees with its microchip vaccinations through two inaugural pilot programs known as iRespond and Everest. According to reports, iRespond has “improved continuity of care” for more than 3,000 refugees receiving drug treatments for chronic illness. Everest, on the other hand, has “assisted with the provision of access to critical energy subsidies and a range of additional services with secure and user-centric digital identities without relying on a smartphone,” Burt writes.All of this is priming the public for an eventual mandate of microchip vaccinations, which will be required for every individual in order to buy and sell goods. Chowdhury openly admitted this in stating that digital identity systems will be necessary for “individuals’ access to services and livelihoods.”In other words, the Bible is right: A global identification system is in the works that will eventually be required for people to function in society, and ultimately survive. Without these microchips in their bodies, people won’t be able to work, let alone eat, and it’s all happening right before our very eyes.Keep in mind that ID2020 is a part of the so-called “REAL ID,” which will soon be required for those who wish to travel. REAL ID will also be used as a backdoor method of implementing mandatory vaccination policies for adults. READ MOREOur Manifesto | ID2020We believe the ability to prove one’s identity is a fundamental and universal human right. ID2020 Alliance partners jointly define functional requirements, influencing the course of technical innovation and providing a route to technical interoperability, and therefore trust and recognition.ID2020 Summit 2018: Part 1The ID2020 Alliance is a public-private partnership committed to improving lives through user-centric, portable, privacy-protecting digital identity. This year’s Summit, convened by ID2020 Alliance, brought together leaders and innovators in the field to discuss the technical and non-technical requirements to yield a collective roadmap that moves us towards broad adoption of “good” digital identity for all.Carl Sanders Helped Design The first Implantable MicrochipCarl Sanders was an engineer on the world’s first implantable microchip, and in the process of working on this incredible end times device, Carl got saved and spent the rest of his life warning people about what was coming. What you will hear in this video clip is taken from a cassette tape that was sent around churches back in the 1990’s, I had one of those copies. When the Lord had me start NTEB, Bro. Carl and I became friends and he was a guest on our program many times. This is the audio from that cassette tape. I had the privilege of interviewing Bro. Carl back in 2013, and you can listen to that interview here.****PRINCIPIA SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, legally registered in the UK as a company incorporated for charitable purposes. Head Office: 27 Old Gloucester Street, London WC1N 3AX. Please DONATE TODAY To Help Our Non-Profit Mission To Defend The Scientific Method."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Drug companies race to test coronavirus vaccines"],["url","https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html"],["summary","New York (CNN Business)Gilead Sciences stock was up slightly on Thursday, even as the Dow plunged into correction status. The reason? The biotech company is moving closer to finding a potential treatment for the deadly coronavirus. It plans to start administering its remdesivir drug to patients next month. Shares of Gilead Sciences (GILD) have risen more than 10% in the past five days as the race to find an effective treatment for the outbreak continues. It's not alone. The stocks of two smaller biotechs working on coronavirus vaccines -- Moderna (MRNA) and Novavax (NVAX) -- have both soared in the past few days on hopes that their treatments may show some success as well.Gilead said in a statement late Wednesday that it will be administering its remdesivir drug to \"approximately 1,000 patients at medical centers primarily across Asian countries, as well as other countries globally with high numbers of diagnosed cases, beginning in March.\"The World Health Organization has said that remdesivir may have the best chance of effectively treating the Wuhan coronavirus.Gilead said in its statement that it will conduct two randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of different dosing durations of remdesivir.One will be for about 400 patients with severe clinical manifestations of coronavirus. The other will be for about 600 patients with more moderate symptoms. Patients in both groups will receive the drug for either five or 10 days."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","US health officials say human trials on coronavirus vaccine to start in 6 weeks"],["url","https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html"],["summary","Human trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told reporters.Passengers arrive at LAX from Shanghai, China, after a positive case of the coronavirus was announced in the Orange County suburb of Los Angeles, California, January 26, 2020.Ringo Chiu | ReutersHuman trials testing a potential vaccine for the COVID-19 coronavirus are expected to begin in six weeks, U.S. health officials announced Tuesday.\"We are on time at least and maybe even a little bit better,\" Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, told reporters at a press conference. \"Hopefully, no further glitches.\"The White House reportedly asked Congress on Monday for $1.25 billion in additional funding to bolster its coronavirus response, including money to develop a vaccine and therapeutics to treat the virus. The National Institutes of Health has been working with biotech company Moderna to develop a vaccine using the current strain of the coronavirus.Hopes to get a vaccine to market are high, but doctors want expectations to be low for how quickly it can happen. Developing, testing and reviewing any potential vaccine is a long, complex and expensive endeavor that could take months or even years, global health experts say. Before researchers can begin human trials, they must have a firm understanding of the pathogen, run safety tests and find enough human volunteers.U.S. health officials are fast-tracking work on a coronavirus vaccine.Fauci said Tuesday that the potential vaccine has so far been put into mice and is \"immunogenic,\" or triggers a response in the immune system, suggesting it could fight the virus.\"The gene has been expressed in the platform, in this case, a messenger RNA. The material has been produced, it's been put into mice. It's immunogenic,\" he said. \"It's now getting ready to go through the regulatory issues of getting it to go.\"Fauci said a vaccine may not solve \"problems in the next couple of months but it certainly would be an important tool that we would have.\" He said it's possible the virus will prove to be seasonal, thus likely to subside in the warmer months like the flu.There are currently no proven therapies for the latest outbreak, which has killed at least 2,704 and sickened more than 80,200 people worldwide since emerging from the Chinese city of Wuhan about two months ago.Local authorities in China have using Gilead Sciences' antiviral drug Remdesivir, which was tested as a possible treatment during the Ebola outbreak, U.S. health officials said last month. Some authorities are also using antiviral drug Kaletra, developed by drugmaker AbbVie, on a \"compassionate basis.\"Earlier in the day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outlined what schools and businesses will likely need to do if the COVID-19 virus becomes an epidemic outbreak in the U.S.\"We are asking the American public to work with us to prepare for the expectation that this could be bad,\" Dr. Nancy Messonnier, director of the CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, told reporters on a conference call.The CDC late Monday confirmed 53 cases in the U.S., a majority of which came from passengers repatriated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that was quarantined off the coast of Japan. The data shows that 36 of the cases are attributed to the cruise ship, three patients were infected in Wuhan and later evacuated to the U.S., and the rest were largely infected while traveling overseas.Just two cases were contracted through person-to-person contact in the U.S., the CDC said.Later Tuesday, U.S. health officials said the outbreak will likely become a global pandemic. They also confirmed four new cases from the cruise ship.\"Current global circumstances suggest it's likely this virus will cause a pandemic,\" Anne Schuchat, principal deputy director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention told reporters at a news briefing.\"It's not so much a question of if this will happen any more, but rather more a question of when this will happen and how many people in this country will become infected and how many of those will develop severe or more complicated disease,\" she added.CNBC's Noah Higgins-Dunn contributed to this report."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","轉～值得參考儆醒防範\n——-\nCOVID 19 VACCINE WARNING! MARK OF THE BEAST! MANDATED VACCINE+CHIP\n疫苗警告！兽印！强制性疫苗+芯片\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMc74QpJf04\nWatchwoman 2020年2月27日\n今天是2020年2月27日。一礼拜之前主赐给我一个很长的梦。我今天在这个视频中，只将重要的一部分发布出来。通过这个梦，我要警告大家，务必抵挡政府要你注射的疫苗，因为那里面结合着一个植入芯片，而且这个疫苗将会在你的手上注射！这个芯片就是那“兽印”！\n还有，我们看到有一种防流感的疫苗，也要出来，那是一种严重的流感病毒。\n在梦里，有一个邪恶的女人，我已经是个成年人，能够允许她去对我做她要做的事情。她站在我前面，手里拿着一只注射针头，注射管是紫色薰衣草的颜色，里面有液体。她看着我说：“这是为了医治你的焦虑症。”我刚一同意，她立即就给我注射了。然后我感觉自己失去了知觉，无法控制我的身体了。当时我好像半睡半醒的状态，我向下看我的手，上面有两只创可贴，而不是一只创可贴。她说只给我注射一针，为何有两只创可贴呢？\n那个梦还在继续，我看到的下一件事就是，我的名字从生命册上被耶稣的眼泪涂抹了。祂的眼泪流到我的名字上，无论我多么努力，我再也无法将我的名字写回去了。\n当我醒来以后，就赶紧把这个梦的内容，详细记录下来。我明白了，这是神在提醒我，即将有一种疫苗，与兽印结合在一起，注射进入我们的人体里，而且还要给全世界的人注射。我认为，他们会知道他们自己正在接受一个芯片在手上，但是, 却以某种方式与疫苗相捆绑。有可能是在同一次注射当中植入的，也可能说是为了预防冠状病毒，或者说是预防即将到来的其它的坏病毒。你必须同意和允许他们在你手上植入这个兽印芯片。\n当我进行研究的时候，我发现了一些信息。我将链接放在本视频的下方的“Description Box”里面。\n有一种东西，叫做“ID 2020”。那是有世界上最富有的人们所计划运行的，包括比尔·盖茨基金会，以及其他世界上最有的钱人。他们企图要让人们接受一种联合疫苗和追踪芯片，称之为“ID 2020”。他们正在世界上的贫穷地区，开始试验这个东西。\n就在2月25日，两天前，CDC宣布，他们要开始在美国进行疫苗注射试验，在那些已经患上冠状病毒的人们身上进行。他们表示很高兴地宣布，他们已经有一种疫苗了，他们认为这看起来很好，但我觉得这很奇怪，怎么会这么快，似乎已经早有预备呢？好像他们早就准备要给人们注射这种疫苗了？\n如果你感染了冠状病毒，也不要参加任何一种像这样的试验，因为我很清楚，这种疫苗，是以某种方式，与兽印芯片相结合。他们企图植入你的右手上面，或是你的额头上面。\n我这是一个严重的警告，接受了他们的兽印的人，再也无法进入天国了！因为在圣经《启示录》13:16中说过：“牠又叫众人，无论大小贫富、自主的、为奴的，都在右手里，或是在额里，受一个印记。”14:9“若有人敬拜兽和兽像，在额里，或手里，受了牠的印记（接受了兽印），这人必喝神大怒的酒；此酒斟在神忿怒的杯中纯一不杂。他要在圣天使和羔羊面前，在火与硫磺之中受痛苦。他们受痛苦的烟往上冒，直到永永远远。有谁敬拜兽和兽像，受牠名之印记的，昼夜不得安宁。”\n耶稣很快就要回来了。我向那些没有跟随神的人们发出警告。你们很可能要面对这件事情。那些已经感染了冠状病毒的人们，生病的人们，考虑要接受疫苗试验的人们，要坚定持守你对耶稣基督的信仰，相信圣经，拒绝疫苗和兽印。这是从耶稣而来的强烈警告！而且我已经得到了多个印证，我非常清楚，他们要对我们做什么！\n请将此警告，尽可能多地传播出去！愿神祝福你！\n——-\n在此影片下方有說明\n內容如下：\n（可自行用網路翻譯下文）\n\nID2020\nhttps://id2020.org/alliance\n\nhttps://www.nowtheendbegins.com/big-pharma-microsoft-silicon-valley-id2020-alliance-combine-vaccinations-with-implantable-microchip-digital-id-mark-beast-end-times/\n\nVACCINE plus MICROCHIP\nhttps://principia-scientific.org/id2020-alliance-will-combine-vaccinations-implantable-id-microchips/\n\nUS COMPANIES RACE TO TEST CORONA VIRUS VACCINE\nhttps://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/investing/coronavirus-vaccine/index.html\n\nUS VACCINE TRIALS\nhttps://www.cnbc.com/amp/2020/02/25/us-health-officials-say-human-trials-on-coronavirus-vaccine-to-start-in-6-weeks.html\n"],["id","2ova5eb307l8a"],["createdAt","2020-02-29T17:32:42.298Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","fmI82G8Bd3n3h-WY3-mA"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVqVwjqQyrDaTqlmmp_a"],["name","MrOrz"],["avatarUrl","https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/108608?s=100"],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","這是反疫苗的陰謀論。\n\n古彥男醫師以古今中外案例表示，當疫苗接種率過低，會造成 (1) 傳染病爆發、 (2) 疫苗預算下修而導致藥廠不賣、疫苗短缺、(3) 增加病毒變異機會、(4) 醫療需求壓垮醫療系統。因此，不接種疫苗不只是影響個人，其後果是全國人民共同承擔。\n\n聯合國也譴責這些反疫苗接種的訊息，已經造成了海島國家麻疹的惡化；聯合國兒童基金會表示，這類在推特、臉書、Instagram 等網路平台上的反疫苗言論「極不負責任」。"],["reference","2016/10/25 如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相\nhttp://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html\n\n2019/12/6 聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化\nhttps://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","如果大家都不打疫苗－流感疫情揭露的醜陋真相 | 古彥男醫師｜兒科醫師的分享室"],["url","http://yennanku.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html"],["summary","作者：古彥男醫師\n\n病毒的全境擴散\n\n2011 年上映的電影『全境擴散』，是身為醫護人員的我看過最寫實也最貼近我們生活的傳染病電影。片中有包括麥特戴蒙、葛妮絲派特蘿、凱特溫絲蕾，以及裘德洛等好萊塢巨星，但電影本身想表達給觀眾的內容，並沒有因為演員的星光熠熠而顯得黯淡（不過評價兩極，很多人覺得劇情過於沉悶而看到睡著）。\n\n故事描述著一種病毒，在蝙蝠跟豬之間交互傳染後產生了變異，對人的傳染力大增，迅速造成了全球的大流行以及節節高升的死亡人數。電影中對於政府官員、醫護人員、平民百姓，以及先進與落後國家的社會，面對來勢洶洶的疫情的各種反應，有深刻的刻劃。\n\n\n其實這部電影主要是根據 2003 年令全球陷入恐慌的 SARS 疫情改編而成，電影中病毒的變異模式與散播途徑，也跟我們熟悉的流感病毒十分相像......\n接種率最低的公費疫苗\n\n\n\n對台灣的民眾來說，我們擁有方便就醫的醫療環境，醫療費用也非常便宜，近幾年來一些原本很昂貴的自費疫苗，也慢慢被列入公費施打的計畫之中（如肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）。然而在眾多高接種率的公費疫苗中，流感疫苗的接種率可說是一枝獨秀的低。\n\n由於流感病毒變異的速度快，每年流行的病毒株都不一樣，世界衛生組織只能預測每一年度可能流行的病毒株，以此製作成疫苗。這樣會產生兩個讓大家不想接種疫苗的原因：一是每年都必須接種，無法注射一兩劑後就有長久的保護力；二是萬一預測錯誤，挨了針最後還是得了流感，許多人在情感上無法接受。\n\n再加上媒體對流感疫苗不良反應個案的重點報導，以及對 2009 年 H1N1 流感疫苗安全性的質疑，導致台灣近幾年的接種率幾乎都是在谷底徘徊。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n根據民國 104 年疾病管制署的統計資料，符合公費疫苗接種的對象，其接種率不到五成，如果放大到全國人口來看，接種率甚至連兩成都不到。當大家因為擔心疫苗的不良反應選擇不接種，且因為短期內沒有重大疫情發生而漸漸忘記傳染病的恐怖時，就在同一年，流感病毒給台灣的民眾與醫療系統帶來了沉重的負擔......\n不接種疫苗的結果－全國人民共同承擔\n\n\n\n\n\n我們可以看到，從 2011 年之後，流感病毒在台灣並沒有造成太重大的疫情。然而這不代表危機不在我們身邊－就在 2015 年 (民國 104 年)，流感病毒讓我們體驗到，傳染病的傳播與爆發，可以在短短的幾個月內，造成重症病例數破千，死亡人數破百！而且根據統計，95% 以上流感重症患者未接種疫苗！\n\n你覺得這只是單一年度或單一疾病的狀況，不代表每一年的疫情或其他傳染病？你覺得等到疫情要升溫了再接種也不遲？還是你覺得自己身強體壯，不怕傳染病侵襲，就算染病了在台灣這種便宜又方便的醫療環境也不怕沒得醫？\n\n讓我來告訴你甚麼是『醜陋的真相』。\n\n真相一：疫苗接種率過低，造成傳染病爆發，中外皆然。\n\n除了上述台灣的流感疫情，歐美國家早發生過更為知名的狀況。 1998 年一位英國醫師發表了一篇論文，內容指出接種三合一疫苗（麻疹、腮腺炎、德國麻疹）會造成小孩自閉症的發生率上升，雖然該論文最後被證實是假造的無稽之談，但仍造成歐美國家興起一股反疫苗運動，三合一疫苗的接種率更是逐年下降。\n\n疫苗接種率過低的結果永遠只有一個：傳染病的爆發。英國從 2000 年開始感染麻疹的人數逐漸上升，到現在仍是麻疹流行地區；美國曾經在 2000 年宣布麻疹病毒已在其境內絕跡，結果在 2014~2015 年加州爆發大流行。\n\n那你說台灣安全嗎？如果你的小孩有接種疫苗，那大可放心，但如果沒有怎麼辦？那就不要出國、不要去機場、不要坐高鐵、不要坐捷運、不要......\n\n\n真相二：你不打疫苗，政府下修預算，藥廠寧願不賣。\n\n由於疫苗這種生物製劑，在運輸及保存上的要求相當高，也有一定的保存期限，此外如流感疫苗，其內含的病毒株每年不一樣，今年的疫苗無法留到隔年再使用。當政府買得太多會增加運輸及保存的成本，用不完而過期的疫苗更是浪費已經捉襟見肘的疫苗預算。\n\n因此衛服部疾管署會根據各種公費疫苗施打的比率，以及未來需要接種的人口數，來編列預算。當施打人數下降時，預算金額就可能會下修，如果剛好遇到購買數量下降而需求又突然暴增，就會發生有人打不到疫苗的狀況（2015 年流感疫情爆發後，一直到隔年三月都還有家屬帶小孩來打早就用完的疫苗）。\n\n再來是台灣的市場跟歐美等大國比已經很小了，如果政府購買的數量一直在減少，我們又拿不出有力的購買價格跟別人競爭，最後就是落得疫苗搶輸人家，以及民眾有錢也打不到疫苗的後果。真相三：疫情升溫，病毒快速變異，補打疫苗也沒效。\n\n流感疫苗之所以每年都要接種才有效，就是因為流感病毒非常容易產生變異，讓我們的免疫系統無法在感染過後，或是接種一次疫苗後就能提供終身的保護力。\n\n病毒的變異從哪裡來？一個方式是當病毒在宿主體內大量複製時，本身的基因發生突變，另一個則是當同一個宿主（可以是人、豬、或是禽鳥類），體內有兩種以上的流感病毒時，不同的病毒間會互換基因，重組出一個新的病毒（如 2009 年的 H1N1）。這樣的變異都可以使我們的免疫系統與疫苗失效，造成大流行。\n\n因此當疫情升溫了，代表病毒在大量的傳播與複製，大大的增加了變異的機會，一旦產生變異，就算補打了本來有效的疫苗，也擋不住已經變身的病毒。所以先接種疫苗預防感染，不給病毒有大流行且變異的機會，才是最好的防治策略。真相四：醫療系統早已負擔沉重，疫情爆發醫院一床難求。\n\n當很多人因為健保的福利，以為醫療本來就是這麼便宜與便利時，台灣的醫療系統早就因為政策問題以及民眾的就醫習慣而負擔沉重，一旦因天災人禍或是傳染病流行，在短時間內造成大量的醫療需求，往往成為壓倒駱駝的最後一根稻草。\n\n從過去的八仙塵爆，以及流感疫情的爆發，各大醫學中心急診及加護病房都被塞爆，有的醫院兩度關閉急診，有的醫學中心重症病人多到連救命的葉克膜都不夠用，急診等住院病床的人數節節高升，醫護人員跟病人都叫苦連天。\n\n然而政府相關單位不僅連政策的調整不夠迅速，連對疫情的嚴重度還有醫療資源的分配都掌握不住，你還認為台灣的醫療在你生病的時候真能萬無一失？\n疫苗並不完美，但仍是預防疾病的有效方法\n\n我們知道有打疫苗不是每個人都會產生可以對抗疾病的抗體，我們也知道沒有疫苗可以百分之百不會有不良反應，然而疫苗從問世以來，也被證實是可以有效預防疾病，挽救許多生命的重要方法。當不良反應造成的損失大於預防疾病的利益時，這種疫苗就會被停止施打或是根本不會上市。\n\n在我們的社會中有許多人可能因為年紀太小、對疫苗有過敏反應、或是有其他禁忌症無法藉由接種疫苗獲得對疾病的保護力，他們也常常是傳染病造成重症的高風險群。如果我們接種疫苗的比率夠高，不僅獲得保護自己的抗體，同時也因為疾病不容易傳播而可以間接保護到這些容易被感染的族群。\n\n今年的公費流感疫苗已經開始施打，請問『你』會怎麼選擇呢？"],["topImageUrl","https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ77tZgdWE/WAJSVTbVolI/AAAAAAAABnY/Q5S7SQ1Dz_Ahnkupi8xzzdP1bFvqbPuJQCLcB/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/vaccinedeniedtitlepicture.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","聯合國：反疫苗運動助長薩摩亞麻疹疫情惡化 | 國際 | 中央社 CNA"],["url","https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201912060005.aspx"],["summary","（中央社威靈頓5日綜合外電報導）聯合國兒童基金會（UNICEF）太平洋島嶼負責人今天表示，社群媒體巨頭必須嚴厲取締反疫苗接種貼文，這些貼文助長薩摩亞（Samoa）致命麻疹疫情惡化。UNICEF地區代表耶特（Sheldon Yett）表示，推特（Twitter）、臉書（Facebook）和Instagram（IG）等網路平台上「極不負責任」的反疫苗接種訊息，加劇了薩摩亞爆發的麻疹疫情，自10月中旬以來已造成62人死亡。耶特告訴法新社：「很明顯地它們必需負起企業責任並展開行動，確保那些人民，特別是弱勢族群能獲得正確資訊，讓孩童得以存活。」在麻疹疫情爆發前，薩摩亞的疫苗接種率降至只剩略超過30%，遠低於公認最佳接種率90%，這也使得該海島國家極易受到感染。世界衛生組織（WHO）把矛頭指向反疫苗宣傳運動。耶特表示，這項運動主要是由海外倡議人士在網路上展開。「很不幸的是，這項運動在薩摩亞找到願意相信的民眾，那裡有一部分人懷疑醫療保健服務品質，且可能不信任當地（疫苗）供應者。」他說，來自諸如美國和澳洲等富裕已開發國家的運動人士，在網路上張貼反疫苗訊息，他們必須意識到自己的所作所為會對開發中國家帶來衝擊。他在薩摩亞首都阿庇亞（Apia）表示：「這對薩摩亞孩童來說可能形同死刑，因為當地除了低疫苗接種率，可能還面臨其他健康問題。」（實習編譯：趙珮宇/核稿：劉學源）1081205"],["topImageUrl","https://imgcdn.cna.com.tw/www/website/img/pic_fb.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-03-01T09:07:27.741Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_iGx8PtfSCX2Cx1_T8EwMifj-KOATmriOXu7QAsGFub0"],["name","一絲不苟的淡水諾瑪"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Why Farmed Salmon Is One Of The Most Toxic Things You Can Put In Your Body"],["url","https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/04/24/why-farmed-salmon-is-one-of-the-most-toxic-things-you-can-put-in-your-body/"],["summary","The Facts:Robert F. Kennedy Jr recently appeared in Connecticut after an effort to Mandate multiple vaccines has been initiated. In his appearance, he claimed that the HPV vaccine may and does cause cancer, among other things.Reflect On:With so much science, and evidence of corruption and fraud when it comes to vaccine safety, why are there efforts to make certain vaccines mandatory when it's clear that they're not really safe as they are marketed to be. What's going on?Is the HPV vaccine safe? In an age where legislators are pushing for mandatory vaccinations, the push to take away the freedom of choice has more people looking at information that the mainstream continues to ignore. The truth is, vaccines are not as safe and effective as they’re marketed to be. This is evident by the fact that the National Childhood Vaccine Injury act as now paid approximately $4 billion dollars to vaccine injured children, and that only accounts for 1 percent of vaccine injured children as the majority of injuries go completely unreported.\nA great example to use would be the MMR vaccine. On its own, it has caused approximately 100,000 adverse events, 2000 disabilities, 7000 hospitalizations and 500 deaths. (source) And again, according to VAERS, only 1 percent of injuries are accounted for. Meanwhile, measles does not kill. The chances of dying of measles are akin to getting hit by lighting, the odds of dying from measles are 0.01 percent! (source) And those who contract measles receive natural immunity that lasts a lifetime, unlike the vaccine-induced immunity that wanes over time.\nNote: Listen to our latest podcast deconstructing the vaccine subject in detail here.\nLooking Into The Human Papillomavirus Vaccine\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, it seems to get worse. There are a multiple of problems with the HPV vaccine, and one of them is that it’s loaded with aluminum. Why is this a problem that needs to be addressed? Well, because aluminum, among several other vaccine ingredients, have simply been used in vaccines as presumed to be safe without any actual safety testing. Studies that have examined aluminum raise great cause for concern. One from 2015 points out:\n\nEvidence that aluminum-coated particles phagocytozed in the injected muscle and its draining lymph notes can disseminate within phagocytes throughout the body and slowly accumulate in the brain further suggests that alum safety should be evaluated in the long term. (source)\n\nAluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Here’s a great clip of doctor Christopher Shaw from the University of British Columbia explaining how injected aluminum does not exit the body. He, alongside Sneha K.S. Sheth andYongling Li, published a study in 2017 looking at animal models. They found that almost “100 percent of the intramuscularly injected aluminum (as in vaccine adjuvants) is absorbed into the systemic circulation and travels to different sites in the body such as the brain, joints and spleen where it accumulates and is retained for years post-vaccination.” (source)\n\nGardasil Victims\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, countless numbers of girls, and boys, have had severe adverse reactions which have resulted in disability and/or death. The latest example to make noise regarding HPV vaccine injury is Jennifer Robi, a 24-year-old former athlete and scholar who has been confined to a wheelchair since receiving her third Gardasil vaccine at age sixteen. She suffers continual uncontrolled neuro/muscular contractions (jerking) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and many other symptoms of systemic autoimmune dysregulation. You can read more about that story here.\nAnother one we’ve written about is Colton Barrett, who took his own life after being unable to cope with his Gardasil vaccine injuries. You can read more about that and watch an interview with him here. Christopher Bunch is also another teenager who recently died as a result of the HPV vaccine, you can read more about that here.\nThe list of deaths and injuries as a result of the Gardasil Vaccine is a long one. In America, the chances of dying from cervical cancer is 2.3 out of 100,000. The chances of getting an autoimmune disease from this vaccine are 2.3 out of 100. That means that your chances of getting an autoimmune disease from this vaccine are 1000 time greater than getting cervical cancer, as Kennedy points out in his lecture below.\nReports to the World Health Organization’s global adverse drug reactions database—conservatively estimated to represent 10% of actual reactions—show over 305,000 adverse reactions where the HPV vaccine “is believed to have been the cause,” including 445 deaths (23 of which were sudden) and over 1,000 cancerous tumors (including 168 cervical cancers), among other serious reactions (BMJ letter, December 2017).\n\n“A healthy 16-year-old is at zero immediate risk of dying from cervical cancer but is faced with a small but real risk of death or serious disability from a vaccine that has yet to prevent a single case of cervical cancer.”\n\n\nRobert F. Kennedy Jr. Gaining Credibility\nRobert F. Kennedy Jr. recently made an appearance in Hartford, Connecticut at the “Science of Vaccines forum” in response to proposed mandatory vaccination initiatives in the state. He had a previously planned vaccination discussion with three Yale doctors cancelled on him, and the doctors have since refused to return emails asking for statements as to why they didn’t attend.\nHe made some bold statements, and he used evidence and science to back them up. After using Merck’s own HPV pre-licensure safety study documents showing the manipulation of data to hide increases in severe adverse vaccine reactions, he stated:\n\nI’m saying this not on belief but because it’s true. And I’m saying it that way so that Merck will sue me if I’m saying something wrong, and they won’t.”\n\nIn the talk, he goes on to state that if the truth was known, “nobody in the world would ever, who has any concern for a little girl, would ever give them this vaccine.”\nAfter showing a slide of evidence illustrating how people who have already been exposed to HPV and receive the vaccine have a much higher percentage of actually getting cancer, which is a fact, the vaccine is much less effective to people who have already been exposed to HPV (many of whom are exposed in the birth canal). He states, “this vaccine gives you cancer, if you’ve already been exposed.”\nYou can view the full lecture below where some of the above quotes come from. Another set of quotes come from the same conference, but is not filmed below. You can view that part of the lecture in this video posted to Kennedy’s Children’s Health Defence Facebook Page.\n\nPap Smears VS Vaccines\nKennedy provides legitimate sources in his lecture, and there are many others to back up his claims that this vaccine could actually be contributing to cervical cancer.\nAs a result of the introduction of pap smear tests, the percentage of incidences of invasive cancer of the cervix decreased from 13.5 to 9.4 in Great Britain, 13.5 to 7 in Australia, 11.6 to 10.2 in Sweden, 15.1 to 11 in Norway, 10.7 to 6.67 in the USA, and 11 to 7.1 in France, in less than 20 years. Out of all countries across the globe that used smear screening, the average annual rate of decline was 2.5% between 1989 and 2000 and 1% between 2000 and 2007, resulting in a total decrease of nearly 30% across 1989-2007. (1,2,3,4,5) \nThe HPV Vaccine has reversed this trend.\nIn 2017, Sweden’s Center for Cervical Cancer prevention reported that incidences of invasive cervical cancer are climbing in nearly all countries. Over the two-year period from 2013 to 2015, for example, there was a steep 20 percent increase. (source) Note that in Sweden, the Gardasil vaccination program was rolled out in 2010, with vaccination coverage of 12-year-old girls approaching 80%. In 2012-2013, thanks to a catch-up program, almost all girls aged 13 to 18 were vaccinated. (source)\nIn France, incidences of cervical cancer have increased steadily since vaccinations started, from 9.6 per 100000 in 2006 to 9.7 in 2009, 10.3 in 2012, and 11.49 in 2015. (source)\nOn April 30th of 2018, a study published in the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics suggested that the HPV vaccine may actually be causing cervical cancer in some women rather than preventing it. According to the editors of the journal, “the issues raised by it [the study] are important and discussion on it is in the public interest.“\nThat last point there is so important: “discussion on it is in the public interest.” Any type of discussion regarding heavily marketed medication is extremely important, and it’s highly concerning when there is a large attempt to ridicule or prevent such a discussion from taking place.\nThe study was retracted, but remains accessible on the journal’s site.\nAs editors, we are wary of the extreme ideological divide that views discussions on vaccines as either “pro” or “anti”. In low and middle-income countries like India, where early HPV infection and incidence of carcinoma cervix are relatively high, scientific discussion and resolution of issues concerning the HPV vaccine is critical, for women receiving it, and for policy making on its introduction in the universal immunisation programme. We hope that the hypothesis of possible harm of vaccinating women previously exposed to HPV is carefully explored in future studies. (source)\nGardasil Failure Likened To The Titanic\nHere’s another great quote from Dr. Nicole Delepine, a surgeon and Oncologist from France.\n\nIt takes a long time to affirm that a preventive action really protects. But the failure of this supposed protection can sometimes be very quickly obvious. To prove that the Titanic was truly unsinkable would have required decades of navigation on the most dangerous seas of the world. Demonstrating that it wasn’t, took only a few hours … This Titanic demonstration is unfortunately reproduced by the Gardasil vaccination.\nEvidence that vaccination increases the risk of invasive cancer can be rapid, if the vaccine changes the natural history of cancer by accelerating it. The analysis of trends in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer published in official statistics (registers) was studied in the first and most fully vaccinated countries (Australia, Great Britain, Sweden and Norway). Unfortunately, it’s the case for HPV vaccines. (source)\n\nGardasil’s prevention failure has essentially erased the perceived benefits of the Pap smear, which is accelerating the onset of cervical cancer, according to Delepine. She points out how, in all of the countries who have implemented large HPV vaccination programs, there’s been a significant increase in the frequency of invasive cancers within the most vaccinated populations. She makes an important points and emphasize how non-vaccinated women continue to benefit from screening with a Pap smear:\n\nDuring the same period, older women (and therefore unvaccinated) saw their cancer risk decrease significantly: less 17% for women aged 55 to 59 (from 9.7 to 8.1), less 13% for women aged 60 to 64 ( from 10.3 to 8.9), less 23% for those aged 75 to 79 (from 11.5 to 8.8) and even less 31% for those aged 80 to 84 (from 14.5 to 10).\n\nFrom their inception, the two HPV vaccines (Merck’s Gardasil and, outside the U.S., GlaxoSmithKline’s Cervarix) have been aggressively marketed, with their potential benefits oversold and their many risks disguised, particularly through the use of inappropriate placebos. It has been left to independent researchers to critique the regulatory apparatus’ fraudulent evidence. Recent letters published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) have brought forward some stark numbers that illustrate the vaccine’s appalling record: A seriously adverse event rate of 1 in 15 (7%) and a death rate among the vaccinated (14 per 10,000) that far exceeds the risk of dying from cervical cancer which is 0.23 per 10,000 (BMJ letter, May 2018).\nThis quote from RFK Jr. sums it all up:\n\nWhen it comes to the HPV vaccine, is it really necessary? There is a very small percentage of women who will contract an HPV infection throughout their lifetime, and 95 percent of these women who do get an HPV infection will clear it by themselves within a couple of years, you don’t even have to detect it. Of the remaining 5 percent, approximately half of those women will develop pre-cancerous lesions, which could then take decades to develop into cancerous lesions. Furthermore, the HPV vaccine only provides 5-10 years of immunity, and girls (and boys) are injected with it at approximately 12 years old. How likely is it that a child will develop an HPV infection between the ages of 12 and 17?\n\nThe Takeaway\nThe HPV Vaccine is one of the clearest indicators that we are dealing with a health care industry that values profit over human health. Even with signs of upward trends in cancer and other vaccine damage, the industry continues unabated to promote it’s product. This is why we need to spread the truth on these matters, and use this information to spur our collective awakening to what is really going on in the world.\nWe recently did a very detailed segment for The Collective Evolution Show where we deconstructed the entire vaccine subject in great detail. You can listen to our latest podcast episode containing that here.\n\nSources Used Not Highlighted Within the Article:\n1] Cancer Research UK, Cervical Cancer (C53): 1993-2015, European Age-Standardized Incidence Rates per 100,000 Population, Females, UK Accessed 08 [ 2018 ].\n[2] AIHW [2]. 13. AIHW 2017. Cancer in Australia 2017. Cancer series no. 101. Cat. No. CAN 100. Canberra: AIHW.\n[3] NORDCAN, Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries 3.1.2018\n[4] Bo T Hansen, Suzanne Campbell, Mari Nygård Long-term incidence of HPVrelated cancers, and cases preventableby HPV vaccination: a registry-based study in Norway BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019005\n\nHelp Support Collective Evolution\n\nThe demand for Collective Evolution's content is bigger than ever, except ad agencies and social media keep cutting our revenues. This is making it hard for us to continue.\nIn order to stay truly independent, we need your help. We are not going to put up paywalls on this website, as we want to get our info out far and wide. For as little as $3 a month, you can help keep CE alive!\nSUPPORT CE HERE!"],["topImageUrl","https://cdn3.collective-evolution.com/assets/uploads/2018/04/Salmon-FI-800x418.jpg"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/04/24/why-farmed-salmon-is-one-of-the-most-toxic-things-you-can-put-in-your-body/"],["id","11vkdv74n1usr"],["createdAt","2019-04-06T11:05:15.285Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","cls2W28Bd3n3h-WYnoT3"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","大多數我們食用的海洋魚類中硒的含量都遠超過甲基汞，這對魚類來說是有好處的（牠們不會因暴露在汞中而死亡），對我們更好。與硒結合的甲基汞不會有效的被我們的身體吸收，而且由於被吸收的甲基汞已經與硒結合，不再有影響我們體內硒酶的能力。唯一要避免食用的，是那些體內甲基汞含量高於硒的魚類。而智利鮭魚養殖公會主席殷凡德也表示，美加報告「內容誇大」。他說，智利鮭魚比其他產地鮭魚更合乎健康。"],["reference","https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/308242\nhttp://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/1/11/n446386.htm\nhttps://tw.appledaily.com/headline/daily/20040110/634636/"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","魚類體內都有汞，所以不要多吃？只要把握這個原則，就能吃得健康又安心-風傳媒"],["url","https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/308242"],["summary","說到營養密度這一方面，野外捕獲與養殖魚類之間的差異並不像草飼或放牧動物與集約畜養動物間的差異那麼大。養殖鮭魚依舊是omega-3脂肪酸DHA和EPA的優質來源（並且通常也更能夠負擔，儘管需要檢查成分，確定其中沒有加入食用色素）。\n\n如果你對魚類或貝類過敏，或單純不喜歡要怎麼辦？\n\n如果你對魚類或貝類過敏，那就別吃了。然而，既然魚類是DHA和EPA omega-3脂肪酸最佳的食物來源，獲得高品質的動物產品，以使omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸攝取達到良好比例便更為重要。雖然藻類補充品確實含有相當大量的DHA，它們對免疫系統還是有可能造成刺激，因此我們建議最好要特別注意。Omega-3脂肪酸最佳的非魚類來源是腦。\n\n打個比方，如果你只是不喜歡魚，或是遵守宗教規範限制貝類的食用，你可能會懷疑你能不能單純由魚油補充品中得到你需要的DHA和EPA。當暴露在高溫或光線下時，多元不飽和脂肪酸很容易被氧化，因此並不耐存放──特別是一旦脂肪由全食物中分離出來之後，攝取氧化的omega-3脂肪酸會引起而非減輕發炎反應。因此獲得經過適當製造、運輸和儲存（這包括你進行購買的商店）的高品質魚油是極為重要的。\n\n在訴諸魚油之前，嘗試一些新的海鮮種類或新的食譜對你來說更為可取，食用新鮮、冷凍或罐頭的全魚類能保護omega-3脂肪酸免於氧化，並為身體提供最理想的吸收和使用所需的所有輔助因子。\n\n哪種魚類是DHA和EPA的最佳來源？一份一百公克的野生鮭魚（新鮮或罐頭的，任何品種皆可）、沙丁魚、長鰭鮪、鱒魚或鯖魚含有超過五百毫克DHA加上EPA。DHA與EPA含量中等的海鮮（每一百公克為一份，其中含有一百五十毫克到五百毫克）包括黑線鱈、銀鱈、鱈、大比目魚、蝦、比目魚、鰈魚、鱸魚、石斑魚、牡蠣、蟹和養殖鮭魚。由於omega-6在魚類中的含量如此之低，換算成omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸比例會介於一比十到一比二百五十之間！\n\n只有少數的魚類品種（尤其是淡水石斑魚、養殖吳郭魚和養殖的北大西洋沙丁魚）有較高的omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸比例。儘管比不上其他海鮮，這些魚類的omega-6對omega-3脂肪酸比例介於二比一到三比一之間，而這其實對你的整體飲食來說是很好的比例。因此食用這些魚類雖然對平衡從其他來源攝取的omega-6脂肪酸幫助不大，但牠們仍然完全適合食用和享用。\n\n等等！魚類不是含有汞嗎？\n\n出於對汞中毒的恐懼，我們經常被警告不要食用太多海鮮。汞存在於所有食物中，由於植物由土壤中吸收的汞很少，因此水果和蔬菜中的汞濃度相當低，相對的，因為魚類會由水中和被牠們當做食物的生物中吸收汞，因此汞的濃度在特定種類的魚身上相當高。甲基汞是汞的一種有機型態，是汞在魚類中存在的主要型態。汞會集中在肌肉，同時由於汞與魚類中特定蛋白質的結合如此緊密，以致於汞的累積會隨時間而增加，位於食物鏈最底層的魚類傾向於含有最低濃度的甲基汞，但以其他魚類為食的魚體內汞的濃度會比較高（這被稱為生物放大作用）。\n\n會擔心甲基汞攝入的問題是因為幾乎所有被吸收的甲基汞都能通過腸道障壁並進入血流中，因此會在全身所有組織出現（元素或離子型態的汞並不容易被吸收，而且有相當大量你所吸收的甲基汞會被你健康的腸道微生物相轉換成元素型態）。甲基汞也能輕易通過血腦障壁和胎盤。已知高濃度甲基汞會引起中樞和周圍神經系統受損。\n\n\n▲ 有趣的事實 ▲\n\n「跟製帽匠一樣瘋狂」是形容十八世紀和十九世紀因製造毛氈的需要而長期暴露在汞當中、最後中毒而瘋狂的製帽人而來。\n\n\n然而，由於同時含有大量的硒，多數海鮮中汞的含量並不足以構成擔心的理由。如同在第二章中討論過的，硒對許多扮演維持生命必要角色之抗氧化酵素的活性是必需的，包括保護腦部和神經組織免受氧化作用的傷害。甲基汞與硒的結合是不可逆的，而這是一般相信甲基汞對腦部和神經系統造成傷害的方式：甲基汞會阻止硒酶保護這些組織免於氧化物的侵害。\n\n然而，大多數我們食用的海洋魚類中硒的含量都遠超過甲基汞，這對魚類來說是有好處的（牠們不會因暴露在汞中而死亡），對我們更好。與硒結合的甲基汞不會有效的被我們的身體吸收，而且由於被吸收的甲基汞已經與硒結合，不再有影響我們體內硒酶的能力。唯一要避免食用的，是那些體內甲基汞含量高於硒的魚類。\n\n甲基汞含量趨向非常低的魚類包括貝類、鮭魚、鱒魚、鯡魚、黑線鱈、鱈（扁鰺）、比目魚、鰈魚、鯖魚和白鮭。儘管如此，所有含硒量高於甲基汞的魚類都是安全無虞的，這包括了絕大部分的海洋魚類和大約九十七％的淡水魚，唯一要避免只有逆戟鯨（可能還有其他掠食性鯨魚）、大青鯊、貓鯊、灰鯖鯊（可能還有其他品種的鯊魚）、金頭鯛、烏魚還有劍旗魚。已知海鰱、馬林魚、大耳馬鮫、雨傘旗魚和馬頭魚含有大量的汞，但這些魚類的含硒量並未被測量過，因此同樣避免食用這些魚是比較安全的，這項資訊是根據許多小型研究而來。\n\n環保署正在進行一項針對淡水和海水魚類的普查，為每一類型的魚類指派一項稱為硒健康優勢數值的指標，這在實際上能指出每種魚類中硒和甲基汞含量的比例。這個計畫獲得的結果應該很快就能得知（哪些魚類需要或不用避免的最新訊息會在_ePaleoMom.com更新）。\n\n魚和貝類中硒的健康效益值\n\n硒的健康效益值（Se-HBV）基本上是測量每一種魚類中硒對汞的比例。如果所得數值大於零，該種魚所含有的硒便較汞為多，因此能夠安全食用。若測量數值小於零，表示該魚種所含的汞比硒多，應該避免食用。\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n科學家們才剛開始了解在單一魚種或貝類中硒健康效益值的變化性，以及為何某些種類的魚天生就有較高的硒健康效益值（變化性是來自於魚的種類、魚的大小／年齡、地理位置和遷徙途徑，以及該魚種的確切食性）。同時也要注意的是，硒的濃度在幾種已知含高濃度汞的品種中並未加以測量，比如說馬頭魚和大西洋馬鮫。然而，這裡的重要訊息就是，大多數的魚類都擁有正值的硒健康效益值，這反映了硒的濃度大於汞的濃度，因此是安全可食用的。\n\n此外，還有另外兩種可能必須擔心的汙染物──戴奧辛及多氯聯苯，兩者皆有致癌特性。一般說來，比起其他食物而言，這些物質在魚類當中的含量要低很多（包括牛肉、雞肉、豬肉、乳製品和蔬菜）。取決於不同水域，通常野外捕捉到的魚類戴奧辛和多氯聯苯含量較養殖魚類低，但即使是養殖的魚類，吃魚帶來的好處還是比風險更重要，尤其是在DHA和EPA脂肪對控管自體免疫疾病之重要性這方面。\n\n作者介紹｜莎拉‧巴倫汀Sarah Ballantyne\n\n炎反應、重症醫學、基因療法，以及上皮細胞生物學的研究，之後則轉型為家庭主婦，在她的二女兒誕生後，巴倫汀博士開始實驗「原始飲食生活」。\n身為一個醫學研究人員、科學家，莎拉博士對於理解食物與腸道、免疫系統、激素如何影響健康深感興趣，不僅如此，她也對日常生活（如睡眠、壓力和活動）對人體的影響充滿好奇。憑藉著這股熱情和專業的科學素養，她將健康科學概念轉化為簡單易懂、深入淺出的文字，致力於分享改善公眾健康的訊息。\n\n莎拉博士著有數本《紐約時報》暢銷書：《恐怖的自體免疫疾病療癒聖經》、《原始飲食生活攻略食譜》、《療癒廚房》。\n\n本文經授權選摘自柿子文化《恐怖的自體免疫疾病療癒聖經：你根本就不知道你也得了這種病》吃黃豆、香菇會痛風？營養師：高普林食物並非決定因子，關鍵在「這個」！更多文章\n\n責任編輯/林安儒\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t如果今天就是投票日，請問您會投給哪一位總統候選人？\n\t\n\t\n\t\t2,337\n\t\t人參與\n\t\t\t離投票結束還有\n\t\t\t100\n\t\t\t天\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t投票即將於今日結束\n\t\t\t投票即將於明日結束\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t本次投票已結束\n\t\t\n\t\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t風傳媒歡迎各界分享發聲，來稿請寄至\n\t\t\t\t\t\topinion@storm.mg"],["topImageUrl","https://image.cache.storm.mg/styles/smg-800x533-fp/s3/media/image/2018/01/08/20180108-121424_U7418_M367040_bac7.jpg?itok=suzQ0gWS"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","養殖鮭魚致癌歐美說法歧異 - 大紀元"],["url","http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/4/1/11/n446386.htm"],["summary","更新: 2004-01-11 7:49 AM\t\n\t\t\t\t 標籤: \n\t\t\t\t鮭魚\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t【大紀元1月11日訊】〔自由時報編譯張其賢╱綜合九日外電報導〕針對九日刊出的一份宣稱養殖鮭魚含有大量致癌物的研究報告，各國相關組織紛紛提出反駁或質疑。這份報告是由美國和加拿大研究人員合力完成，他們對南北美洲及歐洲的魚店商品進行抽樣檢驗，結果發現養殖鮭魚受污染的情況比野生鮭魚嚴重，其中又以蘇格蘭和歐洲的養殖鮭魚為最。\n　該報告建議消費者食用鮭魚次數以每四個月吃一次為限，已屆生育年齡的婦女則最好對致癌物含量過高的鮭魚全然忌口。對此，美國「食品藥物管理局」說他們對這份報告不感憂心。主管植物性食物、乳製品與飲料的官員查克賽爾表示：「我們不認為此事令人憂心公眾健康。如果要說什麼，那麼我們樂見民眾多吃鮭魚。」\n　挪威「國家營養暨海產研究院」的專家黎依表示，報告指稱在養殖鮭魚中驗出的多氯聯苯、戴奧辛或地特靈等致癌化學毒物，但事實上這些物質的含量「遠低於」歐盟或世界貿易組織所訂定的安全標準。\n　瑞典的「國家食品管理局」雖承認養殖鮭魚的毒物含量比野生鮭魚高，但表示前述報告「了無新意」。北歐各國是世界主要養殖鮭魚生產國，二○○二年的產量是四十五萬噸。\n　全世界最大的魚製品組織「國際魚粉魚油組織」(ＩＦＦＯ)，其秘書長巴羅質疑報告的嚴謹度。他認為，報告中使用的「某些鮭魚和飼料的樣本，似乎來自不明來源，並且相當陳舊。其結果則顯示這些樣本中的毒物含量，高於今日的含量」。他也宣稱養殖鮭魚在許多方面要比野生鮭魚安全，「因為你無法監看海中鮭魚所吃的東西」。\n　美加報告認為，歐洲和英國鮭魚致癌物含量高的主要原因出在飼料上。巴羅說，生產全球三分之二的魚粉和魚油的「國際魚粉魚油組織」，已經轉向南美進口原料，因為南美漁產的毒物含量比歐洲低。\n　智利鮭魚養殖公會主席殷凡德表示，美加報告「內容誇大」。他說，智利鮭魚比其他產地鮭魚更合乎健康。\n　蘇格蘭綠黨主席哈伯則說，美加報告關於蘇格蘭養殖鮭魚致癌物含量最高的說法「造成巨大衝擊」。他要求政府說明何以受到如此嚴重污染的魚類，竟能成為蘇格蘭民眾的桌上佳餚。\n 〔記者丁勻婷╱台北報導〕在美國「科學」期刊指稱歐洲養殖鮭魚含致癌物後，國內傳統市場魚販不約而同表示，雖然業者標榜進口鮭魚來自日本，但消費者多以安全顧慮為由，選購其他漁產品，上門購買鮭魚的消費者明顯減少。\n　魚販業者指出，台灣市場販賣的漁產品種類相當豐富，儘管有些消費者暫時對鮭魚卻步，業者仍能提供其他種類的漁產品，消費者不需過度擔心。\n 〔本報訊〕針對「科學」期刊披露有關戴奧辛等致癌物存在於養殖鮭魚體內，挪威國立營養暨海產研究所（ＮＩＦＥＳ）指出，歐盟訂定水產品戴奧辛含量上限為四pg（十億分之四公克），挪威養殖鮭魚含量僅零點五八pg，遠低於歐盟規定上限，消費者可安心食用。\n 適量吃魚無妨做好生態保育\n〔記者羅碧╱台北報導〕最新一期「科學」期刊報導，養殖鮭魚所含的戴奧辛、多氯聯苯等致癌物質高出野生鮭魚的十倍，引發民眾擔憂，甚至不敢吃鮭魚，不過衛生署長陳建仁昨天表示，他看過這篇文章，而作者的主要目的在於提醒人們要注意環境污染及生態保育的問題，一般民眾只要不是攝取過量，倒也不必因此而因噎廢食。\n　陳建仁說，其實吃魚比吃肉對人體健康好，只要攝取量不大，民眾仍舊是可以吃魚的。\n　陳建仁進一步表示，因為人工養殖鮭魚是聚集養殖在靠沿海區域，而非在自然環境中，所以人造的環境中，就可能會多一些像戴奧辛等毒物的產生，但是重點在於這些化學致癌物的含量多寡，如果量不是很大，就不會有很大的問題，就像飲水中不可能百分之百不含砷，但是水含砷量過高，就會引發烏腳病等疾病的發生；烤肉也不可能完全沒有燒焦的地方，就像飲食中，有微量的黃麴毒素並不會得肝癌，主要是攝取量的問題。\n　衛生署食品衛生處長陳陸宏也說，鮭魚是富含營養價值的高級魚類，雖然國外的調查顯示，養殖鮭魚的多氯聯苯及戴奧辛含量較高，但因鮭魚在台灣的售價較高，國人的食用量有限，根據報告顯示，必須一個月吃養殖鮭魚逾八百公克（一斤多以上），才有比較高的致癌風險，但是以我國一年進口人工養殖大西洋鮭魚八千公噸計算，去掉不可吃的部分（約十二％）後，平均國人一年攝取鮭魚量只有三百公克，還沒有達到該報告的警戒量，所以民眾不必過度恐慌。\n評估致癌風險考量四種因素\n〔記者羅碧、魏怡嘉╱台北報導〕雖然國際知名學術期刊刊登研究指出，吃人工養殖鮭魚的致癌風險較高，不過國內公衛學者則認為，民眾不要太恐慌，因為在評估致癌風險時，必須考量魚體本身的毒性、濃度、攝食頻率及時間長短，四者相乘，若毒性大、濃度高、長期攝取且頻率高，那麼致癌風險自然比平常高。\n　台北醫學大學公衛所長韓柏檉說，如果一個人天天吃含有高濃度多氯聯苯的養殖鮭魚，長達廿年，自然他的致癌風險就比一般人高，如果只是偶爾吃，且沒有長時間食用，相對風險性就不是那麼高，所以民眾還是可以吃鮭魚，不必恐慌，畢竟鮭魚等魚類有很高的營養價值，適量攝取則是利多於弊，兩害相權取其輕，消費者仍然可以吃鮭魚。\n　綠色陣線協會執行長吳東傑認為，該篇研究報告所做的是科學的健康風險評估，不過，應再進一步標示出受到污染的養殖場，而非泛指所有的鮭魚養殖場都有問題，國內也應推動安全魚類生產標示，告訴民眾魚貨從何而來，以做為食用選擇的依據。\n　成功大學環醫所教授郭育良表示，該篇研究應為保守性的研究，該篇研究將致癌危險物質放在戴奧辛及多氯聯苯上，其需視整體暴露量而定，人的血中亦存有戴奧辛及多氯聯苯，只是多少而已，吃鮭魚對人體也有好處，不過，孕婦應要避免是確定的，以免對胎兒生長造成影響。 (http://www.dajiyuan.com)"],["topImageUrl","https://i.epochtimes.com/assets/uploads/2017/02/DJY_FB_DefaultImage2017.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title",null],["url","https://tw.appledaily.com/headline/daily/20040110/634636/"],["summary",null],["topImageUrl",null],["error","NOT_REACHABLE"]]}]}],["createdAt","2019-12-31T09:08:23.933Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",null],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Edward M. Mautner Oral History"],["url","http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["summary","NASA Johnson Space Center \n Oral History Project\n Edited Oral History Transcript\n Edward \n M. Mautner\n Interviewed by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal\n Chantilly, Virginia – 22 March 2012\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Today is March 22, 2012. This interview with Ed Mautner is being conducted \n at the [Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum] Steven Udvar-Hazy \n Center in Chantilly, Virginia, for the JSC Oral History Project. Interviewer \n is Jennifer Ross-Nazzal, assisted by Rebecca Wright. Thanks again \n for taking time out of your schedule.\n Mautner: \n You’re welcome, it’s my pleasure to do it.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n If you would, tell us about the state of [OV (orbiter vehicle)-101] \n Enterprise in 2003 before she was restored.\n Mautner: \n My familiarity with Enterprise was quite limited before I began work \n on it. When we received it, it had been stored both outdoors and in \n a non-climate-controlled hangar since the mid-80s, and a lot of deterioration \n of the surface coatings—the paint, the markings—had taken \n place. Woodpeckers had gotten up onto the vertical stabilizer and \n pecked a lot of holes into the polyurethane foam that they used as \n a mockup for tiles. I don’t recall the number of holes, but \n there were quite a few of them. \n And then just about every form of creature had made the Enterprise \n their habitat and playground. Birds had gotten into it; bugs had gotten \n into it. Hornets or wasps had made their little mud nests in the landing \n gear wells. They made it out of this beautiful red Virginia clay dirt \n that surrounds the area. In fact, when we started to clean them it \n almost seemed as if the aircraft was bleeding, the soil they made \n those nests out of was so red.\n It had basically suffered a lot of inattention. It hadn’t been \n cleaned or worked on to any great degree. I believe it was outside \n for about two years prior to them building the hangar for it, and \n it had been rained on. There were many ports of entries for water, \n and so water had pooled inside the bottom of the fuselage and it had \n left a lot of staining from dirt, waterlines, etc. and also had caused \n some minor pitting and corrosion. Nothing that would weaken the structure \n of the aircraft but certainly had caused some deterioration.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about that move, when you decided to move her from that hangar \n into this facility.\n Mautner: \n Until I walked in March 1st of 2004, I had never touched Enterprise \n and I had really nothing to do with it. I recall being in the hangar \n the day they moved it in, and just about all the employees who were \n out here took a break to watch them tug it down the tow way from the \n airport and into the building.\n What was noteworthy at the time was that they had cut a notch in the \n back wall of the space hangar in order to permit the vertical [stabilizer] \n to come through. It was the only way to get Enterprise into that building \n without taking the vertical off, which would have been a prohibitively \n difficult task. I came back the next day and the blanking plate had \n been restored as if the building had never changed at all, so that \n was pretty neat. It was a well-prepared move.\n That took place in the early fall of 2003, and while I was aware that \n it was in the building, it was sometime after January 2004 that I \n was notified that I would be working on it in preparation for the \n opening of the space hall [James S. McDonnell Space Hangar].\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What was your expertise prior to working on Enterprise? Were you working \n on aircraft restoration?\n Mautner: \n My background is—the British would describe it as checkered. \n I did a whole lot of things before I got directly involved in airplanes. \n I started out as a kid building model airplanes, and I never gave \n that up. I always built model airplanes, and I continue to do so. \n And I was always a museum rat, an airplane museum rat. Whenever we \n traveled, wherever we went, there was always a stop at an airplane \n museum somewhere.\n Somewhere around the late 80s, my wife and I had moved our children \n to southern California, and I began to volunteer in some aircraft \n museums out there. Planes of Fame in [Air Museum] Chino, and later \n at the Command Museum at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, which \n was right in the town I lived in so it was convenient to work there. \n I started doing structures work.\n In January of 1989 I left a former career and made a great midlife \n career change whereby I wanted to work in an aircraft museum. I had \n enjoyed volunteering on Saturdays so much, I went to Cal [California] \n State University, San Bernardino, for a Museum Studies certificate \n program. My background was in auto mechanics, and I needed to create \n a resume to get into working on aircraft, especially in museums. I \n enjoyed it immensely but had a problem with the hours of class.\n By great good fortune, McDonnell Douglas [Corporation] was hiring \n mechanics in the summer of 1989. Actually they’d been hiring \n prior to that, but that’s when I found out. I went and I applied, \n and they hired me immediately because of my automotive experience. \n I became a structures mechanic on the C-17 [aircraft] program in Long \n Beach, California. That was my first real hands-on experience with \n real aircraft manufacturing.\n I worked at McDonnell Douglas from August of 1989 until June of 1994, \n when there were massive layoffs. They were losing their contracts \n for MD-80s [airliners], and the MD-11 [airliner] never took off. The \n C-17 was in a state of flux because Congress and the Air Force were \n at loggerheads, so I and tens of thousands of others were laid off \n during that year.\n Meanwhile I had gone from my certificate program at Cal State, San \n Bernardino, to a Master’s program at Cal State, Dominguez Hills \n in Historic Preservation. Because John [F.] McDonnell of the McDonnell \n Douglas Corporation was interested in an educated workforce, they \n paid for almost all of my Master’s program, everything but my \n research courses and my thesis. \n I had early on decided that my thesis was going to be in aircraft \n preservation at the National Air and Space Museum. I thought that \n they were the best. They were the ones that were writing about aircraft \n preservation, and I really wanted to write about how they did it, \n because that seemed to be the benchmark.\n In June of 1994 I was laid off, and I immediately contacted the museum \n to do an internship back here so that I could do further research \n for my thesis. In August and September of ’94 I did a 60-day \n volunteer internship. I was outside of their regular program, so there \n was no stipend; I just came in and volunteered. I worked in the restoration \n shop during the day until about 3:30 [p.m.]. I’d then go across \n the river, downtown to the main museum and I would work in the archives.\n The people in the archives—I don’t know why, I was a total \n stranger to them—they let me stay after hours. In fact, at five \n o’clock when they left, they issued me instructions on what \n lights to turn off and how to shut down the computers. I would stay \n there till 8:30 so I’d get all my research. I had one other \n paper and I had my thesis to do, so I spent almost every weekday night \n at the museum doing that.\n They said, “Stay in touch; we’re going to be hiring.” \n The hiring was going to ramp up for this facility, this new Udvar-Hazy \n Center, so I stayed in touch. Every month I contacted somebody associated \n with the restoration facility, and finally in 1997 they said, “Something’s \n going to happen. Get back here; be nearby.” So I stayed with \n relatives and I hung out and I volunteered, and finally in February \n of 1998 they hired me. They did it because I had the academic background, \n but I also had, from McDonnell Douglas and my volunteer efforts, the \n mechanical background as well. I was very fortunate that the timing \n worked out. \n My background is chiefly in aircraft structures, which would be the \n main metal pieces that form the basis of the aircraft upon which everything \n else is hung. After I get through with my work, then the hydraulics \n people and the fuel people and the electrical people and the power \n plant people take over.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What sort of planes have you worked on since you began working here?\n Mautner: \n The first one that I started working on was a Japanese single-engine \n floatplane bomber, [the Aichi M6A1 Seiran]. It looks more like a fighter \n with floats, but it was in fact a strategic bomber that the Japanese \n designed to fold up into an 11-foot diameter circle and fit into the \n tube on a submarine. This submarine was an aircraft carrier, literally, \n and it carried three of these. Very significant aircraft, because \n it was designed to bomb the Panama Canal locks. \n The submarine was probably more technologically advanced than the \n aircraft. It was designed to go 27,000 miles without refueling, and \n they actually did have plans to use these small bombers to bomb New \n York [City, New York] and possibly even Boston [Massachusetts]. It \n was a metal airplane, and my sheet metal experience came to good use \n there. \n After that, they put me on a World War I bomber, a twin-engine fabric-and-wood \n bomber. That airplane was a Caudron G.4, a French bomber that the \n United States tested but never purchased. Because we had no combat \n aircraft in World War I, we had to go to the French and the British \n and the Italians. That was an excellent experience because that broadened \n out my sheet metal and structures experience to wood and fabric. That \n airplane is also currently on display here.\n The next aircraft is one I’m still working on. We have a limited \n number of people here, so we get shifted off of whatever project we’re \n on to take care of other things in the museum, such as creating a \n display or working on the Enterprise for nine months in 2004. From \n about 2000 until this year, I’m still working on a World War \n II German night fighter, the Heinkel 219, a huge metal twin-engine \n aircraft, where again my airframe and sheet metal experience has come \n into use.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us what lessons you learned from working on those aircraft that \n you applied to the Enterprise.\n Mautner: \n In my case, precious few. It was a great departure from what we call \n restoration, where you actually have to fabricate or replicate or \n repair structural pieces of an aircraft. This was largely a massive \n clean-up and painting effort, so it falls under the role of preservation. \n That’s really our role here, preservation. Everybody talks about \n restoration, but restoration is the court of last resort when everything \n has pretty much gone to pot and needs to be drastically repaired or \n replaced.\n What we did on Enterprise fell under the heading of preservation, \n but we called it a refurbishment because we didn’t do anything \n to repair it. It was still considered to be NASA’s aircraft, \n and it came to us in such good structural condition that there really \n was nothing to repair on it except for the paint work.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Would you tell us about working with NASA and USA [United Space Alliance] \n on this project? I understand they were involved.\n Mautner: \n Yes, they were. When we first began on March 1, 2004, we were pretty \n much on our own. There were just three of us: myself, Anne [C.] McCombs, \n and Steve Kautner. We walked into this big empty hangar. The only \n thing that was in it at the time was Enterprise, and it didn’t \n even have a barrier around it because the public wasn’t allowed \n in that building yet. We just kind of stood there and wondered, “Where \n the heck are we going to start on this thing?” \n We had no high-lift equipment—all we had access to were ladders—so \n we decided to start working on the landing gear. We had no contact \n with NASA outside of certain parameters that they gave us in cleaning \n and painting it, that we were given by the curator, Valerie Neal. \n Without anything else but ourselves, we began the cleaning process \n at the lowest part of the Space Shuttle, areas that were accessible \n initially to us.\n Our experience with NASA and USA came a little bit later, and [their] \n big project was the removal of all of the cockpit windscreens, the \n front ones. I believe that there were three panels in them, and there \n were some engineering discussions as to whether they could get away \n with just two panels. The challenge for us was to provide them with \n the platforms to get up there and work off of. \n Anne and I were involved, and at that point we had a lot of mechanics \n from United Airlines [Inc.] come in to assist us. Their bosses permitted \n them to give us some high-lift platforms that were attached to trucks. \n We could maneuver a truck in and then raise a platform and extend \n it out over the nose of Enterprise in order for the USA guys to remove \n those windshields. The other problem was these windscreens were very, \n very heavy. They required quite a bit of effort to crane off of the \n Shuttle.\n At that point, I began to get to meet some of the guys, most specifically \n from USA. One of them was a fellow named Tom [Thomas W.] Roberts, \n and Tom’s my friend now. He was back here for the last visit. \n There were several other mechanics that came up from KSC [NASA Kennedy \n Space Center, Florida] who I would count as really good acquaintances, \n friends, who we worked with. Got to meet Kevin [C.] Templin. He was \n always there, very personable fellow, and always a go-to guy for information \n and leadership. \n Whenever they came back, we dropped what we were doing and became \n assistants to them, to the point where in this last visit we were \n almost considered more one of their group than as a separate entity, \n which was kind of neat. The things I saw from everybody in NASA and \n USA was enthusiasm, expertise, positive attitude, and great great \n teamwork. The first thing we noticed is how well they worked as a \n team. \n Many times we didn’t know that these guys had never worked together \n before, and yet it was a seamless effort. You got to talking to them, \n you got to know them, and you realized, this guy never worked on the \n back end of the aircraft. He always worked on the front and didn’t \n even know the guys that they were working with. That was inspiring \n to us to see that kind of effort that they used to put in.\n Some of my recollection of my efforts with NASA and USA get a little \n bit confused, because some of their efforts were during that nine-month \n period when we worked on preparing Enterprise for the opening of the \n space hangar, but several of them came later. They would ask Anne \n or myself or others from the previous team to come back and assist \n them. I believe that the windshield effort was made during that nine \n months we were there, but our other efforts with them came later, \n so they’d be outside the parameters of my work on the Enterprise.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n I also read that you had to replace the OMS [orbital maneuvering system] \n pods because they had rotted.\n Mautner: \n Yes, we did. One of the first things we did was to remove those. Tony \n [Anthony W.] Carp was the team lead for the lifting of the OMS pods. \n They were a large aluminum plate that mated up to the surface of the \n Shuttle, but everything above that aluminum plate was basically wood. \n Plywood flooring, then 2 x 4 and 4 x 4 framework, and then they put \n a fiberglass cover over the top of that.\n We discovered how weak the structure was when we started to tighten \n up the fittings for the lifting rings. We’d gotten a guy inside \n to tighten the nuts up inside because they seemed loose, and he kept \n tightening and tightening and tightening. We suddenly realized that \n wood was so soft from moisture that he was just tightening the nut \n and the washer right into the wood. We had to be very, very careful \n lifting those OMS pods off.\n The OMS pods were never planned to be on the Shuttle when the space \n hall opened. That was something that we were going to install later, \n so our job now was to focus just on the Shuttle, and guys back in \n the shop worked on the OMS pods.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are they on there now, have they been replaced?\n Mautner: \n They were put on I think in 2005, 2006 time range, and before the \n last visit to get Enterprise ready we removed them. They’re \n out in the shop, on the floor. The guys from USA put the ALTA [Approach \n and Landing Test Article] pods on. Those are the travel pods. They \n look like OMS pods, but they’re real metal. They’re real \n structural, flightworthy, and the tail cone fits up to those components.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Tell us about cleaning and painting the vehicle. That sounded like \n a very large chore.\n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. I started on March 1st to clean the right main \n landing gear bay and ultimately the landing gear and tires. Steve \n Kautner took the left bay and did the same, and Anne McCombs worked \n on the nose gear and the nose gear bay. It wasn’t until March \n 22nd that Tony [Carp] came on the team, and his job was to clean the \n entire vertical surface with the ultimate purpose of coring or filling \n the holes that the woodpeckers had made.\n Somebody might at this point ask, why would woodpeckers go after polyurethane \n foam? The explanation we got—I’m not an ornithologist—is \n that woodpeckers make the noise they do as a mating call, not just \n to get to bugs inside of the tree. Once they got through that polyurethane \n foam, they were banging on an aluminum surface. It made quite a noise, \n and it was far-reaching. There were about 75 holes ranging from very \n small, smaller than your pinky, to much bigger than your thumb. \n We were using, on NASA’s recommendation, Amway LOC [liquid organic \n cleaner] cut, one part LOC to ten parts water, to wash everything. \n It’s a mild organic detergent, and it’s biodegradable. \n This was what USA used, so this was what we used. And this is where, \n in the wheel wells, I found most of the hornet nests. Once you got \n the water into them they just started running down the beautiful epoxy \n white paint panels inside.\n At that point, once Steve had finished his wheel well, he started \n working on the bottom. He started up at the nose where he could reach, \n because you couldn’t get a ladder under there. He’s all \n scrunched up, just scrubbing away—and he was a bear of a guy. \n He had a lot of strength, and he just kept working down the bottom \n of the aircraft, all of the black-painted area of the aircraft. \n At that point we started using some lift equipment, JLG [Industries, \n Inc.] lifts and scissor lifts, to get up on the wing. We began cleaning \n the wing while Tony is cleaning the vertical, and we did this day \n after day after day. Then sometime in the summer, I believe in July, \n we began prepping the center fuselage for paint. The center fuselage \n does not have polyurethane foam on it, and that center fuselage extends \n from just behind the cockpit to back underneath the OMS pods. We also \n had to clean the payload bay doors. At this point we finally were \n able to get scaffolding in. We had a local company contracted to put \n scaffolding all up the sides and then bridge the top of the Shuttle. \n \n This is where things kind of got interesting. Initially it was doing \n just a lot of sanding on the side. Apparently the aircraft had been \n painted with aerospace quality polyurethane or epoxy paint and primer, \n but when it went on tour in 1984 it had started to look a little bit \n secondhand. They used a latex house paint to give it a quick repaint \n to make it appear better at the [New Orleans, Louisiana] World’s \n Fair here in the United States, and then they went to the Paris Air \n Show with it. This was all prior to delivering it to us.\n This paint over the years had become very brittle and very hard and \n would be quite a challenge to remove. Taking it off the sides was \n pretty easy. We were able to use electric sanders or pneumatic sanding \n devices, hand-held devices, and literally sand all of that down to \n the original paint. The sanding gave the surface a real good surface \n for paint to adhere to once we finished it and cleaned it up, but \n the real challenge came with the payload bay doors. We were instructed \n by NASA to not use any metal tools, any caustic chemicals, or any \n abrasives to remove the paint.\n We got up there, and they thought it would be really easy because \n a lot of the paint on the payload bay doors had flaked off, and some \n of it was literally sitting up. They said, “Just use duct tape \n and press it down real hard and pull it off, and that paint will pull \n up.” Well, that didn’t work at all. \n All of our communications with them were through Valerie Neal, the \n curator. The other thing we weren’t supposed to use was heat, \n so we went to Valerie and said, “The duct tape just isn’t \n cutting it.” They said, “Use plexiglas scrapers.” \n Plexiglas is a real hard plastic. We would cut up sections of it, \n rectangles of it, and then make a sharp edge at one end with a grinding \n wheel. That wasn’t cutting it either.\n One day I’m sitting on the scaffolding, trying to get this stuff \n off, and I see to my left this movement from about chest height over \n the curvature of the door. I look over, and it’s Steve Kautner \n with a metal scraper and a heat gun. I’m going, “Steve, \n what are you doing?” He goes, “This is the only way it’s \n coming off.” I said, “Okay, stop. Let’s talk about \n this.” \n We went back to our conservator, and I asked him, “Do you have \n a surface temperature gauge?” We went back and attached this \n temperature surface gauge to the area that we were putting the heat \n on, and we got some heat parameters. We were getting heat in the range \n of about 175 degrees [Fahrenheit] if we kept the heat gun moving, \n so we went back to NASA and they said, “Okay, you can do that, \n but no temperatures over 200,” or 250.\n All of a sudden this became easy, but we now found out very quickly \n why they didn’t want heat up there. The doors are made of carbon \n graphite, or carbon–carbon. It’s skinned with an almost \n aluminum-foil thickness coating of aluminum. It’s not like sheet \n metal, it’s more like a foil, and if you left the heat on there \n too much it would blister. We got a couple of thumb-sized blisters; \n we damaged the door. This concerned us, and we kept talking to each \n other. We’d just make sure we’d keep that heat gun moving \n and don’t overheat one spot.\n It became very evident very quickly why they didn’t want heat \n up there. They had done the same thing at some time in the past, only \n their blisters were much bigger than ours. That told us a) it’s \n been done this way before, and b) there’s a repair for it. We \n did make a few more blisters, an inevitable result of what we were \n doing, but we knew that if they needed those doors, they could be \n made flightworthy. \n Then, because there was still a lot of paint residue clinging to the \n surface, we got down and used acetone. We were all garbed up with \n double-canister air masks. There’s terrific pictures of us all \n down on our hands and knees on the door, all tied off because we’re \n high up on the top of the Shuttle, scrubbing with Scotch-Brite scrubbers \n and acetone to get the surface completely clean and ready for paint.\n That was another thing they told us, “You can’t stand \n on the doors.” So we had these four bridges across, and we’re \n all leaning off these bridges and working off of them. Again, Steve \n Kautner’s the first one to step off right on the doors. There’s \n no other way to get out there, there was no way. I said, “Okay, \n stop. Let’s talk this over.” We went down inside the Shuttle, \n and we looked up at the doors and we could see the latching system. \n \n We knew that those doors in zero gravity could open without any support, \n but we knew that they had big supports on them when they opened them \n in the hangar down in KSC. We looked at those supports, and we looked \n at how the doors fit together. It’s built like a bridge as long \n as they’re closed and locked, so four, five, six of us all were \n out on our hands and knees on the doors, scrubbing away to get the \n last residue and make a really good surface for paint.\n That brings up another aspect for me. I couldn’t wait every \n single day to come in. I’m not a space guy, I’m an airplane \n guy. In truth, the Shuttle is probably more like an aircraft than \n a spacecraft, and that one [Enterprise] never did go into space so \n it really was just an aircraft. I never followed space, I never got \n excited about it, but I got excited by this project. I couldn’t \n wait to get in every single day. Every day was interesting and exciting, \n and we were making progress—slow—but we were making progress. \n \n When they put the scaffolding up in July, we now had to climb this \n scaffolding. We had our harnesses on and we had our tethers, but we \n couldn’t tether off anywhere on the way up. We’re climbing \n 30, 35, almost 40 feet in the air every morning, every break time, \n every time you had to leave, and then when we got up there we would \n tie off and secure ourselves. But that little element of danger made \n it exciting, and we talked about that a lot too.\n We had two injuries, but only one on Enterprise. One of our guys did \n abrade his hand, but working on something else while we were out there, \n nothing to do with the Shuttle. One injury, very minor, on the Shuttle. \n One of our members fell off the payload bay doors, but he was tethered \n and it stopped him, and all he did was bang up his knee. I think we \n lost him one day, but that was it. The fact that we talked almost \n every day about the safety issue, that he was tethered off—we \n didn’t have more issues. \n The other thing that made it interesting and fun is that we were on \n this huge, very obvious artifact in the middle of this totally empty \n hall, and the public could come in to the front of the hall—there’s \n an overlook up above—and watch us. I think the element of being \n on stage made it exciting and interesting, too.\n There were some stresses. We always seemed short of personnel. At \n one point I realized there were a whole bunch of guys working on the \n OMS pods, and I had to convince my management that the OMS pods aren’t \n needed by October 19th, but the Shuttle is, so can I have more guys? \n And I got more guys.\n Once we had sanded down the sides and had removed the paint from the \n doors, it was time for a final prep and primer and paint. We had four \n guys do that, and we had a couple of issues that we had to deal with. \n One, it had to be an aerospace quality paint. PPG, Pittsburgh Paint \n and Glass, has always supplied us with our paint system that we’ve \n used exclusively for 20 years back at the [Paul E.] Garber [Preservation, \n Restoration, and Storage Facility, Suitland, Maryland], our restoration \n shop. Dave Wilson got in touch with them, and they turned him over \n to their aerospace division. They donated what amounted to about $15,000 \n worth of white polyurethane aerospace paint and primer.\n Our next challenge was we could not spray in the building because \n the building had an open port, and some of the ventilation systems \n functioned with the aircraft hangar. Also, the filters in the ventilation \n system would get clogged up with any paint residue and dust, so we \n had to either brush or roll it. Dave talked with the people from PPG, \n and they had an additive that allowed the paint to flow so that it \n would not appear to be rolled-out paint. It wouldn’t be textured, \n it would be nice and smooth.\n We got the paint on September 17th—keeping in mind that this \n hall is supposed to open on October 19th of 2004. They had to rest \n assured that all the fumes would have dissipated by 10 o’clock \n opening the next day, so we painted at night. It was Tony, Dave, myself, \n and a fellow by the name of Bob Weihrauch who did it. We would come \n in, and that hall was completely black except for the Klieg lights \n that we worked under. We rolled out the primer, and then we rolled \n out the white. [We rolled out two coats of primer and two coats of \n white.]\n I love working here at night because there’s no people here, \n the lighting is all dim, and it’s like going into a great cathedral \n at night when nobody’s around. It’s just beautiful. It’s \n quiet. You’ve got all these objects that you love, many of which \n you’ve worked on, and there’s just a neat thing about \n working here at night. We had a really good time. We had a really \n good crew. I don’t recollect ever having any arguments or disagreements \n or problems, we just really had a good time.\n One outstanding recollection is this facility is used by organizations—police \n organizations, FBI [Federal Bureau of Investigation], the MWAA, Metropolitan \n Washington Airport Authority. They have their own SWAT [special weapons \n and tactics] team and security forces. They do a lot of work in here \n at night, but we didn’t know that. One night three of us are \n up on this scaffolding, and Dave Wilson is on a scissor lift bringing \n paint up to us, and all the sudden there’s movement in the hangar. \n \n Keep in mind that outside of this cone of light that we’re in, \n everything’s dark out there, but there’s movement. We \n look down, and there’s 20 or 30 guys in black helmets, black \n outfits carrying guns, and they’re swarming like ants through \n our hangar. Well, I immediately was not concerned because none of \n them are looking at us or pointing the gun at us. We’re in white \n bunny suits, paper coveralls, and the Klieg lights are on us. We’re \n out there, very obvious.\n One guy kind of moved up to Dave, and he goes, “Have you seen \n her?” And Dave goes, “Seen who?” He goes, “Have \n you seen her?” and then he had to move, because you’re \n not supposed to look for hints. Apparently they were on an exercise, \n and one of their supervisors came in two hours ahead of time and hid \n herself somewhere in the museum, and they had to find her. Nobody \n told us; our security had not advised us that this was going to happen. \n \n Another time, during the day, I was working on the Shuttle and nobody \n else was around. Security came up to me and said, “We have a \n congressman or a senator here with his daughter back from college, \n and he’s got his office manager and his security detail. Would \n you come down and talk to them?” So I walk inside of this circle \n of Secret Service people, and they’ve got their radios and they \n all look very, very official, and I started to talk to them. I said, \n “What state do you represent, sir?” He goes, “Oh, \n one of your neighbors.” Meanwhile, his handler, his office guy, \n did all the talking. \n I went back that night and I looked all over the Internet for our \n neighboring senators and congressmen, and I did not find him—because \n you can get the photos of all of them. I went back to security the \n next day and I said, “What was that all about?” He says, \n “Oh, it’s just a test.” It was Secret Service in \n a practice run, and these guys were just members of the Secret Service \n that were playing a role to make it seem realistic. There are a lot \n of activities that go on here that are very interesting. But again, \n I was not forewarned of that. \n The other two events that were really interesting—Joe [H.] Engle, \n one of the test pilots for Enterprise, came back and spent a day with \n us. He is just a prince of a guy, just a super guy. We got to tour \n him around and show him what we were doing, and he was just the friendliest \n guy and was very very grateful to us restoring “his” bird \n back to its original condition. A couple weeks later, we all got an \n 8 x 10 of him standing by Enterprise out at Palmdale [California] \n back in’77, ’78, with a beautiful handwritten note and \n one of the original patches from his missions. It was just neat, a \n neat thing. \n The other very very interesting visitor to us was Colonel Pamela Ann \n Melroy. She’s a two mission pilot and one mission command pilot \n [commander]. She was also on the Columbia [STS-107 accident] investigation \n team, and she led the cockpit reconstruction area. My recollection, \n she was about five-foot-five, five-foot-six. I immediately made a \n connection, because she was a test pilot on the C-17 program. As I \n had worked on it, we had some things to talk about. \n I got to tour her around, and the thing I recollect so well is that \n she made a comment when we were in the cockpit. The cockpit of Enterprise \n is for the most part empty. The dashboard is there, but there’s \n only about three instruments, and they’re all old analog instruments. \n The seats are not there. She looked at that dashboard and marveled \n at the fact that it was the first time she’d seen one in a long \n time that wasn’t bits and pieces, because she had been looking \n and reviewing and trying to reassemble pieces of Columbia’s \n instrument panel.\n This diminutive colonel in the Air Force—always at the end the \n photographer comes in and takes a picture of us with the VIP [very \n important person]. Anne and I were there at that time, and we’re \n all standing off to the side, a foot away or something. She says, \n “Hey, we’ve been together all day. Come here!” She \n pulled us in right next to her to take the picture. We also got an \n 8x10 from her, signed, with a thank you and mission patches. Those \n are two of my favorite treasures from that whole time there. \n Ross-Nazzal: \n Nice recollections of that time period. \n Mautner: \n Yes, it really was. We got it done. Everything seemed late—getting \n personnel, the scaffolding came late, the paint came late—but \n we got it done. We got it done on October 18th, and October 19th was \n the day the media and the museum VIPs and everybody showed up to see \n it. It was a moment of pride because it really looked good. \n Tony and I stayed after October 19th. Tony had some more work up on \n the vertical to do, and the one area that we hadn’t really addressed \n was the propulsion bay. I would work in the propulsion bay; he’d \n work up top. We did this at night because the gallery was open to \n the public, so we did a lot of night work from October until we went \n away on Christmas vacation.\n Most of cleanup in the propulsion bay—there was some FOD [Foreign \n Object Debris], there was old hardware. It went back to when it was \n delivered to us. There were some sections of insulating aluminum, \n nuts, bolts, washers, things like that. A lot of water had been back \n there, and the floor panel structure was a huge, thick piece of aluminum \n that they had milled out to look almost like a waffle. The floor looked \n like a large waffle pattern, so there’s all these thousands \n of little pockets that had held water, and I had to clean them.\n We had some nights where we had events, and the events usually allowed \n people to roam into the space hangar, so I would take my knapsack \n and my coffee and my lunch, my snacks, up into the propulsion bay. \n Something you don’t normally do around artifacts, but I didn’t \n think I could come out because of the events they had going on. I’d \n stay up there for eight hours. Well, there’d be a potty break.\n We finished before our Christmas break, and then both of us reported \n back to the Garber Facility the first week in January 2005. It was \n rewarding every day, but they also rewarded our team with the Museum’s \n Peer Award. The [museum] gives two Peer Awards every year, and the \n Enterprise Preservation Team was awarded [one of them] for 2004. It \n was a great experience.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n What are you working on now that Enterprise is getting ready to take \n a new journey in its history to go to the Intrepid [Sea, Air & \n Space Museum in New York City]? Are you working on that?\n Mautner: \n I did work on it. I don’t know what my role will be in April \n when they come back, but the whole month of February I was assigned \n out here, along with Anne and one or two other folks, to escort NASA, \n USA, and some folks from [the] Boeing [Company]. “Escort” \n has a kind of static sound to it. We were essentially here to open \n doors that they couldn’t get into, including getting to the \n restrooms, and we were able to get them discounts in our shop and \n at McDonalds. \n And then pretty soon it was, “Oh my gosh. We don’t have \n this; do you have this tool?” So we’re running for tools. \n Later, as our professional relationship evolved, we were forklifting \n equipment for them. They had forklifts, but we were able to help them \n with that. We had a JLG man lift that we were able to take them and \n some of their equipment up to different places on the Shuttle, and \n also on the tail cone, which they assembled right out here in this \n shop. As to my role when they come back on the 19th, I have not been \n told what that is yet. I hope [I] do, I have some friends I’d \n like to hang out with again.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Are you preparing in any way to accept [OV-103] Discovery, or are \n you primarily working with the Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I’m not. My responsibility is to work on this German night fighter. \n We still have a wing to complete. The airframe fuselage is out in \n the museum right here now, but the wing has to be done and a lot of \n other details. Between escort duties and whatnot, I’m working \n on that. We’re told that with everything else that’s going \n on, we’re going to be moving our shop from Maryland out here. \n I don’t know how that’s going to work out with the Discovery–Enterprise \n exchange, that’s yet to be determined.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n It must have been rewarding to receive that from your peers, that’s \n wonderful.\n Mautner: \n Very, yes. I think Valerie Neal, former NASA and our curator, was \n probably instrumental in getting that for us. It was pretty neat.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Rebecca, did you have any questions for Ed?\n Wright: \n Just one, and I think you might have already answered it. Did you \n ever come back and do anything else with Enterprise?\n Mautner: \n I have once or twice, but it was generally just escort duty. Those \n were times where it was just sit around and wait for whatever the \n folks, predominately USA, needed. I did come back, and we did reinstall \n the OMS pods. That was pretty much the original team again that did \n that, and we brought a couple of other people in to assist because \n you need spotters and tag line holders. \n Wright: \n You mentioned that you would escort for whatever they needed. What \n were the types of things that they would be coming back for?\n Mautner: \n Every time USA came here, they had a lot of supplies. Rather than \n transport them back, they would leave them out and we would store \n them in our barn, which is out in the back corner of the property. \n So the first thing we’d have to do is get their supplies, and \n that ran anywhere from tape to paints to epoxy glues.\n Recently, within the past year, they came back and we took them up \n on a JLG man lift. They did the work, and I would just maneuver it \n around to a position that helped them. Like I said, “escort” \n sounds very static, and sometimes it is, but a lot of times there’s \n a dynamic component, which is the most fun of all. That’s how \n you get to know these guys and get to see what they do.\n Wright: \n Were they doing types of restoration themselves?\n Mautner: \n Yes, about last April they came back to begin the process of making \n Enterprise airworthy. That involved making an assessment of all systems, \n and they also did the [landing gear] retracts. The main job was to \n get the hydraulic system working so they could retract the landing \n gear. Part of our position as escort was to shut down areas of that \n hall to keep the public away, because the machine, what they call \n the mule, fires up the hydraulics system, makes a lot of noise. Also \n there’s part of the retract that there’s noise involved \n as well.\n We did a lot of work stanchioning off. Moving stanchions back, and \n then when it was all done, moving the stanchions closer. We were trying \n to do this juggle between making sure people were safe and USA had \n enough room to work in, and also still keeping the hall open to the \n public. Our whole purpose is to let them get as close to this stuff \n as we can.\n There were a couple of times where, yes, it was pretty static, but \n other times we were pretty involved in helping them. And everything \n back here is secured. You can’t get into the restrooms without \n our badge, so we were escorting to the restrooms. Eventually, and \n especially in this last trip in February where they did the final \n preparation for flight, the security office provided them with badges \n that allowed them to open all the things they had to get into. They \n had the same access employees had. \n I think that speaks of the type of relationship that we’ve always \n felt we had with NASA, that they weren’t an alien organization \n that comes in and invades our space but rather cohorts, colleagues \n that we feel—not exactly one with, our roles are different—but \n certainly very good friends with.\n Wright: \n Is this a very unique exhibit here compared to all the rest? Do you \n have any other kind of associations with other groups that come in \n and work on their planes?\n Mautner: \n No, there’s no other organization that has the relationship \n that NASA has with us. I think that’s historically because we’ve \n been the repository of first choice for NASA, but also because Valerie \n Neal, who came from NASA, has maintained a very, very good relationship \n with all the leadership there. It’s been a very collegial relationship \n from the very beginning. Because of that, your relationship personally \n to these people is much more relaxed, so it’s much much easier \n to make friends. I have a couple buddies that I email once in a while \n back at the Cape [Canaveral, Florida]. It’s a good relationship.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any other last thoughts? \n Mautner: \n I think I’ve covered the important aspects of my relationship \n with the Shuttle Enterprise and with the folks from NASA and USA. \n We had a good team. I think it was kind of neat because management \n left us alone; they left us to make a lot of our own decisions. Everybody \n worked with the goal in mind, and we reached the goal. We finished \n Enterprise, it really looks beautiful. It took us nine months to get \n it in the shape that it’s in right now, and I have to say I \n am quite proud of how it came out. \n I do recollect one of the stories that I’ll tell you. When we \n began to strip all the paint off, we traced all of the markings—the \n NASA worm, the “United States” on the side, the “Enterprise” \n itself—so that after we painted it we could restore those. We \n noted and photographed the fact that these had been hand-brushed. \n Somebody had done a stencil, and then they hand-brushed in the black \n color. As we began to strip the aircraft, we realized that there were \n other markings, other NASA worms and another “Enterprise” \n and another “United States” underneath that exterior coat \n of latex house paint. \n We traced those as well, and at that point the curator had to make \n a decision. Are we going to restore it to when it was originally painted \n and lettered, or are we going to paint it as it was presented to us \n in 1985? The decision was made to paint it as it was delivered to \n us. Those letters were all in black, and the letters we found underneath \n were in lighter shades of dark gray. \n At the time that we traced them back on the aircraft, the question \n was asked, “Well, who feels comfortable painting them back on?” \n I mean, none of us are professional sign painters. Out of the five \n of us there, four chose to do it. So what you’ll see out there \n is our hand-lettered letters, and they are letter perfect. They came \n out really, really well. Three employees and one volunteer painted \n them all in. That too raised our level of pride and involvement and \n attachment to the Enterprise. \n I have mixed feelings about it going. On the one hand, it’s \n very important for us to have an orbiter, and Discovery is a much \n more significant vehicle to have in our collection, so I’m happy \n about that. On the other hand, all of our handwork is being sent off \n to somebody else. I’m not going to lose sleep over it, but I \n will think, how are they taking care of it? Is that beautiful paint \n job still squeaky clean and nice, and are all those tiles in good \n condition? So yes, I am concerned to some degree at it going off to \n other hands.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Any plans to go to New York and see her once she’s in her permanent \n location?\n Mautner: \n No plans at this time, no.\n Wright: \n And will you be working on Discovery when it comes?\n Mautner: \n We’re not going to touch Discovery. This is another aspect that’s \n pretty neat about getting Discovery. The ideal airplane or spacecraft \n to get into our collection is the one that just went on its last mission. \n If we could get a Boeing B-17 [aircraft] that flew a mission from \n England in August or September of 1944, and then was transferred right \n back into our hall out front, that’s the idea. You don’t \n want to touch it. You want to mount it in such fashion that you preserve \n the tires and take any other stresses out of it, but it would be great \n if it had the gunpowder stains and the engine stains and the oil stains \n and the rough-hewn patches that the mechanics put on the planes back \n in those days. \n And that’s how Discovery is coming to us. They haven’t \n cleaned it, outside of taking out the toxic materials in all the tanks \n and systems, so it’s not going to look like Enterprise at all. \n In fact, one of the people from NASA commented that Enterprise looked \n like a toy. I think what she meant was it looked like a model, and \n Discovery looks like a real orbiter. So we’re happy about that.\n Wright: \n Well, thank you.\n Ross-Nazzal: \n Thank you for spending some time with us this morning. We appreciate \n it.\n Mautner: \n You’re very welcome. It’s my pleasure to do it.\n [End \n of interview]\n \n \n Return \n to JSC Oral History Website"],["topImageUrl","https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/head_images/sc.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","美國太空總署員工表示，\n他們是使用太空總署建議的\n【安麗 LOC】以「1:10」濃度\n拿來清洗太空梭及所有東西。\n\n這就是表示該產品是【極度安全】的！\n\n這樣，還有什麼安麗產品是需要擔心呢？\n\n\nhttp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Experts/MautnerEM/MautnerEM_3-22-12.htm"],["id","5484461227031-rumor"],["createdAt","2017-01-11T01:17:00.000Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV_TT0CjyCdS-nWhujcr"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AV_TJNx9yCdS-nWhujbL"],["name","Victor Cheng"],["avatarUrl","https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b0924f092282f5a2cc895e7f4b4c9cbc?s=100&d=identicon&r=g"],["level",4]]}],["type","NOT_ARTICLE"],["text","送出文章的人在嘗試與機器人聊天。\n未指定所謂“安全”之範疇，可以拿來洗東西不代表可以拿來吃。\n同理一間公司的其中一項產品安全也不代表所有東西安全，就像Samsung s7好棒棒，不代表Note 7不會爆炸。"],["reference",""],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["createdAt","2017-11-19T08:05:07.366Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",2],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_YlgNaHHUAmuAJvBJ9fT06nPwQIphzAJEbrZaWWhlh_8"],["name","發起者的頭屋維拉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks"],["url","https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2?fbclid=IwAR3EzP6Xm2bXH4bDHx9i9oOYxqHIraWbuRbZcGzM6fmgQz7iIl7ufHrkN-A"],["summary","AbstractWe identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness. Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets. Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.\n \n \n \n\n \n \n MainRespiratory virus infections cause a broad and overlapping spectrum of symptoms collectively referred to as acute respiratory virus illnesses (ARIs) or more commonly the ‘common cold’. Although mostly mild, these ARIs can sometimes cause severe disease and death1. These viruses spread between humans through direct or indirect contact, respiratory droplets (including larger droplets that fall rapidly near the source as well as coarse aerosols with aerodynamic diameter >5 µm) and fine-particle aerosols (droplets and droplet nuclei with aerodynamic diameter ≤5 µm)2,3. Although hand hygiene and use of face masks, primarily targeting contact and respiratory droplet transmission, have been suggested as important mitigation strategies against influenza virus transmission4, little is known about the relative importance of these modes in the transmission of other common respiratory viruses2,3,5. Uncertainties similarly apply to the modes of transmission of COVID-19 (refs. 6,7).Some health authorities recommend that masks be worn by ill individuals to prevent onward transmission (source control)4,8. Surgical face masks were originally introduced to protect patients from wound infection and contamination from surgeons (the wearer) during surgical procedures, and were later adopted to protect healthcare workers against acquiring infection from their patients. However, most of the existing evidence on the filtering efficacy of face masks and respirators comes from in vitro experiments with nonbiological particles9,10, which may not be generalizable to infectious respiratory virus droplets. There is little information on the efficacy of face masks in filtering respiratory viruses and reducing viral release from an individual with respiratory infections8, and most research has focused on influenza11,12.Here we aimed to explore the importance of respiratory droplet and aerosol routes of transmission with a particular focus on coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses, by quantifying the amount of respiratory virus in exhaled breath of participants with medically attended ARIs and determining the potential efficacy of surgical face masks to prevent respiratory virus transmission.ResultsWe screened 3,363 individuals in two study phases, ultimately enrolling 246 individuals who provided exhaled breath samples (Extended Data Fig. 1). Among these 246 participants, 122 (50%) participants were randomized to not wearing a face mask during the first exhaled breath collection and 124 (50%) participants were randomized to wearing a face mask. Overall, 49 (20%) voluntarily provided a second exhaled breath collection of the alternate type.Infections by at least one respiratory virus were confirmed by reverse transcription PCR (RT–PCR) in 123 of 246 (50%) participants. Of these 123 participants, 111 (90%) were infected by human (seasonal) coronavirus (n = 17), influenza virus (n = 43) or rhinovirus (n = 54) (Extended Data Figs. 1 and 2), including one participant co-infected by both coronavirus and influenza virus and another two participants co-infected by both rhinovirus and influenza virus. These 111 participants were the focus of our analyses.There were some minor differences in characteristics of the 111 participants with the different viruses (Table 1a). Overall, 24% of participants had a measured fever ≥37.8 °C, with patients with influenza more than twice as likely than patients infected with coronavirus and rhinovirus to have a measured fever. Coronavirus-infected participants coughed the most with an average of 17 (s.d. = 30) coughs during the 30-min exhaled breath collection. The profiles of the participants randomized to with-mask versus without-mask groups were similar (Supplementary Table 1).Table 1a Characteristics of individuals with symptomatic coronavirus, influenza virus or rhinovirus infectionWe tested viral shedding (in terms of viral copies per sample) in nasal swabs, throat swabs, respiratory droplet samples and aerosol samples and compared the latter two between samples collected with or without a face mask (Fig. 1). On average, viral shedding was higher in nasal swabs than in throat swabs for each of coronavirus (median 8.1 log10 virus copies per sample versus 3.9), influenza virus (6.7 versus 4.0) and rhinovirus (6.8 versus 3.3), respectively. Viral RNA was identified from respiratory droplets and aerosols for all three viruses, including 30%, 26% and 28% of respiratory droplets and 40%, 35% and 56% of aerosols collected while not wearing a face mask, from coronavirus, influenza virus and rhinovirus-infected participants, respectively (Table 1b). In particular for coronavirus, we identified OC43 and HKU1 from both respiratory droplets and aerosols, but only identified NL63 from aerosols and not from respiratory droplets (Supplementary Table 2 and Extended Data Fig. 3).Fig. 1: Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with coronavirus, influenza virus or rhinovirus infection.a–c, Virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue) and respiratory droplets collected for 30min while not wearing (dark green) or wearing (light green) a surgical face mask, and aerosols collected for 30min while not wearing (brown) or wearing (orange) a face mask, collected from individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who were positive for coronavirus (a), influenza virus (b) and rhinovirus (c), as determined by RT–PCR in any samples. P values for mask intervention as predictor of log10 virus copies per sample in an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT–PCR assay are shown, with significant differences in bold. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (coronavirus, n=17; influenza virus, n=43; rhinovirus, n=54). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: coronavirus (n=10 and 11), influenza virus (n=23 and 28) and rhinovirus (n=36 and 32). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (coronavirus, n=4; influenza virus, n=8; rhinovirus, n=14). The box plots indicate the median with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and ±1.5×interquartile range from the first and third quartile (lower and upper whiskers).Table 1b Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus frequency of detection and viral shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with coronavirus, influenza virus or rhinovirus infectionWe detected coronavirus in respiratory droplets and aerosols in 3 of 10 (30%) and 4 of 10 (40%) of the samples collected without face masks, respectively, but did not detect any virus in respiratory droplets or aerosols collected from participants wearing face masks, this difference was significant in aerosols and showed a trend toward reduced detection in respiratory droplets (Table 1b). For influenza virus, we detected virus in 6 of 23 (26%) and 8 of 23 (35%) of the respiratory droplet and aerosol samples collected without face masks, respectively. There was a significant reduction by wearing face masks to 1 of 27 (4%) in detection of influenza virus in respiratory droplets, but no significant reduction in detection in aerosols (Table 1b). Moreover, among the eight participants who had influenza virus detected by RT–PCR from without-mask aerosols, five were tested by viral culture and four were culture-positive. Among the six participants who had influenza virus detected by RT–PCR from with-mask aerosols, four were tested by viral culture and two were culture-positive. For rhinovirus, there were no significant differences between detection of virus with or without face masks, both in respiratory droplets and in aerosols (Table 1b). Conclusions were similar in comparisons of viral shedding (Table 1b). In addition, we found a significant reduction in viral shedding (Supplementary Table 2) in respiratory droplets for OC43 (Extended Data Fig. 4) and influenza B virus (Extended Data Fig. 5) and in aerosols for NL63 (Extended Data Fig. 4).We identified correlations between viral loads in different samples (Extended Data Figs. 6–8) and some evidence of declines in viral shedding by time since onset for influenza virus but not for coronavirus or rhinovirus (Extended Data Fig. 9). In univariable analyses of factors associated with detection of respiratory viruses in various sample types, we did not identify significant association in viral shedding with days since symptom onset (Supplementary Table 3) for respiratory droplets or aerosols (Supplementary Tables 4–6).A subset of participants (72 of 246, 29%) did not cough at all during at least one exhaled breath collection, including 37 of 147 (25%) during the without-mask and 42 of 148 (28%) during the with-mask breath collection. In the subset for coronavirus (n = 4), we did not detect any virus in respiratory droplets or aerosols from any participants. In the subset for influenza virus (n = 9), we detected virus in aerosols but not respiratory droplets from one participant. In the subset for rhinovirus (n = 17), we detected virus in respiratory droplets from three participants, and we detected virus in aerosols in five participants.DiscussionOur results indicate that aerosol transmission is a potential mode of transmission for coronaviruses as well as influenza viruses and rhinoviruses. Published studies detected respiratory viruses13,14 such as influenza12,15 and rhinovirus16 from exhaled breath, and the detection of SARS-CoV17 and MERS-CoV18 from air samples (without size fractionation) collected from hospitals treating patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, but ours demonstrates detection of human seasonal coronaviruses in exhaled breath, including the detection of OC43 and HKU1 from respiratory droplets and NL63, OC43 and HKU1 from aerosols.Our findings indicate that surgical masks can efficaciously reduce the emission of influenza virus particles into the environment in respiratory droplets, but not in aerosols12. Both the previous and current study used a bioaerosol collecting device, the Gesundheit-II (G-II)12,15,19, to capture exhaled breath particles and differentiated them into two size fractions, where exhaled breath coarse particles >5 μm (respiratory droplets) were collected by impaction with a 5-μm slit inertial Teflon impactor and the remaining fine particles ≤5 μm (aerosols) were collected by condensation in buffer. We also demonstrated the efficacy of surgical masks to reduce coronavirus detection and viral copies in large respiratory droplets and in aerosols (Table 1b). This has important implications for control of COVID-19, suggesting that surgical face masks could be used by ill people to reduce onward transmission.Among the samples collected without a face mask, we found that the majority of participants with influenza virus and coronavirus infection did not shed detectable virus in respiratory droplets or aerosols, whereas for rhinovirus we detected virus in aerosols in 19 of 34 (56%) participants (compared to 4 of 10 (40%) for influenza and 8 of 23 (35%) for coronavirus). For those who did shed virus in respiratory droplets and aerosols, viral load in both tended to be low (Fig. 1). Given the high collection efficiency of the G-II (ref. 19) and given that each exhaled breath collection was conducted for 30 min, this might imply that prolonged close contact would be required for transmission to occur, even if transmission was primarily via aerosols, as has been described for rhinovirus colds20. Our results also indicate that there could be considerable heterogeneity in contagiousness of individuals with coronavirus and influenza virus infections.The major limitation of our study was the large proportion of participants with undetectable viral shedding in exhaled breath for each of the viruses studied. We could have increased the sampling duration beyond 30 min to increase the viral shedding being captured, at the cost of acceptability in some participants. An alternative approach would be to invite participants to perform forced coughs during exhaled breath collection12. However, it was the aim of our present study to focus on recovering respiratory virus in exhaled breath in a real-life situation and we expected that some individuals during an acute respiratory illness would not cough much or at all. Indeed, we identified virus RNA in a small number of participants who did not cough at all during the 30-min exhaled breath collection, which would suggest droplet and aerosol routes of transmission are possible from individuals with no obvious signs or symptoms. Another limitation is that we did not confirm the infectivity of coronavirus or rhinovirus detected in exhaled breath. While the G-II was designed to preserve viability of viruses in aerosols, and in the present study we were able to identify infectious influenza virus in aerosols, we did not attempt to culture coronavirus or rhinovirus from the corresponding aerosol samples.MethodsStudy designParticipants were recruited year-round from March 2013 through May 2016 in a general outpatient clinic of a private hospital in Hong Kong. As routine practice, clinic staff screened all individuals attending the clinics for respiratory and any other symptoms regardless of the purpose of the visit at triage. Study staff then approached immediately those who reported at least one of the following symptoms of ARI for further screening: fever ≥37.8 °C, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, myalgia and phlegm. Individuals who reported ≥2 ARI symptoms, within 3 d of illness onset and ≥11 years of age were eligible to participate. After explaining the study to and obtaining informed consent from the participants, a rapid influenza diagnostic test, the Sofia Influenza A + B Fluorescent Immunoassay Analyzer (cat. no. 20218, Quidel), was used to identify influenza A or B virus infection as an incentive to participate. All participants provided a nasal swab for the rapid test and an additional nasal swab and a separate throat swab for subsequent virologic confirmation at the laboratory. All participants also completed a questionnaire to record basic information including age, sex, symptom severity, medication, medical conditions and smoking history. In the first phase of the study from March 2013 to February 2014 (‘Influenza Study’), the result of the rapid test was used to determine eligibility for further participation in the study and exhaled breath collection, whereas in the second phase of the study from March 2014 to May 2016 (‘Respiratory Virus Study’), the rapid test did not affect eligibility. Eligible participants were then invited to provide an exhaled breath sample for 30 min in the same clinic visit.Before exhaled breath collection, each participant was randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either wearing a surgical face mask (cat. no. 62356, Kimberly-Clark) or not during the collection. To mimic the real-life situation, under observation by the study staff, participants were asked to attach the surgical mask themselves, but instruction on how to wear the mask properly was given when the participant wore the mask incorrectly. Participants were instructed to breathe as normal during the collection, but (natural) coughing was allowed and the number of coughs was recorded by study staff. Participants were then invited to provide a second exhaled breath sample of the alternate type (for example if the participant was first assigned to wearing a mask they would then provide a second sample without a mask), but most participants did not agree to stay for a second measurement because of time constraints. Participants were compensated for each 30-min exhaled breath collection with a supermarket coupon worth approximately US$30 and all participants were gifted a tympanic thermometer worth approximately US$20.Ethical approvalWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants ≥18 years of age and written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians of participants 11–17 years of age in addition to their own written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of The University of Hong Kong and the Clinical and Research Ethics Committee of Hong Kong Baptist Hospital.Collection of swabs and exhaled breath particlesNasal swabs and throat swabs were collected separately, placed in virus transport medium, stored and transported to the laboratory at 2–8 °C and the virus transport medium was aliquoted and stored at −70 °C until further analysis. Exhaled breath particles were captured and differentiated into two size fractions, the coarse fraction containing particles with aerodynamic diameter >5 μm (referred to here as ‘respiratory droplets’), which included droplets up to approximately 100 µm in diameter and the fine fraction with particles ≤5 μm (referred to here as ‘aerosols’) by the G-II bioaerosol collecting device12,15,19. In the G-II device, exhaled breath coarse particles >5 μm were collected by a 5-μm slit inertial Teflon impactor and the remaining fine particles ≤5 μm were condensed and collected into approximately 170 ml of 0.1% BSA/PBS. Both the impactor and the condensate were stored and transported to the laboratory at 2–8 °C. The virus on the impactor was recovered into 1 ml and the condensate was concentrated into 2 ml of 0.1% BSA/PBS, aliquoted and stored at −70 °C until further analysis. In a validation study, the G-II was able to recover over 85% of fine particles >0.05 µm in size and had comparable collection efficiency of influenza virus as the SKC BioSampler19.Laboratory testingSamples collected from the two studies were tested at the same time. Nasal swab samples were first tested by a diagnostic-use viral panel, xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (Abbott Molecular) to qualitatively detect 12 common respiratory viruses and subtypes including coronaviruses (NL63, OC43, 229E and HKU1), influenza A (nonspecific, H1 and H3) and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus (types 1–4), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus and enterovirus/rhinovirus. After one or more of the candidate respiratory viruses was detected by the viral panel from the nasal swab, all the samples from the same participant (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) were then tested with RT–PCR specific for the candidate virus(es) for determination of virus concentration in the samples. Infectious influenza virus was identified by viral culture using MDCK cells as described previously21, whereas viral culture was not performed for coronavirus and rhinovirus.Statistical analysesThe primary outcome of the study was virus generation rate in tidal breathing of participants infected by different respiratory viruses and the efficacy of face masks in preventing virus dissemination in exhaled breath, separately considering the respiratory droplets and aerosols. The secondary outcomes were correlation between viral shedding in nose swabs, throat swabs, respiratory droplets and aerosols and factors affecting viral shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols.We identified three groups of respiratory viruses with the highest frequency of infection as identified by RT–PCR, namely coronavirus (including NL63, OC43, HKU1 and 229E), influenza virus and rhinovirus, for further statistical analyses. We defined viral shedding as log10 virus copies per sample and plotted viral shedding in each sample (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols); the latter two were stratified by mask intervention. As a proxy for the efficacy of face masks in preventing transmission of respiratory viruses via respiratory droplet and aerosol routes, we compared the respiratory virus viral shedding in respiratory droplet and aerosol samples between participants wearing face masks or not, by comparing the frequency of detection with a two-sided Fisher’s exact test and by comparing viral load (defined as log10 virus copies per sample) by an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model, which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT–PCR assay. We also used the unadjusted univariate Tobit regression to investigate factors affecting viral shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols without mask use, for example age, days since symptom onset, previous influenza vaccination, current medication and number of coughs during exhaled breath collection. We investigated correlations between viral shedding in nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols with scatter-plots and calculated the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between any two types of samples. We imputed 0.3 log10 virus copies ml−1 for undetectable values before transformation to log10 virus copies per sample. All analyses were conducted with R v.3.6.0 (ref. 22) and the VGAM package v.1.1.1 (ref. 23).Reporting SummaryFurther information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.\n \n\n Data availabilityAnonymized raw data and R syntax to reproduce all the analyses, figures, tables and supplementary tables in the published article are available at: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.w9ghx3fkt.References1.Nichols, W. G., Peck Campbell, A. J. & Boeckh, M. Respiratory viruses other than influenza virus: impact and therapeutic advances. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 21, 274–290 (2008).2.Shiu, E. Y. C., Leung, N. H. L. & Cowling, B. J. Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 32, 372–379 (2019).3.Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B. J. & Tang, J. W. Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 101 (2019).4.Xiao, J. et al. Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-personal protective and environmental measures. Emerg. Infect. Dis. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.190994 (2020).5.Kutter, J. S., Spronken, M. I., Fraaij, P. L., Fouchier, R. A. M. & Herfst, S. Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans. Curr. Opin. Virol. 28, 142–151 (2018).6.Cowling, B. J. & Leung, G. M. Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Euro Surveill. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000110 (2020).7.Han, Q., Lin, Q., Ni, Z. & You, L. Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12735 (2020).8.MacIntyre, C. R. & Chughtai, A. A. Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ 350, h694 (2015).9.Ha’eri, G. B. & Wiley, A. M. The efficacy of standard surgical face masks: an investigation using “tracer particles”. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 148, 160–162 (1980).10.Patel, R. B., Skaria, S. D., Mansour, M. M. & Smaldone, G. C. Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: an in vitro study. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13, 569–576 (2016).11.Johnson, D. F., Druce, J. D., Birch, C. & Grayson, M. L. A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of surgical and N95 masks to filter influenza virus in patients with acute influenza infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49, 275–277 (2009).12.Milton, D. K., Fabian, M. P., Cowling, B. J., Grantham, M. L. & McDevitt, J. J. Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: particle size, culturability, and effect of surgical masks. PLoS Pathog. 9, e1003205 (2013).13.Huynh, K. N., Oliver, B. G., Stelzer, S., Rawlinson, W. D. & Tovey, E. R. A new method for sampling and detection of exhaled respiratory virus aerosols. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 93–95 (2008).14.Stelzer-Braid, S. et al. Exhalation of respiratory viruses by breathing, coughing and talking. J. Med. Virol. 81, 1674–1679 (2009).15.Yan, J. et al. Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 1081–1086 (2018).16.Tovey, E. R. et al. Rhinoviruses significantly affect day-to-day respiratory symptoms of children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 663–669 (2015).17.Booth, T. F. et al. Detection of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and environmental contamination in SARS outbreak units. J. Infect. Dis. 191, 1472–1477 (2005).18.Kim, S. H. et al. Extensive viable Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus contamination in air and surrounding environment in MERS isolation wards. Clin. Infect. Dis. 63, 363–369 (2016).19.McDevitt, J. J. et al. Development and performance evaluation of an exhaled-breath bioaerosol collector for influenza virus. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 47, 444–451 (2013).20.Jennings, L. C. & Dick, E. C. Transmission and control of rhinovirus colds. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 3, 327–335 (1987).21.Chan, K. H., Peiris, J. S., Lim, W., Nicholls, J. M. & Chiu, S. S. Comparison of nasopharyngeal flocked swabs and aspirates for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses in children. J. Clin. Virol. 42, 65–69 (2008).22.R: a language and environment for statistical computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2019).23.Yee, T. W. Vector Generalized Linear and Additive Models: with an Implementation in R (Springer, 2016).Download referencesAcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the General Research Fund of the University Grants Committee (grant no. 765811), the Health and Medical Research Fund (grant no. 13120592) and a commissioned grant of the Food and Health Bureau and the Theme-based Research Scheme (project no. T11-705/14-N) of the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government. We acknowledge colleagues including R. O. P. Fung, A. K. W. Li, T. W. Y. Ng, T. H. C. So, P. Wu and Y. Xie for technical support in preparing and conducting this study and enrolling participants; J. K. M. Chan, S. Y. Ho, Y. Z. Liu and A. Yu for laboratory support; S. Ferguson, W. K. Leung, J. Pantelic, J. Wei and M. Wolfson for technical support in constructing and maintaining the G-II device; V. J. Fang, L. M. Ho and T. T. K. Lui for setting up the database; and C. W. Y. Cheung, L. F. K. Cheung, P. T. Y. Ching, A. C. H. Lai, D. W. Y. Lam, S. S. Y. Lo, A. S. K. Luk and other colleagues at the Outpatient Center and Infection Control Team of Hong Kong Baptist Hospital for facilitating this study.Author informationAuthor notesThese authors jointly supervised this work: Donald K. Milton, Benjamin J. Cowling.AffiliationsWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaNancy H. L. Leung, Daniel K. W. Chu, Eunice Y. C. Shiu, Benien J. P. Hau, Hui-Ling Yen, Dennis K. M. Ip, J. S. Malik Peiris, Wing-Hong Seto, Gabriel M. Leung & Benjamin J. CowlingDepartment of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaKwok-Hung ChanDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USAJames J. McDevittDepartment of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, ChinaBenien J. P. HauDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaYuguo LiDepartment of Pathology, Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, Hong Kong, ChinaWing-Hong SetoMaryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USADonald K. MiltonAuthorsNancy H. L. LeungYou can also search for this author in Daniel K. W. ChuYou can also search for this author in Eunice Y. C. ShiuYou can also search for this author in Kwok-Hung ChanYou can also search for this author in James J. McDevittYou can also search for this author in Benien J. P. HauYou can also search for this author in Hui-Ling YenYou can also search for this author in Yuguo LiYou can also search for this author in Dennis K. M. IpYou can also search for this author in J. S. Malik PeirisYou can also search for this author in Wing-Hong SetoYou can also search for this author in Gabriel M. LeungYou can also search for this author in Donald K. MiltonYou can also search for this author in Benjamin J. CowlingYou can also search for this author in ContributionsAll authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors criteria for authorship. The study protocol was drafted by N.H.L.L. and B.J.C. Data were collected by N.H.L.L., E.Y.C.S. and B.J.P.H. Laboratory testing was performed by D.K.W.C. and K.-H.C. Statistical analyses were conducted by N.H.L.L. N.H.L.L. and B.J.C. wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors provided critical review and revision of the text and approved the final version.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to\n Benjamin J. Cowling.Ethics declarations\n \n Competing interests\n B.J.C. consults for Roche and Sanofi Pasteur. The authors declare no other competing interests.\n \n Additional informationPeer review information Alison Farrell was the primary editor on this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team.Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Extended dataExtended Data Fig. 1Participant enrolment, randomization of mask intervention and identification of respiratory virus infection.Extended Data Fig. 2 Weekly number of respiratory virus infections identified by RT-PCR in symptomatic individuals who had provided exhaled breath samples (respiratory droplets and aerosols) during the study period.Blue, coronavirus; red, influenza virus; yellow, rhinovirus; green, other respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus; white, no respiratory virus infection identified.Extended Data Fig. 3 Respiratory virus shedding in (a) nasal swab, (b) throat swab, (c) respiratory droplets and (d) aerosols in symptomatic individuals with coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43, coronavirus HKU1, influenza A and influenza B virus infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals identified by RT-PCR in any collected samples were included: coronavirus NL63 (n = 8), coronavirus OC43 (n = 5), coronavirus HKU1 (n = 4), influenza A virus (n = 31) and influenza B virus (n = 14). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included: coronavirus NL63 (n = 3), coronavirus OC43 (n = 3), coronavirus HKU1 (n = 4), influenza A virus (n = 19) and influenza B virus (n = 6). The box plots indicate the median with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and ± 1.5 × interquartile range from the first and third quartile (lower and upper whisker). Dark blue, coronavirus NL63; light blue, coronavirus OC43; brown, coronavirus HKU1; red, influenza A virus; orange, influenza B virus.Extended Data Fig. 4 Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with seasonal coronaviruses including (a) coronavirus NL63, (b) coronavirus OC43 and (c) coronavirus HKU1.The figure shows the virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue), respiratory droplets collected for 30 min while not wearing (dark green) or wearing (light green) a surgical face mask and aerosols collected for 30 min while not wearing (brown) or wearing (orange) a face mask, collected from individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who were positive for coronavirus NL63, coronavirus OC43 and coronavirus HKU1 as determined by RT-PCR in any samples. P values for mask intervention as predictor of log10 virus copies per sample in an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT-PCR assay are shown, with significant differences in bold. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (coronavirus NL63, n = 8; coronavirus OC43, n = 5; coronavirus HKU1, n = 4). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: coronavirus NL63 (n = 3 and 5), coronavirus OC43 (n = 3 and 4), coronavirus HKU1 (n = 4 and 2). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (coronavirus NL63, n = 0; coronavirus OC43, n = 2; coronavirus HKU1, n = 2).Extended Data Fig. 5 Efficacy of surgical face masks in reducing respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols of symptomatic individuals with seasonal influenza viruses including (a) influenza A and (b) influenza B virus.The figure shows the virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue), respiratory droplets collected for 30 min while not wearing (dark green) or wearing (light green) a surgical face mask and aerosols collected for 30 min while not wearing (brown) or wearing (orange) a face mask, collected from individuals with acute respiratory symptoms who were positive for influenza A and influenza B virus as determined by RT-PCR in any samples. P values for mask intervention as predictor of log10 virus copies per sample in an unadjusted univariate Tobit regression model which allowed for censoring at the lower limit of detection of the RT-PCR assay are shown, with significant differences in bold. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (influenza A virus, n = 31; influenza B virus, n = 14). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: influenza A virus (n = 19 and 19), influenza B virus (n = 6 and 10). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (influenza A virus, n = 7; influenza B virus, n = 2).Extended Data Fig. 6 Correlation of coronavirus viral shedding between different samples (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) in symptomatic individuals with seasonal coronavirus infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (n = 17). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included (n = 10). r, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Extended Data Fig. 7 Correlation of influenza viral shedding between different samples (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) in symptomatic individuals with seasonal influenza infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (n = 43). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included (n = 23). r, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Extended Data Fig. 8 Correlation of rhinovirus viral shedding between different samples (nasal swab, throat swab, respiratory droplets and aerosols) in symptomatic individuals with rhinovirus infection.For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (n = 54). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, only infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing a surgical face mask were included (n = 36). r, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Extended Data Fig. 9 Respiratory virus shedding in respiratory droplets and aerosols stratified by days from symptom onset for (a) coronavirus, (b) influenza virus or (c) rhinovirus.The figures shows the virus copies per sample collected in nasal swab (red), throat swab (blue), respiratory droplets (dark green) and aerosols (brown) collected for 30 min while not wearing a surgical face mask, stratified by the number of days from symptom onset on which the respiratory droplets and aerosols were collected. For nasal swabs and throat swabs, all infected individuals were included (coronavirus, n = 17; influenza virus, n = 43; rhinovirus, n = 54). For respiratory droplets and aerosols, numbers of infected individuals who provided exhaled breath samples while not wearing or wearing a surgical face mask, respectively were: coronavirus (n = 10 and 11), influenza virus (n = 23 and 28), rhinovirus (n = 36 and 32). A subset of participants provided exhaled breath samples for both mask interventions (coronavirus, n = 4; influenza virus, n = 8; rhinovirus, n = 14). The box plots indicate the median with the interquartile range (lower and upper hinge) and ± 1.5 × interquartile range from the first and third quartile (lower and upper whisker).Supplementary informationAbout this articleCite this articleLeung, N.H.L., Chu, D.K.W., Shiu, E.Y.C. et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks.\n Nat Med (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2Download citationReceived: 02 March 2020Accepted: 20 March 2020Published: 03 April 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","職安系副教授實測「乾蒸口罩」5次內過濾效力仍合格，但強調僅應急不建議長期使用 - The News Lens 關鍵評論網"],["url","https://www.thenewslens.com/article/131064"],["summary","武漢肺炎疫情導致國內口罩需求量增大，網路上也出現各種可以讓口罩重複使用的「復活偏方」，包括用電鍋乾蒸、用紫外線照、用酒精消毒等。如今，中山醫學大學職安系副教授賴全裕表示，經過檢測證實，「電鍋乾蒸」口罩，5次以內，過濾效果都還在規定合格的80%以內。但中央流行疫情指揮中心強調，以台灣疫情狀況，非慢性病患，在開放空間不用戴口罩。《中央社》報導，賴全裕表示，「電鍋乾蒸法」可使口罩復活。電鍋乾蒸法可以利用一般家用電鍋、電鍋架及內鍋，在電鍋內依序置入內鍋架、內鍋，並放入沒沾上體液、血液或鼻涕的口罩，不用加水，直接按下煮飯按鍵，乾蒸約2到3分鐘，等到煮飯鍵跳起後，再繼續保溫約5分鐘，即可拿出來繼續使用。賴全裕指出，一般經認證合格的外科口罩，過濾效力約為80%，乾蒸5次後，過濾效力減損到70%以下，這時就必須丟棄，不能再使用了。但賴全裕也提醒，這是口罩短缺時的應急措施，不建議長期使用。根據中山醫學大學特色領域研究中心介紹，賴全裕研究專長為個人防護具（包含呼吸防護具、防護衣等）進行生物防護性能及消毒、再利用。此外，《自由時報》訪問亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星，廖俊星表示，紫外線消毒、水蒸口罩、酒精消毒，都沒有研究證實能有效消毒口罩，其中，水蒸、酒精消毒還可能破壞口罩結構。但曾有人拿過期口罩測驗，如果口罩沒有被破壞或使用，證實效果還在。此外，昨日，中央流行疫情指揮中心的記者會上，也有記者提問表示，有台大醫師認為口罩用越久，效果越好。指揮中心醫療整備官羅一鈞澄清，這有違一般對於口罩的學理跟常識，有待證實。指揮中心昨日也再次呼籲，開放空間不用戴口罩，但去醫院看病、出入人多擁擠地方、慢性病患要戴口罩。此外，也要以肥皂肥皂勤洗手、避免觸摸眼鼻口。 \t \t\t \t\t\t消毒方法 \t\t\t是否證實有效 \t\t\t資訊來源 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t電鍋乾蒸 \t\t\t是 \t\t\t（乾蒸口罩超過5次即需丟棄） \t\t\t中山醫學大學職安系副教授賴全裕 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t紫外線消毒 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t水蒸 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t酒精消毒 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t過期口罩 \t\t\t是 \t\t\t亞東紀念醫院感染管制中心主任廖俊星 \t\t \t\t \t\t\t口罩用越久效果越好 \t\t\t未證實 \t\t\t中央流行疫情指揮中心醫療整備官羅一鈞 \t\t \t 延伸閱讀： \t【插畫】「武漢肺炎」來勢洶洶，口罩該買哪種？ \t口罩實名制上路：如何買？怎麼查哪還有庫存？8個QA一次看懂 \t其實你不一定要戴口罩：武漢肺炎讓全台陷「口罩之亂」，6個QA看怎麼選、如何用新聞來源： \t口罩復活術真有效？醫師破解防疫網路謠言（自由時報） \t口罩電鍋乾蒸3分鐘殺菌學者實測最多重複用5次（中央社）責任編輯：李修慧"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","認證電鍋可以乾蒸口罩！指揮中心︰殺菌實驗達標 - 生活 - 自由時報電子報"],["url","https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/3123669"],["summary","針對口罩使用電鍋乾蒸延長使用壽命進行實驗，結果發現無論細菌過濾效率或微粒過濾效率都跟原本口罩效果相近。（指揮中心提供）\n \n\n\n 2020-04-05 16:45:51〔記者簡惠茹／台北報導〕衛福部食藥署和中山醫學大學職業安全衛生系副教授賴全裕都針對口罩使用電鍋乾蒸延長使用壽命進行實驗，實驗結果發現無論細菌過濾效率或微粒過濾效率都跟原本口罩效果相近。指揮官陳時中指出，從這禮拜四4月9日開始，口罩就可以14天買9片，這個量應該是足夠，還是非常期待大家撙節使用，食藥署也有提供增加口罩使用次數或延長使用時間的方法。 \n \n食藥署說明電鍋乾蒸方法，一，先將內鍋架及內鍋依序放入乾燥電鍋；二、將醫用口罩平放於內鍋中，蓋上外鍋蓋；三、按下電鍋加熱開關，等約3分鐘待開關自動跳起後，再靜置5分鐘，使鍋內熱空氣充分殺菌；四、打開外鍋蓋，完成殺菌程序，待電鍋冷卻後再進行下一次口罩殺菌。指揮中心研究組副組長吳秀梅說明，自己使用過的醫用外科口罩如果想要延長壽命，可以放入電鍋內鍋架乾蒸，提醒不要放水，放水會影響口罩靜電層，有人問是否可以使用酒精消毒，其實也不好，因為靜電層會受到影響。吳秀梅也提醒，如果口罩有髒汙破損不建議再度消毒使用，有呼吸道症狀、慢性疾病、出入醫院以一次使用為原則，低風險場所就會建議可以使用布口罩，有不織布層的布口罩，可以重複清洗效果也好，也可以使用電鍋乾蒸重複消毒4到5次。吳秀梅說明外科口罩測試部分，除了有參考學研單位建議，食藥署也做過研究，她表示，經過3到5次消毒後，對於細菌過濾效率（BFE）可以維持99%以上。中山醫學大學副教授賴全裕實驗室做過電鍋乾蒸口罩實驗，他指出，粒子過濾效果（PFE）檢測中，儀器會產生2奈米到2微米的微粒，其中99%是10奈米到770奈米的微粒，然後來看口罩可以過濾多少，總過濾效果如果超過95%，就是N95口罩，80%以上是外科手術口罩，電鍋乾蒸實驗結果發現，第一次乾蒸跟原本外科口罩過濾效果相比還能維持99%，只是纖維帶電還是有些微影響，但是消毒越多次，就會越下降，建議不要超過5次。至於病毒過濾效果，賴全裕說，雖然外科手術口罩沒有檢測病毒過濾效果，主要是防護衣才會測試，但是武漢肺炎病毒的大小大概是100奈米，所以檢測PFE就有將病毒尺寸涵蓋在內。賴全裕也解答民眾各種電鍋蒸口罩的疑慮。許多民眾詢問可以使用家裡的電鍋就好嗎？還是要買新的電鍋？賴全裕指出，由於內鍋壁165度左右，該殺死的細菌應該都殺死了，乾蒸氣溫大概110度左右，如果有疑慮可以洗鍋子。口罩氣味太重怎麼辦？可以加精油或酒精嗎？賴全裕表示，有化學物質的都會破壞口罩不織布纖維帶電，不建議這樣做，因為味道來源是口水和細菌繁殖的關係，殺死後理論上味道就會不見。用烤箱、氣炸鍋或微波爐可以嗎？賴全裕指出，這些家電如果可以控制溫度達110度，可以模擬電鍋溫度的話就可以嘗試，但是還是要實測才知道，微波爐可能會出現口罩燃燒要小心。使用負離子吹風機可以嗎？賴全裕表示，目前還沒有實驗檢測，暫時不建議。殺菌燈小型烘碗機可以嗎？賴全裕指出，如果紫外燈波長有220奈米到280奈米，可是口罩裡面有3層，紫外燈只能對上下兩面照射，不確定中間層的殺菌效果，使用的時候還是建議要注意，未來有機會會再做實驗。用煮的可以嗎？賴全裕說，還沒有實驗可以確認。暫時拿下來的口罩如何收納？賴全裕指出，建議把口罩放在通風乾燥處，拿下來的時候，不要使用完全密封的塑膠袋，會造成細菌容易繁殖，可以用塑膠夾或紙袋，避免手觸摸到口罩。相關新聞請見︰武漢肺炎懶人包》傳染途徑、預防措施看這裡「武漢肺炎專區」請點此，更多相關訊息，帶您第一手掌握。\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n \n 不用抽不用搶現在用APP看新聞保證天天中獎　\n 點我下載APP　\n 按我看活動辦法\n\n \n \n\n\n\n 相關新聞\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n LTN集點大放送\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n網友回應"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019"],["url","https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2196-x"],["summary","AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory tract infection that emerged in late 20191,2. Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% cases with severe, and 6.1% with critical courses3. This severe presentation corresponds to the usage of a virus receptor that is expressed predominantly in the lung2,4. By causing an early onset of severe symptoms, this same receptor tropism is thought to have determined pathogenicity, but also aided the control, of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 20035. However, there are reports of COVID-19 cases with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, suggesting the potential for pre- or oligosymptomatic transmission6–8. There is an urgent need for information on body site-specific virus replication, immunity, and infectivity. Here we provide a detailed virological analysis of nine cases, providing proof of active virus replication in upper respiratory tract tissues. Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms (peak at 7.11 × 108 RNA copies per throat swab, day 4). Infectious virus was readily isolated from throat- and lung-derived samples, but not from stool samples, in spite of high virus RNA concentration. Blood and urine never yielded virus. Active replication in the throat was confirmed by viral replicative RNA intermediates in throat samples. Sequence-distinct virus populations were consistently detected in throat and lung samples from the same patient, proving independent replication. Shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms. Seroconversion occurred after 7 days in 50% of patients (14 days in all), but was not followed by a rapid decline in viral load. COVID-19 can present as a mild upper respiratory tract illness. Active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract puts the prospects of COVID-19 containment in perspective.\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n Author informationAuthor notesThese authors contributed equally: Roman Wölfel, Victor M. Corman, Wolfgang GuggemosThese authors jointly supervised this work: Christian Drosten, Clemens WendtnerAffiliationsBundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, GermanyRoman Wölfel, Sabine Zange, Patrick Vollmar, Rosina Ehmann & Katrin ZwirglmaierCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, GermanyVictor M. Corman, Marcel A. Müller, Daniela Niemeyer, Terry C. Jones, Tobias Bleicker, Sebastian Brünink, Julia Schneider & Christian DrostenKlinikum München-Schwabing, Munich, GermanyWolfgang Guggemos, Michael Seilmaier & Clemens WendtnerCenter for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKTerry C. JonesUniversity Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, GermanyCamilla Rothe & Michael HoelscherAuthorsRoman WölfelYou can also search for this author in Victor M. CormanYou can also search for this author in Wolfgang GuggemosYou can also search for this author in Michael SeilmaierYou can also search for this author in Sabine ZangeYou can also search for this author in Marcel A. MüllerYou can also search for this author in Daniela NiemeyerYou can also search for this author in Terry C. JonesYou can also search for this author in Patrick VollmarYou can also search for this author in Camilla RotheYou can also search for this author in Michael HoelscherYou can also search for this author in Tobias BleickerYou can also search for this author in Sebastian BrüninkYou can also search for this author in Julia SchneiderYou can also search for this author in Rosina EhmannYou can also search for this author in Katrin ZwirglmaierYou can also search for this author in Christian DrostenYou can also search for this author in Clemens WendtnerYou can also search for this author in Corresponding authorsCorrespondence to\n Christian Drosten or Clemens Wendtner.Supplementary information\n \n \n Supplementary InformationThis file contains Supplementary Methods, which include a description of RNA extraction and RT-PCR methods, a description of cell culture and antibody detection methods and Supplementary References.About this articleCite this articleWölfel, R., Corman, V.M., Guggemos, W. et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019.\n Nature (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-xDownload citationReceived: 01 March 2020Accepted: 24 March 2020Published: 01 April 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x\n\n \n\n \n CommentsBy submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate."],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["text","#口罩可以乾蒸嗎\n#為何2月不行現在可以\n#水鏡來告訴你\n\n今天疾管中心宣傳口罩可以乾蒸，再重複使用\n馬上有人找出2月衛福部食藥署建議不要乾蒸的資料\n還有人把這照片放在爆料公社，很明顯要帶風向\n\n有人酸因為唐鳳說可以乾蒸，所以政策就轉彎\n\n不管別人怎麼說，包括這篇都是\n請做個獨立思考的人\n\n#防疫本來就是與時俱進\n大家應該還記得，2月的時候疾管中心跟大家說不用戴口罩\n總統、行政院長、陳時中部長，也帶頭不戴口罩\n當時還有「我OK，你先戴」的風氣\n\n當時背景是沒有社區感染，戴不戴口罩風險都低\n當時到現在沒戴口罩的人，都活得好好的也沒被感染。\n\n這兩天陳時中部長已經戴起口罩，為什麼呢？\n簡單說，我們有零星的社區感染，加上這幾天連假的出遊\n我們要在未來的14天防範疫情社區化\n\nNature Medicine刊出香港學者研究，外科口罩可以顯著防止新冠病毒從感染者傳播出去。https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2?fbclid=IwAR3EzP6Xm2bXH4bDHx9i9oOYxqHIraWbuRbZcGzM6fmgQz7iIl7ufHrkN-A\n\n這是因為疫情的不同，資訊的改變\n政府反應以及需要民間配合的方式不同\n\n#那到底口罩可不可以乾蒸\n\n你可能會問，當時食藥署為何覺得不行？\n當時食藥署的說法是\"可能\"會破壞結構，所以不建議。\n\n但後續的研究出來，真的可以透過乾蒸讓口罩重複使用\n\n根據中山醫學大學職安系副教授賴全裕表示，經過檢測證實，「電鍋乾蒸」口罩，5次以內，過濾效果都還在規定合格的80%以內。\nhttps://www.thenewslens.com/article/131064\n\n實驗結果發現無論細菌過濾效率或微粒過濾效率都跟原本口罩效果相近。\nhttps://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/3123669\n\n再說一次，這是人類第一次遇到這個病毒，很多事情本來就不了解。\n\n比如Nature這篇研究，就刷新大家原本的認知\n\n原來剛被感染的前5天，傳染力最大，到住院第9天傳染力就低了，不一定要在負壓房。\n\n這對本來以為症狀越嚴重傳播力越大、負壓房要住好住滿的觀念是很大的釐清\nhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2196-x\n\n好，回到乾蒸口罩這件事\n原先政府有疑惑，後來研究證實，口罩乾蒸可以重複使用\n政府提供資訊，不OK嗎？\n\n#未來14天大家照顧好自己\n\n現在已經有人在傳\n「為了要向國外捐口罩，所以要求民眾乾蒸」\n\n請問我們有為了捐口罩，一周從買三個變買兩個嗎？\n\n提供乾蒸，只是資訊更新後提供方法\n可能有些人不覺得一個口罩五元貴\n\n但對節省、重視環保的或有經濟壓力的人，這不失為權宜之計\n至於要酸的、要戰的、要攻擊的，\n就別了，台灣需要大家的團結\n\n就像這幾天的連假，\n大家玩都玩了，該得的也得了，不該得的也不會得\n\n本院只有一個請求\n\n#連假有出遊的朋友接下來14天外出請戴口罩\n\n接下來14天，大家把自己照顧好\n勤洗手、出門戴口罩、保持人際距離、不摸臉、少聚集\n\n#祝大家平安健康\n\n#我們二月也不知道肥胖容易得重症啊\n\n#水鏡共筆"],["id","1kyvy3pelrgow"],["createdAt","2020-04-06T08:20:58.169Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","yQweUHEBrhVJn3LNh3pF"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","_1YnAG8BV0DITCqGm7go"],["name","uienwt"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",18]]}],["type","OPINIONATED"],["text","為何2月不行現在可以，陳時中說，他一直很期待可以研發讓口罩重複使用的方法，但食藥署站在專業角度，堅持要經過驗證後才正式公告，他也認為這是對的。"],["reference","https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2020-04-06/386656\n電鍋蒸口罩為何延遲公布？"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","武漢肺炎》電鍋蒸口罩為何延遲公布？陳時中說明原因 | 社會 | 新頭殼 Newtalk"],["url","https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2020-04-06/386656"],["summary","中央流行疫情指揮中心指揮官陳時中（左起）與食藥署署長吳秀梅，5日示範以電鍋乾蒸口罩。圖：翻攝自疾管署直播影片 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2月的時候，指揮中心對電鍋蒸口罩重複消毒一事並未正式證實其效用，直到4月5日，陳時中與食藥署署長吳秀梅親自在記者會上示範用電鍋乾蒸消毒口罩。陳時中說，他一直很期待可以研發讓口罩重複使用的方法，但食藥署站在專業角度，堅持要經過驗證後才正式公告，他也認為這是對的。\n昨天記者會上，陳時中與吳秀梅現場使用電鍋消毒口罩，將口罩放進電鍋乾蒸3分鐘，開關跳起後等待5分鐘，消毒程序就大功告成。吳秀梅表示，電鍋乾蒸法消毒的口罩可維持99%的細菌過濾效率，讓口罩重複使用。\n陳時中表示，他一直很期待研發出讓口罩重複使用的有效方法，當他知道電鍋蒸口罩有相關研究報告佐證時也想推廣這種方式，但食藥署站在專業角度，認為沒實證不夠謹慎。食藥署花時間對口罩進行檢測實驗，驗證完之後才公布這是有效方法且容易執行。\n陳時中也同意食藥署的看法，認為他們用更嚴謹的態度處理是對的，因此昨天才正式公布。 \n \n \n \n 他一直很期待可以研發讓口罩重複使用的方法但食藥署站在專業角度，堅持要經過驗證後才正式公告直到4月5日，陳時中與食藥署署長吳秀梅親自在記者會上示範用電鍋乾蒸消毒口罩。"],["topImageUrl",null],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2020-04-06T15:31:50.222Z"]]}]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["article",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["replyCount",1],["references",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["type","LINE"]]}]}],["replyRequestCount",1],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","j4S8C_8SU6w_lKU8142Pd-hyVJRULJNF7mjehuE3om7Vc6i8c"],["name","滿足的✖東勢✖艾薇拉"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",0]]}],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Diabetes drug is promising Alzheimer's treatment after 'significantly reversing' memory loss"],["url","http://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html"],["summary","A drug developed for type 2 diabetes significantly reverses memory loss and could have potential as a new treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, scientists say.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study, by UK and Chinese universities, is the first to look at a new combined diabetes drug and found improvements in several characteristic symptoms of Alzheimer’s.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Lead researcher Professor Christian Holscher, from Lancaster University, said these “very promising outcomes” show multi-action drugs developed for type 2 diabetes “consistently show neurological protective effects”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Independent academics said a reduction in nerve-cell-killing protein molecules was particularly interesting and this was likely to be another avenue in the search for an elusive drug to combat dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n He has previously reported optimistic findings from an older diabetes drug, liraglutide, and clinical trials in humans are currently under way.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n This latest study, published in the journal Brain Research, looked at a “triple action” treatment that combine three different drugs for type 2 diabetes, acting on biological pathways that could also have an impact on dementia.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n Type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for Alzhemier’s disease and impaired production of insulin – the hormone that people with diabetes don’t produce sufficiently to control their blood sugar – is linked to brain degeneration.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The identification of this link had a twofold benefit, according to charities.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It opened up new research and drug development opportunities, such as this study.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But it also means that by making lifestyle changes, like eating healthily and exercising, patients can avoid developing type-2 diabetes and lower their risk of Alzheimer’s disease as well.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n There are currently half a million people living with Alzheimer’s disease in the UK and more than five million people with diabetes, both conditions pose a major cost to the NHS, and health systems worldwide.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n The treatment in this study combined; GLP-1, GIP and glucagon, which, like insulin protect against neurological deterioration, and tested them in mice with genetic mutations that cause Alzheimer’s disease.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n After two months of daily injections the mice were shown to significantly improve their performance in a maze designed to test memory.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Treated mice also had lower levels of proteins which clump together and form plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease, inhibiting nerve cells’ ability to communicate and causing them to die.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n The study also found these mice lost nerve cells to the disease at a slower rate and had lower levels of nerve inflammation.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n It concludes that the triple treatment “holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease”.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \nThe seven Alzheimer's risk factors\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n \n \n \n The Alzheimer’s Society, a charity which part-funded the latest study research, said that after 15 years without a new drug for Alzheimer’s disease the promising results from these crossover treatments, which are already known to be safe for humans, are likely to bring earliest benefits.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Professor Holscher added that further tests to compare its benefits against other potential treatments, and its effects in humans were needed.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n But Professor John Hardy, a professor of neuroscience, at University College London who was not involved in the trial, said the study was “a first step, at best” towards a Alzheimer’s drug for humans.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n “The results showing less amyloid deposition of amyloid in mice treated with glucagon receptor stimulating drugs is interesting,” he said.\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n “However, it should be noted that several other drugs have shown positive results in mice models of Alzheimer’s disease and then failed in human trials.”\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dr David Reynolds, chief scientific officer at Alzheimer’s Research UK, echoed this, but added: “There is a long road between studies that show an effect in animals and treatments in the hands of patients, and scientists will only be able to realise the potential of promising findings like these if we continue to invest in research.”"],["topImageUrl","https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2015/04/14/21/web-alzheimers-2-alamy.jpg"],["error",null]]},{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease"],["url","https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596"],["summary","AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) that have anti-diabetic properties show very promising effects in animal models of AD. Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain. Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. In the present study, the effects of the TA were evaluated in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD. The TA was injected once-daily (10 nmol/kg i.p.) for two months. The results showed that treatment with TA significantly reversed the memory deficit in the APP/PS1 mice in a spatial water maze test. Moreover, the drug reduced levels of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signaling molecule BAX, increased the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule Bcl-2 and enhanced the levels of BDNF, a key growth factor that protects synaptic function. Levels of synaptophysin were enhanced, demonstrating protection from synaptic loss that is observed in AD. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was furthermore enhanced as shown in the increase of doublecortin positive cells. Furthermore, TA treatment reduced the total amount of β-amyloid, reduced neuroinflammation (activated microglia and astrocytes), and oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus, these findings show that novel TAs are a promising lead for the design of future treatment strategies in AD.Previous Next KeywordsInflammationGrowth factorBDNFBrainInsulinNeurodegeneration1. IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized clinically by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and aberrant behavior [1]. Currently, there is no treatment can improve this condition. Epidemiological studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) (Luchsinger et al., 2004, Ohara et al., 2011). The underlying mechanism is most likely that insulin signaling is impaired in the brains of AD patients (Moloney et al., 2010, Talbot et al., 2012). This motivated research in drugs that have shown good effects in treating diabetes to investigate if they could be helpful in treating AD as well. Previous studies have shown that the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) can play a neuroprotective role in the brain and show very promising effects in animal models of AD (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Li et al., 2010, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). Glucagon (Gcg) is a hormone and growth-factor, and the Gcg receptor is expressed in the brain (Hoosein and Gurd, 1984, Mayo et al., 2003). Activation of the receptor can activate neuronal activity and cellular Ca2+ signaling and may have neuroprotective properties (Ayush et al., 2015). Here we test the effects of a triple receptor agonist (TA), which activates GIP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors at the same time. This novel drug has been developed as a potential treatment for diabetes (Finan et al., 2015). No studies have been published that test the neuroprotective effects of this novel drug. We therefore tested this promising TA in the APPSWE/PS1dE9 mouse model of AD. This mouse model recapitulates some of the hallmarks of AD, such as memory loss, synaptic loss, reduction of synaptic plasticity, reduction of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, chronic inflammation in the brain, and formation of amyloid plaques in the brain (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Goto et al., 2008, Hamilton et al., 2011, Hamilton and Holscher, 2012, McClean et al., 2011). We tested the effects of TA in this transgenic mouse model and evaluated the neuroprotective effects. We analyzed memory formation, hippocampal neurogenesis, the expression levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (Blurton-Jones et al., 2009), mitochondrial apoptosis signaling proteins, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress levels.2. Results2.1. TA-treatment improved the learning and memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice in the water mazeA two-way ANOVA found a significant difference between groups (p < 0.0001) and over time (p < 0.001). In the Morris water test, it was observed that the control mice, APP/PS1 mice and TA-treated APP/PS1 mice had a similar escape latency (P > 0.05). On day 5, the average escape distance in searching for the hidden platform in the APP/PS1 mice was significantly longer than that in the control mice (P < 0.05). Compared to the APP/PS1 group, the TA-treated APP/PS1 group’s average escape distance was decreased (P < 0.01). There was no difference in swimming speed among these three groups in training days (P > 0.05).Then on day 6, the platform was removed and the probe trail test was conducted. A one way ANOVA analysis showed an overall difference between groups. The APP/PS1 mice spent less time in the target quadrant (P < 0.01) and had fewer times passing through the original position of the hidden platform (P < 0.01), compared with control mice. In the TA-treated APP/PS1 group, the time spent in target quadrant (P < 0.05) and the frequencies to cross the platform significantly increased (P < 0.05), compared to the APP/PS1 group Fig. 1.Download high-res image (302KB)Download full-size imageFig. 1. The novel TA improved the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice in the spatial water maze task. (A) The escape latency and swimming speed in the training trails. (B) The percentage of time in target quadrant and crossing platform times in the probe trials. The circle indicates the position of the platform during acquisition (C) Representative swimming tracks of the probe trial. * = P < .05, ** = P < .01 compared to the control group, ## = P < .01, # = P < .05 compared to the APP/PS1 group; Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests.2.2. TA-treatment ameliorated amyloid plaques in the brains of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, we analyzed the amount of amyloid plaques present in the brains of APP-PS1 mice. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the amyloid deposits in the cortex (F = 31.10, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 30.38, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The Aβ1-42 depositions in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased the deposition (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 2.Download high-res image (211KB)Download full-size imageFig. 2. TA treatment reduced amyloid deposits in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.3. TA-treatment reduced the chronic inflammation response in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-GFAP antibody was used as an indication of activated astrocytes. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the GFAP expression in the cortex (F = 77.03, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 86.51, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of GFAP in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 3.Download high-res image (362KB)Download full-size imageFig. 3. TA-treatment reduced the number of GFAP positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA. Scale bar in image D: 50μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained astroglia. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, an anti-IBA1 antibody was used as an indication of microglia activation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the IBA-1 expression in the cortex (F = 28.71, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 66.42, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The levels of IBA-1 in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001, P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 4.Download high-res image (347KB)Download full-size imageFig. 4. TA treatment reversed the increase of IBA-1 positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. A higher magnification image has been added to show stained microglia. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.4. TA-treatment suppressed oxidative stress in the cortex and hippocampus of APP /PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, 4-HNE was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference on the 4-HNE expression in the cortex (F = 60.60, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 35.22, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 4-HNE in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5a.Download high-res image (397KB)Download full-size imageFig. 5. Oxidative stress was reduced by the TA. 5A. TA-treatment reduced the increase of 4-HNE levels in the cortex and hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with controls; ###=P < .001 compared to the APP/PS1 group. 5B. TA treatment reduced the increase of 8-OHdG levels in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. A, D: control group; B, E: APP/PS1 group; C, F: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image D: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared to the control group; ## = P < .01, ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures ***post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.In the immunohistochemical analysis, 8-OHdG was measured as an indicator of DNA oxidation. A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the 8-OHdG expression in the cortex (F = 38.72, P < 0.0001) and the hippocampus (F = 56.60, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The expressions of 8-OHdG in the cortex and hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than that in the control mice (P < 0.001), while TA-treatment group significantly decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group, see Fig. 5b.2.5. TA-treatment increased immature neurons in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 miceIn the immunohistochemical analysis, numbers of neurogenesis, assessed by doublecortin (DCX). A one-way ANOVN found an overall difference on the DCX positive cell in the dentate gyrus (F = 43.61, P < 0.0001) of mice between groups. The numbers of DCX were much reduced in the APP/PS1 mice (P < 0.001) compared to the control mice. While TA-treatment partially prevented the reduction (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 mice. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 6.Download high-res image (169KB)Download full-size imageFig. 6. TA-treatment enhanced neurogenesis and increased numbers of DCX positive cell numbers in the dentate gyrus of APP/PS1 mice. A: control group; B: APP/PS1 group; C: APP/PS1+TA group. Scale bar in image A: 100 μm. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.6. TA-treatment reversed the decrease of BDNF levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 miceBDNF, a key neurotrophic factor in the brain, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.01, P < 0.001). The expression of BDNF in hippocampus was reduced in APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. TA-treatment reversed the decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7a.Download high-res image (304KB)Download full-size imageFig. 7. A) TA-treatment increased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001compared with the control group; # = P < .05 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. B) TA-treatment increased levels of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ## = P < .01 compared with the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. C) TA-treatment increased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. *** = P < .001 compared with the control group; ### = P < .001 compared with the APP/PS1 group. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni repeated measures post hoc tests. N = 6 per group.2.7. TA-treatment reversed the reduction of synaptophysin levelsSynaptophysin (SYN), a synaptic markers, was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 20.46, P < 0.001). The level of SYN in hippocampus was decreased in the APP/PS1 group (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment prevent the reduction (P < 0.01) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7b.2.8. TA-treatment showed potential anti-apoptotic effects by decreasing the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio in APP/PS1 miceThe expression of apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 (that suppress apoptosis) and BAX (that promotes apoptosis), was detected by Western blot analysis. A one-way ANOVA found an overall difference between groups (F = 77.64, P < 0.001). The ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 in hippocampus was increased (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. While TA-treatment partly decreased the ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 (P < 0.001) compared to the APP/PS1 group. N = 6 per group. See Fig. 7c.3. DiscussionThe results demonstrate for the first time that the novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist has clear neuroprotective effects in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Memory formation in the spatial water maze task was improved by the drug, and the amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus was reduced. This result confirms our previous findings that single GLP-1 or GIP analogues can protect from memory loss in this mouse model of AD (Faivre and Holscher, 2013a, Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, McClean et al., 2011, McClean and Holscher, 2014). The chronic inflammation response as seen in the activation of microglia and astrocytes is much reduced by the novel TA, similar to single GLP-1 or GIP receptor agonists (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Ji et al., 2016a, McClean et al., 2011). Levels of the peroxidized lipid 4-HNE that also acts as a pro-apoptotic signal in mitochondria have been reduced by the TA. 4-HNE is one of the markers of membrane lipid peroxidation induced by cytotoxic radicals such as OH. 4-HNE has cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic properties and 4-HNE is reported to stimulate apoptosis via caspase 3 activation and by inducing mitochondrial damage as shown in cytochrome c release (Ji et al., 2001). The levels of the mitochondrial apoptosis signal BAX (Kim et al., 2005) were also reduced. Importantly, the anti-apoptotic signaling molecule B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) which is active in functioning mitochondria that have normal inner membrane voltage potentials (Kavitha et al., 2013) is upregulated by the TA, adding to the neuroprotective effect. The level of chronic oxidative stress as measure by the levels of the oxidized nucleotide 8-Hydroxiguanosine (8-OHdG) was also reduced by the drug. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was normalized. Importantly, the levels of the key growth factor BDNF were normalized in the brain. BDNF has shown clear neuroprotective effects in a range of animal models of disease (Allen et al., 2013, Benedetti et al., 2014, Blurton-Jones et al., 2009, Nagahara et al., 2013). An important factor of BNDF activity is that it maintains synaptic activity and protects synapses from stressors (Kuipers and Bramham, 2006). The observation that the synaptic marker synaptophysin was expressed at normal levels after TA treatment also indicates that synaptic numbers and function was improved in the AD mouse. We have shown previously that GLP-1 and GIP analogues protect synapses from amyloid induced stress and keeps them functional (Faivre and Holscher, 2013b, Gault and Holscher, 2008a, Gault and Holscher, 2008b, McClean and Holscher, 2014).Recently, multiple receptor agonists have been developed to treat type II diabetes (Finan et al., 2013, Finan et al., 2015). We have tested novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists that showed good neuroprotective effects that are superior to single GLP-1 analogues (Cao et al., 2016, Jalewa et al., 2017, Ji et al., 2016b, Yuan et al., 2017). The novel dual agonist DA3-CH was found to be superior to liraglutide in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (Yuan et al., 2017), demonstrating that the strategy of activating more than one incretin receptor type offers an advantage over single receptor agonists. Here, we show that a novel triple receptor agonist also shows promise as a potential treatment for AD, but further dose–response tests and direct comparisons with other drugs have to be conducted in order to evaluate if this new drug is superior to previous ones.GLP-1, GIP and glucagon are members of the growth factor family (Hölscher, 2016). Their respective receptors are classic 7-membrane spanning domain, G-protein coupled receptors that activate cAMP synthesis (Campbell and Drucker, 2013, Doyle and Egan, 2007, Holst et al., 2011). The activation of the second messenger cascade cAMP-PKA-CREB induces a number of cytoprotective processes, including the normalization of energy utilization, cell repair and growth-factor related gene expression (Holscher, 2014, Jalewa et al., 2016, Perry and Greig, 2004, Sharma et al., 2013). Importantly, GLP-1 and GIP also have anti-inflammatory properties. Astroglia and microglia express the receptors, and activating these reduce the inflammation response (Duffy and Holscher, 2013, Jalewa et al., 2017, Parthsarathy and Holscher, 2013, Spielman et al., 2017). Chronic inflammation is a main driver of neurodegenerative disorders, and a reduction of the inflammation in the brain shows protective effects (Akiyama et al., 2000, Clark et al., 2012, Lee et al., 2010).Based on the impressive preclinical data that demonstrate neuroprotection of such drugs, clinical trials have started that investigate the neuroprotective effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonists exendin-4 (Byetta, Bydureon®) and liraglutide (Victoza®) in patients with AD or with Parkinson disease (PD). A pilot study testing the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in AD patients showed promising results. In a double blind, placebo controlled trial, AD patients showed no deterioration in brain activity as measured in the 18FDG-PET scan after 12 months of drug treatment. In contrast, the placebo group showed clear reductions in cortical activity as expected for this progressive neurodegenerative disease (Gejl et al., 2016). A phase II clinical trial is currently ongoing (Hölscher, 2016). A pilot trial testing exendin-4 in PD patients has shown good effects (NCT01174810). This open-label study tested the effects of exendin-4 in 45 patients. There were clear improvements in the motor coordination as shown in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment, and cognition was improved as measured by the Mattis DRS-2 test battery that had been designed to evaluate cognitive impairments in PD patients (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2013). Patients were re-tested 12 months later, and the differences in motor performance and cognitive scores were still visible (Aviles-Olmos et al., 2014). A phase II double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial that tested the once-weekly formulation of exendin-4, Bydureon®, confirmed the results of the pilot study. The drug group did not deteriorate in the MDS-UPDRS part 3 assessment after 48 weeks of treatment, and after 12 weeks of a wash-out period, the disease-modifying effect was still visible. In contrast, the placebo group deteriorated over time as would be expected in this disease (Athauda et al., 2017). In addition, a phase II trial testing liraglutide in PD patients has started, testing patients in a double blind, placebo controlled trial for one year (NCT02953665). A further clinical trial testing the GLP-1 receptor agonist Lixisenatide in PD patients is in planning.These very promising preclinical and the first clinical outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of these novel multiple receptor agonists that originally were developed to treat type II diabetes, but have shown consistent neuroprotective effects in several studies. In the present study, the novel TA improved learning and memory, reduce amyloid plaque load, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial stress signaling, and improved BDNF release and synaptic markers while normalising neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. The novel triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg receptor agonist holds clear promise of being developed into a new treatment for chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.4. Materials and methods4.1. Peptide and chemicalsThe triple GLP-1/GIP/Gcg used in this study was synthesized by China Peptides Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China) to 95% purity. The identity and purity of the peptide was confirmed by reversed-phase HPLC and characterized using matrix assisted laser resorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry. The peptide was stored in dry form and dissolved in double-distilled water containing 0.9% NaCl2 before experiments. A Bi-cinchoninicacid (BCA) protein assay kit was purchased from Apply gen Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) was purchased from ZSGB-BIO Co. (Beijing, China). The primary antibodies recognizing Aβ1-42, IBA-1, BDNF, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG), synaptophysin (SYN) and β-actin were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The primary antibody GFAP, Bcl-2, and BAX were obtained from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). The primary antibody doublecortin (DCX) buy from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG, biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG, avidinbiotin peroxidase complex reagent was purchased from Boster Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). All other reagents used in the research were of analytical grade and of the highest quality commercially available. The peptide sequence was as follows (Finan et al., 2015):HXQGTFTSDKSKYLDERAAQDFVQWLLDGGPSSGAPPPSX = aminoisobutyric acid, K = γE-C16 acylation (with a C16 fatty acid).4.2. Animals and treatmentsAPP/PS1 transgenic mice were purchased from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS, China), were maintained in a constant temperature (22 ± 1 °C) and humidity (relative 30%) under a 12 h light/dark cycle in animal house. As well as age-matched non-AD mice, which are wild-type animals as control. When animals were 6 months of age, TA was dissolved in saline. The dose was a once-daily injection of 10 nmol/kg body weight ip. for two months. Injections were given in the morning (8:00 am). Control mice received equal volumes of saline solution. All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of Shanxi Medical University and conform to the guidelines of National Institute of Health (NIH) guideline (NIH publication No. 85-23. Revised 1985). They were divided into three different groups (n = 12). (i): control group treated with saline only; (ii): APP/PS1 group treated with saline only; (iii): APP/PS1 group treated with TA. At the end of drug treatments, measurements of behavioral change, neuronal damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were conducted.4.3. Morris water maze testThe water maze test is a standard method for assessing learning and memory in animals. The water maze (WM) task was performed 5 days after two months intraperitoneal injection. The apparatus was a circular, white painted pool (150 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height) which was filled to a depth of 40 cm with warm water at a temperature 23 ± 2 °C to avoid hypothermia, and was surrounded by a white curtain around the pool. The pool was divided into four quadrants with four starting locations, north (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W), the starting quadrant was randomly chosen. A perspex platform (diameter, 10 cm) was located in a specific location during the acquisition trials and submerged approximately 1.0 cm below the surface of the water. A video camera was mounted directly above the pool to record the movement and the trail of the mice. During the acquisition phase, each mouse was subjected to four consecutive training trials on each day. The mouse was gently placed in the water between the quadrants, and allowed 60 s to search the hidden platform. If it failed to find the platform within 60 s, it was guided to the platform and allowed to remain there for 10 s. Training continued for 5 days. On the sixth day, the hidden platform was removed and each mouse was allowed to swim in the pool for 60 s. The mean time spent in all four quadrants and the target area for searching the hidden platform was recorded.4.4. Brain tissue preparationHalf of the animals were decapitated after anesthetization with ethyl carbamate, hippocampus tissues were immediately isolated and stored at −80 °C for further investigations. The second half of each group was used for immunohistochemistry analysis. Animals were perfused intracardially with saline and cold 4% paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h.4.5. ImmunohistochemistryFor DAB staining, fixed tissues were embedded in paraffin. Coronal sections (5 μm thick) of the brains were cut on a Leica microtome for immunohistochemistry. Paraffin was removed from the tissue sections with xylene, and the sections were rehydrated in graded ethanol solutions. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature. Antigen retrieval was performed by heating in 10 mmol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 10 min. After blocked with 5% BSA, sections were incubated with the primary antibody for doublecortin (goat anti-DCX; 1:50), GFAP (rabbit anti-GFAP; 1:100), IBA-1 (goat anti-IBA1; 1:200), 4-Hydroxynonenal antibody (goat anti-4 HNE; 1:200) and anti-8 Hydroxyguanosine antibody (goat anti-8 OHdG; 1:200) at 37 °C for 2 h. For the Anti-8 OHdG histology, enzymatic antigen retrieval with 10 μm/ml proteinase K for 40 min at 37 °C was performed. To detect amyloid deposits, the primary antibody was Aβ1-42 (rabbit anti-Aβ1-42; 1:100), brain sections were pre-incubated with 70% formic acid and incubated at 4 °C for 24 h. They were rinsed in PBS and incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG or biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG at 37 °C for 0.5 h and incubated with the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex reagent at 37 °C for 0.5 h. Samples were stained in DAB solution in the presence of H2O2. All stained sections were viewed and photographed under a Zeiss light microscope, and images were captured by Motic Images Plus2.0ML software. The numbers of DCX positive neurons, the areas of Aβ1-42, GFAP, IBA-1, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG positive cells were determined using Image-pro plus6.0 software. The software counts objects that are defined in size and staining threshold by the user. This automated process avoided user bias.4.6. Western blotThe hippocampal tissues from mice was homogenized in ice cold RIPA buffer (containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% deoxycholate) and PMSF (phenyl-methylsulfonyl fluoride). The homogenate was centrifuged 12,000 rpm/min for 5 min at 4 °C before taking the supernatant. Tissue containing 60 μg of protein was separated on 10–12% gradient Bis–Tris gel with molecular marker and electrophoresed in running buffer at 120 mV for 90 min followed by transfer to the PVDF membrane. Following protein transfer, the membrane was washed in TBST (tris buffered saline with 0.05% Tween-20, pH 8) and blocked in 5% skim milk for 1 h. Then incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit anti-synaptophysin (SYN) (1:10,000), rabbit anti-Bcl-2 (1:400), rabbit anti-BAX (1:400), rabbit anti-BDNF (1:5000), after three washes in TBS further incubation for 2 h at room temperature with the HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (1:5000). In some cases, the blots were stripped and reprobed with a rabbit anti-β-actin (1:5000) to ensure equal sample loading. The bound antibodies were then visualized by ECL-enhanced chemiluminescence (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blot images were captured with a chemiluminescent imaging system (Sage Creation, Beijing, China). All bands were quantified using the image system of Alpha View SA.4.7. Statistical analysisThe data were presented as the mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M.) and analyzed by one-way or two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test using the software Prism 5 (Graph Pad Software Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical significance is defined as P < 0.05.ContributorsJT, WL and YL conducted the experiments, LL and CH conceived the experiment and wrote the manuscript.AcknowledgementsThis work was funded by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Shanxi Province [(2010)255], by a Shanxi Scholarship Council of China, and supported by a grant from the Alzheimer Society UK. The authors declare no conflict of interestAppendix A. Supplementary dataReferencesAkiyama et al., 2000H. Akiyama, S. Barger, S. Barnum, B. Bradt, J. Bauer, G.M. Cole, N.R. Cooper, P. Eikelenboom, M. Emmerling, B.L. Fiebich, C.E. Finch, S. Frautschy, W.S. Griffin, H. Hampel, M. Hull, G. Landreth, L. Lue, R. Mrak, I.R. Mackenzie, P.L. McGeer, M.K. O'Banion, J. 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HölscherA novel GLP-1/GIP dual agonist is more effective than liraglutide in reducing inflammation and enhancing GDNF release in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."],["topImageUrl","https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0006899317X0022X-cov150h.gif"],["error",null]]}]}],["text","阿茲海默症(Alzheimer’s disease)疾病對於病人及家屬皆會帶來很大的影響，然而至目前為止，疾病的發生機轉及可能的治療方式卻仍在研究階段。《Cell Reports》日前刊登中國山西醫科大學(Shanxi Medical University)的最新發表，研究團隊表示，原先發展用來治療糖尿病的特定藥物，有機會反轉阿茲海默症的記憶喪失症狀。第二型糖尿病已知為阿茲海默症的風險因子之一，其病程會影響到胰島素的分泌，而在過去的研究中亦曾發現，這個影響人體血糖調節的荷爾蒙，其分泌不足可能與大腦的退化情形有關。本篇研究中，作者發現結合第二型糖尿病的特定藥物，可能改善數項阿茲海默症的獨特病徵。作者表示，這項研究發現，有助於未來發展阿茲海默症及其它神經退化疾病的新治療方法。\n \n新聞出處：Alzheimer's treatment: Diabetes drug holds promise for fighting disease after 'significantly reversing' memory loss《Independent》\nhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alzheimers-diabetes-drug-memory-loss-reverse-disease-treatment-degenerative-a8133681.html\n研究刊登在《Cell Reports》第1678卷第64-74頁\nhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899317304596\n "],["id","AWEET-BFyCdS-nWhunGr"],["createdAt","2018-01-17T13:29:59.107Z"]]}],["reply",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AWEElGNbyCdS-nWhunHT"],["user",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["id","AVriAlOoyrDaTqlmmqhC"],["name","Lin"],["avatarUrl",null],["level",22]]}],["type","RUMOR"],["text","美國布朗大學沃倫阿爾伯特醫學院（The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University）的蘇珊教授（Suzanne de la Monte），後續發現阿茲海默症患者不一定有第一型或第二型糖尿病，但腦部也會出現血糖代謝異常的狀況，因此認為阿茲海默症和糖尿病有高度相似性，因此學者提出阿茲海默症為第三型糖尿病的說法。"],["reference","http://www.cofit.me/229093913535506/4688052\n飲食與生活習慣的改善，才是預防阿茲海默症的根本"],["hyperlinks",{"__iterable":"List","data":[{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["title","This area is password protected [401]"],["url","http://www.cofit.me/229093913535506/4688052"],["summary","This area is password protected"],["topImageUrl",""],["error",null]]}]}],["createdAt","2018-01-17T14:44:49.119Z"]]}]]}]}],["searchArticles",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}],["searchReplies",{"__iterable":"List","data":[]}]]}]]},"replyDetail":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isAuthLoading",false],["isReplyLoading",false]]}],["data",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["reply",null],["originalReplyConnection",null]]}]]},"auth":{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["state",{"__iterable":"Map","data":[["isLoading",false],["isDialogShown",false]]}],["user",null]]}}

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